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    Settlement 301: 49 Ibid., P. 301, Memorial of November 22,1865. 50 Ibid., P. 304, Court Decision of November 22,1865

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    The Japanese court reluctantly agreed to allow the ports of Hyogo and Osaka to be opened for foreign trade in accordance with the London Protocol, though there was disagreement about this in 1867. As the Bakufu had not met all of the Western demands, it agreed to pay the entire Shimonoseki indemnity and negotiate a revision of tariffs. In January 1866, negotiations began regarding currency, navigation aids, and removing restrictions on trade. An agreement was finally signed in June 1866 establishing a general 5% customs duty on imports and exports and specifying rates for some items.

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    Settlement 301: 49 Ibid., P. 301, Memorial of November 22,1865. 50 Ibid., P. 304, Court Decision of November 22,1865

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    The Japanese court reluctantly agreed to allow the ports of Hyogo and Osaka to be opened for foreign trade in accordance with the London Protocol, though there was disagreement about this in 1867. As the Bakufu had not met all of the Western demands, it agreed to pay the entire Shimonoseki indemnity and negotiate a revision of tariffs. In January 1866, negotiations began regarding currency, navigation aids, and removing restrictions on trade. An agreement was finally signed in June 1866 establishing a general 5% customs duty on imports and exports and specifying rates for some items.

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    The Japanese court reluctantly agreed to allow the ports of Hyogo and Osaka to be opened for foreign trade in accordance with the London Protocol, though there was disagreement about this in 1867. As the Bakufu had not met all of the Western demands, it agreed to pay the entire Shimonoseki indemnity and negotiate a revision of tariffs. In January 1866, negotiations began regarding currency, navigation aids, and removing restrictions on trade. An agreement was finally signed in June 1866 establishing a general 5% customs duty on imports and exports and specifying rates for some items.

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    51 views1 page

    Settlement 301: 49 Ibid., P. 301, Memorial of November 22,1865. 50 Ibid., P. 304, Court Decision of November 22,1865

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    The Japanese court reluctantly agreed to allow the ports of Hyogo and Osaka to be opened for foreign trade in accordance with the London Protocol, though there was disagreement about this in 1867. As the Bakufu had not met all of the Western demands, it agreed to pay the entire Shimonoseki indemnity and negotiate a revision of tariffs. In January 1866, negotiations began regarding currency, navigation aids, and removing restrictions on trade. An agreement was finally signed in June 1866 establishing a general 5% customs duty on imports and exports and specifying rates for some items.

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    SETTLEMENT 301

    the bakufu given countenance to such a policy publicly in its dealings


    with the court. Backing it up, the senior bakufu officials in Kyoto,
    including Keiki, formally warned the court in a joint memorial that if
    Japan provoked hostilities over this issue, "we should have not the
    least hope of victory. "49
    Faced with this unanimity, the court gave way. The emperor gave
    his consent to the treaties, commenting that "unsatisfactory provi-
    sions" in them needed to be revised.'0 He refused to authorize any
    action regarding Hyogo and Osaka, though the bakufu, in communi-
    cating with the foreign representatives, assumed this to mean that they
    could be opened in accordance with the London Protocol. There was
    to be further disagreement on this subject in 1867, when the court
    became aware of what had been said. No statement was made about
    tariffs, which had at no time been mentioned in the Japanese discus-
    sions. The fact reflects a characteristic of the treaty port system that
    was common to both China and Japan at this stage: Whereas the West
    saw the system in terms of commercial advantage, both Chinese and
    Japanese were preoccupied with the political disabilities it imposed on
    them. They made economic concessions almost without thought.
    This is borne out by the bakufu's subsequent behavior. Because it
    had not met all the West's demands, it accepted the necessity of
    paying the whole of the Shimonoseki indemnity. Moreover, it agreed
    to negotiate a revision of tariffs. When talks about this began in Janu-
    ary 1866, Parkes, who took the lead in the matter on behalf of the
    powers, promptly expanded them to include arrangements concerning
    currency, which was still causing difficulties; the establishment of
    navigation aids, such as lighthouses; and the removal of all those
    restrictions on trade to which reference had been made in the London
    Protocol. He refused to contemplate any further delay in the indem-
    nity payments until a satisfactory agreement had been reached on
    these points. This was not to be until June 25, 1866, when a conven-
    tion was at last signed by Britain, France, Holland, and the United
    States, to come into force at Yokohama on July 1 and a month later at
    Hakodate and Nagasaki.
    The convention was in effect an addendum to the 1858 treaties,
    spelling out free-trade doctrine as it applied to Japanese conditions.
    Goods imported into and exported from Japan were to be subject to
    customs dues calculated at a general level of 5 percent, either in the
    form of specified amounts or ad valorem. Some items, such as books,
    49 Ibid., p. 301, memorial of November 22,1865.
    50 Ibid., p. 304, court decision of November 22,1865.

    Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

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