Water For Reuse: Sand Screw Feed (From Sizing Screens)

Closed Water Loop Dewatering
System Water
Possible Coagulant Feed Points for
- 400 mesh
(38 micron) Reuse
Sand Screw solids
Feed
(from sizing screens)
Thickener
Dilution Water
Product Hydrocyclones Belt Wash Water

Belt
Filter Press
- 200 mesh
(75 micron)
Classifier Cake
solids
Filtrate
Product
Possible Flocculant Feed Points
Provided by Tramfloc, Inc.

Chemicals
• Coagulant • Flocculant
– Usually Tramfloc dadmacs – Usually Tramfloc anionics
• 600 & 700 series • Use 100 series
– Usage in Thickener • Standard or special emulsion
• Only if overflow is too turbid – Usage in Thickener
for reuse in wash plant • Required! Settling and overflow
• Dosage ≈ 1 – 5 ppm quality demand it.
• May improve settling • Dosage ≈ 2 – 8 ppm
– Usage in Dewatering • HMWs will give better settling,
but may hurt settled solids %
• Usually precedes anionic
flocculant – Usage in Dewatering
• Overdose “kills” floc strength • HMWs may have narrow range
• Dosage ≈ 0.01 – 0.12 lb/ton and may blind the belt fabric
• Dosage ≈ 0.10 – 0.50 lb/ton
Process Variations
Dry Processing – including sizing screens

– “Manufactured Sand” is rock that mined then crushed
– Dredged sand may have sticky clays
• “Log Washer” or other equipment may be used to get clay off
• Clays will often make use of polyDADMACs necessary in clarification
– Wide variety of screen techniques and equipment
• Our concern is the amount and consistency of the ultra-fine solids – the
material that does not settle well
Process Variations
• Fine Sand Washing

– The main use for sand (aggregate in concrete) requires
very low amounts of silt – particles smaller than 200
mesh (75 microns) – to maintain good engineering
properties in the concrete
– This is the part of the plant that removes silt as a waste
material
Process Variations
Fine Sand Washing (Wet Processing)

– Diagram shows Screw, Classifier and Hydrocyclones
• Many operations will not use all of these
• Selection of unit processes is made based on characteristics of raw
materials and needs for finished product grades
– Wet processing has two main functions:
1. Remove the unwanted silts
2. Separate the fine solids into desired grades
• Function #1 is where our silty slurries come from
Process Variations
• Clarification
– The diagram shows a high-rate circular thickener
• Very compact
• Excellent performance
– Both water and underflow solids
• Low maintenance cost
– More plants actually use settling ponds
• Some ponds need no chemical treatment
• Maintenance (including labor) is high – dredging ponds and hauling mud
– Some plants use simple rectangular settling tanks
• Capital cost is lower than a high-rate thickener
• Performance – especially in settled solids concentration – is not as good as a thickener
Process Variations
• Dewatering
– The diagram shows a belt filter press supplied by Tramfloc
• Very compact with polymer feeder and cake conveyor
• Excellent performance
– Cake can be conveyed and hauled easily as a dry material
• Low maintenance cost
• Significant chemical cost (low per ton, but many tons!)
– Some plants use draining/drying areas instead
• Mud is pumped from thickener or dragged out of rectangular tank
• Multiple areas are used
– One is filled while a second is emptied and a third is draining and drying
• No chemicals
• High maintenance cost (including labor)
Chemical Selections
• Dadmacs
– Tramfloc 620, 630, 720 and 730 series are available
– Feeding is simpler for dadmacs than emulsions
– Molecular weight seems to be less important for
thickeners than for settling ponds
– Ponds may only need a dadmac
– On belt presses a dadmac fed after the Tramfloc 100’s
can help improve dewatering efficiency
• Drier cake
• Better capture
• Higher throughput
Chemical Selections
• Anionic PAM
– Dry vs. Emulsion:
• Economics and local preference will typically decide
• Dewatering performance can be hurt by excessive molecular weight (MW);
Tramfloc has a broader selection of molecular weights among the drys than
emulsions
– Molecular weight
• Clarification is benefited by higher m.w.
• Dewatering can be hindered (see above)
• Settling tanks often have very short retention time, so very high MW can be a real
help!. Consider Tramfloc special emulsions.
– Charge, amount of anionicity, expressed as mole%
• 10 to 50 – perhaps higher

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Water For Reuse: Sand Screw Feed (From Sizing Screens)

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Available Formats

Closed Water Loop Dewatering

Product Hydrocyclones Belt Wash Water

Provided by Tramfloc, Inc.

Dry Processing – including sizing screens

• Fine Sand Washing

Fine Sand Washing (Wet Processing)

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