Renal System Anatomy MCQs

MCQs for Medical Students: Anatomy of Renal System
Question 1
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the nephron?
A. Glomerulus
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Loop of Henle
D. Ureter
Answer: D. Ureter
Explanation: The nephron consists of the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle,
distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. The ureter is not part of the nephron; it is a duct that
conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder.
Question 2
What is the main function of the glomerulus?
A. Reabsorption of water and solutes
B. Filtration of blood
C. Secretion of waste products
D. Concentration of urine
Answer: B. Filtration of blood
Explanation: The glomerulus is a network of capillaries that performs the initial step of filtering blood
to form urine. It allows water and small solutes to pass into Bowman's capsule, forming the filtrate,
while larger molecules and cells remain in the blood.
Question 3
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids?
A. Glomerulus
B. Proximal convoluted tubule
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B. Proximal convoluted tubule
Explanation: The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about 65% of the glomerular filtrate,
including nearly all glucose and amino acids, along with a significant amount of water and
electrolytes.
Question 4
Where are the kidneys located?
A. Intraperitoneal
B. Retroperitoneal
C. Intrapleural
D. Subcutaneous
Answer: B. Retroperitoneal
Explanation: The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space, meaning they are situated behind
the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity.
Question 5
Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D. Calcitonin
Answer: B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Explanation: ADH, also known as vasopressin, increases the permeability of the collecting ducts in
the kidneys to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, thus
concentrating the urine.
Question 6
The renal corpuscle is composed of:
A. Bowman's capsule and proximal convoluted tubule
B. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
C. Loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule
D. Collecting duct and ureter
Answer: B. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
Explanation: The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus (a tuft of capillaries) and Bowman's
capsule (a cup-like sac that surrounds the glomerulus). This is the site of the initial filtration of blood
in the nephron.
Question 7
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A. Filtration of blood
B. Regulation of blood pressure and filtration rate
C. Reabsorption of sodium
D. Secretion of potassium
Answer: B. Regulation of blood pressure and filtration rate
Explanation: The juxtaglomerular apparatus helps regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood
filtration by releasing renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
Question 8
Which vessel directly supplies blood to the glomerulus?

A. Renal artery
B. Efferent arteriole
C. Afferent arteriole
D. Vasa recta
Answer: C. Afferent arteriole
Explanation: The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. After filtration, the blood exits
the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole.
Question 9
Which structure drains urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
A. Urethra
B. Ureter
C. Renal pelvis
D. Collecting duct
Answer: B. Ureter
Explanation: The ureter is a tube that carries urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder.
Question 10
Which of the following is a common site for kidney stones to become lodged?
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
B. Ureteropelvic junction
C. Distal convoluted tubule
D. Bowman's capsule
Answer: B. Ureteropelvic junction
Explanation: The ureteropelvic junction, where the renal pelvis transitions into the ureter, is a
common site for kidney stones to become lodged due to its narrower diameter. Other common sites
include the ureterovesical junction and the point where the ureter crosses the iliac vessels.

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MCQs for Medical Students: Anatomy of Renal System

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the nephron?

B. Proximal convoluted tubule

conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder.

What is the main function of the glomerulus?

A. Reabsorption of water and solutes

C. Secretion of waste products

Answer: B. Filtration of blood

while larger molecules and cells remain in the blood.

C. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer: B. Proximal convoluted tubule

Where are the kidneys located?

the peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity.

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

C. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer: B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

concentrating the urine.

The renal corpuscle is composed of:

A. Bowman's capsule and proximal convoluted tubule

B. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

C. Loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule

D. Collecting duct and ureter

Answer: B. Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

What is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

B. Regulation of blood pressure and filtration rate

Answer: B. Regulation of blood pressure and filtration rate

filtration by releasing renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Which vessel directly supplies blood to the glomerulus?

Answer: C. Afferent arteriole

the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole.

Which structure drains urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

A. Proximal convoluted tubule

C. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer: B. Ureteropelvic junction

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