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Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE (9–1)

Tuesday 7 May 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 45 minutes) Paper Reference 4HB1/01

Human Biology
Unit: 4HB1
Paper: 01

You must have: Total Marks

Ruler
Calculator

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer allthequestions.
Answer
• – there may bequestions in the spaces provided
more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
• your mind
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box
about an answer, put a line through the box
. If you change
and then mark
your new answer with a cross .

Information
• The total mark for this paper is 90.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Write
Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Try toyour answers neatly and in good English.
• Checkanswer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over

*P58568A0128*
P58568A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/

Answer ALL questions.
1 (a) The diagram shows structures in part of a human leg.

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Y

knee joint

X
ligament

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(i) The box lists structures in the human leg.

cartilage      femur      kneecap      muscle
fibula      tendon      tibia

Use words from the box to name structures X, Y, and Z.

(3)

X ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. ........................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y ........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Z ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................ ........................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What is the function of ligaments in the knee joint?

(1)

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A ligaments attach muscles to the leg bones

B ligaments hold the leg bones together
C ligaments move the leg bones
D ligaments stop the leg bones rubbing together

(iii) The type of joint found in the knee and the elbow is the same.
Give the name of this type of joint.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) Aerobic respiration releases energy for muscles to contract.

Complete the word equation for aerobic respiration.
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(2)

glucose + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................ ..................................................................................... . . . . . . . . + water

(c) Diagram 1 shows a model of the human arm, with the lower arm extended.

Diagram 1
biceps triceps

lower arm
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Complete diagram 2 to show how the muscles change when the lower arm is raised.
(2)

Diagram 2
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(Total for Question 1 = 9 marks)

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2 (a) Bacteria can cause disease in humans.
The diagram shows how one type of white blood cell helps to defend the body

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against disease.

white
blood cell bacteria

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

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(i) Complete the diagram by drawing the shape of the white blood cell at stage 2.
(1)
(ii) The box lists words associated with bacteria and disease.

acids    enzymes    erythrocytes    lymphocytes    phagocytes    toxins

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.

(2)

White blood cells called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................... engulf bacteria.

These white blood cells contain . . . . ......................................................................................... to digest bacteria.

(iii) One way that white blood cells defend the body from disease is shown in the diagram.

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State another way in which white blood cells defend the body against disease.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) The table lists structures found in some cells.

Place ticks in boxes to show which structures are found in bacterial cells and
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which are found in human skin cells.

One row has been completed for you.
(3)

Structures Bacterial cell Human skin cell

nucleus

DNA

cytoplasm  

cell wall
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(c) Viruses can also cause diseases in humans.

Many viruses contain RNA as their genetic material.
Which statement describes the structure of RNA?
(1)
A a double-stranded helix containing the bases ATGC
B a double-stranded helix containing the bases AUGC
C a single-stranded helix containing the bases ATGC
D a single-stranded helix containing the bases AUGC

(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)

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3 The human eye contains structures that help to focus light on the retina.
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iris

retina

pupil
lens

cornea
optic nerve
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(a) Which structures help to focus light on the retina?

(1)
A cornea and lens
B iris and cornea
C iris and pupil
D pupil and lens
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(b) The intensity of light entering the eye can be measured in a unit called lux.
The table shows the results of an investigation on how light intensity affects the

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diameter of the pupil in the eye.

Light intensity Diameter of pupil

in lux in mm
50 5.7
100 4.9
150 2.7
200 3.2
250 2.3

(i) Complete the graph by plotting the results for 150, 200 and 250 lux.
(1)
(ii) Draw a straight line of best fit.

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(1)

6–

5–

4–

Diameter of
pupil in mm 3–

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2–

1–

0–
–

0 50 100 150 200 250

Light intensity in lux

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(iii) Explain which result is anomalous.

(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iv) State the effect of light intensity on the diameter of the pupil.
(1)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Short-sightedness is a common eye condition.

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Explain how short-sightedness affects vision.

(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

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4 (a) Some bacteria in food can affect the digestive system and cause poor health.
Storing food at the correct temperature can reduce the growth of these bacteria.
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The graph shows the growth rate of four groups of bacteria at different temperatures.

thermophiles
mesophiles hyperthermophiles
Growth rate
of bacteria
psychrophiles
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_
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Temperature in °C

(i) Food kept in a fridge shows signs of contamination by bacteria.

Which group of bacteria is most likely to have caused this contamination?

(1)
A psychrophiles
B mesophiles
C thermophiles
D hyperthermophiles
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(ii) Explain how cooking food at 65°C will affect thermophiles.

(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) A student investigates the effect of different antibiotics on the growth of bacteria.
She uses this method.

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• streak bacteria onto nutrient agar in a Petri dish
• place discs of different antibiotics, A, B, C and D, onto the nutrient agar
• incubate the Petri dish in a warm oven for one week
The diagram shows the results after one week.

antibiotic disc
C
B

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D

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A

nutrient agar
no bacterial growth

(i) Explain how the student could determine the effectiveness of each antibiotic.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Explain safety precautions the student should take in this investigation.
(6)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 4 = 11 marks)

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5 A teacher wants to calculate the body mass index (BMI) of a number of students.
(a) The teacher measures the height of students from four age groups.

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There are two male and two female students in each age group.
The table shows the data collected.

Height of student in cm Mean height of

Age in years
Male Female students in cm

12 146.2 148.9 142.8 144.2 145.5

14 165.7 166.4 161.9 164.0 164.5
16 175.9 178.5 166.3 167.6
18 180.9 181.3 171.2 174.3 176.9

(i) Calculate the mean height of the students aged 16.

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Give your answer to one decimal place.
(2)

mean height = .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm

(ii) State two conclusions that the teacher could make from the data in the table.
(2)
1. ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................... ................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(iii) Give two ways the teacher could improve his investigation.
(2)
1 ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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*P58568A01428*


(b) The table shows data for two different students.

Height Mass
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Student BMI
in m in kg
X 1.69 62 21.7
Y 1.46 71

(i) BMI is calculated using the equation

mass
BMI =
height2
Calculate the BMI of student Y.
[mass measured in kg, height measured in m]
(2)
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BMI of student Y = ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) BMI can be used to assess whether a person has a healthy mass for their height.

BMI Classification
below 18.5 underweight
18.5 – 24.9 normal weight
   25 – 29.9 overweight
30 – 40 obese
above 40 morbidly obese
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Using information from the table, explain how the BMI of student Y could
affect her health.
(2)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

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*P58568A01528* Turn over

6 (a) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name given to a group of diseases
that affect the breathing system.

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These diseases include chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Cigarette smoking is the main cause of COPD.
The graph shows the number of cigarette smokers diagnosed with COPD in the UK
over a period of eight years.

Number of
cigarette smokers
diagnosed with

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COPD
_

_
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Year

(i) Describe the overall trend in cigarette smokers diagnosed with COPD.
(1)

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(ii) Describe what further information is required to help form the conclusion that
cigarette smoking is the only cause of COPD.
(2)

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*P58568A01628*


(b) The diagram shows how chronic bronchitis affects the airways in the breathing system.
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excess mucus and

damaged cilia

healthy airway chronic bronchitis

Explain how excess mucus and damaged cilia affect the breathing system of a
person with chronic bronchitis.
(2)

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*P58568A01728* Turn over

(c) The diagram shows models of two alveoli.
One model represents an alveolus from a person with healthy lungs.

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The other model represents an alveolus from a person with emphysema.

3 cm
2 cm

3 cm
2 cm

2 cm
3 cm
Healthy Emphysema
The table shows the surface area to volume ratio for a healthy alveolus.

Surface area Volume Surface area

in cm2 in cm3 to volume ratio

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Healthy 24 8 3 : 1

Emphysema

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing information.

(3)
(ii) Explain how the surface area to volume ratio of alveoli in the lungs of a person
with emphysema will affect the normal function of body cells.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 6 = 11 marks)

18
*P58568A01828*
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19
*P58568A01928*
BLANK PAGE
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7 (a) The diagram shows a human brain.

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Add lines labelled X, Y and Z to the diagram to show the areas of the brain that
control these functions.
(3)

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X  
voluntary actions

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Y  
balance
Z  
breathing rate

(b) Parkinson’s disease affects the cells in the brain that help to control body movement.
The affected cells are unable to communicate effectively with neurones that cause
muscles to contract.
(i) Name the type of neurone that causes muscles to contract.
(1)

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(ii) Give one difference between neurones that cause muscles to contract and
neurones that transmit nerve impulses from receptor organs.
(1)

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*P58568A02028*


(iii) Explain how one neurone communicates with another neurone.

(3)
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(c) Recent scientific research into the treatment of Parkinson’s disease has involved
the use of stem cells.
Explain how stem cells could be used to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
(3)
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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 7 = 11 marks)

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21
*P58568A02128* Turn over

8 P. vivax is one of several parasites that can cause malaria.
(a) Explain how P. vivax is transmitted from one person to another.

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(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The table shows the total number of deaths from malaria and the number of deaths
caused by P. vivax.

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It shows the data for five different regions of the world in 2015.

Region of the world Q R S T U

Total number of deaths
191 000 800 3800 14 400 1200
from malaria
Number of deaths caused
1000 500 1400 4900 700
by P. vivax

(i) Compare the number of deaths caused by P. vivax with the total number of deaths
from malaria in regions Q and R.
Include calculations to support your answer.
(3)

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*P58568A02228*


(ii) Suggest one reason why the number of deaths from malaria varies across the
different regions.
(1)
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(c) Scientists are developing a vaccine to protect against malaria.

Explain how vaccinating individual people will help to protect a whole population
from malaria.
(3)

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P. vivax reproduces by asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

(d)
Explain why it is an advantage for a species to reproduce by both methods.
(3)

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(Total for Question 8 = 13 marks)

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*P58568A02328* Turn over

9 Inheritance of blood group involves codominant inheritance.

(a) (i) Which statement describes codominant inheritance in ABO blood groups?

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(1)
A the inheritance of two different alleles, both of which are expressed
B the inheritance of two different alleles, only one of which is expressed
C the inheritance of multiple alleles, only two of which are expressed
D the inheritance of multiple alleles, only one of which is expressed

(ii) State the possible genotypes of a person with blood group A.

(1)

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(b) (i) A person’s blood group is determined by antigens.

These antigens are carbohydrate and protein molecules on the surface of

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red blood cells.

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In 2007, a team of scientists used enzymes to convert blood groups A, B and AB
into blood group O for transfusions.
Suggest how enzymes can convert blood groups A, B and AB into blood group O.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Suggest an advantage of producing blood group O using enzymes, compared

with other methods of obtaining blood group O.
(1)

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*P58568A02428*


(c) Haemophilia is a sex-linked blood disorder that reduces the ability of the blood to clot.
These are the genotypes of four offspring, P, Q, R and S.
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P Q R S

XHXh    XhY    XHXH    XHY
(i) Draw a genetic diagram to show how these offspring are produced from
one set of parents.
(2)
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(ii) These parents are expecting another baby.

Determine the probability that this baby will have haemophilia.
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(1)
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probability = ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 9 = 9 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 90 MARKS

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*P58568A02528*
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*P58568A02628*
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*P58568A02728*
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*P58568A02828*
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