GEO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Geographical Location

The municipality of Tboli consist of 25 barangays with a total area of 91,527 hectares is situated on the
Southernmost portion of South Cotabato. On the North, it is bounded by the municipalities of Surallah, Banga,
and Tupi, on the South by the municipalities of Kiamba and Maasim, on the West by the municipality of Lake
Sebu where boundaries are defined by Allah River; and East by the municipality of Polomolok, and the City of
General Santos (see Fig. 1 ).

It is accessible by land through transportation vehicles. The approach to Urban Center of Tboli (Poblacion)
via land is through the provincial road traverses the city of Koronadal and municipality of Surallah. The rest of
the barangays situated in the Northeast and Eastern part of the municipality en-route municipality’s of Polomolok and
General Santos City. It is approximately 42 kilometers away and about one and a half (1 ½) hours ride from the
capital town, Koronadal, South Cotabato, being the seat of regional government.

2.2 Topography, Physiography and Slopes

Tboli is situated on the upland plateaus and valleys around lake Maughan and Mt Parker consisting
mountain ranges mentioning Mt. MalibatoRoxas Mountain Ranges, , Mt. Busa in the southwest, and places along
tributaries of Allah, Silway, Banga (Sapali), and Siguil River on the southern part facing municipality of Maasim.
The Municipality’s topography have been classified as upland, Hillylands and highlands which are largely
mountainous, hilly and rolling with alternating ridges down to the lowlands.

Presence of Flat to nearly undulating consist of ___ % of the total area located in the northwest portion of
the municipality belonging to alienable and disposable lands which are currently devoted to agriculture. Other flat-
undulating slopes that includes plateaus and valleys in the Highlands. Topographic elevation in the Lowlands is
about 360-550 masl., Highlands ranges from 1,000-2,064 masl. (Mt. Busa) and Lake Maughan ranks 1,300 masl.

The Urban Center or Poblacion is approximately 500-580 meters above sea level (masl).

2.2.1 Physiography

Major Mountain Ranges

There are two major Mountain Ranges that bound the Municipality of Tboli namely: the Malibato
mountain Range in the central portion connecting Mt. Parker and Lake holon as volcanic crater, a declared
protected landscape under the NIPAS law and Mt Busa Range in the Southwestern part connecting Daguma
Range of Lake Sebu and part of Kiamba and Maitum.
Roxas mountain range in the Western Side which stretches up to the Municipality of Banga is a connective
ranges of Mt. Malibato.

Major Mountains

Mt. Parker(Melib engoy in local term) is the major mountain wh erein th e b eauteou s Lake
Holon b ein g its volcan ic crater situated in the central part of Tboli. It is o n e o f the landmark of South
Cotabato and one of Tboli’s major tourist attractions through its mountain trekking, bird gazing, boating,
and ornamental fish touch within the lake. The Holon mountain rims had been declared as a Protected
Landscape sometime in 199__ being named as Lake Holon Eco-tourism Development and Conservation Council
(LHECC). Other significant mountains include: M t . B u s a i n L a c o n o n , M a l i b a t o in Barangay Kematu and
part of Basag and Tbolok, Breast Peak in Lambuling, Mt. Takiasal in Salacafe and among other 19 in-active
volcanoes within the political jurisdiction of Tboli. Aforesaid landmarks are the permanent benchmarks for
determining inter-LGU political boundaries.
 Physiographic Forms

The municipality's physiographic characteristic and landforms relative to the area belonging to "Lowlands
comprising ___ % of the total land area against __ % hilly and/or highlands categories as hilly or mountaneous
landforms.

Generally, those lowland areas relative to "land status declaration" are belonging alienable and disposable
(A&D) lands while hills and mountaneous forms are belonging to forest lands and watershed declared areas (see land
status map: Figure 1)

Figure 1
Figure 2
 Table _01_
Highest and Lowest Topographic Elevation per Barangay

PHYSIOGRAPIC
TOPOGRAPHIC ELEVATION FORMATION
PEDO- Hilly-
ECOLOG Lands High
Outside lands
BARANGAY ICAL Elev. @ Barangay Proper Highest Elev. Lowest Elev. (MASL) Mountain (Footslop
Formation e-Crest &
ZONE Ridges
/TYPE % of
Physiographic % of the
(MASL)
Formation/ Type
MASL Location (MAS Location the
Total
L) TotAL

Sitio Pag-asa,
Sapali
Upland -to- Sabu Mountain Peak 340 /
1 Sinolon Hilly
365 Flat Plain-Undulating
(Bounndary Point/line)
Waterways /
630 300 Sitio Armada
Plain
Upland (
Flat Plain-Undulating
2 Edwards Upper 440 (Upper Valley)
Upper Sumbong 380 Lower Dahlia
Valley) 480
SUMIFRU Office,
3 Poblacion Upland 550 Flat Plain-Undulating Upper Suarez 480 Lugan 3
680 (Industrial Site) 99% 1%
Alon Allah river
New Rolling footslope of Plateaus & Lower ridges
4 Upland 470 hills (sitio lower Montil) 420 waterways
Dumangas 800 (northernmost)
Uplands-
Hillylands Upland (Interior Roxas Mountain range, Lampari
5 Lamsalome (Roxas 280 End): Footslope - Talayok Crest & Ridges 260 Waterways, Rice
Mountain Undulating- Rolling 720 (boundary line) Fields
range
Tri-barangay boundary
Upland- Flat lands (Interior lower Talufo
6 Talufo Hilly
260 End)
line @ Talayok peak & 240 Proper
900 Ridges)
Footslope of Hills
Hilly -to- Crest & Ridges of Pito Flat lands along
7 Lamhaku Highlands 310 (between junction of
del Carabao Mountain
300 Lamian river
Bolok River 1,022
Tamguifit Mt. Peak (Tri-
Upland
8 Lemsnolon (Part)
420 Flat Footslope boundary Mountain 400 Sitio Lamlaban
1,000 Peak)
Sitio Susarno-
Talas (1002 ; Sitio Manga
9 Afus Hilly Land 804 Ridges
Lemlok-el) 640 Banana
1,040 Plantation
Mountain Peak /crest-
10 Desawo Hilly Land 630 Footslope
Part of Sitio Lemlok-el
570 Sitio Tony Ong
1,350
Highrland Mount Malibato Peak
11 Kematu (Majority)
528 Footslope
/crest & Ridges( 1,462)
460 Sitio Maka
1,550
Mt Parker (Crests &
Footslope of Mt. Ridges) (1,784- East
12 Tbolok Highland 1,070 Parker Parker, 1,300- Lake 960 Lamknawal
1,800
Holon)

Footslope: Lower Holon/ Parker Volcanic 780 Plateau, Low

13 Salacafe Highland 1,030 Ridges Rim Ridges
1,712 /800
Datal Mountain Peak
Footslope: along
14 Highland 1,020 Lower Ridges
(Volcanic), 1400-Crest & 800 Blata Waterways
Dlanag 1,434 ridges
Footslope of Hills : Peak of Mt. Busa, 1,848-
Lower Laconon :
15 Laconon Highland 580 Undulating-to- Caboay Mountain Crest 560 Undulating areas
rolling 2,064 & ridges
Rolling Footslope:
mid height (
Generally Caboay mountain ranges Siguil waterways:
16 Tudok Highland
980 Tinongkop Mountain
(meta-Volvanics) 400 mid stream
ranges), upstream of 1,826
Siguil river
Footslope of High Volcanics: Mountain
Highrland to 600 eastern
17 Mongokayo (Volcanics)
700 Mountain Peak Peaks, Crest & Ridges 520 border
(Volcanic soils) 1,650 (1,530, 1,450)
Lower Labay: Southern Malibato
Undulating
Uplands-Hilly- (Volcanics), 1580 Bianan, 340-
18 Basag Highlands 570 footslopes along
Mountain Peaks,
260
Blaan river 1,598 sitio Lusok
waterways Crest & Ridges
Hilly- Unrecorded Vlovano 300- Upper San Jose,
19 Maan 670 Footslope of Hills
,crest & Ridges Datal Salban
Highlands 1,310 500
Hilly -to- Bolok river
Rolling Footslope (
Highlands waterways (
20 Lambuling (Generally 540 Talayok Mountain Breast Peak ( Volcanic) 380 Lower- upper
Crest &ridges) 1,500
Highlands) upstreams)
 Upland: undulating Extended Crest & Ridges
Uplands-Hilly- Sitio Tablugan
21 Aflek Highlands 320 below footslope of fr. Malibato Mountain 300 Plain
hills (Along riverside) 1,344 range

Uplands-Hilly- Footslope (down hill Extended Crest ( Upland Valley

22 Datal Bob Highlands 400 ridges) 1,270 Volcanic) 340 (Interior End)

Extended Crest & Ridges Flat Footslope

Hilly -to-
23 Malugong Highlands 340 Flat Footslope
1,020
fr. Malibato Mountain 320 (Interior end of
range Upland

Hilly -to- Footslope :

24 Lambangan Highlands 600 Crest & Ridges Tallayok Mountain Peak 400 Upper Simbo
974
Talcon Proper
Uplands- Footslope /Flat
25 Talcon Hillylands 340 Terrain 900
Crest & Ridges 340 (between two
Hill Formation)

Source: MPDO

Figure 3
Topographic Elevation by Barangay

2,500
Barangay Proper (MASL)
Highest Elev. (MASL)
2,000
Lowest Elev. (MASL)

1,500

1,000

500

-
Talcon
Lamsalome
Talufo

Lemsnolon

Desawo

Mongokayo
Edwards

Salacafe

Basag

Aflek
Laconon

Datal Bob
Malugong
Maan
Sinolon

Lamhaku

Afus

Kematu

Datal Dlanag

Tudok
Poblacion
New Dumangas

Lambuling

Lambangan
Tbolok

Figure 4
2,500 Barangay Proper (MASL)
Highest Elev. (MASL)
2,000
Lowest Elev. (MASL)
1,500
1,000
500
-
Lamsalome
Edwards

Talufo

Lemsnolon

Desawo

Mongokayo
Salacafe

Basag

Malugong

Talcon
Laconon

Aflek
Datal Bob
Sinolon

Lamhaku

Afus

Kematu

Datal Dlanag

Tudok
Poblacion
New Dumangas

Tbolok

Maan
Lambuling

Lambangan
 2.2.1. Slope

The municipality’s slope classification with high percentage of mountainous topographic features of the
area is generally hilly wherein, 52% of the total land area is Hilly to Steep Hilly(30-50% slope), 12% Rolling to
Hilly(18-30% slope), 20% Undulating to Rolling areas(8-18% slope), 8.50% Steep Hilly to Very Steep
Mountains(50% up slope) and 7.17% Flat to Undulating Terrain(0-8% slope) characterized by lowlands in
Northern part (Brgy. Sinolon and portion of Brgy. Talufo), Northwestern part (Brgy. Edwards and Poblacion), and
Northeastern part (part of Talcon and Aflek). This flat slopes includes plateaus and valleys in the hilly and
highlands.

TABLE 2: SLOPE CLASSIFICATION

SLOPE % TO TOTAL
AREA IN HAS.
CLASSIFICATION LAND AREA

0 – 8% 6,562.50 7.17%
8 – 18 % 18,305.40 20%
18 – 30 % 10,983.24 12%
30 – 50 % 47,594.04 52%
Greater than 50 % 7,779.80 8.5%
Source: Planning Office

2.3 Geology

Historically the morphology of Tboli which characterized by the mountain ranges and crater lakes was
formed by the interactions of tectonic plates along the Philippine, Cotabato, Negros and Sulu trenches. It took
million of years for mountains to form. A group of mountain is called a range . Between the Jurassic and
Cretaceous Period, ( at geologic time, under Mesozoic Era which dates back from 240-138 million years), this
process took place until the Quaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era Geologic Time 1.6 million years ago.

Present displacement along the Philippine Fault Zone and movements of sindayan-Cotabato Fault Zone are
responsible for the forming of Daguma Mountain Range and the Scenic Lake Maughan, Parker, Roxas mountain
range.

Daguma is underlain by sequence of pre-cretaceous rocks composed of metavolcanic (basalt, andesite),

metasediments (phyllite, chert and marble), ultramatics (serpentinized peridotite); Tertiary rocks composing
diorite intrusive and interlayered sandstone-shale and limestone; Pliocene rocks composed of conglomerate-
sandstone-shale sequence with coralline limestone.

The following are various component along with the geology and its charactieristics showing the very rich
geologic resources of the municipality such as: a) the Land Forms and Rocks Formations; b) the productive Soils;
c) Water and Drainage formations; and, d) Hydrogeology and Rock Formation.

2.3.1 Land Forms and Rocks Formations

Generally, the area as determined by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), region 12
showed that the predominant soil type being classified in the territorial land of the Municipality Tboli according to
its characteristics under the Pedo-Ecological Zones are predominantly soils belonging to “Highlands” category of
about not less than 80% of the total lands area comparing to “Hilly lands” of about 12% while the remaining 8%
considered as “Upland” in form.

“Survey shows that municipality of Tboli has presence of 17 to 18 non-active volcanic formation situated
in the central mountainous portion of its territory. Also includes other salient land formation being formed as
volcanic pyroclastic mountain where soils mixed of pyroclastic and andesitic high mountain range considered
locality’s Mining Sites @ Barangay Kematu and desawo.
 Figure 5

Highlands are category /considered as in the of the following characteristic such as:
a) Non-active volcanic cone(Malibato, Parker Mountain peaks-170 PEZ code);
b) Volcanic rocks and/or soils formed being drained from high andesitic mountains(footslope of volcanic cone-Malibato, Parker Mountain peaks-175 PEZ code;
c) Soils drained from andesitic high mountain, high relief mountain ( down slopes of volcanic zone- Location: Brgy Maan, Basag, Aflek, Malugong, Datal Bob, and Lambuling).
d) Soils formed made of residual meta-volcanic mountain ( >45% slope @ above 1,000 MASL) formation with mostly sclistz and andesites (plateaus @ 8%-18% slope/161- PEZ code –Location: Mt. Busa range, Brgy
Laconon and Tudok).
e) Soils drained from volcanic agglomerates rocks: high agglomeratic mountain ( >45% slope –high Phase/167- PEZ code –Location: Brgy Kematu;
f). low meta-volcanic mountain ( 45% & above slopes @500-1,000 MASL) formation made residual meta-volcanic formation with mostly sclistz and andesites(161- PEZ code / location: Roxas mountain range- Brgy.
Lambangan).

Hilly lands - are characterized as high sedimentary hill formation, mostly 30-45% slopes, deep to moderately deep( drained from shales and few localized sandstones, high
volcanic pyroclastic hills (moderately stable clayey soils , soils drained from volcanic andesites (high relief formations, and moderately stable volcanic soils drained from volcanic agglomeratic rocks.

Uplands - are characterized as follows: a) lower terraces, upper river terrace formation; b) in-filled localized valleys (0-3% slope) between volcanic hills or mountain formation; c) Lower and upper footslope
of low or highr volcanic agglomerate hill formation (upper phaser); d) low relief pyroclastic (18%- 30% slope) or undulating crests and ridges of pyroclastic hill (8%- 18 ) formation s;
2.3.2 Soil Type

A survey by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), region 12 showed that the predominant soil type
being classified in the Municipality falls under the following characteristics as presented in the Pedo-Ecological Zones and
Symbol map by local sites:

Table 3

SOIL CHARACTERISTICS BY LOCATION

BOUNDED LOCATION/ ZONAL Zonal Layer SOIL TYPE / Color Code

AREAS BARANGAYS CATEGORY

1. Areas covering part of a. along mountain belonging to “Volcanic Cone-non active” 170-
bounded Barangay: ranges dark blue color
Highlands
central part
of the
Mongokayo, Datal Bob Pedo- soils along its Batutik Sandy Clay loam, High Phase; soils
and Lambuling Kematu,
Municipality Ecological footslopes drained from “high Andesitic Mountains,
Tbolok, and areas
along mountain ranges Zone volcanic rocks.” (soil codes: 175-deep Orange
of Mt. Parker and color)
Malibato

part of Barangay b. Other below high Nupal Sandy Clay Loam where soils drained
Mongokayo, Datal Bob areas along from high andesitic mountain (high relief
mountain peaks
and Lambuling) mountain); high phase for crest and ridges- 8-
foot slopes,
crest and 18% slope (high andesitic mountain formation.
ridges soil codes: 164, 164 T-O – light violet color

Iii Eastern part of Areas along Kematu ( high phase) Sandy clay loam; > 45% slope;
Mountain and soils drained from volcanic agglomeratic rocks; high
Barangay Kematu agglomeratic mountain.. (soil codes: 167- white as
hills ( pedo-
hatched with violet color):
ecological
zone)

Barangay Areas Volcanic pyroclastic mountain upper labay (

high phase); sandy loam to sandy clay loam,
between along
soils of mixed pyroclastic and andesitic high
Desawo and Mining ,mountain range. codes: 157- blue color):
Kematu Areas

2. Areas ranges of Mt. Highlands along mountain soil type belonging to Malalag Clay Loam,
bounded along
Busa- Barangay ranges of Mt. High Phase: > 45% slope; soils are made of
South Western
Part of the Laconon Busa ranges residual-meta Volcanic with mostly sclistz
Municipality and andesites- above 1000 meters A.S.L.
soil map codes: 161- deep pink color):

3. Areas North Western Part “Uplands Soils under soil type belonging to “Tboli Sandy Loam, high
bounded along of the Municipality Pedo- Uplands phase upper footslope of high volcanic
Urban, Sub Ecologica characteristics pyroclastic mountains with mixed agglomeratic
Urban, Rural part Brgy Poblacion and andesitic mountain formations, slightly
and New Dumangas
Zone
and moderate dissected; : 143 T-N)
agricultural
and Agro- Barangay Edwards to pedo- soils are drained belonging to- Tboli Sandy Loam (upper phase)
industrial Sinolon ecological from the upper footslope of low or high volcanic
Plantation zone weathering of agglomeratic hill formations,
Areas washout or in-
placed volcanic 53 D- green color):
agglomeratic soils
coming from
uplands and hills;
BOUNDED AREAS LOCATION/ BARANGAYS ZONAL Zonal Layer SOIL TYPE / Color Code
CATEGORY

4. Areas bounded covering part of “Combined- Soils under the Uplands soil type:
along Northern Barangay: Uplands, Uplands Hilly and
Part and majority Hilly partly High Lands
Northeastern @ Northern part: Lands and characteristics:
part of the Partly High 44 Df- yellow: soils belonging to- “Lampari fine
Municipality Talufo, Lamhaku, lands 44Df : Where soils are sandy loam” -0- 3 % slopes (Talufo,Lamsalome,
Lamsalome and drained from recent Datal Bob, Talcon)-
Lambangan; minor alluvium of
Pedo-
infilled localized valleys 44 –spotted yellow : soils belonging to- “Bianan
Ecological
surrounded by mixed
Zone sandy clay loam”( ( Basag)
sandstones and shales

44: Infilled localized

valleys between
Volcanic hills or
mountain formation

@ Northeasterrn part: --------------------------- 78 T.O : soils belonging to-“upperlabay sandy

clay loam” (Talufo, Talcon)-spotted green
-78 T.O :soils formation
Datal Bob, Talcon, Aflek,
in Undulating crests,
and major part of Basag ridges of pyroclastics
82 - Nupal sandy clay loam ; soils of andesitic
hills formation; 8-18% volcanic rocks with mixed meta-volcanics
slopes. (Talufo): colorless

82 - soils of andesitic 98 T-O: Kudangan sandy clay loam: undulating

volcanic rocks with to uplands of shales & few mixed sandstones,
mixed meta- deep to moderately deep layers hatched brown
volcanics (Lamsalome)

98 T-O: undulating Hillylands

to uplands of shales
& few mixed 112 slant hatched brown : Kudangan clay loam:
sandstones, deep to 30-45 % slopes undulating to uplands of shales
moderately deep (Lamsalome)
layers

112 : Deep to
moderately deep 116- spotted blue: Nupal sandy clay loam;
drained from shales (Datal Bob, Talcon, Aflek, Malugong and Basag)
and few localized
Partly HighLands :
sandstones; high
sedimentary hill
156-red : Kudangan clay loam; shales and
formations.
sanstones mountains (part of Lamsalome and
lambangan- roxas mountain)
116 : Andesitic hills;
soils drained from
volcanic andesites,
high relief hill
formations.

156 shales and

sanstones mountain

2.3.3 Water and Drainage

2.3.3.1 Surface Run-off

Tboli landscape is endowed with several clear and clean surface water and ground water which drains towards six (6)
major river basins flowed down to the Municipality’s of South Cotabato, General Santos City and Saraggani Province in North,
Northeasterly, Easterly, and Southerly directions.

These rivers had various tributary creeks and streams where springs can be found in the aquifer of various mountain ranges
within the central portion of the municipality’s landscape traversing various municipalities and will discharge its ultimate outfall
towards coastal areas to wit:

The following are the five (5) major rivers in the SRW-T to wit:

1. Allah River - a natural water boundary dividing Municipality of Tboli and Lake Sebu where waters drained
towards municipality’s of Surallah, Sto.Nino, and Municipality’s of Sultan Kudarat Province (Bagong Bayan,
Esperanza, Lambayong) down to Rio Grande of Cotabato City.

2. Sapali River - a river traversing between Barangays of Edwards, Poblacion, Sinolon, Lemsnolon and
other areas towards Banga River,
 3. Silway River - a natural water boundary dividing Municipality’solomolok and Tboli where part of its
tributaries are Talcon River, Stow River Bianan and Blaan River.

4. Makar River - a river traversing between Barangays of Mongokayo and Part of Basag and Maan.

5. Nobol/ Seguil River - a river traversing part of Barangay Maan and Tudok, towards Municipality of Maasim
where tributaries coming from streams of Lake Maughan and Mount Busa.

2.3.3.1 Groundwater Resources

The Mt. Malibatu and Mt. Parker mountain ranges is the major watershed in the central part of the
municipality and Mt. Busa on the southwest that contributes ecological balance on the South Central part of the Province
of South Cotabato. It supplies 90% of the groundwater needs of the whole municipality through its aquaifers It is
the only remaining thickly forested area in the district and efforts to preserve this remaining treasure have been
consolidated.

Existing drilled ground water deepweels of more than twenty (20) units at a depth level ranges from 80 to 120
meters clusterly distributed 5 lowland barangays for domestic and agriculral uses.

Table No. 4 : Drilled Deepweels Statistics

No.of Ave. Depth Average

Location/
BARANGAY Water Uses Units Range Discharge-Q
Source/Coverage
Drilled (M) (GPM)

1. Poblacion Proper (MGU/BGU) Domestic 2 80

Domestic-
Proper/ KALAHI 1
Edwards
Proper Industrial 1
Agri-Industrial:
Spring, Atam 2
SUMIFRU

2. Edwards Pag-asa-DOLE 1
Purok Lucido, Agri-Industrial:
2
Sueno SUMIFRU

3. Sinolon Purok Sampaguita Domestic 1

Sitio Lamsiman Agri-Industrial:
2
(Armada), Linggang SUMIFRU

4. New Agri-Industrial:
Tabudtod, 1
Dumangas SUMIFRU

Upper Agri-Industrial:
5. Laconon 2
Colombong, Toril SUMIFRU

2.3.4 Hydrogeology and Rock Formation

Generally, the area as determined by the Geological Survey and Land Resources Evaluation Project showed that as
to Geologic formation of the Landscape(Fig. 5_ ), the area is classified under Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks “ with varied
characteristics according to Pedo-Ecological zones/ cluster within the territorial land of the Municipality Tboli.

Predominantly, soils belonging to “Igneous Rocks -90% area share” has different types such as:

a.)Pilocene Quaternary of about not less than 50% of the total lands area categorized as Quaternary
Volcanics(QV) –Highlands(Mt. Parker and Malibato range) and 16%-Pyroclastics (QVP) along the downstrearms/ Uplands;

b) Cretaceous Paleogene composed of 15%-meta-volcanics (KV), and 3%-Undifferentiated Volcanic (UV) both along
the highlands (@ Mt Busa range);

c) Oligocene-Lower Mlocene composed of 6% Volcanic Agglomerate (VA)- area participation (Northeast Kematu,
Lemsnolon and Sinolon mountain range and hills);

The latter has minimal area participation on soils belonging to “Sedimentary Rocks with 10%” area shared
described as: a) Pilocene Pleisfocene Type (classified as Hillylands) – categorized as follows:

a) – Sandstone and Shale (N2)- “ 7%” (white- map color code);

b) – Banga Formation soil (N3+Q1)- “2%” and the remaining;

c) –Clay & Conglomerate(N3C) classification- of about nearly 1%

 As to Geologic formation codes, Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks “ categorized below defined according to its
Type and location as referred to Pedo-Ecological zones(Table No.__):

Figure 6

Table No.5

Tboli Hydro-geological Formation

CLASSIFIC % Code DESCRITION DEFINITION LOCATION [Pedo-

ATION Area Symbol Ecological zones]
Share

50 QV Quaternary soil formations classified as non-active Highlands- [ Part Barangay

volcanics, cones and lava flows, mostly Tudok, Laconon, Lambuling,
Volcanics –
Igneous basalt, pyroxene volcanics, andesites with Datal Bob, Aflek, Malugong
Rocks few agglomerates and some pyroclastics. and Basag, Most part of
(color violet) Salacafe, Maan and whole of
Tbolok]

16 QVP Pyroclastics soil formations classified as very Downstrearms/ Upland

extensive and thick deposits of volcanic
ejecta made up of volcanic sand, ash, [Poblacion, New Dumangas,
cinder mixed with bombs and fine Edwards, Sinolon and part of
materials, tuff and other volcanic debris barangay Basag and Maan]

KV Meta- Extensive, massive and well jointed, Highlands- [ Ranges of Mt.

slightly metamorphosed, volcanic rock Busa- part of barangay Tudok
Volcanics
composed mainly of andesite with some and Laconon]:
intercalation of meta-sediment and
volcanic agglomerates.

(VA) Volcanic Extensive and thick andesitic [(Northeast Kematu,

agglomerates consisting of dense and Lemsnolon and Sinolon
Agglomerate
- color: hard volcanic fragments of either fine mountain range and hills)
grained or porphyritic andesite with some
Violet
andesite tuff brecia Tuffaceous shale are
articulated within it.

(UV) Undifferentia Massive and extensive deposits of (Mt Busa range- Barangay
submarine lava flows largely basalt, Laconon and part of Basag )
ted Volcanic
spilite and andesite with pyroclast
intercalation, columnar and pillow
structure are evident in basalt.

S (N2)”: Sandstone and ( Part of Barangay Lamhaku

edimentary white- map Shale and Lambangan ) ;
Rocks color code

(N3+Q1); Banga Formation (Part of Barangay

white- map soil
color code
2.2. CLIMATE

The municipality has an average temperature of 23.950 Centigrade. The warmest month is March
and the coolest is January. It has annual rainfall ranging from 1,042 millimeters to 2,184 millimeters, the
heaviest of which occurs on the month of June and the least fall on the month of March.

2.5. GENERAL LAND USE

Table 6: General Land Use

AREA
LAND USES PERCENTAGE
(HECTARES)
Agricultural 57%

Forest (Production/ Protection) 32%

Built Up 2%

Industrial 1%

Pasture/ Grass Land 6%

Miscellaneous ( River, Creeks, Roads) 3%

TOTAL 100%

Source: MPDO

2.6. URBAN LAND USE PATTERN

The Urban G r owth area in the municipality lead towards

linear development pattern connecting Barangay Poblacion with the
adjacent northernpart barangays which nam ely baranga y Edwards
and barangay Sinolo n wher ein Poblac ion is the Central
Bus iness Dis tric t (CBD) and s eat of Municipal Local Government
Unit administration. It has a total land area of about ____ hectares
consisting "Built-up areas which is classified as residential, commercial,
light industrial, institutional, parks and open spaces, and cemetery while
the remaining ____ hectares devoted for agriculture with some portion are Figure 1 : SOIL MAP
Sources: Bureau of Soils,
proposed for reclassification. Koronadal City

2.7. CULTURAL RESOURCES

2.7.1. Presence of Cultural Communities

a) The Tboli's

Tbolis are of Proto-Malayan stock and are found in the mountain ranges of South Cotabato and Sultan
Kudarat Provinces. Some scholars agree that an ethnic stock that may be distinguished as Proto-Malayan
came early into the Philippines. The proto-Malays are thought to have come from several specific sources at
different parts in the island. It has been observed that Proto-Malay are considered less Mongoloid than the
Malay, and probably derived for various intermixtures in south-eastern Asia. The proto-Malay and the Malay
obviously are people fairly closely related, and the chronology of their movements and the cultural heritage of their
groupings are the chief basis for the distinctions now made between them.
In broad terms both sets of groups at third time is either to deal merely in characteristic not fully agreed
upon historical, cultural, and regional data. The Spanish made little headway with these hinterland people, who were
either warlike or reclusive. For the most part, these groups remained outside the Spanish pale, and their
descendants in the modern Philippines are still often referred to as “pagan people”. Historically, in southern
Philippines, such elements were raided by the Muslims groups, making them even more reclusive in nature and
diminishing the numbers of some groups. North of the zone of Muslim raids, small populations of Proto-Malay groups
remain viable at the present time.

Tbolis – known among the lowlanders as “Tagabili”, and the same, derived from the word “Tao Belil”
which means, man living in the hills in their own tongue. These occupy an area of about 750 square miles (2000
square kms.) where the southern ends of the Southwest Coast Range and the Cotabato Cordillera also known as the
Tiruray Highlands merged. The center of the Tboli Culture in the Central and Southern portion of Mindanao whose
points are the City of General Santos, the Province of South Cotabato and Sarangani. In the early of the 16th
century, Tboli Clans who lived in the south-central portion of South Cotabato (now the municipality of Tboli ) where
once scattered when the volcano erupted (Now Mt. Parker / Holon Lake as crater) from which lahar /lava almost
covered its vicinities. History tells that only Mt. Temgefit ridges remained uncovered that makes an escaped place
of the survivors while other groups evacuated in some far areas. The Tboli clans survive from the calamities were the
parents of the new Tboli generation in the area plus other in-migrants of the late Tboli lineage began to resettle
spatially by clan/s under the leadership of the Datus or village headmen and started cultivating the second growth
vegetation of their homeland.

The BLAANS

The Blaans are said to be one of the largest ethno-linguistic groups that traditionally inhabit the
island of Mindanao. During the Pre-Hispanic Era, Tboli used to be a wide area of tropical virgin forests with only a
few patches of clearing where the Blaans and Moslems used to settle. The Blaans composed then the
greater population and occupied most of the area while the Moslems occupied the areas along the rivers
traversing the community.

In 1939, the creation of National Land Settlement Administration paved the way for the Christian settlers
from Luzon and Visayas. The early Blaans retreated to the mountains. Some Blaans sold their lowland areas
to the newcomers for a meager amount.

As of the 2000 NSO Census, Blaans comprise the 21.6% of the total population of the
Municipality. In 2008, out of the total municipal population of 58,403, Blaans totaled to 12,615 individuals in
the municipality of Tboli .

In a paper “Reading Blaan Culture: The Blaans of Tampakan Highlands” authored by Orly C.
Turingan, he asserted that Blaans may not be outwardly different from the mainstream settlers and migrants
especially when they are in the lowland but the difference becomes pronounced in the way they view their
social world and how they behave once they are in the hinterland. The author immersed himself in the Blaan
culture as he lived with them and observed their daily affairs. Blaans in Tampakan, Tupi, Polomolok and Tboli
have the same culture and of the same ancestors since p a r t o f Tampakan and Tboli is originally a part of
Tupi. Some of the common cultural markers are religious belief systems, marriage and land tenure aspect.

The belief system of Blaans is characterized as “animistic”. They have a legion of gods and they
believe that the environment is inhabited by spirits including plants, animals and even water. These spirits must
be appeased and must not be disturbed, as they are believed to bring sickness, death and calamity to
the community. Customs on burial and death is among the peculiar practices of the Blaans. Originally, the
Blaans wrap the corpse of their relatives with a mat and hang it on top of tall tree to decay. The advent of logging
concessions forced the Blaans to change their ways. The most common burial practice among Blaans today is to
bury the dead near their house but they must abandon the house.

Prior to the burial, the corpse is washed and wrapped in mabal (traditional cloth), malong or white
cloth. Children and women are not allowed to witness the burial ceremony. Polygyny is a way of life. The
Blaan men may marry as many wives as they deem necessary for the efficient management of the farm and of
the household. Marriage is commonly arranged. Prior to the marriage, a sunggod or brideprice is
agreed upon between the relatives of the couple
2.7.2. Natural Landscapes

Soaring at 1,800 meters above sea level

(masl) volcanic rim of Mt. Parker with a trekking distance
of 7.5 kilomemeters to reach the beauteous "Lake Holon"
crater lake formerly lake Maughan revealed to be an
active volcano being the "cleanest inland bodies of water
in Mindanao," the best landmark of SOCSARGEN
area.

It is a major terrestial-watershed drained towards five (5) major rivers (Allah River, Sapali River ,Silway
River , Makar River, Nobol/ Seguil River, and Pangi river of Kiamba/Maitum ) supplying 50% of the SOCSARGEN
area’s water requirement. It is a biodiversity sanctuary, the home o f diverse plant and animal species including
the tarsier- the smallest monkey in the world, the discovered new specie of butterfly: _____. The _#__ endemic
species including Philippine Eagle also nestles in the forest of Mt. Parker and Malibato mountain range.

Visited by hundreds of both local and foreign tourists annually, the landscape offers a venue for the
development of facilities such as Eco-tourism park development.