Mark Allen Debra Powell Dickie Dolby

Student’s Book

MACMILLAN
Contents
Unit and topic Reading skills Listening skills Speaking skills Writing skills Language Study skills
focus and
Vocabulary

1 Learn to Skim and scan Section 1 Overview of the Taskl Basic study skills
Form completion 3 parts of the Changes over time Unreal sentence
succeed reading and learning
Map completion Speaking Test Introductory subjects (There
Matching: styles
Table and sentences, is/was)
headings to
diagram describing trends, Synonyms and
sections, opinions
completion paragraph plan parallel
and people
expressions Word
Sentence
formation:
completion (from a
prefixes
list)
2 Living Summary Section 2 Part 2 Task 2 Sentence subjects Using a
together completion (from a Note completion; Making notes Understanding the Social issues dictionary
list) Matching question vocabulary Word
True, False, Not Section 3 Argument/ formation:
Given Multiple choice opinion questions: nounsand verbs
Table completion The balanced
argument
approach
Linking general
review

3 Costing the Multiple-choice, Section 3 Pronunciation Compound Recording

Matching Dealing Multiple choice, Taskl adjectives used in
earth Final consonants vocabulary for
with unknown Summary Selecting place of relative
Part 3 Writing Task 1
vocabulary completion significant clauses
Introducing and
information
organizing your
Writing Collocations
opinions
introductions
Fixed time
diagrams Making
comparisons

4 Healthy Using headings to Section 4 Part 2 Essay sections Defining and Planning: Finding
body, healthy identify purpose Multiple choice Part 3 Paragraph nondefining ideas
mind and organization Summary Food related structure: The relative clauses
Completing tables, completion topics body of the essay Participle clauses:
diagrams, notes Task 2 planning: -ing and -ed
Short answer finding ideas Medical terms
questions Argument/ vocabulary
Following and opinion questions:
argument in a The opinion essay
passage Multiple- Describing
choice questions: opinions
multiple answers
Yes, No, Not
Given

5 The world Matching headings Section 2 Parts 1,2 and 3 Taskl The passive Academic
we live in (to paragraphs) Flow charts Short Animal topics Process diagrams Adjectives and vocabulary
Summary answers Expanding Ordering, purpose nouns
completion (no Section 4 and result
list) Short answer type Pronunciation The
Labelling a questions schwa sound
diagram Matching

6 Going Recognizing Select the Making Task 2 Lexical cohesion Editing your
places opinions in a diagram predictions Understanding Conditional writing
passage Multiple- Section 1 introductions sentences
choice questions Section 4 Part 2 Paraphrasing the
Completing a map Table completion Making questions question
Sentence Writing
completion (no Part 3 introductions
list) Matching: Building speed Introductory
People and phrases
opinions Problem and
Understanding solution questions
reference and Avoiding absolute
substitution statements

Contents
Unit and topic Reading skills Listening skills Speaking skills Writing skills Language Study skills
focus and
Vocabulary

7 The world of Prediction Section 2 Predicting the Task 1 Hiaf-clauses Editing your
work True, False, Not Prediction Short future Expressing Multiple diagrams Synonyms for writing
Given answer questions certainty Ways of people
Flow chart Sentence Pronunciation describing data
completion completion Connected speech Determiners
Matching Table completion
information and
sections
Short answer
questions
Note completion
Yes, No, Not
Given Matching
details to
paragraphs

8 Art and the Distinguishing fact Structuring what Task 2 Linking Improving your
and opinion Section 3 you say Review: Balanced expressions spelling
city Analysing
Matching: People argument and Types of
and descriptions multiple-choice opinion essays buildings,
Summary options Refuting opposing furniture
completion (No Short answer arguments Giving vocabulary
list) questions and refuting
Sentence Note completion opinions Writing
completion (From Section 4 conclusions
a list) Discourse
markers Multiple
choice Sentence
completion
Short answer
questions

9 Tomorrow's Identifying the Section 2 Expressing likes Task 1 Academic Understanding

world writer's purpose Listening for and dislikes Describing vocabulary question task
Yes, No, Not dates and Pronunciation illustrations Expressing the words
Given Matching: numbers Sentence Sentence stress: Maps future:probability
identification of completion Note Weak forms Prefixes
arguments completion
Section 4
Prediction
Summary
completion
Diagram
completion

10 From me to Section 1 Parts 1,2 and 3 Task 2 Articles Idiomatic

Identification of Multiple-choice: Keeping your expressions
you Media vocabulary
main idea and Diagrams focus
supporting Sentence Different question
information completion tasks
Multiple-choice Multiple choice Expecting the
questions Section 3 unexpected Stating
Summary Multiple options your view
completion (from Table completion
a list) Summary
Sentence completion
completion Yes,
No, Not Given

Contents
Introduction

Overview of the book

Welcome to IELTS Graduation, a course book which is designed to help you
prepare for the IELTS academic test.
This book contains a wide range of activities to help you develop the academic
language and exam skills necessary to achieve an IELTS band score of between 5.5
and 7.5. If your IELTS level is lower than this, you might prefer to study IELTS
Foundation first.
Each unit contains practice in Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening with each
part of the test broken down and explained, and exam skills practised. The units also
contain Language Focus sections, which analyse the main grammatical areas
relevant to a higher IELTS level, together with Vocabulary sections focused on
common IELTS topics. There are also regular Pronunciation sections as well as
pages developing your Study Skills.
The back of the book contains further grammatical explanations and exercises along
with extra vocabulary work. There are also complete model answers for all the
Writing questions accompanied by useful comments. Complete scripts for all the
Listening exercises are in the back of the book.

Overview of the IELTS test

IELTS consists of four modules. Further information on how IELTS is assessed can
be found on the IELTS website: www.ielts.org

THE LISTENING MODULE (40 minutes)

There are four sections in the Listening test. The first two sections are general
listening situations, whereas the last two sections are academic situations. Section 4
is usually a lecture. The listening test lasts for 30 minutes plus 10 minutes at the end
of the test to write your answers on the answer sheet. There are about 40 questions
in total. You only hear each section of the test once so you need to keep up with the
tape.

Question types
Completion of sentences, notes, summaries, tables, diagrams or flow charts Short
answer questions
Multiple-choice questions
Labelling parts of a diagram

Introduction
 Advice
• Be prepared for varying speaker speeds and different accents (American,
Australian, Canadian, American, New Zealand, British)
• Prepare yourself before you listen by reading the questions carefully and trying to
imagine what the situation is about. Think about the type of vocabulary you may
hear.
• Answer all the questions. If you miss a question, guess the answer.
• Spelling counts, so make a note of your common spelling mistakes and work on
reducing them.
• Practise your listening by listening to the radio and watching English films and
television. Don't try to understand every word. Just pick out the main points in
what is being said.

THE READING MODULE (60 minutes)

There are 40 questions in the reading module. The module consists of three passages
which total about 2000-2200 words and become progressively more difficult. The
passages are on topics of general interest and are intended for non-specialist readers.
At least one passage will contain detailed, logical argument. Passages come from
magazines and journals, books and newspapers.

Question types
Completion of sentences, notes, summaries, tables, diagrams or flow charts Short
answer questions
Multiple-choice questions
Matching headings to paragraphs or sections of the passage
Locating information in a paragraph or section
Matching lists/phrases True/False/Not Given: identifying information in the passage
Yes/No/Not Given: identifying the writer's view or opinion

Advice
• Skim read the passage (1-3 minutes) for general understanding.
• Read the questions (11-15 per passage) and underline key words.
• Scan the passage for key words or synonyms or parallel expressions for these.
• Identify the sentence or paragraph which contains the answer to the question and
read it intensively.
• Write answers directly onto the answer paper. You do not have extra time at the
end of the examination to transfer your answers

THE WRITING MODULE (60 minutes)

There are two compulsory writing tasks which should be answered using a formal,
academic style of English. Task 2 is worth more so it is suggested that this is written
first.

Introduction 5
 Task 1
20 minutes 150 words Write a factual description of a diagram

Advice
• Summarize the main features of the diagram in 2/3 paragraphs.
• Don't attempt to describe every detail.
• Describe changes and I or make comparisons where relevant.
• Don't speculate about possible causes or reasons for trends.
• Support your points with figures from the diagram.
• Be prepared for a range of different diagrams (graphs, tables, bar charts, pie charts, processes, illustrations or
maps).
• Organize your time: Think and Plan (2-3 mins) —► Write (12-15mins) —► Check (2-3 mins)

Task 2
Write an essay in response to a given opinion or problem
40 minutes 250 words
Advice
• Take time to understand the question and keep every sentence focused on it.
• Introduce, develop and conclude your essay.
• Support your points with explanation, evidence or examples.
• Make your own opinion clear.
• Aim for 2 or 3 main points - with each in a separate paragraph.
• Be flexible - different questions will require different approaches so read the question carefully.
• Organize your time: Think and Plan (5-10 mins) —► Write (25-30mins) —► Check (5 mins)
The IELTS Writing paper is assessed using the following four criteria:

Task 1
1 Task Achievement - This assesses how well you have understood the diagram and if you have summarized and
highlighted the main patterns and differences.
2 Coherence and Cohesion - This assesses how clear your summary is and whether or not you have used
paragraphs. It also assesses your use of linking and reference words.
3 Lexical Resource - This assesses your vocabulary and spelling and also looks at your word formation.
4 Grammatical Range and Accuracy - This assesses whether or not you have used a wide range of sentence types,
both simple and complex. It also tests your punctuation.

Task 2
Task Response - This assesses how well you have understood the question and whether or not you have answered
all the different parts of
2 Coherence and Cohesion - This assesses how logically and clearly you have linked your ideas together and
whether or not you have used paragraphs. It also assesses your use of linking and reference words.
3 Lexical Resource - This assesses your vocabulary and spelling and also looks at your word formation. You need
to show a wide range of topic vocabulary linked to the question.
4 Grammatical Range and Accuracy - This assesses whether or not you have used a wide range of sentence types,
both simple and complex. It also tests your punctuation.

THE SPEAKING MODULE (11-15 minutes)

There are three parts to the speaking test.

SPEAKING PART 1

4-5 minutes You will be given three topics and asked questions about each
one. You will be speaking about your personal
life and hobbies.

SPEAKING PART 2
3-4 minutes You will speak about a given topic for about 1-2 minutes. You
will be asked 1-2 follow-up questions related
to the topic.

SPEAKING PART 3

3-4 minutes You will be asked some general more abstract questions linked
to the Part 2 topic.

Advice
• Listen carefully to the questions.
• Be prepared for a range of different topics.
• Remember that it is your grammar mistakes and pronunciation that can seriously affect your level.
• Speak as clearly and naturally as possible. Don't use expressions unless you know how to use them correctly.
The IELTS Speaking module is assessed using the following four criteria:
1 Fluency and Coherence - This assesses how well you can carry on speaking without hesitating or correcting
yourself. It also tests your use of discourse markers.
2 Lexical Resource - This assesses how wide your vocabulary range is. It also assesses your use of collocation and
idiomatic language.
3 Grammatical Range and Accuracy - This assesses how regularly you can speak without making mistakes. It also
looks at how often you use complex sentences in your speech.
4 Pronunciation - This assesses your ability to pronounce the sounds of English accurately and whether or not most
of what you say can be clearly understood.
1 Learn to succeed

Which subjects did you study at school?

Which did you like the most/least? Why?
Would you like to study another subject in the future?
Are there any subjects in your country which are traditionally 'male' or 'female'? If
so, why do you think this is?

Learn to succeed
 Exam strategy
Reading
Timing
You won't have time in the examination to read all three passages intensively.
Therefore, you need to develop strategies for reading each passage and for answering
each question type.
1 Skim read the whole passage for a general idea of the meaning and purpose of the
text.
2 Read the first set of questions.
3 Scan read the text to find the section of the text that will answer each question.
4 Read that part of the text intensively to find the answer.

Skim and scan reading

Reading strategy
Skim reading for a general idea
TIP
Read the introduction, the first sentence of each paragraph and the conclusion
Use the title, subtitle quickly to understand the gist or main idea of the text. Do NOT worry about
and illustrations in a vocabulary for this first reading. Spend about 2-3 minutes for this reading.
reading text to help
you to predict what
the text is about. 1 Look at the title and subtitle for the passage on page 10 and answer questions 1
and 2.
Circle the appropriate letter A-D.
1 The main idea in the passage is a discussion of
A differences between male and female brains.
B differing male and female ability in math.
C why men are more successful in math and science careers.
D the effect of cultural conditioning on mathematical ability.
2 The purpose of the passage is to present
A a problem and a solution.
B one side of an argument.
C cause and effect.
D both sides of an argument.
2 Skim read the passage quickly (2-3 minutes) to check your predictions.

Reading strategy
Scan reading
Scan reading involves reading a text quickly to locate a number, date, name, place,
etc. You do not need to understand the text to scan read successfully.

3 Scan the passage (1-2 minutes) to find the following:

3 a year in which the OECD administered a test
4 the average difference in the size of male and female brains (%)
5 the name of a professor at Yale university
6 the university which employs Dr. Elizabeth Spelke

Learn to succeed 9
 Battle of Sexes Whirls Above the Science Gap
The debate continues over whether physiological differences between men and women or cultural
attitudes help men dominate in scientific and mathematical careers.
When Lawrence H. Summers, the president of argued Nancy Kanwisher. a professor of E As a result of these findings, many
Harvard, suggested recently that one factor in neuroscience at the Massachusetts researchers are convinced that neither 105 sex
women’s lagging 55 progress in science and Institute ofTechnologv. has a monopoly on basic math ability and that
mathematics might be innate differences culture rather than chromosomes explains any
C When they do study cognitive prowess,
between the sexes, his comment elicited so gap in math scores. According to Yu Xie, a
many researchers have been impressed
many fierce reactions that he quickly sociologist at the University of 110 Michigan,
with how similarly young boys and girls,
apologized. But many people were left to among Asians people rarely talk about having a
ranging from 5 months through 7 years,
wonder: Did he have a point? gift for math or anything else. If a student comes
master new tasks.‘We adults may think
home with a poor grade in math, he said, the
Researchers say there are many discrepancies very different things about boys and girls,
parents push the child to work harder. 115 He
between men and women - in their attitudes and treat them accordingly, but when we
adds that there is good survey data showing that
towards math and science, in the architecture of measure their capacities, they’re
this disbelief in innate ability, along with the
their 65 remarkably alike,’ said Elizabeth Spclke.
conviction that math ability can be improved
brains, in the way they metabolize a professor of psychology at Harvard. In
through practice, is a tremendous cultural asset
medications.Yet researchers warn that a adolescence, though, some differences in
120 in Asian society and among Asian-
difference in form does not necessarily mean a aptitude begin to emerge, especially when
Americans.
difference in function.‘We can't get anywhere it comes to performance on standardized
denying that there are 70 neurological and tests. While average verbal scores are F Many people argue that it is unnecessary
hormonal differences between males and very similar, boys have outscored girls on to invoke 'innate differences' to explain the gap
females, because clearly there are.’said math for the past three decades or so. 125 that persists in fields like physics,
Virginia Valian. a psychology professor.‘The engineering, mathematics and chemistry. C.
D Nor is the masculine edge in math unique
trouble we have as scientists is in assessing Megan Urrv. a professor of physics and
to the United States. In an international
their significance to real-life performance.’ astronomy at Yale, said there was clear evidence
standardized test administered in 2003 by
that societal 130 and cultural factors still
For example, neuroscientists have shown that the international research group
hindered women in science. Dr. Urry cited a
women's brains are about 10% smaller than Organization for Economic Cooperation
1983 study in which 360 people - half men, half
men’s, on average, even after accounting tor and Development (OECD) to 250.000 15-
women - rated mathematics papers. On average,
women's 80 year-olds in 41 countries, boys did
the men rated 135 them higher when the author
comparatively smaller body size. But moderately better on the math portion in
had a masculine name than when the author had
throughout history, people have cited such just half the nations. For nearly all the
a feminine name.There was a similar, but
anatomical distinctions to support hypotheses other countries, there were no significant
smaller, disparity in the scores women gave. Dr.
that merely reflect the prejudices of the time. A differences found between the sexes.
Elizabeth 140 Spelke.said:‘lt‘s hard for me to get
century ago 85
But average scores varied wildly from excited about small differences in biology when
the French scientist Gustav Le Bon pointed to
place to place and from one subcategory the evidence shows that women in science are
the smaller brains of women and said that
of math to the next. Japanese girls, for still discriminated against every step of the 145
explained the ‘fickleness, inconstancy, absence
example, were on par with Japanese boys way.’
of thought and logic, and incapacity to reason'
on every math section save that of
in gg The debate is sure to go on. Sandra F.
‘uncertainty’ which measures
women. Witelson. a professor or psychiatry and
probabilistic skills, and Japanese girls
behavioural neurosciences at McMaster
Overall size aside, some evidence suggests that scored higher over all than did the boys of
University in Hamilton, Ontario, said 150
female brains are relatively more endowed with many other nations, including the United
biology might yet be found to play some
the prized neurons, the grey matter, thought to States. In Iceland, girls did better than
part.‘People have to have an open mind,’Dr.
95 do the bulk of the brain's thinking while Icelandic boys by a significant margin on
Witelson said.
men’s brains have more white matter, the tissue all parts of the test, as they habitually do
between neurons. on their national maths exams.
And they use the grey and white matter in Interestingly, in Iceland and everywhere
different proportions when solving 100 else, girls participating in the survey
problems. What such discrepancies may or may expressed more negative attitudes toward
not mean is anyone's conjecture. ‘It is cognition math.
that counts, not the physical matter that does
the cognition,'

Learn to succeed

1
0
 Matching: Headings to sections
TIP
The words in the Exam information
question will usually For this question type you must choose the heading that best summarizes the main
not be exactly the idea of a section or paragraph of the passage. There will usually be more headings
same as the words in than paragraphs or sections.
the passage. Look for
parallel expressions in
the passage and the 4 The correct heading for Section A is iii. Find synonyms in the subtitle and
headings. Parallel Section A for controversy and inborn.
expressions are words 5 Read the passage and answer questions 1-5.
or phrases with
similar meanings to The reading passage has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct heading for sections
those in the passage. B-F from the list of headings below.

List of headings
i Discrimination based on gender
ii Importance of physical differences between men and women
iii Controversy surrounding inborn differences between the sexes
iv Comparison of performance of Japanese and Icelandic schoolchildren
v Comparison of abilities of male and female children
vi Proposed reasons for success of Asian children
vii Effects of environment on performance
viii Differences in how males and females rate math papers
ix International comparison of math results
x Differences in how men and women solve problems

0 Section A iii
1__Section B
2__Section C
3__Section D
4__Section E
5__Section F

Matching: Opinions and people

6 Scan the passage to find the people in A-G. Then answer questions 6-11.
TIP Match the opinions to the people that express them.
There may be
6______________________________________________The ability to think is more
some letters
(names) you do important than brain anatomy. ______________________
not need to use. 7 Attitude is the most important factor in a successful
performance._______
8,9 Men and women are not given the same respect. ____________,______
10,11 There may be a link between ability and gender.__________,______

A Lawrence Summers
B Gustav Le Bon
C Nancy Kanwisher
D Elizabeth Spelke
E Yu Xie
F Megan Urry
G Sandra Witelson
 Sentence completion (from a list)

Exam information Question strategy

Use words from a list or 1 Read the questions and guess the missing information from what comes before
from the passage to and after the gap.
complete the sentences. 2 Use key words in the question to help you to locate the paragraph which
The correct answer must answers the question. Look for parallel expressions in the questions and
complete the sentence passage, ie words or phrases with similar meanings to those in the passage.
grammatically and agree
with what is said in the
text.
7 Answer questions 12-16. The words underlined in the questions are synonyms
The answers to the
questions will follow the for words used in the passage.
order of information in Complete the sentences using words from the box.
the passage.
12_____________________________________________There appears to be little
difference in the learning capacity of__________________
13_______________________________________Tests show little difference in
the language abilities of______________________.
14 Japanese girls got better results in math than_____________.
15 The worst opinion of math was held by____________.
16 The importance of effort has been demonstrated by_____________.

A Icelandic boys
B teenage girls
C American teenagers
D Asian children
E American boys
F young boys and girls
G Japanese boys
H adolescents
I Icelandic girls

Synonyms and parallel expressions

Vocabulary
1 Match the expressions taken from the passage in A with parallel
expressions in B.
TIP
A B
Sometimes questions 0 innate e (A) a
repeat the same words 1discrepancy/disparity (A) b
that are used in the
passage. However, 2anatomical distinctions (B) c
more often questions 3 cognition (B) d
contain words or 4prowess/ aptitude (C) e
phrases with similar 5adolescence (C) f
meanings to those 6verbal (ability) (C) g
used in the passage. 7on a par (with) (D) h
Finding these parallel 8discriminated (against) (F) i at the same level as treated unfairly difference
expressions in the text teenage years inborn
will help you to locate (ability with) words physical
the answer to the differences the ability to think
question.
and understand ability

12 Learn to succeed
 Word formation: Prefixes
TIP 1 These examples come from the reading passage:
Prefixes usually
give information eg 'neuroscientists have shown that' (Section B)
about the meaning eg' ... from one subcategory of math to the next.' (Section D)
of a word. If you 'neuro-' is a prefix referring to anything to do with nerves or the nervous system.
understand the
meaning ofLearn
the to succeed 13
prefix, it can help
you to guess the
meaning of a new
word.
'sub-' can refer to a small part of a larger thing.
What do you think neuroscientist and subcategory refer to in the reading passage?
2 Match these common prefixes to their meanings.
again
former
not enough; below
bad(ly); wrong(ly)
half; partly
distant; involving the phone or television against; in favour of
relating to computers/the Internet
false; not real
ahead; before
relating to yourself or itself
two or twice
relating to the environment
not

3 Complete these sentences using the prefix in the sentence and one of the words
in the box.

ability annual eafe esteem final graduate

information president profit write

0 A cyber cafe is a popular place for tourists and travellers to send and receive e-
mails.
1 A charity is a non-__________organization which gives help or money to
people who are ill or poor.
2 Tickets were sold out months before the semi____________was due to be
played.
3 It's much easier to re__________work that has been done on a computer.
4 Most under__________courses at British universities take three years to
complete.
5 The ex-_________of the United States was present at the ceremony.
6 The government was accused of deliberately deceiving the public by
giving it mis_________about the threat of war.
7 A bi_________event takes place twice a year.
8 He was suffering from depression and low self-____________
9 After the accident he was left with a severe physical dis_____________.
 Unreal sentence subjects
Language focus There is/was...
See Grammar reference, page 169.
We use there + the verb 'to be' to say that something 'is' or exists. In these sentences,
there is the grammatical subject. The real subject, or the focus of the sentence, comes
after the verb 'to be'.
Compare: There are many discrepancies between men and women.
The real subject of the sentence is 'many discrepancies', which comes after the verb
'are'.
1 Underline the correct verb in 1-3 and then complete the rules in a and b.
1 There is/are neurological and hormonal differences between men and women.
2 There is/are clear evidence that cultural factors still hindered women in science.
3 There was/were a smaller disparity in the scores women gave.
a If the noun after 'be' is singular or uncountable, the verb is________________.
b If the noun after 'be' is plural, the verb is______________.
2 We can use 'there' with all tenses of 'to be'. Complete each sentence with the best
form of the verb 'be'.
1 Throughout history, there____________scientists who have suggested that
women are less intelligent because their brains are smaller.
2 Test results show that there___________little difference in the abilities of
boys and girls under 7 years of age.
3 There__________250,000 teenagers involved in the OECD test
administered in 2003.
4 There__________no significant difference in the results for boys and girls
in half the countries tested.
5 There__________undoubtedly___________further studies into the learning
abilities of males and females.
3 Note what happens to the word order of the sentence when 'to be' is followed by
a past or present participle. Tick the correct form of the sentence, a or b. Then study
the reading passage Sections D and E on page 10 to check your answers.
1 a There were found no significant differences between the sexes, b There were no
significant differences found between the sexes.
2 a There is good survey data showing that disbelief in innate ability ... is
a(n)... asset.
b There is showing good survey data that disbelief in innate ability ... is a(n)...
asset.
4 Improve these sentences. Use 'There + to be ...'
0 Did you know a bank on campus is?
Did you know there’s a bank on campus?
1 Something unusual about the test results was.
2 A loud noise outside the classroom was.
3 No reason to believe that men are more capable than women is.

14 Learn to succeed

Learn to succeed 15
 4 Someone is waiting to meet you.
5 Similar results were obtained by Japanese boys and girls.

Section 1

Form completion
Listening
1 < J) 1.1 You are going to hear a conversation between a tutor and a student.
Exam strategy Before you listen:
Learning to predict 1 Underline keywords in the instructions. Pay careful attention to any words in
To answer the questions BOLD in CAPITAL LETTERS.
as effectively as 2 Underline keywords in questions 1-6. The first word has been done for you as an
possible, it is important example.
to:
Now listen to the first part of the recording and answer questions 1-6.
1 Keep up with the
CD. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.
2 Use the time you are 1 What year is the student in?
given to read the 2 How is the student feeling?
questions before you
listen to predict what 2 Fill in the form below and answer questions 3-6.
the conversation will
be about. Personal Information Form
Sex: Female
Name: 3.................................
Address: Bramble House

Room No 4...............................
Type of Accommodation: Shared

Nationality: 5............................

Emergency Contact Number: 6.........................

Map completion
3 Look at the map on page 16 and discuss the following questions. Use the Useful
language box to help you.
Exam strategy
0 Where is Chemistry Lab B?
Maps and diagrams It is in University Lane, next to Chemistry Lab A.
Look at the map or 1 Where is Dalton House?
diagram carefully and
make sure you 2 Which building is immediately opposite the cafeteria?
understand what 3 How do you get to Lecture Hall A?
direction you need to be
following. Is it right or
left? North or South? Useful language: prepositions of place and location
Circle or underline any
keywords or areas. Find at the top of... at the bottom of... next to...
the starting point once immediately opposite ... in (a street, town)... near...
the CD begins. on the corner of...
 4 J) 1.2 You are going to hear the rest of the conversation. Before you listen,
look at the instruction below and the map. Read question 12. Now listen to the
recording and answer questions 7-12.
Find the location of the buildings in the box by writing a letter (A-G) for questions 7-
11. There are more letters than buildings.

7----------
||
Cafeteria

Newton Drive

8--------

Lecture
Hall B
Chemistry
Lab B "

Chemistry
Lab A Buildings
A Bookshop B
Lecture Finance Office
Hall A Dalton C Bank
House D Sports Centre
E Computer Rooms
F Library
G Students' Union

12 Circle the correct answer. The tutor is available on: A Thursday

afternoon B Monday evening C Wednesday all day D Thursday
morning E Friday mornings only

Understanding the test

1 Work in pairs. Discuss the following Part 1 questions.
1 How often do you read books?
2 Do you think it's important for children to learn by visiting exhibitions and
Speaking museums?
3 Are libraries in your country more popular now than 10 years ago?
Exam strategy 4 What are the characteristics of a good writer?
Make sure that your
language changes with
the test. It should
become more formal
and impersonal as the
test progresses.
In Parts 1 and 2 the
topics will be more
personal and you will
talk more about
yourself. In Part 3 the
topics will be more
academic and you will
talk more about local
and global issues.

17 Learn to succeed
1
Exam strategy Exam information
Keep to the topic. In Part 2 you will be given a topic to speak about. Before you speak, you
Keep talking. will be given 1 minute to think and prepare and you will be given a pencil
Develop your answer. and paper to make notes.

2 Work in pairs. Make notes about the topics below. Discuss the topics for
1 minute. «—

Describe a subject you really enjoy Describe a teacher you really admire.
studying.
You should say: You should say:
What it is Who it is
Why you like it Why you like them
How long you have been studying it for How long you have known them
You should also explain how this subject
will help you in your future career. You should also explain what this person
has taught you.

3 Discuss the following Part 3 questions with your

partner.
1 Do you agree or disagree with the idea that, in the
future, teachers will play a smaller role in education
and students will rely more on internet resources?
2 How would you compare single sex education with
co-educational environments?
3 In your country, are subjects like physics and
chemistry more important than subjects like art and
music?
4 Do you agree or disagree with the idea that students
learn far more outside the classroom than inside it?
5 Evaluate whether or not there are any real
differences in the approaches of men and women to
learning.

Task 1
Writing 1
1 What can you remember about Writing Task 1 from the Introduction to IELTS
section at the front of the book?
1 How long should you spend on Task 1 and how
should you use this time?
2 How many words should you write and in how
many paragraphs?
3 What four areas of your writing does the examiner
look at?
4 Should you express your own views and give
reasons explaining the information in the diagram?
5 Should you try to write about every detail?

18 Learn to succeed
Learn to succeed 19
Exam strategy
It is important to
identify whether a
diagram shows
1 Highest qualification of school leavers (%) 2 Science graduates (current year)
changes overtime or
differences in one Level Level No
fixed time, as they 3 2 exam
require different 2004 2 45 13
vocabulary and 8
2005 3 50 8
grammatical 0
structures. 3 49 4
2006
0
2007 3 55 5
2
Male Female
2 All Writing Task 1 questions give you a diagram or illustration and ask you to
select and report the main features and make comparisons where relevant. There
are a range of possible diagram types.
1 Make a simple drawing to illustrate each of the following:
A Graph
B Bar chart
C Pie chart
D Table
E Multiple diagram (eg two or more diagrams about the same topic) F Process
or cycle (eg flow chart showing the greenhouse effect) G Illustration (eg how
two different cameras work)
H Map
2 Use the words below to label the correct parts of your drawings.

vertical axis column/bar key row stages locations

horizontal axis segment parts figures line

Task 1: Changes over time

3 Look at the following diagrams.
1 For each diagram, decide if you need to: write about changes over time, make
comparisons or both?

Question strategy
Predicted international student destinations
7% _________
■ UK
■ Aus
■ NZ
Can

Study the diagram carefully to check you understand what period(s) of time the
diagram describes and use appropriate tenses. See page 168 for a review of tenses.
2 Which tenses would you use for each diagram?
Why?
3 Write an appropriate introductory sentence that
describes what each diagram shows.
0 (Diagram 1) The table shows school leavers’
highest qualifications for the categories level 5,
level 2 and no exam as a percentage for the
years 2004 to 2001.
 4 Look at the Useful language table below for
describing changes over time.
1 Work in pairs. Find suitable words from the
table to describe the main changes in diagrams
1 and 3.
2 Use these words to add two further sentences to
the descriptions below.
Diagram 1
Regarding level 3 qualifications, the percentage
increased steadily from 26% in 2004 to 32% in
2007.___________________________________________

Diagram 3
The class hours for sport fell significantly
throughout the five year period dropping to two
hours per week in 2006.

Useful language: describing trends

Meaning VERB NOUN Meaning ADJ/ADV
go down small change steady(ily) slight(ly)
decrease gradual(Iy)
fall same same same
drop decline plunge (big same /
large change considerable (ly)
change) plummet (big /
sharp(ly)
change)
dramatic(ally)
significant(ly)
same substantial(ly)
same
increase rise grow double
growth doubling in +
treble rocket (big change)
n trebling in + n
/

no change
a levelling off at
level off remain the same /
remain stable stabilize /
/
constant change fluctuate fluctuation in + n

position reach a high/peak of reach a high of a low of /

a low of
stood at

ADJ & ADV PATTERNS TIME PHRASES

Sb + v + ADJ + N from 2000 to 2005
There was a substantial increase in students in 2006. from 150 to 200 units
 Sb + V + ADV in 2006
The number of students increased substantially throughout for 5 years
the period from 2002 to 2006. between 2000 and 2005
during/ throughout the period from 2000 to 2005
 5 Look at the following simplified diagrams, showing applications for different
courses by month in various colleges.
1 Write a description of the main changes using language from the table above.

— Accounting

— Economics

— Business
Studies

0 The three subjects all reveal completely different trends with only applications
TIP for Accounting remaining stable throughout the three months. Applicants for
To find the main Economics and Business Studies showed opposite trends with the former
trends of graphs, bar falling steadily and the latter rising sharply.
charts and tables it
helps to compare the 2 Which diagrams show:
beginning and end of (a) similar trends (eg all elements increasing)?
the diagram. (b) different trends (eg some elements increase but others decrease)?
(c) fluctuating trends (eg constant changing)?
3 How might a pencil help you to identify the main trend in a graph, bar chart,
 pie chart or table?

Exam strategy
Task 1 Paragraph plan
Paragraph 1 - Say what the diagram shows in your own words (you will lose
marks if you copy the question). Follow this with several sentences describing
the main features supported by reference to the diagram (eg include dates and
figures).
Paragraph 2 - Give further details - describe other features, significant
differences and make comparisons where relevant. Support with figures from the
diagram.
Summarizing sentence - End with one or two sentences that give an overall
summary of the main features. No explanation, reasons or conclusion should be
given.
 6 Study the following example of a typical Task 1 question and answer the
questions.
1 Does this diagram show changes over time?
2 Should your writing be formal or informal?
3 What tenses would be required?
4 Do you need to write about changes over time, make comparisons or both?
5 What is being described?
6 What significant points would you mention?
This graph illustrates the International student enrolment
number of Chinese,
Japanese and Indian
students who enrolled at
North Dean University
over a five-year period.
Summarize the
information by selecting
and reporting the main
features, and make
comparisons where
relevant.
7 Read this extract from a student's answer and discuss in pairs what is wrong.

Well, first of all the blue line starts low then has a steadily rise. After a bit
more it then rises sharp. This is probably because of the strong Chinese
economy.

Exam information 8 Read the model answer below to the question on international student
enrolment and complete the following tasks.
A formal writing style
is required. Sentences 1 Find four synonyms for 'student enrolment'.
should be regularly 2 What language does the writer use to show that exact numbers are not
supported by data from known?
the diagram. 3 Complete the gaps with language from the Useful language table on page 19?
Paragraph 1
The diagram shows the enrolment of Chinese, Japanese and Indian students at
North Dean University from 1999 to 2005. During this period, enrolment of both
Chinese and Indian students more than trebled. However, Japanese admissions
(O') fell substantially with numbers being almost the reverse of those for Chinese
students.
 Paragraph 2
Chinese numbers (1)________________up to 2002 followed by a
(2) ______________reaching almost 100 students (3)___________________.
Similarly, numbers of Indian students showed (4)___________________
throughout the period from about 10 in 1999 to over 70 in 2003. In contrast,
enrolments of Japanese students (5)___________________from
(6)________________of over 100 students in 1999 to Just over 40 in 2001.
Numbers then (7)_________________throughout 2001 finally dropping again to
a low of around 30 in 2003. A further point of interest is that
(3) ______________, enrolments from all three countries were very similar,
the average difference being approximately 10 students.

Summarizing sentence
Overall, the graph highlights a considerable difference between growth in
Chinese and Indian enrolments but reduction in Japanese enrolments.
164 words
4 Does this answer follow the paragraph plan given on page 20?
9 Read this Task 1 question and answer the questions.
1 Does the diagram show amounts or percentages?
2 Compare the beginning and the end of the diagram. What changes are there?
3 What other significant changes can you see?
10 Write the answer using the paragraph plan below.
The graph shows the percentage of staff trained by four different companies
between 2003 and 2006.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
You should write at least 150 words.

Paragraph 1
Staff training provided by four companies
Introduce diagram
Describe main trends - compare beginning
and end

Paragraph 2
Describe other details - note similarity
between A and 3, and difference between C
and D

Summarizing sentence
Summarize overall pattern
 1 Read about the study habits of two students and fill in the table. ll-
Study skills orga
Write the student name in the appropriate column if the student has the nized
study skill. notes
Paolo: There’s so much yo .
to think about so I'm keeping a u 4 I
study diary now so I have a record of are can
when my classes are and dates when les write
homework and assignments must s clearl
be handed in. co y and
nfi accur
Yuan: To help
de ately.
me find what I'm looking nt
for when I’m reading, 5 I
ab
I photocopy important sections out work
so I can underline what I think (?). on
is important. build
Paolo: I don’t always understand 1 I ing
everything in lectures, but I make sure ca my
my notes are clear. I write tf date, n voca
lecturer’s name and what ti lecture was org bular
about. I also try and It at my notes ani y all
when I get home ani write a short ze the
summary of the main ideas of each my time.
lecture. tim 6 I
e know
eff my
Yuan: Well, I’ve got ect readi
a special notebook just for Making notes Selecting key
ive Learning Time
ng
vocabulary so when I learn new during information ly. new organization
spee
words I write them down with a lectures when reading2 I vocabulary
d.
translation and a little example. I am
also write down the pronunciation al 3 H
for words I know I pronounce wa ow
incorrectly. ys could
2 Thi pre you
nk par devel
about ed op
your wh those
own en study
study I skills
skills co you
then me are
look at to less
the cla confi
stateme ss. dent
nts 3 I about
below. ca .
Decide
n
which
are true ma
ke It is essential that you start to
Dictionary focus for you build vocabulary banks of words
(✓) and use
ful, and expressions to help improve
which your IELTS band.
ones we

Learn to succeed 29
 1 Find the following words in this
unit and look them up in your
dictionary.
1 Find a synonym for each word.
2 The words marked with an
asterisk have several other
meanings. What are they?
3 Rec
ord all
the
words
and
meanin
gs in
your
IELTS
vocabul
ary
bank.

discrepancies (n) stabilize (v) p.19 amount (n) p.22

p.10 data * (n) element * (n) p.20 converge (v) p.189
p.10 figure * (n) trends * (n) p.20
p.18 & 22

Learn to succeed 30
 Living together

Look at these pictures and answer these questions.

Work in groups. Discuss these questions.
1 Which of these activities do people in your country do?
2 Which do you think are acceptable/ unacceptable?

Section 2
Listening 1
Exam strategy
Finding keywords
You are given time before you listen to read the questions. Use this time effectively. Find the keywords in the
questions. This will help you:
1 Listen out for the answers which could come BEFORE or AFTER the keyword.
2 Keep up with the tape.

Note completion
1 Look at this extract from a listening text and the related question.

Unless you are a smoker yourself, you probably won't find it a particularly pleasant or enjoyable experience. More to
the point is the harm smoking does to others. I'm thinking of passive smokers, in particular, those who happen to be
around smokers and are forced to inhale their cigarette smoke. And this is mostly why more people today see
smoking as being rather anti-social.

Living together 31
 Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
TIP
1 ________________________
can be Read the questions harmful.
carefully. Do not use
more words than the Which of the following answers is correct? (A, B or C?)
question requires for
A each answer. Passive smokers
B You will lose marks if Passive smoking
C you do. Passive smoking in particular
2 1.3 You are going to hear a talk given by Peter Powell. He is speaking to a group of smokers on how to give up smoking.
Before you listen, read questions 1-6 and decide which part of speech (eg noun? verb?) could go in each space.
Now listen to the first part of the recording and answer questions 1-6.
Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Ways to give up smoking

1 To stop smoking, it is important to remember that there........................
2 Having willpower means having the determination to...........................
3 Starting a hobby or.....................a friend can help take your mind off
smoking.
4 Another way to keep on track is to find suitable..........................such as
nicotine patches.
5 You may experience...................as your body becomes accustomed
to less nicotine.
6 You can buy smoking aids from supermarkets or.........................

Matching
3 (^'1 1.4 Now listen to the second part of the recording and answer questions 7-10.
Exam information Write Y if the statement is true
N if the statement is false
For this question type
you must match one of Which of the following effects of acupuncture are mentioned?
the given choices to
7 Lasts 15-19 minutes
each statement.
8 Makes you put on weight
9 Gets rid of dangerous toxins
10 Works internally

Part 2: Making notes

Speaking
Exam information
In Part 2, you have to speak for 1-2 minutes about a topic. The topics cover a wide range of personal experiences, so you
will be speaking about yourself. You will be given 1 minute before you speak to prepare and you will be given a pencil
and paper to make notes. You can use this time to think about what you are going to say.

32 Living together
 1 Read the topic card and complete the notes.
Exam strategy
On the topic card, you Describe an older person who has had an influence on your life.
are given prompts to
help you. Think of You should say:
something to say about Who this person was
each of these. You can When you met them
also use your own
ideas. It is important to: What they did that was special

Keep to the topic.

Keep talking.

Living together 33
 You should also say why they were important to your life.

2 y 1.5 Listen to a student answer the topic from question 1 and answer the following questions.
1 Does the student use the prompts to help her?
2 Does she keep to the topic?
3 Is her answer long enough?
4 What did she do well?
5 How could she have improved her answer?
3 Work in pairs. Talk to each other for at least one minute about the topic in exercise 1 and the topic below. Check that your
partner:
1 Speaks for 1 minute.

Importance Person
This person was important to
Name.
me because...

An older person who

has influenced me

' When I met them

Year:_______________
Pay: I seem to remember
it was on a Monday
(example)_______-

2 Keeps to the topic.

Describe the place where you grew up.

You should say:
Where it was
How long you lived there
What you liked about it
You should also say if you think this is a good place for children to grow up in.

34 Living together
 Section 3
Listening 2
Work in pairs.
Discuss the following
questions. Give reasons
for your answers.
1 What do you like to
spend your money on?
2 What do teenagers in
your country usually
spend their money on?

Exam
information
Multiple-choice Listening strategy
questions Keywords in listening may
There will not be be exactly the same as the
more than three question words or they
possible answers may be synonyms or
to choose from. parallel expressions.

Multiple choice
1 1.6 You are going to hear three students talking about research done
on student spending. Listen carefully to the first part of the conversation and circle the
appropriate answer for questions 1-4.
TIP 1 The students spend the majority of their money on
Some choices seem to A paying rent and bills.
be the answer, but B living expenses.
only answer half the
question. The choices C course fees.
you make must 2 How much money does one of the students spend on books?
answer the whole A £120
question. B under £100
C around £150
Allowance
3 The interviews were attempting to7highlight Buying
A student credit card use. 8 Children need an 10 Children should be
5 Despite the introduction allowed to
B student credit card management.
difficulties, parents
C the number of credit cards an average student has.
must
4 What was the aim of the research?
to cause
A To analyse give inand
to their
effects
children's demands.
B To compare and contrast data
C To look at negative aspects
6A 9 Parents could help 11 Parents can
will show them the their children open a encourage children to
Living together difference between
save some of
needs and wants.

12 If a child does not

have enough money,
the parent could
promise to pay
Unhealthy, unhappy, with no self-esteem:
British teenagers lag behind world's young
They smoke too much, feel under quality of life, England was in the from all the age groups in England
massive work pressures and don 7 bottom half of the league, while watches more than four hours of
even really like each other-British Dutch, Swedish and Greek young television per weekday, compared
children are among the unhealthiest people were the happiest. English with the WHO average of one in five.
and unhappiest in the world, children struggle with a wide range A third of 11 -year-old children from
according to a report published of factors which reduce their quality this country go without breakfast on
today. of life. One in seven 11 -year-olds, school days, while 90 per cent of
one in five 1 3-year-olds and one in their Portuguese peers start every day
A The World Health Organisation
four 15-year-olds are unhappy with with a morning meal. Only children
(WHO) study ol more than 1 50,000 their lives. A spokeswoman for the from Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and
young people in 35 countries found national children's charity Childline Finland eat less fruit than English
that the physical and mental health of said: 'We counselled more than and Welsh youngsters. More than
children in the UK is more like that 120,000 children last year and the half of teenage boys and a third of
of adolescents in former communist main reason for this was bullying. 1 teenage girls in England admitted
nations than that of their western think there is more that could be done that they had been involved in a fight
European neighbours. Teenagers in to protect young people. Things like in the past 12 months - double the
England, in particular, but also their exam stress are also a big problem - rate of German children.
counterparts in Scotland and Wales children need to know that exams are
have some of the highest rates of not the only measure of success.' H Health experts said the study should
drinking, smoking and drug use - and help countries to develop long-term
the lowest levels of life satisfaction, E While English youngsters have below policies to improve the health of
fruit consumption and feelings of average hours of homework, with young people. Marc Danzon, the
physical well-being. only a quarter of 15-year-olds WHO regional director, said:
spending more than three hours a day 'Looking alter the health of young
B The WHO survey on Health on afterschool assignments, they feel people is of vital importance. We
Behaviour in School-aged Children under greater stress. Six out of ten know that attitudes, behaviour and
(HBSC) is conducted every four boys and seven out of ten girls aged lifestyle patterns strongly influence
years and interviews 11,13 and 1 5- 15 in England say they feel pressured well-being and are shaped at an early
year-olds from the United Slates, by schoolwork, with only Lithuanian age. It is important to know what
Canada and nearly all eastern and and Welsh peers reporting greater factors determine these life-long
western European countries. It is the stress. patterns.'
largest international study of
adolescent attitudes and provides an F Campaigners said the failure to tackle
intriguing -and worrying-snapshot public health problems affecting
into the lives of British teenagers young people was causing a self-
compared with their peers across the perpetuating cycle of abuse. One in
world. five girls and one in seven boys aged
15 in England smoke every day. The
C English 13-year-olds are the least average 15-year-oId picked up the
likely in the world to believe their habit at the age of 12. A
peers are 'kind and helpful', while spokeswoman for the pressure group
only Russian 11 - year-olds and Action on smoking and Health said:
Czech 15-year-olds had a lower 'We are puzzled by the Government's
opinion of their generation than the reluctance to introduce a smoking
same age groups in England. Less ban in public places because it would
than half of all the English help reduce tobacco use among
adolescents saw each other as kind young people. It would also help to
and helpful, compared with the have a ban on the portrayal of
study's average of 60 percent. A third smoking in films. The image of a
of English, Scottish and Welsh girls Hollywood role model smoking on
rated their health as only fair or poor, the big screen has a big impact on
with only their peers in Ukraine, teenagers.'
Lithuania and Latvia feeling worse
off. Fewer than one in five girls in G Throughout the survey, English
Spain, Italy and Switzerland feel the children rated alongside children in
same way. Central Europe rather than with
nations such as France, Germany,
D When the children were asked about Italy and Spain. One in three children

3
Living 7
together
 Summary completion: From a list

Exam information Question strategy

Summary 1 Read the summary through quickly.
completion (from a 2 Read the words before and after each gap to predict the part of speech and the
list) meaning of the missing word(s).
Use words from a list or 3 Scan read the passage to find the section which answers the question. Look for
from the passage to synonyms and parallel expressions in the passage and in the summary. These
complete a summary of will help you to locate the section of the passage which answers the questions.
part or all of a text. The
4 Read the finished summary through to be sure it makes sense.
information in the
summary may not be in
the same order as the 4 Read the summary in exercise 6 below. Study the first sentence.
information in the text.
The correct answer must 1 Find three answers to question 1 in the list in exercise 6 which would be
complete the summary grammatically correct and could complete the meaning of the sentence.
grammatically and must 2 Now scan read the passage on page 29 to find the paragraph which introduces the
agree with what is said WHO survey. Read that paragraph to choose the answer t question 1 from the
in the text. three possible answers.
5 Read the rest of the summary. For each question think about the part of speech
and the meaning of the missing information.
6 Read the passage on page 29 and answer questions 1-10.
Complete the summary using words from the list.

health middle peers oldest

a quarter affect parents less
appearance study studies youngest
better than half more comparable
a fifth find three-quarters grow
improve worse than

The results of the WHO survey show that the health of adolescents in Britain is not
as good as that of children from other Western European countries and
1 ________________the health of children from Central Europe. Less than
2 ________________of girls from Spain, Italy and Switzerland said their
health was average or poor, while one in three British children said the same. One in
seven children from the 3_________________________group and as many as
4 ________________of 15-year-olds report that they are not happy.
According to a national charity, sources of stress include their
5 ________________and their 6___________________. More than
Exam information 7__________________of the English teenagers interviewed reported that
they worry about the latter, despite spending 8_____________________time than
True, False, Not average working on this out of school hours. According to Marc Danzon, we need to
Given 9___________________________ways to help young people because habits
There must be which 10__________________health are formed when we are young.
information in the text
which agrees with or
contradicts the True, False, Not Given
statement. If there is no
such information, then 7 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
the answer is Not
Given.
30 Living together
 Write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
11 Scottish adolescents report lower levels of life satisfaction than English
teenagers.
12 There are many reasons why English children are unhappy.
13 English children need more protection from aggressive peers.
14 A ban on showing smoking in films has helped to change the behaviour of
teenagers.
15 One in three British children eat breakfast at the weekends.

Sentence subjects
Language focus
See Grammar reference, page 170.

TIP 1 Underline the subjects and circle the verbs in these sentences.
Statements and 0 The study (jjounc?) that...
questions in 1 The survey is conducted every four years.
English must have a 2 It is the largest international study of adolescent attitudes.
grammatical subject.
3 The children were asked about quality of life.
This may not be true
in your own language. 4 Childline counselled more than 120,000 children last year.
5 English youngsters have below average hours of homework.
6 Attitudes, behaviour and lifestyle strongly influence well-being.
Sentence subjects in academic writing are often long and may contain a great deal of
information. For 0 and 1 above the original sentences in the text were:
1 The World Health Organisation (WHO) study of more than 150,000 young
people in 35 countries found that...
2 The WHO survey on Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) is
conducted every four years.
2 Put the phrases of each sentence subject in the correct order.
0 (in the UK/and mental health/The physical/of children) is poor.
The physical and mental health of children in the UK is poor.
1 (children need/The most/from their parents/important thing) is love.
2 (parenting strategies/Many/at one age/that work) stop working with adolescents.
3 (from parents/love/Physical affection,/and praise) are important.
4 (learned/Behaviours/at an early age/and attitudes) can have a lifelong effect.

Sentence subjects reporting numerical information and comparisons

In academic writing it is common to report numerical information, like statistics and
survey results, in sentence form. This information is often the subject of the
sentence.
A third of English, Scottish and Welsh girls (ratedjtheir health as poor.

Living together 39
 3 Write each of the fractions in Column A as a percentage. Then match the
fraction in Column A with the expression in Column B.

B
1 * a two thirds b three
fifths c (a/one) half d
4 three-quarters e
15-year-olds who smoke
every day, %
2 % seven out of ten f one
in three g a/one
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 3% quarter
Greenland 4
Germany
Ukraine
4%
Slovenia 4 Work in pairs.
5 %Make sentences using the information about 15-year-olds who
Finland smoke every day in the bar chart on the left. Use a numerical expression like the ones
Austria in exercise 3 7'and
'io
7 these expressions: more/less/fewer than, (just) over/under,
Czech Rep about/approximately/roughly, nearly/almost, exactly.
Spain eg In the Czech Republic more than 20% of girls and 2 in 10 boys smoke every day.
France
Netherlands
Hungary
Lithuania 5 Make comparisons between countries and between boys and girls. Use an
Belgium (Fl) expression form Box A and one from Box B to complete the sentences.
Belgium (Fr)
England A more/less/fewerthan (just) B half as many twice as
Norway over/under/about/ many five times as
Latvia approximately/roughly many the same
Estonia double
Switzerland
Croatia
1 _______________________Estonian girls as boys smoke.
15-year-olds finding their 2 There are________________________girls who smoke in Greenland as
peers kind and helpful, % (there are) in Lithuania.
3 The number of boys who smoke in Greenland is___________________________
that in Estonia.
4 In France,________________________number of boys and girls smoke.
5 _______________________teenagers smoke in Greenland as do in Finland.

6 Write sentences reporting numerical information and making

comparisons. Use the information from the bar chart on the left about 15-
year-olds who find their peers kind.

Living together
3
2
 A B
0 drug d a discrimination
1 spread of______ b trap
2 divorce _ c debt
3 single______ d abuse
4 mounting_______ e rate
5 poverty______ f smoking
6 race _ g disease
7 sexual______ h relations
8 underage_______ i parents
9 passive j drinking

2 Match each of the expressions above with one of the problem categories below.
Add one or two issues to each of the categories.

1 Money 2 Health 3 Family 4 Social groups

3 Choose two issues from exercise 2 that are problems in your country. Tell your
partner what you know about these problems as they exist in your country.
Describe the problems and suggest solutions.

Word formation: Nouns and verbs

Vocabulary 2
The most common noun ending in academic writing is -tion, followed by -ity
TIP (necessity), -er (teacher), -ness (happiness), -ism (communism) and -ment
(government).
One way to increase
your vocabulary is to Example:
add suffixes, eg -tion, According to the text, British teenagers report low levels of fruit consumption (n).
-al, -ment, and
prefixes, eg un-, i I-, That is, they eat, or consume (v) little fruit.
anti- to root words.
Suffixes usually 1 Write the verbs for these regularly occurring nouns ending in -tion.
change the form of a
word, like the part of
speech or tense, of a
word. Prefixes
usually change the 0 action (example: act)
meaning of a word. 1 application 10 instruction
2 association 1 operation
3 communication 1 12 organization
4 concentration 13 population
5 direction 14 production
6 education 15 reaction
7 examination 16 relation
8 formation 17 situation
9 information 18 variation
 2 Underline the stressed syllable in the nouns and verbs in exercise 1.
3 1.8 Work in pairs. Take turns saying the nouns and verbs in exercise
1 with the stress on the correct syllable. Listen to the CD to check your answers.
4 Complete these sentences with a noun or verb form of one of the words from
exercise 1 on page 33.
0 Great Britain has a population of over 60 million.
1 Shock is a natural_______________to bad news.
2 The______________of lifestyle and behaviour patterns happens at an early
age.
3 With more efficient farming methods it is possible to increase food

4 World powers recognize the importance of maintaining good with one

another.
5 Parents, as well as schools, have a responsibility in the_________________of
their children.
6 This machinery should only be________________by someone one who is
properly trained.
7 The company headquarters are________________in central London.
8 He was advised by the doctor to have a full medical_________________.
9 Universities are seeking to attract________________from international
students.
Task 2
Writing
1 What can you remember about Writing Task 2 from the Introduction to IELTS
section at the front of the book?
1 What is the required word length, and how many lines of writing would that be
for you?
2 How long should you spend on Task 2 and how important is it?
3 What four areas of your writing does the examiner look at?
4 What style of writing should you produce?
5 What is the suggested essay structure and what are the four steps involved in
writing an essay?

Understanding the question

An IELTS Task 2 question contains three different types of information.
(i) Instructions - These are fairly standard and ask you to give reasons for your
answer supported by examples.
(ii) Topic Statement - The statement outlines a view or problem. It gives you the
topic or subject of your essay. It is important to read this part carefully so your
essay fully answers the question. For example, is the question shown in exercise
2 about teenagers or teenage stress compared with earlier generations?
(iii)Task - This is the part that tells you which type of essay you should write. For
example, you may be asked to give your views, discuss both sides of an
argument or suggest solutions to a problem.

34 Living together
 2 Look at the following Task 2 question and decide which part(s) give the
instructions, the statement and the task.
1 Write about the following topic:
2 Today’s teenagers have more stressful lives than previous generations.
3 Discuss this view and give your own opinion.
4 Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.
3 In your essay should you:
1 explain what a teenager is?
2 talk about common teenage habits?
3 talk in detail about your own teenage experiences?
4 describe the problem of stress and offer possible solutions?

4 give
Studyyour
the views?
three Task 2 questions below. For each question, identify the topic and
the discuss different points of view relating to the topic? task.
1 The age at which
children are allowed to work for money varies from country to country. While
some people believe it is wrong, others regard it as a valuable opportunity to
gain experience of the work environment.
Discuss the arguments for and against children participating in paid work.
2 These days, the wealthy in society often throw away perfectly good products in
order to replace them with more up-to-date models.
Do the environmental disadvantages of this development outweigh the economic
advantages?
3 Many governments state that they value equal opportunities for all but do not
provide adequate support for the disabled.
Discuss this view and give your own opinion.

Argument/Opinion Questions 1: The Balanced Argument Approach

There are two approaches to an argument/opinion question. The first is to consider
ideas on both sides of an issue. This is called a balanced argument essay - you look
at both sides then make a judgement at the end. The second approach involves
making a judgement at the beginning and then supporting it (see Unit 4). In both
essay types you need to make your own opinion clear.
5 Look at the Task 2 question about teenagers from exercise 2 again.
Think of two arguments supporting the topic statement and one that contradicts
it.
Compare your ideas with a partner.
Question strategy 6 Complete the following tasks.
For questions that ask 1 Look at the statements below and think of three ideas for each one - two that
you to 'discuss' a topic support the idea, and one that contradicts it, or vice versa.
or look at 'advantages (i) Smoking should be banned in all public places.
and disadvantages' or
points 'for and against' (ii) Parents should teach children not to hit back at bullies.
you can use a balanced (iii) Prison sentences do not reduce crime.
argument approach. (iv) Modern teenagers are given too much freedom.
(v) Disabled people are treated in society as second class citizens.
2 Compare your ideas with a partner.
3 In which section of the essay should you explain these ideas?
4 Should you include every idea that you have in your essay?
Living together 43
 5 How many ideas should there be in each paragraph?

Exam strategy
To produce a clear and organized piece of writing under time pressure, you need to
learn how to:
1 organize your time
2 organize your ideas
3 quickly identify the topic and the task
This will then give you more time for thinking about ideas, words and grammar.

7 The essay on page 37 answers the Task 2 question on teenage stress from
exercise 2. Quickly read the essay to identify the writer's three main ideas.
1 What evidence is used to support each idea?
2 Note the five paragraph structure of the essay.

8 To achieve a good mark in Writing Task 2 it is vital to link your ideas together
in different ways.
1 Add the linking words from the box below to the correct place in the essay.

Expressing Providing Adding Giving Stating results Stating

contrast or reasons further examples or purpose
concession support consequences
despite, as a result in for so, in order
nevertheless, of additio exampl consequentl to
on the other n, e y
hand

44 Living together
 Structure Writing Task 2 - Balanced Argument Essay
(0) Despite a continuing improvement in standard of
living, many people believe that young people suffer
INTRODUCTION more stress than older generations. In this essay, the
Introduces the topic arguments surrounding the issue of teenage stress
(paraphrases the question) will be discussed.
and makes it clear that
both sides of the
argument will be
examined.
Firstly, teenagers are exposed to more products than
earlier generations (1) living
BODY1
in a modern consumer society. Through films and the
Introduces the first idea
media, they see celebrities with expensive jewellery,
and supports with reasons
clothes and cars. (2) youth-oriented advertising gives
and examples. Mentions
an opposing view then them an awareness of the latest technology such as
concludes the paragraph digital music formats and mobile phones. f3)
by refuting it with your teenagers feel pressure to
opinion. acquire these items. Some might argue that these
pressures are not new. However, I believe that such
stresses were not so strong during earlier times.

It could also be argued that pressures at school are

stronger than before. (4) achieve the lifestyle they
BODY 2 see in the media, teenagers must succeed in their
Introduces the second studies
idea and supports with (5) thev can compete for the best
reasons and examples. jobs. Parental pressure, examinations and homework
are all reported as causing increased levels of strain.

(6) although it may be true to say

that modern society produces certain stresses it does
not necessarily mean that stress was previously
BODY 3 absent. In earlier times, hunger and physical
Introduces the opposing discomfort would undoubtedly have caused high
argument and supports levels of anxiety, as would hard physical labour. (7'1
with examples. working down a
Concludes the paragraph mine. Any balanced view must take into account
at the end with your view. these alternative factors.

To sum up, consumerism and academic pressures

are powerful causes of stress on today’s teenagers.
CONCLUSION (&} it is mv view that these
Summarizes main points stresses are no greater than those experienced by
and concludes with the earlier generations of teenagers.
writer's opinion based on
the arguments in the
essay. No new ideas are
expressed.

9 Place the following words and phrases in the appropriate place in the bo? in
exercise 8, and then add them to your IELTS vocabulary writing bank.

furthermore because therefore

such as to + infinitive although while due to

Living together 45
 moreover for instance thus in spite

10 Find examples of words or phrases in the essay that link

1 between paragraphs.
2 between sentences.
3 within sentences.

1 1 Answer the following questions which refer back to the Language focus
section
1 Find examples of long sentence subjects in the model answer. Which is the
longest sentence subject in the essay?
2 Find examples of nouns formed with the suffixes -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, and
-tnent.

Task 2: Further practice

12 Use the ideas presented in this unit to write a balanced argument essay to answer
the following question.
Write about the following topic:
Violence in playgrounds is increasing. However, it is important that parents should
teach children not to hit back at bullies.
Discuss this view and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
knowledge or experience.

Exam strategy
Every sentence of your essay needs to connect to the question. An essay written in
perfect English that doesn't relate to the question will get a low mark. Keep looking
back to the question to check you are still answering the question.

46 Living together
 Study skills Using a dictionary
1 How can a good monolingual dictionary help your language? Give reasons.
2 All dictionaries use a system of abbreviations. Check the key in your own
dictionary and give an example for each of the following.
1 adv 6 [T]
2 conj 7 sb
3 prep 8 [+ that]
4 inf 9 to do sth
5 [U] 10 doing sth
3 Look at this dictionary extract and label it with the information
underneath.

justice /'d3AStis / noun ★★★

1 [uncount] treatment of people that is fair and morally right: the struggle for
freedom and justice
social justice: a society based on democracy, peace, and social justice la. the fact
that something is reasonable and fair: He appealed to their sense of justice.
Campaigners are convinced of the justice of their cause. - opposite INJUSTICE

0 High frequency word

1 Syllable stress and pronunciation
2 Derived word
3 Collocation
4 Example
5 Closely related meaning

1 The words on the left have been used in this unit. Match them with the most
Dictionary focus suitable collocation on the right. Check in your dictionary and record them.

0 addicted + to something ee (express/give/offer)

addicted to smoking (of + sth)
1 participate + (in + sth)
2 a product + (annoying/bad)
3 practical + (to + sth)
4 an influence + (on + sth / sb)
5 + consumerism (advice/solution/use)
6 + habits (uncontrolled)
7 + an opinion

2 Using suffixes, make as many derived words as you can from the words above.
Record them together in word families.
0 product (n), producer (n-person), production (n-proceos),
produce (v), produce (n—thing), productive (adj), productively (adv)

Living together 47
 Look at these pictures and answer these questions.
Work in groups. Describe the differences between these vehicles. Would one of these be
your 'dream car'? Which vehicles are the most/least environmentally friendly? Why?

1 Look at the title and subtitle of the article. What do you think is the main
Reading problem discussed in the text?
Circle the appropriate letter A-D.
1 The main problem discussed in the article is
A the rise in oil prices.
B decreasing supplies of oil.
C the need for alternative energy sources.
D the effect of oil prices on alternative fuel technology.
2 Read the article quickly and check your answer to exercise 1.
3 Do you think the writer of the article is British or American? How do you know?

48 Costing the earth

 The end of the Oil Age?
The wells aren’t about to run dry, but high oil prices might delay the adoption of alternative fuels
1 Don’t panic and don’t sell the SUV just yet; low on jet fuel and a short-sighted policy on petroleum gas and diesel are to maintain
the world is not running out of oil. Despite refining capacity means we arc also short of their tax-friendly status for the next three
tins year’s 30 per cent price increase (and a automotive diesel: we arc having to import years at least.
40 per cent rise in the past 12 months), no both. In the long term, to the worrying 9 In the long term, the big worry among car
serious analyst is suggesting that we have detriment of our balance of payments, the makers is that sustained high fuel prices will
even reached peak production, which might UK is running out of oil, as North Sea mean higher interest rates, higher inflation
imply a steady increase in scarcity and price. stocks have reached their peak and are now and a worldwide recession. A recession
dwindling. would delay the development of fuel-
2 We will, of course, run out eventually; as efficient cars like Honda’s Insight, Ford’s
you might expect with a finite resource that 6 There arc many other factors driving the oil Escape 4x4 and Toyota's Prius. It would
the world is burning up at the rate of 76 market, including geopolitics, speculators also delay the development of hydrogen
million barrels a day (2.8 billion imperial and the US market. Indeed, one of the main power and more heavily refined fuels that
gallons), but it’s going to take a while. Even reasons that the price of oil has been rising could lead to cleaner-burning petrol and
at 2002’s rate of consumption, conventional is the breakdown of relations between the diesel engines. ‘I’m spending a lol of GM's
oil reserves will last more than 30 years; world’s leading consumer of oil, America, risk capital here," says Brian McCormick,
more fields have been discovered and are and some of the world's leading producers ‘and higher fuel prices are disheartening on
being discovered, and that’s before you add of oil. Add to this the influence of one level, but encouraging on another.’
fuel derived from coal, ore emulsion and oil- speculation on the oil market, the massive
rich shales, or the eking out of stocks with expansion of oil consumption in China (now 10 The irony is that US car companies need the
renewable bio fuels. the world’s second largest consumer) and revenue from high fuelconsumption but
burgeoning demand in India and it’s no profitable vehicles like trucks and SUVs to
3 Experts working for Ford have claimed that wonder that OPEC members are predicting fund the advanced research departments that
at present rates of consumption the world petrol prices could soar. arc working on bringing the first generation
has about 600 years’ worth of fossil fuels of fuel-cell vehicles to the showrooms.
left, although we are unlikely to use them all 7 Would a sustained increase in prices trigger These new-generation vehicles will run on
up as some are very expensive to source and die long-awaited adoption of alternative hydrogen steamed out of natural gas, which
dirty to burn. Besides, as Byron fuels and alternative energy technology? is currently the cheapest and most
McCormick, General Motors’ executive The answer convenient source of the fuel of the future.
head of hydrogen fuel-cell activities, says: is ‘yes’ and ‘no’. To answer the question,
‘The Stone Age didn’t end because we ran you have to divide new technology into 11 ‘The technology is near at hand and we are
out of stones.’ what is already or very nearly on sale, such working on it,’ says McCormick.
as petrol/ electric hybrid cars, liquid Unfortunately governments will need to
4 There might be a shortage of petrol, petroleum gas, bio fuels and diesel, and provide grants and subsidies for the massive
however, because of a lack of refining what’s a long way off yet, such as fully investment required for a hydrogen fuel
capacity, particularly in America. ’The US synthetic fuels and hydrogen fuel-cell infrastructure, and in a worldwide recession
has so many different fuel types,' said one power. that’s not a realistic prospect. His boss GM
expert, ‘that it is difficult to balance out director Larry Burns says, ‘There’s concern
refining capacity;’ Furthermore, US about the real risk that the high oil price will
8 Certainly there is some reason to suppose
environmental legislation means it’s cause negative growth.’
that higher pump prices will prompt
extremely hard to get permission to build consumers to search for wallet-friendly
new oil refineries. alternatives, particularly if that doesn't
12 I uel isn’t going to run out in the near
involve high initial spending. Therefore, we future, but it’s going to cost you more
5 While American’s demand for oil varies can expect the diesel market (currently more whatever you drive. It’s probably not a good
seasonally, the UK’s seasonal petrol demand than 50% of European sales) to expand idea to sell your SUV right now, but
is much steadier, although Heathrow's status further. Diesel sales in the US might best be whether you actually need two tons of off-
as described as nascent, but those can be mad capability is likely to weigh more
a European hub airport means we are quite expected to grow as well. In the UK, liquid heavily on your mind in the long term.

4
Costing the earth
9
 Multiple-choice questions

Exam information Question strategy

The most common 1 Read the question carefully and eliminate any answers which are obviously
multiple-choice wrong.
question is one in which
you choose one answer 2 Scan read for parallel expressions in the questions and passage and underline
from four options. them.
Other questions ask you
to choose more than one 3 Remember: (a) the correct answer to the question is the one given in the passage,
correct answer from a and not your opinion; (b) words from an incorrect option may appear in the
list. passage.

4 Underline key words in questions 1-4 and eliminate any answers you ar< sure
are incorrect. Use the questions in italics to help you.
5 Circle the appropriate letter A-D.
1 The most probable cause of a petrol shortage in the near future would be A high
fuel consumption.
B lack of conventional oil reserves.
C oil reserves which are difficult to access.
D American laws concerning the environment.
C~) Which paragraph describes a likely cause of a petrol shortage? Only one option
□ could cause a shortage in the near future.
2 The graph which best illustrates changes to North Sea oil supplies is:

Scan read the passage to find mention of North Sea oil. What happens to
something after it reaches a peak?
3 Which of these does not affect the price of oil?
A use of alternative fuels
B increase in demand
C stock market activity
D international relations
In the passage find references to or parallel expressions for increase in
demand, stock market activity and international relations. Section 6 mentions
of the options which do affect the price of three
oil.
4
Higher fuel prices would eventually bring about
A a global economic downturn.
B lower interest rates.
C an increase in sales of large vehicles.
D development of environmentally friendly
engines.
Option C is an unlikely answer. So look at A, B, and D more carefully.
 Matching
Remember
Scan read the text for 6 Match each description to the fuel it describes.
references to the different Fuels
fuels. Oil (O)
Petrol (P)
Diesel (D)
Hydrogen (H)
5 The UK is not refining enough of this fuel to meet its needs.
6 The British government is encouraging people to buy this fuel.
7 An economic recession would affect the development of this fuel.
8 America buys more of this fuel than any other country.
9,10 Less polluting versions of this fuel are being developed.
11 This could become the preferred fuel in the future.
12 China and India are using increasing amounts of this fuel.

TIP Dealing with unknown vocabulary in a reading passage

When you meet a word 7 One way to deal with new vocabulary is to try to guess the meaning from the
you don't know in a reading context. Study the extract from the reading passage. What do you think 'nascent'
passage, don't panic!
means?
Instead, use the language
around the word to help
you to guess the meaning
Therefore, we can expect the diesel market (currently more
or ignore the word and
keep reading. Your aim is than 50% of European sales) to expand further. Diesel sales in
to understand the whole the US might best be described as nascent, but those can be
sentence. Don't let
unknown words slow down expected to grow as well.
your search for the answer.

We know that diesel sales in Europe are expanding and that the market in the US is
also expected to grow. Therefore, nascent sales are probably sales which are not
large at present.
8 Guess the meanings of the words in italics from the way they are used in the
passage. Then use a dictionary to check your answers.
1 a finite resource (2)
2 derived from (2)
3 a shortage of petrol (4)
4 dwindling (5)
5 massive expansion (6)
6 burgeoning demand (6)
7 high initial spending (8)
8 sustained fuel prices (9)

Costing the earth 51

Remember 9 There may be technical vocabulary which is linked to the topic in a passage. You
probably won't need to know the meaning of these words to answer the questions.
Scan reading involves Scan read the text to locate these expressions in the text. How many of them do you
reading a text quickly know the meaning of?
to locate a word,
phrase, number, etc. 1 ore emulsion (Para. 2)
You do not need to 2 shales (Para. 2)
understand the text to 3 balance of payments (Para. 5)
scan read 4 geopolitics (Para. 6)
successfully. 5 petrol / electric hybrid (Para. 7)
6 bio fuels (Para. 7)
The words in exercise 9 are all technical words which you may not know. You did
not need to know the meaning of any of these words to answer the reading
comprehension questions.

Compound adjectives used in place of relative clauses

Language focus
See Grammar reference, page 171.
We often use compound adjectives in academic and journalistic writing to replace
lengthier relative clauses.
Example: a ten-mile journey = a journey which is ten miles long
1 These expressions are taken from the reading text. Replace the relative clauses
in italics with a compound adjective and noun. Do NOT look back at the text before
you answer questions 1-6.

0 ... fuel derived from coal, ore emulsion and shales _____oil - rich shales
which are rich in oil (Para. 2)
1 Would a sustained increase in prices trigger the ______-________adoption
adoption which has been awaited for a long time
of alternative fuels ... (Para. 7)
2 ... higher pump prices will prompt ■_______alternatives
consumers to search for
alternatives which are friendly to
the wallet... (Para. 8)
3 A recession would delay the •________cars
development of cars which use
fuel efficiently ... (Para. 9)
4 (A recession) would also ______________•
delay the development of hydrogen power petrol and diesel engines
and special
fuels that could lead to petrol and diesel
engines which burn more cleanly. (Para. 9)

5 ... US car companies need the high_________-________vehicles

revenue from vehicles which are
high in fuel consumption (Para. 10)
6 These vehicles which belong to •________vehicles
a new generation will... (Para. 10)
 2 Refer back to the text on page 41 to check your answers.
3 Re-write each sentence but keep the meaning the same. Replace the relative
clause in italics with a phrase containing a compound adjective. Use a word from A
and a word from B to form the adjective.

A closed high long B balanced circuit established

low (x2) old short fashioned
lying paid
well (x2) performance standing term

0 They have ideas about raising children which are outdated.

They have old-fashioned ideas about raising children.
1 Areas which are close to the level of the sea are more likely to flood.
2 It is recommended to eat a diet ivhich contains a variety offoods.
3 Ford have produced an estate car which is designed to be fast and powerful.
4 People entering and leaving the building are monitored on television which
allows you to watch what is happening in different parts of the building.
5 In spite of his qualifications and experience, he was offered only employment
which lasted for a short period of time and not a permanent post.
6 Teaching and nursing have traditionally been jobs which did not offer much
pay.
7 Fox hunting is a British tradition which has existed for a long time.
8 We prefer to do business with companies which have been successful for a long
time.

Collocations
Vocabulary
1 Divide these words into those which:
1 could come before the word energy (b) eg alternative energy
2 could come after the word energy (a) eg energy requirement
alternative (adj) b atomic (adj) conserve (v) consumption (n)
conventional (adj) costs (n) efficiency (n) generate (v) policy
harness (v) nuclear (adj) (n) production (n)
provide (v) renewable (adj)
requirement (n) a shortage (n)
solar (adj) sustainable (adj) wave (adj) wind (adj)

2 Use one of the words from the box to complete the explanations.
0 to save energy: to conserve energy
1 plans or actions agreed on by a government or business: an energy

2 to get control of a source of energy to use it for a particular purpose:

to_____________(solar) energy
3 energy obtained using methods that do not harm the environment:
_____________energy
4 the amount of energy which people use: energy__________________
5 the amount of energy which people need: energy_________________
6 the act of producing usable energy: to________________energy, eg electricity
7 sources of energy which replace themselves by natural processes, eg
wind, waves:______________energy (sources)
8 traditional sources of energy, eg fossil fuels:________________(sources of)
energy
 3 Complete the gaps using the vocabulary from exercise 2. You may need to change
the form of the word.

The Department of Energy denied claims that a change in its energy policy 0 is being
debated in light of fresh evidence of global warming. A government Minister denied
that a decision has been taken to back technologies for___________________1 the
power of_____________2 and______________3 sources of energy such as wind and
solar power. The Department claims that renewables are unable to_____________4
enough power to meet growing energy_____________5 economically. Campaigners
for the environment point out that given the predicted steep rise in energy 6 it
is more important than ever that the Government takes steps to reduce demands for
_____________7 sources of energy, like fossil fuels, which are
damaging to the environment.
4 k?) 1.9 Listen and check your answers.

Section 3: Multiple choice

Listening 1 When you hear a recording, check if you can hear a synonym or parallel
expression that matches one of the choices.
1 Match the underlined keywords in the following questions to a synonym or
parallel expression in the box.
1 What is Miranda concerned about?
2 Should governments control how' much waste factories produce?
3 What is likely to happen unless local councils improve their waste disposal
procedures?
4 Which country is not keeping up with the rest of Europe?
a keeping pace with b worried
c how waste is disposed of demit

2 Read the following multiple-choice question. The answer has been circled.
The student is concerned about
A missing the lecture.
B her knowledge of the subject.
© giving a presentation.
Now7 read the recording script and answer questions 1-6.
Student: I missed yesterday's lecture on waste disposal in multi-national companies
and I really wish I hadn't. I have to do a presentation on this topic next week and I'm
really worried about it. I always get stressed when I have to speak in front of other
people. I know the subject fairly well, but I'm scared I'll forget everything. You
couldn't lend me you notes so I could just check I didn't miss anything really
important?
1 Does the student speak about missing a lecture?
2 Does the student mention being worried about missing the lecture?
3 Why is A not the correct answer?
4 What does the student say about her subject knowledge?
5 Why is B not the correct answer?
6 How does the student feel about giving a presentation?

Costing the earth 5

5
 3 1.10 Listen to the first part of the conversation and circle the correct
answers for questions 1-4.
1 Miranda is concerned about
A not understanding the essay title.
B missing out on vital information.
C feeling too ill to come to college.
2 Where does Dr Dartford claim that around 8 percent of waste is recycled? A
Businesses
B Homes
C Factories
3 According to Dr Dartford, at the moment the UK
A recycles only household waste.
B recycles more than other European countries.
C is not keeping up with its growing household waste.
4 One way to bring about key changes in waste recycling is
A the separation of household waste.
B for targets to improve.
C for household waste to be collected by the local council.

Summary completion
4 ^^1.11 You are now going to hear the rest of the conversation. Read and answer
WARNING/^ questions 5-10. Complete the notes using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for
If you use each answer.
more than
three words you will
lose
markthe
canmark.
makeOne
a big The one message that is not getting enough attention is that the
difference to your 5 also has a responsibility. The reasons why their waste
final band score.
levels are rising is due to changes in 6...............................and an increase
in wealth. There has also been an increase in the sale of
7.........................and pre-packed goods which is a result of people
wanting their lives to 8..............................However, unless we can change
our current 9..........................y recycling will remain challenging. This
ultimately comes down to the role of 10..............................and them being
more willing to buy recycled goods.

5 Find synonyms or parallel expressions for the following words/phrases. Use a

dictionary to help you.
1 a growing trend
2 commercial waste
3 pre-packed goods
4 world-wide recession

56 3 Costing
the earth
 Final consonants
Pronunciation Pronunciation mistakes can make you lose unnecessary marks in your Speaking test. If
the examiner cannot understand what you are saying, it is difficult to give you a good
mark. A common mistake is to swallow sounds that should be pronounced at the ends
of words or sentences. In particular, sounds like /s/, /z/, /d/, /k/,/n/ and /l/.
1 1.12 Look at the words below. They are all words from this unit
about the environment.
Put them in the correct category according to their final consonant sound. Listen to
check your answers.

1 importance
TIP 2 futile
Just as you can train the 3 solution
muscles in your body, 4 targets
you can train the 5 public
muscles in your mouth 6 household
and face to help you 7 conventional
pronounce sounds 8 convenience
correctly. To do this
effectively, you need to 9 policies
know what the 10 appliance
following parts are 11 fundamental
doing as they are 12 sustain
extremely important for 13 domestic
pronunciation: 14 sustainable
1 your tongue 15 recycles
2 your teeth 16 propose
3 your lips
4 your mouth
2 <3 1 • 13 Work with a partner and practise the following sentences. Listen to each
other and make sure that the final consonants are pronounced where necessary.
1 The UK has less recycled household waste and rather more industrial and
commercial waste.
2 The government needs to start and sustain changes in refuse collection.
3 The general public needs to think more about recycling and develop a fundamental
change in the way they get rid of their domestic waste.
4 He made the suggestion that a sustainable solution required an expansion in the
market.
Now listen and check your pronunciation.

Costing the earth 5

7
 1 Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions with a partner.
Speaking
1 How does speaking in an exam situation differ from everyday conversation?
2 What style of language would you use in the IELTS speaking test?
TIP
Speaking practice: Part 3
You will be given Introducing and organizing your opinions
limited prompts in
the IELTS speaking
test. In Parts 1 and
2 the examiner can
repeat the question.
In Part
 2 Use the three 'stepping stones' below to help you organize what you're saying.

3 Study the words and phrases in the Useful language box below. Use them when
you speak and make them part of your speaking vocabulary. Keep adding new
expressions that you see and hear to your vocabulary book.

WARNING Useful language: prepositions of place and location

If you don't use a Sentence starters: Introducing your opinions
variety of words, Basically, I feel that...
you will lose I guess you could say the main issue is getting people to ...
marks. In my view...
Personally speaking ...
It would seem to me that...
I really believe that...
Extra information to make your idea clearer: Giving examples
One example that springs to mind is ...
Probably the best example I can think of is ...
(In my country) for example/for instance ...

Costing the earth 59

 4 Find appropriate phrases from the Useful language box to complete the
following main ideas. Use your own ideas to make your ideas clearer where
necessary.

0 Renewable 1 Governments 2 We need to 3 Using nuclear 4 We are living

energy will really don't have think of ways to power to create in a 'throw-
become even a choice encourage people energy has more away'culture.
more popular in anymore. They to recycle more. negative effects
the future. have to pump than positive ones.
more money into
renewable

Speaking strategy
In the IELTS speaking
test make each answer
you give the examiner
about 30 seconds long to
ensure fluency.

I really believe that ~ renewable energy will become even more popular in
the future. Actually many countries are already doing this. One example that springs
to mind is Greece which uses solar power to heat water.

5 In pairs discuss questions 1-3 below. Think about how you will organize your
answers before you speak. Use the Useful language box phrases and the 'stepping
stones' on page 49 to help you.
1 What changes could happen to the design of the car in the future? Which changes
will be positive and which will be negative?
2 Compare the way the average house looks now in your country to how it will
look in 10 years' time. Which one would you prefer to live in and why?
 3 Do you think governments should spend more money researching alternative
forms of energy? What might be their reasons for choosing not to do this?

Task 1
1 In today's high-tech world people use more energy than ever before. Answer these
questions.
1 What different types of energy do you use?
2 How many different types of fuel can you name?
3 Which energy sources are fossil fuels and which are renewables?
2 Read this Task l question and look at the diagram below.

Writing

Costing the earth 61

 Task 1: Selecting significant information
3 Put these steps in the correct order.
1 Look at the columns and identify the main patterns and significant differences. These
are often the largest/smallest amounts, or places where something happens that is
different from the general pattern.
2 Look at each axis in turn to understand exactly what is being shown.
3 Read the question carefully.
4 Look at the columns and try to find the overall pattern.
4 Study the diagram to answer the following questions.
TIP
1 What are the main features?
There is usually 2 Which type of fuel has the highest consumption overall?
more than one way 3 Which age group shows the largest difference between diesel and unleaded?
to organize the
answer. Choose the 4 Are there any places in the diagram where there is an exception to the main pattern?
easiest way for you. 5 In what different ways could your answer be organized?

Exam strategy
Your answer should not try to describe every detail of the diagram. Task 1 needs a
summary of the main features of the diagram with comparisons made where relevant.

5 Read these opening paragraphs from three model answers. Which do you think is
better? Why?
Text A
First observations on studying the bar chart reveal a significant difference across the age
ranges. You can see that fuel consumption increased dramatically up to 41-45, then fell to
56-60. This could be because older people don’t enjoy driving so much.
Text B
The bar chart illustrates the average amount of uwleaded petrol and diesel consumed in a
week for age groups ranging from 20-60 years of age. generally, unleaded petrol was
consumed at a higher rate than diesel the highest being 14 Litres of unleaded per week for
the 41-45 year age group. This is a difference of more than 3 litres in comparison with
diesel.
Text C
The bar chart shores the average consumption by car drivers oX” tvoo types of Xuel Tor a
ranc^e of diX"Xerent a^e groups. The largest amount of Xuel U)aS consumed by the 4' 1°
ffb acje <^roup ^'4 and 11 litres respectively Xor unleaded and diesel). This is a
considerably greater use than the ZO to ZS a^e yroup ^approximately 6 and I litres
respectively Xor unleaded and diesel).
 Task 1: Fixed time diagrams
Some diagrams do not show changes over time but show information in one fixed time.
These diagrams need language to make comparisons.
6 Read the complete model answer below and summarize the main points that the writer

makes under the headings in the strategy box.

Task 1: Making comparisons
Strategy
In Task 1 of the Writing module you will often need to compare and contrast information in
a graph, bar chart, pie chart, table or illustration.
Paragraph 1
0 Says what the The bar chart illustrates the average amount of unleaded
Useful language: Making comparisons
diagram shows petrol and diesel consumed in a week for age groups ranging
1 B represent elements
A and fromin20a to
diagram such
60 years as leaded
of age. and unleaded
Generally, unleadedpetrol,
petrolChina
was and
Australia, or nuclear and wind power.
consumed at a higher rate than diesel, the highest (0) being
xand /represent amounts14such
litresasof$120 million,
unleaded per67%,
weekorfor
200
theunits.
41 to 45 year age
Introducing differences group. This is a difference of more than 3 litres in
Paragraph 2 comparison with (1) diesel.
2 a significant difference between A and B.
Generally, there is The 20 to 25 year range shows the largest (2) variation in
3 a wide disparity in + (noun).
fuel use with leaded petrol consumption being over five times
4 as large as (3) diesel. In contrast, (4) for the two oldest age
groups the pattern is reversed with the amount of diesel
consumed being about 1 litre higher. In addition, the
consumption of diesel was the same for the 51 to 55 age
63 Costing
group as it was for the 56 to 60 age groupthe earthper week).
(7 litres 3
Summarizing
Overall, it can be seen that there is a significant difference
sentence
5 (5) in consumption across the age ranges with the middle
age groups using by far the most (6) fuel.
 Comparative structures

In contrast (to B), by a narrow margin,

A is larger/smaller
In comparison (with B), byx.

A is just/well under/ (larger/ smaller) than

X
over B.
A is approximately
(over) twice
as large/great/high as
A is two/three/four
B.
(under) times
more/
less + (noun U)
A uses/produces than B.
more/
fewer + (noun C)
considerably greater/higher/ smaller
A is
marginally than B.
as (large/high) as
A is almost B.
that in

Superlative structures
is the (second/third) + (noun C).
A largest/smallest
the greatest/widest/ most
has + (noun U & C).
significant
proportion of + (noun U).
uses number of + (noun C). amount
the largest/highest/
A produces of + (noun U). quantity of +
smallest/lowest
consumes (noun U & C).

7 Study the sentences below and

say whether they are comparative or
superlative structures. Then complete
the gaps by studying the bar chart
below.
0 D is the second largest producer of
oil.

marginally higher than in_______.

2 Oil production in________is approximately 2 million barrels larger than in
1 Production in______is
3 Production of oil in______is under half the size of production in________.
4 _____is the largest producer of oil of all the five countries.
5 In comparison with_______, oil production in_______is larger by a narrow
margin.
6 _____produces the least amount of oil.
7 Production of oil in______is almost as large as in_______.
8 _____produces less oil than all the other four countries.

Costing the earth 64

 8 Look at the following diagrams. Write two Journeys made by road or rail

sentences for each that use different ways to

describe the data. Use the Useful language section
to help you.

Journeys by road are over three times as

common as by rail.
1 3
Oil consumption in millions of barrels Electricity production in Europe
Russia Germany Britain Sweden Belgium
949 985 26% 10% 5.5%

0 Overall, a marked difference can be seen between journeys made by road and by
rail.

4 Steel production and consumption

100% 7--------------------— ---------------------;

Steel Steel
production consumption

9 Look at the model answer on page 52. Use language

from the Making comparisons section of the Useful
language table to replace the words/ phrases in bold
(marked 1-6), with a suitable alternative.

65 Costing the
earth
Study skills Recording vocabulary for Writing Task 1
Task 1: further practice
1 0 Study the Task 1 question and answer the questions
below.
1 What do the numbers refer to?
2 What are the significant differences in the table?
3 How would you organize your answer?
The table below shows the percentage use of four
different fuel types to generate electricity in five
European countries in 2001.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting
the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant. Write at least 150 words.
Fuel type used to generate electricity (%)
Nuclear Coal & Petroleum Hydro & Other
lignite products wind
Germany 29 50 1 6 13
Britain 23 34 2 2 39
Italy 0 11 27 20 42
Sweden 45 1 2 49 44
Belgium 58 12 2 2 26

Costing the earth 66

 Study skills Recording vocabulary for Writing Task 1
1 In the box below is some useful vocabulary for Task 1.
Add the words in the box to the table below.

TIP A fluctuated considerably from ... to ...

Don't forget that The given data illustrates ...
'changes over time'
A and B experienced an identical increase
diagrams require
different words and The USA consumes the greatest proportion of energy.
phrases from fixed In general, the most significant change occurred in ...
time diagrams. Look
at the diagrams in This table/graph/chart clearly shows ...
Units 1 and 3. A was over twice as large as B.
What type is each
one? The exception to this trend is/was ...

Introductory Describing Making comparisons

Describing changes over time
phrases to overall trends
Don't forget to learn
Writing Task 1 or features
DIFFERENT PATTERNS:
adjective + noun (eg a
substantial increase) verb +
adverb (eg increased
significantly)

inflation p.41 commercial p.47 recycled p.47

consume p.53

synthetic p.41 1 Decide what kind of

capacity p.41 words they are. (Example: Is it a
noun ? Verb?)
2 Read the sentence the word is in and try to guess its
meaning from the context.
3 Now check their meaning in your dictionary and record
them.
2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the words
as they are used in the text from Reading 1.

Costing the earth 67

Dictionary focus 1 Find these words in the unit.

 Healthy body, healthy mind

1 What do you think 'a balanced diet' is? In your country, what are the main
Speaking foods people eat in these groups: carbohydrate, fat, protein, fruit and vegetable?
2 Vice or virtue? Make two lists, one your 'good' or healthy habits
and the other for things you do which are 'bad' or unhealthy.

68 Healthy body, healthy mind

 Using headings to identify purpose and organization
Reading 1
1 Skim read these headings for a passage about chocolate quickly and answer
question 1.
List of headings
0 Chocolate could boost concentration
1 Chocolate makes us feel better
2 Chocolate is good for stress
3 Chocolate does not give you spots
4 Chocolate makes you live longer
TIP 5 Chocolate is nutritious
Table completion 6 Chocolate boosts the appetite
and short answer 7 Chocolate helps us digest milk
questions often
require you to scan 8 Chocolate can make you more alert
read the passage for
factual information. 1 The purpose of the article is to
A present a problem and a solution
B present one side of an argument
C describe cause and effect
D describe both sides of an argument
2 Read the passage quickly and match the headings (1-8) with the paragraphs in the passage (A-I).

3 Healthy body, healthy mind 69

 Why eating chocolate is good for you
It's many people's favourite vice, but if the latest evidence is to be believed, the last thing you should feel
when you secretly tuck into a hunk of chocolate is guilty. Scientists C
have revealed that eating chocolate, in reasonable amounts, makesThere you feel
are aemotionally better andreasons
number of scientific so for this. The
improves the smooth running of your body's endorphins. It even protects against
smell heart disease.
of chocolate has been found to slow down brain
waves, making us feel calm. Most of the time our brains
are dominated bv beta waves, the normal waking
frequency. When our brain activity slows to alpha
waves, we experience a pleasant feeling of calm but
alert relaxation. Also, because most of us find eating
A Researchers at Harvard University in the U.S. studied chocolate so pleasurable, we release endorphins in the
8,000 men and found that those who ate modest amounts brain. These have similar pharmacological actions to
of chocolate up to three times a month lived almost a morphine, acting as pain-relievers and giving us a sense
year longer than those who didn’t eat any. They of well-being.
concluded that this is likely to be due to the fact that
cocoa contains anti-oxidants called polyphenols, also
found in red wine, which prevent the oxidation of
harmful cholesterol. Antioxidants are also known to D Although many teenagers blame chocolate for their
protect against cancer. acne, there’s no scientific data to confirm this link.
Scientists at Missouri University even gave spot-
prone subjects chocolate to eat and observed their
B This is thought to be because it contains valeric acid, skin for the next week, with no effect.
which is a relaxant and tranquilliser. Also, the sugar in
chocolate may reduce stress - sugar has been shown to
have a calming and pain- relieving effect on babies
and animals because sweet tastes activate the opiate-
like substances in our brain.

3 Healthy body, healthy mind 70

 Chocolate could boost concentration
E This can occur, for example, if you eat it midafternoon, G This could be because it contains cannabinoid- like
when blood sugar levels get a bit low. Chocolate has substances that are known to affect the
a reasonably low glycaemic index (GI), which means hypothalamus, the part of the brain that controls
it gives long-lasting energy because it doesn't raise hunger. This isn't ideal if you’re on a diet but, for
blood sugar too quickly. For example, a typical bar of those who need to put on weight or who are
chocolate has a Gl of 70, compared with 73 fora bowl convalescing, chocolate could be just what you need
of cornflakes. This means a chocolate bar will keep to help you get your appetite back.
you going for longer. Also, chocolate is a good source
of chromium, which helps control blood sugar
because it is involved in making glucose available in
the body. II It contains a stimulant called theobromine, a caffeine-
like substance that is thought to make us more alert.
But theobromine doesn’t have the side-effect of
making us nervous, like caffeine, and chocolate
F This means it is good for those who are lactose- contains only minute amounts of caffeine - a mug of
intolerant. Researchers at Rhode Island University coffee has about 85mg compared with just 1 mg in
have shown that cocoa stimulates activity of the three squares of chocolate.
enzyme lactase in the intestine. We need this to
digest lactose, the sugar found in milk. Lactose-
intolerant patients showed a reduction in bloating,
cramping and diarrhoea when one-and-a-half I A 50g bar of plain chocolate contains 1.2mg of iron,
teaspoons of cocoa were added to a cup of milk. and 45mg of magnesium. Milk chocolate is a
reasonable source of calcium - a 50g bar contains
llOntg. However, we'd need to eat about seven bars
to get the recommended daily allowances of these
minerals.

Question strategy
Completing tables
1 Look at the table and
the examples given
and check what
information is
needed.
2 Check if you should
use words from the
passage or a list in
your answer.
3 Scan-read the
passage for technical
terms, eg
polyphenols and
parallel expressions.
 3 Answer questions 1-6. Complete the table. Choose no more than TWO WORDS
from the passage for your answer.
Short answer questions

Exam information
These questions ask for factual information.

Question strategy
1 Decide what sort of information you are looking for, eg a number, a substance.
2 Use words from the passage for your answer.

SUBSTANCE FOUND IN EFFECT ON HEALTH

CHOCOLATE
Polyphenols Prevent oxygen mixing with 1
Valeric acid Causes a lowering of 2
3 Eases pain
Chromium Regulates 4
5 Aids digestion of lactose
6 Increases levels of anxiety

I Healthy body, healthy mind Healthy body, healthy mind

 4 Read the text again and answer these questions. Write no more than THREE WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Questions 7-11
7 Which antioxidants are found in both chocolate and red wine?
8 What is the glycaemic index of a bar of chocolate?
9 Which three symptoms of indigestion are mentioned in the passage?
10 Which part of the brain affects appetite?
11 What three minerals can be found in chocolate?

Defining and non-defining relative clauses

Language focus
See Grammar reference, page 172.
TIP 1 Study the sentences about chocolate. Underline the relative clause(s) in sentences 1-4 and
In academic writing: circle the relative pronoun.
Which is the most 0 Chocolate is somethingt^vhicj)) many people feel guilty about eating.
commonly used 1 Chocolate is good for peoplewho are lactose-intolerant.
relative pronoun. 2 Teenagers whose skin is affected by acne can safely eat chocolate.
Subject relative 3 Chocolate contains valeric acid, which is a relaxant and tranquillizer.
pronouns are much 4 Chocolate has a reasonably low GI, which means it gives a long-lasting energy.
more common than
object relative 2 Read the grammar summary on page 172. Answer the questions about the relative clauses
pronouns. in sentences 0-4 in exercise 1.
1 Which relative pronoun tells you about
a people?
b things?
c something a person owns or possesses?
2 In which sentences could you
a replace the relative pronoun with that?
b omit the relative pronoun?
3 Why are there commas in sentences 3 and 4?
3 Sentences 0-2 contain defining relative clauses. The information in the relative clause is
part of the main idea of the sentence. The relative clauses in sentences 3 and 4 are non-defining:
the information they contain is not part of the main idea of the sentence.
Underline the correct alternative in these rules for forming defining and non-defining relative
clauses.
a The relative pronoun can be left out in some defining/non-defining relative clauses.
b That can replace which in defining/non-defining relative clauses.
c Commas separate the main clause from a defining/non-defining relative clause.

I Healthy body, healthy mind

 4 Add more information from the box to each of the sentences by adding a relative pronoun
and punctuation as necessary.

promotes sweating and 10 things you never knew about colds

hastens healing
a The 'common cold' is caused by a virus 0_________.
the body temperature is 0 which is so tiny that 50,000 of them could fit on the head of a pin. b During an average
lower lifetime 1_________________________a person will suffer about 210 colds,
the immune system is c The symptoms of a cold are caused by our immune system 2__________.
the only cure for d It is possible to catch a cold from a horse as the virus 3_________is similar to
panic or get distressed the human version.
people respond to illness e Cold viruses like to live in the nose 4________.
f When we have a cold, the nostril 5_______stays open while the other
infects them nostril will be blocked.
is more dominant g Ginger 6_______is a natural remedy for the symptoms of cold.
is 75 years h The way 7_____is a factor in how quickly they recover.
i People 8_______have more severe symptoms because their brain prepares
is so tiny that 50,000 of for the worst.
them could fit on the
head of a pin j The 'common cold is an illness 9_________.

causes coughing,
sneezing and a runny
nose to wash out the Participle clauses: -ing and -ed
virus
1 Read sentences la and b. Are the verbs in the relative clauses active or passive?
1 a Chocolate has a reasonably low GI, which means it gives a long-lasting energy.
1 b Chocolate contains polyphenols, which are also found in red wine.
2 In Sentences 2 a and b the relative pronouns and any auxiliary verbs have been left out.
Study sentences 2a and b and underline the correct alternative in the rules.
2 a Chocolate has a reasonably low GI, meaning it gives a long-lasting energy.
2 b Chocolate contains polyphenols, also found in red wine.
1 In place of a relative clause with an active verb we can use a present/ past participle.
2 In place of a relative clause with a passive verb we can use a present/ past participle.
3 Re-write these sentences using a past or present participle. If the verb is active, change it to
a present participle. If the verb is passive, change it to a past participle.
0 The cold virus has the genetic ability to change the cells which line the nose so that they
produce new viruses.
The cold virus has the genetic ability to change the cells lining the nose so that they
produce new viruses.
1 The hypothalamus is the part of the brain which controls hunger.
2 Chocolate contains substances which are thought to make us more alert.
3 We need lactose to digest the sugar which is found in milk.

74 Healthy body, healthy mind

 4 We may have more colds in the winter because we huddle together more for warmth, which
makes cross-infection more likely.
5 Coughing is a reaction to the irritation in the throat which is caused by colds.
6 A cough is a rush of air through the voice box which produces a sound unique to each
individual.
7 Chocolate slows downs brain waves, which makes us feel calm.

1 Work in pairs and answer the following questions.

Speaking
1 What kinds of food do you like to cook?
2 Do people in your country like cooking meals for friends in their homes or do they prefer
going out to eat in restaurants?
3 Are people healthier in your country now than they were in the past?
4 Do you think fast food will still be popular in the future?
2 Make up three more questions around the topics of Food and Health. Ask your partner your
questions.
3 Read the following Part 2 topic. Take 1 minute to make notes and then speak to your
partner about it for about 1 or 2 minutes.

Describe a popular dish from your country that

you enjoy making.
You should say:
What this dish is
Why you enjoy making it
When you usually make it
You should also say why it is a popular dish in
your country.

4 Work with a new partner and discuss the following Part 3 questions.
1 Do you think large fast food companies should be allowed to target children in their
advertising campaigns? Give reasons for your answer.
2 How important is food as a representative of a country's culture?
3 Compare the importance of local and imported goods for the economy of a country.

Following an argument in a passage

Reading 2
1 Read the passage quickly and match the paragraph numbers in 1-3 with the best summary
of that section of the passage (a-c).
1 Paragraphs 1-4 a Writer's views and conclusions
2 Paragraphs 5-7 b Anecdote about the writer's own experience
c Reasons why responsibility for healthcare is shifting
3 Paragraphs 8 and 9 popping member of the
self-help. But these days, people
1 ‘One of the first duties are being encouraged - indeed, public, have learned the
of the physician is to expected - to take personal control hard way. Several years
educate the masses not of their own bodies. This is sound ago, I was given a
to take medicine,' advice when it comes to staying prescription for an acne
observed William healthy: sticking to a sensible diet, medication which worked
Osler, one of the taking regular exercise, and wonders for my
giants of 19th-century refraining from smoking. But 1 complexion
medicine, it is a lesson wonder about the wisdom of such — so much so that when
that I. as a pill- an approach when it comes to the prescription ran out, I
making people better as opposed
I Healthy body, healthy mind to merely keeping them well. On 75
the road to recovery, who should
be in the driver’s seat — doctor or
patient?
Certainly there are powerful forces
- social, political and legal and
 kept refilling it, thanks to a control access — to
friendly neighbourhood becoming available as

Your own medicine

pharmacist.
2 I pride myself on being a fully
5
over-the-counter remedies
How too much self-help can bethat
badconsumers
for your health
choose
and pay for themselves.
empowered health-care
consumer, being well-informed 8 The drive to turn patients
(keeping up with medical into self-reliant health-
developments is, after all, care consumers needs to
my job), with a doctorate in be watched carefully —
immunology, and with enough for the simple reason that
money and determination to shopping for medical
take treatment of minor treatment will never be
complaints into my own hands. the same as shopping for
In this case, I was also a flat-screen TV. There is
extremely foolish. a fundamental inequality
3 After a few months on the in the doctor-patient
medication, I started to relationship that no
experience dizzy spells. I amount of education and
dismissed them as overwork, empowerment can
and continued to take the pills. resolve. You wouldn't try
About a year later, those spells to buy a new car with a
became a curse. I awoke one complicated lease
morning to find the world agreement when feeling
spinning around me. For a like death. Likewise, a
sick patient visiting a
week, 1 lay in a darkened room
healthy care-giver, will
with my eyes tightly shut.
inevitably be entering into
Every time 1 opened them, I
a onesided relationship.
would start to vomit. Doctors
have a word for this living hell 9 This is not to say that
— auditory nerve damage. public education in health
Thankfully, I recovered, but not matters should be
without losing my discouraged. Nor does it
balance for several weeks and 6 mean that people should
becoming permanently deaf in be dissuaded from doing
one ear. There is no proof that all that they can to look
my illness was caused by do- after themselves. As the
it-yourself doctoring. But once history of AIDS has
I stopped taking the pills the
shown, informed patients
dizziness and other side effects
can be a powerful force
ceased.
for change when it comes
4 An experience like that would to improving medical
give anyone a healthy practices. But this needs
appreciation of the limits to to be part of a partnership
between doctors and
has become simply a waiter,
patients, not a substitute
and the patient a customer
ordering from a menu of for it.
treatments.
7 Meanwhile, as governments
and employers struggle to pay
for expensive new medicines,
they are trying to move more
of the cost of treatment, and
therefore more of the
responsibility, on
to patients. Drugmakers have
also caught on to this economic
trend, switching many of their
products from being available
only on prescription - where
doctors and insurance firms

76 Healthy body, healthy mind

 Multiple-choice questions: multiple answers
TIP
Remember: (a) the 2 Answer questions 1 and 2.
correct answer to the 1 According to Shereen El Feki, which of the following benefit when patients
question is the one become more responsible for their healthcare?
given in the text, and
not your opinion; Choose three answers from A-F.
(b) words from an A doctors
incorrect option may B drug companies
appear in the text. C lawyers
D governments
E insurance companies
F television companies
2 According to the writer, responsibility for healthcare is being transferred to
patients because of...
Choose three answers from A-F.
A changes in public attitude.
B the availability of information.
C advances in healthcare.
D legal action against patients.
E the availability of non-prescription medicines.
F the high cost of healthcare.

Yes, No, Not given

Exam information
True/False/Not Given questions (See Unit 2, page 30) ask you to identify whether
a statement agrees with or contradicts information in the passage. Yes/No/Not
Given questions ask you to say whether a statement agrees with or contradicts the
writer's views.

3 Read paragraphs 1-4 in the passage. Then study the example, questions 3-5 and
the answers.
TIP 3 The writer suffered from a skin complaint.
Read the question YES
carefully to see She was given a prescription for an acne medication. (Paragraph 1)
whether it asks you 4 The writer is certain that the medication was responsible for her
to identify
information or the NO
writer's views. illness. The passage says There is no proof that... (Paragraph 3)
5 The writer eats sensibly and takes regular exercise.
NG
The passage says she thinks this is sensible advice, but not whether
she follows it. (Paragraph 4)
4 Answer questions 6-12.
Do the following questions agree with the views of the writer? Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
 6 People should be encouraged to take responsibility for maintaining their health.
7 Patients expect their doctor to take responsibility for making them well.
8 Doctors are making more use of the Internet than in the past.
9 Patients have more influence over their doctors' decisions than in the past.
10 A relationship between a doctor and a patient is always unbalanced.
11 Patients should do more to improve medical practices.
12 Which of the following best summarizes the writer's view of the doctorpatient
relationship?
A Doctors will always have more power than patients.
B Patients can be as well-informed as doctors.
C Doctors are like waiters and patients are like their customers.
D Doctor and patient should be like parent and child.

78 Healthy body, healthy mind 4

 1
Medical terms
Vocabulary
1 If you had these common conditions or illnesses, what symptoms would you
have? Write your answers in column A.

ILLNESS A SYMPTOMS B TREATMENT

0 indigestion c 4
1 a cold
2 influenza / the flu
3 chickenpox
4 a hangover
5 hay fever
a sneezing, runny nose, red eyes nausea, dizziness,
b tiredness bloating, cramps, diarrhoea weakness,
c tiredness, nausea, painful joints a skin rash or spots, a
d temperature, itchiness coughing, sneezing, a
ef temperature, a sore throat
2 How would you treat the illnesses in exercise 1?

Write your answers in Column B.

1 rest in bed take apply salve or ointment
2 medication take a see a doctor
3 painkiller suck a other
4 lozenge
3 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions. When was the last time you were
unwell? What was the illness and how long were you ill? What were your
symptoms? How did you treat the illness?

Task 2: Essay sections

Writing 1
1 Read the following extracts taken from several different essays.
1 Decide whether each sentence comes from the Introduction, Body or
Conclusion of an essay.

I Healthy body, healthy mind

 1 A further point is that Western doctors usual^ onl^ have time to treat the symptoms of disease
not the fundamental causes.

To C-OdC-lude, voVUle it true to €a^ twat tWere are bene-Cits to WaviAtj a free
WealtW €erV\C.e; tWe rick of 1netV1C.ienG.1j and syiralVincj costs are significant,
and suyyort tine vieui that anj health care sustem should include both private and
yublic s^sterv>s.
For instance, given the health scares over intensively farmed meat,
vegetarianism offers a potentially healthier diet.
7Ae Focus oF this essay will be to exarrirye the various ar^unyeryts Surrourydinj the use or
<3erye.tic.0Jly nyodiFied products iry Food.

2 Which words or phrases in the sentences above help to organize the essay by
Exam information linking ideas together?
The body of the
essay
Paragraph structure: The body of the essay
The body is the main
section of the essay 2 The paragraph plan below may be used for any Task 2 question and can be used
where you explain and to help structure paragraphs in the body of the essay.
support your ideas/
opinions/arguments. It 1 Match the explanations below to the sections of the plan in the margin.
should consist of two In this part of the body paragraph you should:
orthree paragraphs.
A refute the opposing argument and bring the essay back to your view.
B state your idea, argument or point.
C state the opposing argument or what other people might think.
D support the main idea with explanations, examples and reasons.
Paragraph plan
for the body of 3 Read the sentences below.
the essay 1 Order the sentences to make one complete body paragraph from an essay on the
1 Main idea topic of obesity.
2 Development 2 Label each sentence according to the four types in the body paragraph plan.
3 Opposing idea 1 These foods are often high in sugar and fat, both of which can lead to weight
(where relevant)
gain.
4 Paragraph
2 However, some forms of obesity are a result of genetic disorders and not diet.
conclusion
3 Furthermore, many nutrients are lost from processed food during preparation
making it less healthy to eat.
4 The first point to consider is the link between the consumption of processed food
and obesity.
TIP
5 Nevertheless, what many people are concerned about is the recent increase in
Read the question
carefully to see obesity rates, particularly in children, which I believe is partly a result of an
whether it asks you increase in processed food consumption.
to identify
information or the 4 Look at the following question and the 'Main Idea' sentence below taken from
writer's views. the body of a model answer.
The increasing use of modern drug technology encourages the treatment of
symptoms instead of treating the causes.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this?
Main idea
It is my view that drugs are often prescribed for recurring ailments such as
headaches with no attempt to discover the reasons why they may keep happening.

I Healthy body, healthy mind

 1 Complete the paragraph by using the paragraph plan on page 65.
2 Ask the following questions to check:
1 Is the main idea clearly stated?
2 Is there enough evidence to support the main idea even in short paragraphs?
3 Do any of the ideas need to be explained further?
4 Have opposing arguments been included?
5 Does the paragraph conclude properly?
6 Are there enough linking words and phrases?

Section 4
Listening
1 Put the following strategies in an appropriate order.
Exam strategies
TIP 1 Predict possible answers and grammar
A difference of one 2 Highlight key words
mark may be 3 Read the questions before you listen
significant in your
overall Listening 4 Be aware that answers may come before or after a keyword
band score, so keep 5 Check your answers for spelling
focused in Section 4
6 Pay attention to the instructions
and guess the answer
if you're not sure. 7 Listen for synonyms or parallel expressions of key words
Don't leave any
answer spaces blank.
2 1.14 Look at questions 1-6 then listen to the first part of the lecture.
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each
answer.

TIP
Be prepared to hear a Tiredness is increasing Other reasons
Evidence • Low levels of 4
range of different
• High number of complaints to doctors at work I
accents in the
Listening module. • Popularity of 1________ • Poor diet
drinks
Dr Mansfield
• Increased use of 2__________________
Solutions to sleep loss:
stimulants • Regular waking and sleeping hours I
Dr Liebhold • Limit 5 intake
Believes tiredness due to: Sleep loss research
• Financial pressure Without sleep humans:
• 3________________ • Get confused
• Coming to work when ill • Become 6
• Have hallucinations

81 Healthy body, healthy mind

 Multiple choice
3 1.15 Look at questions 7-8 and listen to the second part of the
lecture. Circle the correct answer.
7 Professor Lloyd believes that chronic fatigue syndrome is a result of A brain site
problems.
B structural abnormality.
C abnormal brain function.
8 According to Leonie McMahon, to avoid fatigue we should A eat a larger
breakfast.
Question strategy B eat more protein at breakfast.
C eat less protein.
Summary completion
Sentence, note and Summary completion
summary completion
question types are all 4 y ) 1.16 Read questions 9-12 and listen to the final part of the lecture. Complete
similar. In a summary the summary using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
completion quesion the Trent Watson is 9______________by Leonie McMahon's ideas because the
gaps are in a complete body does not like to burn protein, hence it doesn't add to 10__________________
paragraph which
Carbohydrate is a more common fuel. As a consequence, diets based on low-
summarizes a section of
the listening. Use the carbohydrate consumption can result in 11_____________________. Red meat,
strategies given for note leafy vegetables and 12_______________are good for strengthening red
completion (page 24) to blood cells.
help.
Task 2: Planning: Finding ideas 1

Writing 2 It is important before you start writing to make a plan. The first step is to spend a
couple of minutes thinking of two or three main ideas for the body of the essay so
that when you write you can concentrate on:
1 Remembering your grammar and writing as accurately as possible.
Exam strategy 2 Linking your ideas logically and clearly.
This method can be used 1 Study the ways of finding ideas given below and think of another of your own.
for:
1 The main ideas of the
body of the essay. (For
example: Using the
'time' perspective, a
paragraph on PERSPECTIVE Personal Local International
the popularity of
vegetarianism could
compare the past, TIME Past Present Future
present and future.)
2 Support for a main idea. AGE Teenagers Middle-aged people Old-aged people
(For example: A
paragraph on stress
could be supported by YOUR IDEA 7 ? 7
contrasting three age
groups.)

Healthy body, healthy

mind
 2 Put the following sentences into the correct category - personal, local! national or
global/international.
1 The increase in the sale of GM foods is fast-becoming a world-wide phenomenon.
2 In my own experience, the attraction of fast-food is that it is much more convenient.
TIP 3 An increasing number of people in the UK are now using alternative medicine, such
Local/national and as acupuncture.
global/international 4 Governments need to be putting more money into researching cures for fatal
arguments and ideas diseases like AIDS and cancer.
are more important 5 Countries, like China, appear to have far fewer cases of obesity amongst children.
because they are more 6 My viewpoint is that choosing to eat organic food is by far the safest option.
academic in style. The
personal ideas should 3 Read the essay question below and think of two or three main ideas using one of the
form a smaller part of ways suggested in exercise 1.
your overall
arguments. An increasing number of people are turning to vegetarianism. Some people believe
that people are following a vegetarian diet for reasons other than animal rights
issues.
Do you agree with this?
Give reasons why some people are choosing to become vegetarian.

Argument/opinion questions 2: The opinion essay

See the balanced argument approach in Unit 2, page 35. A second approach to an
argument/opinion essay is to take a position in the introduction and continue supporting
it throughout the essay. This is called an opinion essay - your essay leads from your
opinion.

Question strategy
Be flexible. Don't learn only one essay approach. The key to a good Writing mark is to
read the question carefully then choose the most suitable essay approach.

5 Look at the Task 2 question below. Which essay approach would be most suitable
for you, a balanced argument or an opinion essay?
Supermarkets should only sell food produced from within their own country rather
than imports from overseas.
What are your opinions on this?
6 Read the model answer on page 69 noting the opinion essay structure.
1 Does the writer take a clear position and is it supported throughout the essay?
2 Underline the language used to describe opinions.

Healthy body, healthy

mind
 Structure Writing Task 2 - Opinion essay

I Healthy body, healthy mind 84

 INTRODUCTION
Topic introduced and Nowadays, supermarkets are stocked with food
writer's opinion given. products from around the world. Some would argue
that it would be better if food produce was not
imported. 1 firmly believe that this view is correct, and
will discuss the reasons why in this essay.

BODY1 It is certainly the case that importing food can have a

First idea plus examples for negative effect on local culture. This can be seen in
support. Describes what countries such as Japan where imported food has
others may argue but refutes become more popular than traditional, local produce,
it by restating the writer's
eroding people’s understanding of their own food
view.
traditions. Although some would claim that this is a
natural part of economic development in an
increasingly global world, 1 feel strongly that any loss
of regional culture would be detrimental.

A second major reason to reduce imports is the

BODY 2 environmental cost. Currently, many food imports,

Second idea described and such as fruit, are transported thousands of miles by
explained. Opposing idea road, sea and air, making the product more
given then refuted by giving expensive to buy and increasing pollution from
the writer's view.
exhaust fumes. Despite the fact that the trade in food
exports has existed for many years, 1 am convinced
that a reduction would bring significant financial and
environmental gains.

However, many jobs depend on food exports and

some less developed countries may even depend on
BODY 3
this trade for economic survival. In spite of this, the
Short paragraph starts with
an opposing view then importance of developing local trade should not be
refutes it. undervalued.

In conclusion, 1 am certain that reducing food imports

would have cultural and environmental benefits. What
CONCLUSION
is more, the local economy should, in time, prosper
Writer's view restated and
future implication briefly commercially as the demand for local and regional
described. products remains high resisting the competition from
overseas.
259 words

I Healthy body, healthy mind 85

 7 It is important in an essay to use a range of expressions to describe yours and other's
opinions. Add the opinion phrases 1-6 to the appropriate category in the language box.
1 It is widely believed that...
2 I partially support...
3 It is certainly true that...
4 My personal view is that...
5 I totally disagree with ...
6 Many consider that...

Useful language: Expressing opinions

Describing your own opinion Describing other people's
opinions
Agreeing with an idea (+ reasons)
I am certain that... It is often said that...
For me it is obvious that... It is often claimed that...
I am convinced that... It seems apparent that...
It has long been my belief that... Scientists are convinced that...
Many researchers have found
Disagreeing with an idea (+ reasons) There is that...
no justification for ... Some people believe that...
I am completely against... X argues/asserts/believes
1 believe there is no evidence to support... I /claims / concludes /
do not agree with the idea that... confirms/insists/
maintains/states/points out/
that + sb + v
Giving an opinion In my view ...
I would agree that... I feel strongly that...
It seems to me that...
I would argue that...
No strong opinion
There could be a case for saying that... It
would appear that...

Writing: Further practice

8 Use the language and ideas presented in this unit to write an opinion essay to the
following question.
There are serious concerns about the sale and production of genetically modified
food. Yet this is necessary if we are to meet the demands of an increasing world
population.
Give your opinions on this.

86 Healthy body, healthy mind

Study skills Planning: Finding ideas 2

Another method of finding ideas for a Task 2 question is to form adjectives that end in
the suffix -al. For example: political
1 Complete the mind map below using adjectives that end in -al. An example has been
done for you. Check your answers with a partner.

2 Complete the following sentences using appropriate words from the mind map in
question 1.
1 It would appear as if food is, in many ways, a.......................issue. Therefore,
people's food choices are inextricably linked to their beliefs and traditions.
2 It is largely due to.....................reasons that food companies continue to
promote fast food in their advertising campaigns.
3 Research has shown that producing GM crops has not only health,
but also..................implications such as the effects on crops of cross
pollination, which are currently unknown.
4 Peer pressure has a major.......................influence on young people's attitudes
to what constitutes a healthy diet.
3 Now look at the model answer from Writing 1, Exercise 5 on modern drug
technology on page 190 and identify which planning method was used.

Healthy body, healthy mind 87

 Study skills Planning: Finding ideas 2

1 Find the following words in the unit.

Dictionary focus
1 Guess each word's part of speech and meaning from its context.
2 Look up the word in your dictionary and record them in your Writing Task 2
vocabulary bank.

appetite p.57 activate p.57 fundamental p.62

dominate p.57 remedy p.60 fatigue p.67

Healthy body, healthy mind 88

 1 Look at these pictures. What do they show? What natural disaster could
have caused the damage in the pictures?
2 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions. Do you know of any countries that have
experienced these or other natural disasters? Who should be responsible for dealing
with the effects of natural disasters, local or international communities?

1 Skim read the passage in 2-3 minutes and answer question 1.

Reading
1 The writer's purpose is to
A present a problem and a solution.
B present an argument.
C describe cause and effect.
D describe a phenomenon.
72
The world we live in
 (miniinal): winds 75 to 95mph, minor flooding, slight

Hurricanes structural damage, storm surge up to 1,5m. Category two

(moderate): winds between 96 and I I Omph. roof and tree
damage, storm surge 1.8 to 2.4m. Category three
A A hurricane is a tropical cyclone, an area of intense low (extensive): winds between 111 and 130mph, houses
pressure in the tropics surrounded by a violent rotating damaged, severe flooding, storm surge 2.7 to 3.7m.
storm. It is called a hurricane in the North Atlantic, the Category four (extreme): winds of between 131 and
Northeast Pacific east of the dateline, and the South Pacific 155tnph. major structural damage to houses and some roofs
Ocean east of 160E; west of the dateline it is called a destroyed, storm surge of between 4 and 5.5m.
typhoon, and in the Indian Ocean, a cyclone. It becomes a
hurricane officially if its wind speeds reach 75mph, or force Category five (catastrophic): winds above 155mph, many
12 on the Beaufort scale; below that it is a tropical storm. buildings destroyed, smaller ones blown away completely,
Every year there are about 100 tropical storms and about 50 severe inland flooding, storm surge of more than 5.5m.
of them reach hurricane strength. The name comes from E Although global warming is confidently expected to produce
“Hurican”, the Carib god of evil. more violent storms, scientists cannot yet prove a link
B Hurricanes need precise meteorological conditions to form: between current hurricane rates and climate change. There
the sea surface temperature needs to be above 26.5"C. They does seem to have been an increase in the number of
are formed over the tropical ocean when strong clusters of category five hurricanes worldwide. 2004 was more active
thunderstorms drift over warm'water. Warm air from the than 2003 and 2002 but less active than the lour years
storm and the ocean surface combine and begin to rise, before dial.
creating an area of low pressure on the ocean surface. F All Lropical storms are named, to provide case of
Rising warm air causes pressure to decrease at higher communication between forecasters and the general public
altitudes. Air rises faster and faster to fill the low pressure, about forecasts, watches and warnings. Since the storms
in turn drawing more warm air up off the sea and sucking can often be long-lasting and more than one can be
cold air downwards. The duster of thunderstorms merge to occurring in the same region at the same time, names can
become a huge storm, which moves west with the trade reduce the confusion about which storm is being described.
winds. While it remains over warm water the tropical wave Before the 20th century, especially in the Caribbean,
begins to grow. Wind speeds increase as air is sucked into hurricanes were sometimes named after the saint’s day on
the low pressure centre. If the depression strengthens and its which they struck land. During the Second World War, US
wind speed climbs above 40mph it becomes a tropical Navy meteorologists gave them the female names of wives
storm and is named by the US National Hurricane Centre. and loved ones, but by 1950 a formal naming strategy’ was
Once the sustained winds exceed 74mph. the storm in place for North Atlantic cyclones, based on the phonetic
becomes a hurricane. It can take as long as several days or alphabet of the time (Able, Baker, Charlie and so on.) In
only a few hours for a depression to develop into a full- 1953 the US Weather Bureau decided to switch to female
blown hurricane. The fully developed hurricane is made up first names, and with the agreement of the World
of an eye of calm winds surrounded by a spinning vortex of Meteorological Association, included male first names in
high winds and heavy rainstorms. the list in 1979. Each meteorological region of the world
C Hurricanes produce the highest wind speeds, up to 200mph now has an agreed list of names. The letters Q, V, X. Y and
in the most extreme cases, which only the strongest Z are not used because few names begin with these letters.
structures can withstand. They produce enormous amounts Quite a few hurricane names, including Andrew, Betsy,
of rain which can lead to catastrophic flash floods. Bob. Camille. Hugo and Hilda, have been officially retired
Sometimes most seriously; they produce a phenomenon because the storms concerned caused damage on a scale
known as a storm surge. This is a huge raising of the sea unlikely to be repeated. About 50 names have been retired;
level, caused jointly by the huge winds and the very low a country can request retirement.
atmospheric pressure. In the most extreme cases it can be as
much as 25ft above normal. The hurricane pushes this
heightened sea along in front of its path and when it hits the
coastline, especially the low-lying coasts, there can be
disastrous inundations, especially when the surge combines The world we live in
with torrential rain. Once a hurricane reaches land, it tends
to die out fairly quickly as there is no more warm water to
supply heat, but out in the open ocean it can last for a
fortnight or more.
D Hur ricanes are now measured between strengths 1 and 5 on
the Saffir-Simpson scale, formulated in 1969 by Herbert
Saffir, a consulting engineer, and Dr Bob Simpson, the
director of the VS National Hurricane Center. The scale
was devised in the aftermath of Hurricane Camille in 1969.
one of the most violent storms ever to hit the continental 9
United States. Its categories run like this: Category one 1
 Question strategy
1 Put a line through the letter beside the example passage and heading before you
start the exercise.
2 Read each section for a general idea of its meaning and purpose. Remember: the
main idea of a paragraph is usually given in the first, or topic, sentence.
3 Look in the passage for repetitions of words in the headings and for synonyms
or parallel expressions.
4 If there are two possible headings for a section or paragraph, choose both. When
you have answered all the questions go back and decide which heading best
summarises the section or paragraph.
5 Choose the heading which best describes the overall meaning of the section. A
heading which picks up on a detail or an example is usually not the correct
answer.

2 Skim read Paragraph A and underline key words. Notice the use of: is called;
becomes; the name comes from. These phrases suggest that hurricanes are being
defined in the paragraph. In fact, the best heading for Paragraph A is Hi Defining
characteristics. Heading x, the Carib god of evil is mentioned in Paragraph A, but
this is only a detail.
Read the passage and answer questions 1-5. Use key words in the paragraphs to help
you to find the correct heading.
The reading passage has six sections, A-F. Choose the correct heading for sections
B-F from the list of headings below.
List of headings
i Process of formation vi History of hurricanes
i Effect of a storm surge vii System for classification
i Defining characteristics viii Speculation about cause
i Systems for identifying ix Effect of low pressure
v Damaging effects x The Carib god of evil

0 Section A iii
1 Section B
2 Section C
3 Section D
4 Section E
5 Section F
Summary completion

Exam information
TIP Summary completion (from the passage)
A summary
See Unit 2, page 30 for more information on summary completion using words
completion question
from a list. For this type of summary question you must use words taken from the
can require you to passage for your answers.
summarize the entire
passage or just a Remember: the correct answer must complete the summary grammatically and
section of it. agree with what is said in the text.
3 Read the summary. Does it summarize all or part of the
passage?
Complete the summary. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for
each answer. Write the words in the space provided.
Hurricanes, also known as cyclones and typhoons, commonly occur in the 6. The

92 The world we live in

 lowest 7__________hurricane may cause only
minor damage, while the most severe will see 8_________________or even
blown away completely. No proof yet exists of a connection between an increased
number of severe hurricanes and 9___________________________. Various
systems have been used for identifying hurricanes, but only since 1979 have they been
described using 10___________________________. Hurricane names are
allocated to a 11______________and in special circumstances can be
12_____________.

Labelling a diagram

Exam information
You may be asked to choose words or phrases from a box or list, or words from the
passage. If you are asked to choose words or phrases from a box or list there will be more
words than you need.

Question strategy
Study the diagram and question carefully. Use the labels you are given in the question to
help you understand the diagram.

Label the diagrams. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage.

The world we live in 93

 Language focus The passive

See Grammar reference, page 173.

We use the passive when the action is more important than who did the action.
When we want to say who or what did the action, we use by + agent, a Active:
Herbert Saffir and Bob Simpson devised the Saffir-Simpson scale.
(It is more important who devised the scale.)
b Passive: The Saffir-Simpson scale was devised by Herbert Saffir and Bob
Simpson. (The Saffir-Simpson scale is more important.)
1 Match sentence halves in A and B to form true sentences about hurricanes.
A B
1 All tropical hurricanes a can be requested by a country, b have been
2 Names can reduce confusion retired.
3 Some hurricane names c are named.
4 Retirement of a hurricane name d about which storm is being described.
2 Look at sentences in exercise 1 and answer the following questions.
1 Are the verbs in italics active or passive?
2 How do we form the passive?
3 What tense is each verb in italics?
4 Which sentence contains an agent? Why?
3 Complete the text with passive verbs from the box in the appropriate tense.

cause devise give heat (x2) measure rate (x2)

Wind is a natural current of air which 0 is caused by differences in air pressure within
the earth's atmosphere. Wind occurs when air flows j from an area of high pressure to
an area of lower pressure. Wind can be ’ global or local. Certain parts of the earth 1
________________________more than others •
by the sun, causing air to rise and creating an area of low pressure. Air flowing from
higher pressure areas to these areas of lower pressure 1 creates wind. Wind occurs
near water because the air above the land 1 2 more than the air above the water.
Winds that always
 happen at the same time or in the same way 3_____________names, for 1
example, the mistral in southern France and the sirocco in North Africa. Wind speed 4 using a rating system called
the
Beaufort scale. The scale, which 5___________by Sir Francis Beaufort,
a British admiral, describes wind behaviour at various speeds: a calm 1 day 6 as zero while a hurricane 7 as
12 on the scale. I

□ The world we live in 95

 Adjectives and nouns
Vocabulary 1
1 The adjective forms of these nouns are used in the passage on hurricanes, a Change
the nouns to adjectives and write the adjective form of each noun under the correct adjective
TIP
ending.
1 To retain a word b Write the adjective form for the word which does not fit in the table.
you need to test
c Which ending is most common?
yourself
progressively and act disaster globe meteorology catastrophe
often. structure torrent tropics violence
2 To help
remember a word, 2
make personal
associations with -al -ent -ive -OUS
the word - think of 0 tropical
connections or
contexts for the
word.

The adjective forms of the following nouns are common in more formal writing. Write the adjective forms in the
table in exercise 1.

attraction creation effect expense centre dependence

difference efficiency fame frequency nation norm
politics religion variety

3 Write an appropriate adjective from exercises 1 and 2 in each sentence. In each sentence a noun which collocates
with the adjective is written in italics.
0 The economic consequences of large-scale military action can be disastrous for a country.
1 We chose the premises because their________________location meant easy
access by public transport.
2 The earthquake caused major________________damage to buildings in the
area.
3 Statistics show a fall in incidences of________________crime involving harm
to a person or property.
4 A vaccine can be an______________means of controlling the spread of a
disease.
5 There is not just one but_______________ways of solving the problem.
6 In some parts of the world people are still persecuted for their
_____________beliefs.
7 The accounts are inspected regularly and at_________________intervals.
8 It is______________practice in some countries for women to give birth at
home rather than at hospital.

1Section 2
Listening 1
Answer the following questions then discuss in pairs.
1 Can you name any wild animals that tourists pay to see in their natural surroundings?
2 Are there any costs or benefits to wildlife tourism?
3 What different environmental problems might these animals face?

□ The world we live in 96

 Flow chart

Question strategy
Flow charts
Put the following steps into the correct order:
1 Make sure your answers are grammatical.
2 Predict the grammar needed for each gap and any possible answers.
3 Check the instructions and the maximum word limit.
4 Use the stages of the flow chart stages to help you keep up with the listening.
5 Check you haven't exceeded the maximum word limit.
6 Quickly look at the chart to understand what it shows.

2 1.17 Listen to the first part of a radio programme and fill in the
answers using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.

The world we live in 97

 Polar Bear Migratory Cycle

WINTE
Question strategy
R Flow charts
This question requires you
SPRING 1 Move........................... to complete gaps in a flow
when ice melts chart consisting of a series
of steps. The order of the
answers follows the
tapescript. Pictures may be
No food for used to illustrate the stages.
2 months

Early
AUTUMN

Late
AUTUMN
Return to sea ice

98 The world we live in

 3 1.18 Listen to the second part of the radio programme. Write NO
MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
The Bear Alert Programme

Short answers

Question strategy Exam information

Note the word limit then This question type may consist of a series of questions or sentences with gaps. In
read the questions to either form, the number of words in your answer must match that given in the task
decide what kind of instructions.
information you are
listening for eg a date,
number, place, activity, 4 1.19 Listen and answer the questions using NO MORE THAN
name, etc. Underline key THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
words in the questions to
9 How much does Manitoba Province earn in one year from Bear Tourism?
help you pick out the
answer. 10 What might cause the bears to disappear according to Darren Ottaway?
11 What do tourists come to do?
12 What is the estimated number of Hudson Bay Bears?
13 What do Japanese tourists want to see?
14 Which movie, filmed in Churchill, is yet to be released?
 Pronunciation

TIP
The schwa sound /a/ is
the most common 1 area 7 minor
vowel sound in 2 category 8 phenomenon
English. Many 3 community 9 potential
unstressed syllables 4 economy 1 region
have the schwa sound. 5 enormous 1 resident
Many short, one- 6 estimate (n) 1 strategy
syllable words, eg 2
articles, prepositions,
auxiliary verbs, have a
schwa sound when
they are said quickly
in a sentence.

Speaking

The schwa sound /a/

1 Mark the stressed syllable and the schwa sound(s) /a/ in these
words from the reading and listening passages.
2 y 1.20 Listen and check your answers. Then take turn reading the words to your
partner.
3 Mark the stressed syllables and the schwa sounds /a/ in these sentences.
1 The Hudson Bay polar bears are an unusual group.
2 Sometimes the officers capture four bears in a day.
3 The town of Churchill has good reason to look after the bears.
4 Polar bears are not currently an endangered species.
5 The bears have been in our community for years.
4 y 1.21 Listen and check. Then take turns reading the sentences to your partner.

Exam strategy
Never give a one word answer to a question. For every answer, give:
1 A reason
2 An example
For example: Examiner: Do you think people will still visit zoos in the future? Candidate: Yes I think they
will because zoos are an easy way for people to look at wild animals, especially people who
live in big cities for example.

1 Work in pairs. Take it in turns to be the examiner and the candidate. Ask each other the following Part 1
questions.
Topic: Zoos
1 Do you like zoos? (Why / Why not?)
2 Are zoos popular in your country?
3 Do you think there will still be zoos in the future?
Topic: Pets
1 Do you have a pet? (Why/Why not?)
2 Are pets important in your country?
3 Do you think people spend too much money on their pets?
 2 Look at the following Part 2 topics. Take 1 minute to make notes about one of
these. Then speak to your partner about it for 1-2 minutes.

Describe your favourite animal. You should say:

You should say: a What this animal is b What it looks Where it was
like c Where you first saw it d Why you like it What it looked like
Why you chose to go there
e And you should also say if it is an important animal
in your culture. And you should also say who you think is responsible
Describe a mountain, sea or lake that you have for looking after this place.
visited.

3 1.22 Now listen to a student answering one of these questions. Do they answer each part of the
question?

Exam strategy 4 Read the following Part 3 questions. Expand your answer by completing the
appropriate wh- questions in the table. Discuss your answers with your partner.
Give longer answers to
the questions in Part 3. 0 Example: Who should solve the problems caused by pollution ?
1 Explain what you 1 Who is responsible for protecting wild animals?
mean and be as 2 Is it necessary for cities to have public areas like parks?
specific as you can. 3 Compare the climate in your country now to what is was when you were a child.
Think of answers to
wh- questions on the 5 1.23 Listen to an answer to question 1 in exercise 4 and compare it
topic. For example: with your own answer.
Who? Where? Why?
When? Who? What? Where? Why?
2 Give as much I -think both People can try And this should If we don’t try and
information about governments and and do things like happen on a
the topic as you can. sort out the
A good Part 3 the general public recycle more. I do global level with problems of
answer is about 30 need to work believe every little countries working pollution now, the
seconds long. together. bit helps. together. damage were
Governments can doing to the
play their part by environment could
making policies. become
irreversible.

6^1.23 Listen to the answer again and read the text on page 200 at the same time. Underline any phrases
used for explaining ideas.
 Listening 2

TIP
In matching listening
questions focus on the
questions first. Then
refer to the options. Section 4
1 Look up the meaning of the word 'cloning' in a dictionary.
2 Look at the pictures and discuss the following questions.
1 Which of these has/have already been cloned?
2 Give possible reasons for cloning.
3 What do you think is the future of cloning?
3 1.24 Before you listen, read questions 1-3.

Short answer type questions

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1 Who does Idaho Gem look like?

2 Where was the first cloned kitten made?

A Nuclear transfer B
Cell replacement 3 What could cloned pigs be used for?
C Plant reproduction D
Human transplants E
Embryo splitting
Matching

103 The world we live in

 Exam information
In matching listening questions you will be given a list of options to choose from. There
will usually be more options than you need to answer the questions. The options are
sometimes listed alphabetically and not in the order you will hear them. The questions will
be listed in the order that you will hear them.

Question strategy
1 Before you listen:
• Read the questions first.
• Then read the options.
• Underline the keywords.
2 Listen out for the keywords in the question and match them to the keywords in the
options.
Remember
You may hear more than one of the options you have been given and you may hear them
very close together. As with the reading, an option must answer the question. (See Question
strategy on page 74.)

4 1.25 Before you listen, read questions 4-10.

Questions 4-6
How are these types of cloning defined? Choose your answers from the box and write them
next to the statements in questions 4-6. There are more definitions than are needed.
4 A natural process where identical copies form around the parent...
5 It is used to produce new farm animals ...
6 An embryo is made in a laboratory and placed in a donor mother ...

□ The world we live in 104

 Questions 7-10
TIP Circle the correct letter A, B or C.
For matching 7 What does Neil Blackwood think about cloning?
questions, you must A He strongly disagrees
keep up with the tape.
B He strongly agrees
If you hear a keyword
in the next question, C He is not sure
then answer that What is Sheila Halliday's opinion about the following?
question next. You are
given time at the end A She strongly disagrees
of the test. Use this B She strongly agrees
time to go back and C She is not sure
answer questions you
have missed. Write the letters A, B or C next to questions 8-10.
8 Cloning pigs could save human lives in the future
9 Pigs would pass infections to humans
10 Further medical research is needed
5 Are there any situations where cloning is justifiable? Discuss these situations with
a partner. Give reasons for your answer.

Task 1: Process diagrams 1

Writing Exam information
A process diagram shows a series of steps in a system, cycle or process. To describe a
process diagram, a different approach is needed to the approach you use for graphs,
tables and charts.

1 Study the process diagrams below.

Question strategy 1 Describe what each one shows to a partner.
1 Identify which type 2 How is the type of process in diagram A different from that in diagram B?
of process
- system, cycle or
process - the Diagram A Straw Bale House Construction
diagram shows and ♦
which type of Previous building demolished &
language is ground prepared
required.
t
2 Choose a suitable Concrete stem wall
starting point eg If it ♦
is a cycle, where
Straw bales
would be a logical
place to start? ♦
Roof & external finish
3 Describe each step ♦
in a logical
Internal installation
sequence and the
purpose or result of t 'X
that step if Electrics Plumbing Insulation
appropriate. t
Structural inspection (Buildings Officer)
t
Decoration (painting, carpet, curtains, etc)
t
Furnishing (white goods, furniture,
entertainment systems)

□ The world we live in 105

 3 The words and phrases below are used to describe
different types of processes. Check their meaning in
your dictionary then match the words to the
appropriate diagram, A or B.
pictorial linear process natural
cyclical process man-made non-pictorial

2 Match the extracts below to the appropriate diagram.

i
The body enlarges and the tail becomes longer. At
this stage, the lungs and legs appear in order to
prepare the tadpole for its future life on land.
ii The next stage of the process is when the structure is
inspected by the buildings officer to ensure safety
requirements are met. Before the property can be
furnished it must be decorated.
1 Look at the verbs in extracts i and ii. What tenses are
used? Why?
2 What is the difference between the verbs in the two extracts?
3 The sentences below explain how to approach a process question. Use the words
in bold to try and complete the sentences.

passive changed present active order different purpose

1Process questions require 1........................language to graphs, charts and

tables.
2 All process questions require language to show the 2..............................and
3.................of different stages.
3Word
the answer. s in the
4 Man-made processes require mostly 5..........................verb forms. diagram
5 Natural processes require mostly 6...........................verb forms. often need
6 Processes usually require 7.............................tenses. to have
their
grammar 4....................................................................................................................in

4 Can you think of another example of (a) a man-made linear process, (b) a man-
TIP made cyclical process, (c) a natural linear process, (d) a natural cyclical process?
It is not always easy to 5 Complete the model answer to diagram B using the words from the box below.
find the first step of a
process. A linear Initially. Gradually, in order to As a result of
process has a single Having completed all these steps The step after this
starting point but a The final stage of the cycle is when At this point in the cycle, Overtime,
cyclical process may
have several equally
logical starting points,
Diagram B: Life Cycle of a Frog
eg Look back to the
frog life cycle - the The diagram shows the life cycle of a frog from egg to mature frog. 0 ..Initially., the
frogs mating and the eggs, which are called frogspawn, float on the surface of the pond.
eggs are both possible
first stages.isThink 1................................is the emergence of the small tadpole, which has a small
something just
logically,
beginning.look for a body and a long tail. 2.....................................the tadpole develops and its body
stage where
106 The world we live in
 enlarges while the tail becomes
3 longer. 3......................................the legs appear

107 The world we live in

 4...................................prepare the tadpole for its future life on land.
Eventually, the tadpole starts to change into a young frog with a wider mouth, a
reduced tail and bigger legs. At this point the young frog continues to live in the
pond. 5..........................................the frog matures and moves onto the land.
6 ..............................being on land, it breathes air and it loses its tail.
7 ...............................the frog finds a mate so as to produce eggs.
3...................................the lifecycle begins again.
6 Study the Useful language box.
1 Add the words from exercise 5 into the appropriate place in the box below.
2 Find an alternative word or phrase for gaps 0-4 in exercise 5.

Useful language: Ordering, purpose and result

Ordering
First stage Expressing purpose A is
The first stage is when + noun + verb done (so as) to produce B. A is done
To begin with, in order that B can be produced.
The process commences with so that,
Middle stages Expressing cause and result
Eventually, As a result,
This step involves + ing This results in + noun
After this stage is complete, A results from B
The next step is when +noun + verb in B
By this stage, A happens, which results in B which
The step after this + verb leads to B which causes B
At the same time, with the result that B
While / As happens.
Once A has finished, B is able to
start.
Last stage
Once the final stage has been
completed,

7 Look at the sentences describing how bees pollinate flowers. Add suitable
ordering phrases from the box above plus relative clauses where necessary, to
produce one paragraph.
1 The bee searches for suitable flowers.
2 The bee finds a flower and extracts nectar. Bees make honey from nectar.
3 Pollen from the flower sticks to the bee's legs.
4 The bee finds another flower and repeats the process. This helps pollinate the
flower.
8 Rewrite the sentences below using the phrases in italics. You may need to change
vocabulary as well. Make sure you keep the same meaning.
0 Buildings require insulation. Non-insulated buildings waste energy, so as to
Buildings require insulation so as to avoid wasting energy.
1 Apples are carefully packed in boxes. Apples bruise easily, in order to
2 Yeast is mixed into the bread dough. Yeast helps the bread rise, so that
3 A drop in the ocean floor produces a tsunami wave, as a result of
4 The temperature drops below zero degrees. Snowflakes form, which results
in

108 The world we live in

 9 Read the model answer to diagram A in exercise 1 on page 00.
TIP 1 Underline any words in the answer that have been taken from the diagram and
grammatically changed. How have they been changed?
If you consistently
copy words from the 0 demolition (n) - demolished (v)
diagram your 2 Underline all the verbs and identify the tenses stating if they are passive or
vocabulary mark will active.
go down. Learn to
recognize which Further practice
words have different
forms and can be 1 0 Using the paragraph plan underneath, write a complete answer to the following
changed eg prepare question.
(v) - preparation (n)
and those which You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
cannot change eg
The diagram below shows part of the carbon cycle.
straw (n only)
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Process Question Paragraph Plan

Paragraph 1: Say what the diagram shows in your own words. Choose a logical
starting point and describe the first half of the process including the purpose or
result of the main stages where necessary.
Paragraph 2: Describe the second half of the process.
Summarizing sentence: End by stating what the process has produced and whether
the process has finished, or whether it starts again.

□ The world we live in 109

 Academic vocabulary
Study skills
1 Match the informal language with a more formal, academic alternative.

TIP Informal language Academic language

1 I will write about... A People are concerned about the issue
To achieve a good
band score in IELTS 2 I think... of...
it is important to use 3 Everyone is worried about... B These days, many people depend on
a formal, academic 4 ... but this is wrong. technology for various aspects of
style of language. 5 This is a good way to do things. their work and social life.
6 Everyone knows that... C This process has many advantages,
7 I don't know the answer to this. such as...
8 Today, we all use machines all the D This essay w i 11 d iscuss ...
time for many things. E The solution is not immediately
obvious.
F ... however, this may be incorrect. G It
is my belief that...
H It is clear that...

The Academic Word

List (AWL) was
developed by Averil
Coxhead and consists
of some of the most
common words used in
the academic tests. See
www.vuw.ac.nz/
lals/research/awl/

110 The world we live in

 2 Read the text below on climate change. The underlined words are all taken from the
AWL.
Climate Change
Analysis of environmental data indicates that the world is getting warmer. Evidence for
such climate change comes from many sources and has led to governments being asked
to consider creating new policies which require both individuals and businesses to adopt
procedures which will reduce CO, - a major greenhouse gas. Researchers have identified
significant benefits to such legislation stating that it will lead to improved long term
financial and economic stabi l i ty.

1 Check the meaning of any words you don't understand and add them to your
vocabulary book.
1 Check their meaning in your dictionary.
2 Do these words look like they come from the Academic Word List?
3 Add the words to the table above.

1 Find the following words in this unit.

Dictionary focus

area p.73 strategy p.73 consequences p.77

structural p.73 combine p.73 involve p.200
formulated p.73 occur p.75
categories p.73 location p.77

□ The world we live in 111

 Going places

Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1 What types of holiday are popular in your country? Why?
2 Is tourism an important industry in your country? Why?/Why not?
3 Describe the forms of transport that are most frequently used in your
country.

Section 1
Listening 1
1 1.26 You are going to listen to a student, Ingrid, booking a holiday.
Before you listen, read questions 1-6.
Questions 1-2
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
1 Where does she want to begin her journey?

2 How much is she prepared to pay?

Questions 3-6
What forms of transport does the travel agent suggest?
Write
A If she RECOMMENDS it.
B If she DOES NOT RECOMMEND it.
Example: Travelling on foot
Tapescript: Well, because of the time limit, I don't think walking is a viable
option. Answer B
3 Travelling by train 5 Travelling by car
4 Travelling by bus 6 Travelling by taxi
Going places
 2 y 1.27 Now read questions 7-9 before listening to the rest of the recording.
Circle the correct letter A, B or C.
7 How will Ingrid travel to France?

8 How will Ingrid pay for her trip?

9 What flight does Ingrid choose?

rD

I
 3 Do you think it is a good idea for university students to travel after they have finished
studying instead of starting their careers? Why?/Why not?

Going places 8
9

Colombia Venezuela Belgium United Kingdom

Made aviation Iron ore mines can Extensive inland About
history by be found in 3 waterways and 4
establishing the canals. of inland
first waterways, but
1 only
5
used for business
purposes.

Over Main seaports are Main seaport is Proportion of road

2 airports. Puerto Cabello Antwerpen, the travellers is
and Guanta. third largest port around
internationally. 6

2 1.29 Now listen to the rest of the recording.

Questions 7-12
Complete the summary using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER
for each answer.
Transport development
Recognizing opinions in China has been affected by its 7.....................................
in a passage
Due to the wide use of roads and railways, bridges have been built such as the
The
Yangtsepurpose
whichofhassome passages will be toy one
8..................................... present the and
for cars writer's
peopleview
and oroneopinion.
for
Opposing arguments may be
9..............................Japan hasintroduced but these railway
a highly developed will be refuted.
network In other
with passages,
trains
the
thatwriter will up
can travel present the opinions of others, buthour.
to 10.................................per not necessarily his used
Ships are also or herforown.
bothYou
will come across both types of IELTS reading passages.
11..............................and 12...............................transport.
1 Read the passage in 2-3 minutes. Answer questions 1 and 2.
1 Does the writer give his/her opinion about the proposal described in the passage?
2 The purpose of the passage is to
A present a problem and a solution
I B describe advantages and disadvantages
C present an argument
D describe cause and effect
I
 The town that tired of life in the shadows
Overshadowed by the Alps, the Austrian town oj Rattenberg receives no direct sunlight.

I
Now villagers hope giant minors will end their eternal gloom.
t is midday in the west Austrian village Innsbruck, can barely contain his fervour. Fie babies a year, the authorities are 110 desperate to
of Rattenberg and bright blue skies said:‘The principle is very simple - to take the attract young families. While most are
tower overhead, but the inhabitants of sunshine from where it is plentiful into a place overwhelmingly in favour of the idea, the citizens
the town are squinting in an unworldly where it is not using a material we have had for of
twilight.The cause is the Stadtberg, a 2.650 ft millennia. Of course the Rattenberg are learning that there are
limestone mountain covered in dense pine 60 practice is more difficult, but this project will problems associated with the project. 115 The 2
forest that stands to the immediate south of have massive psychological benefit by giving million euro cost of the mirrors could push the
the village and completely blocks the low people sunshine when they have learnt not to village into bankruptcy unless they obtain
winter sun as it tracks from east to west along expect it. European Union funding. Concerns have been
the length of the village. At the moment, people are moving raised that the glare from the mirrors will blind
From mid-November to midFebruary the 65 away from Rattenberg because they can no 120 motorists travelling along the motorway
village sits permanently in shadow.The result longer stand the winter shadow.They between the reflectors and Rattenberg. The
is an all-pervading seasonal gloom that complain of depressive illness and the tourists designers at Bartenbach reject these concerns,
Rattenberg’s leaders argue strikes down its do not want to come in winter. This project insisting the effect of looking at the mirrors will be
citizens with winter depression and threatens has the potential to change no more than 125 looking at the winter sun and
their economic future by driving inhabitants 70 all of that. I can see bus loads of Japanese naturally averting the eyes.
and tourists away. tourists queuing to see the sun tn the city where There is also controversy about the effect
Even at the end of March the effects of there is no sun.’ The scheme was drawn up after of placing the mirrors on the sides of the fort, a
the Stadtberg’s shadow can still be felt, Rattenberg’s leaders conducted a survey historic monument. But 130 the greatest
casting parts of the village into half- light. 75 in 2003 asking what improvements could be difficulties are technical. Scientists have stressed
But just as the obstacle that blights made to village life.The predominant issue, that the mirrors will by no means bathe the entire
Rattenberg is a force of nature, so too is the placed top by nearly 60 per cent of the village in light.To do so would require mirrors
solution which, after nine centuries, the population, was the lack of winter sun. One in covering a space four times the size of 135
village has chosen: to harness the power of five of Rattenberg.
the sun to create one of its vers- own. For 80 Rattenberg’s inhabitants suffer from seasonal Dr Peter Erhard, the town’s doctor said
371) years, Rattenberg has built its reputation affective disorder (SAD), the syndrome that while lie deals with patients suffering from
and wealth on the production of crystal glass. created by a shortage of sunlight which SAD. he believes the rate is not higher than in
Now it is hoped that another type of glass provokes anything from a bad mood to full- Austria’s major 140 cities. He said:‘Ofcourse it
will banish the winter twilight and revive blown depression. would be nice to have a little more light in our city
Rattenberg’s pride and fortune - mirrors. 85 Opinion on Rattenberg’s impressive main street - it has a lot of dark corners. People complain of
Thirty computer-controlled 8ft- square confirms the pervading sense of solar deprivation. the lack of sun but I cannot see the justification for
reflectors, or‘heliostats’, will be placed half a Manfred Kohler. 47. who has two children and the project on 145 medical grounds.’ The doctor
mile to the north of the village in the town works in one of the crystal glass studios saidi’I added that other issues, such as a plan to shut
ofKramsach.The hi-tech mirrors, precision- think it 90 is a brilliant idea. It is ironic that we down a regional court house, which provides 50
engineered to ensure they are completely flat rely on this magic of light and glass for our living jobs, were likely to have a more detrimental effect
and thus reflect the light accurately, will but we spend a large part of the year longing to see on Rattenberg’s sense 150 of well being.‘There is
bounce the sun rays back to another array of sunlight.' Franz Wurzenrainer, Rattenberg’s 95 nothing wrong with this dream of mirrors. But
reflectors.The second set of mirrors will be mayor said that the need to overcome the sunshine there are other problems here we need to deal
fixed to the remains of a 17th-century fort problem and reinvigorate the economic fife of the with. It feels like a continuation of an old joke that
overlooking Rattenberg from the slopes of village is increasingly urgent. While up to 3,000 if we want to get more 155 sunshine, all we have
the Stadtberg.These mirrors will direct the tourists a day flow through Rattenberg 100 in high to do is move the mountain.’
sunshine into the village at a dozen strategic season, the number falls to almost zero during the Franz Wurzenrainer, the town’s mayor
points, bathing the village in winter sunshine winter, creating a knock-on effect for the shops and leader of the planning scheme,said of the
for the first time since the 1100s. reliant on the tourists for the sale of their project:‘lt has 160 captured our imagination and
Helmar Zangerl. the joint managing crystal.The permanent population has 105 fallen by that of a lot of people elsewhere. I've had calls
director of the Bartenbach Light Laboratory, 10 per cent in recent years with people moving to from Australia and Canada. After all. how many
a private academy specialising in neighbouring communes in search of the sun. With places on earth can claim to have their own second
illumination allied to the University of an ageing population and a birth rate of just five
sun?’

6 Going places 91
 Multiple-choice questions
See Unit 3, page 42 for advice on how to approach this type of question.
2 Answer questions 1 and 2.
Circle the best alternative A-D.
1 Which of the following in Rattenberg may NOT be affected by the presence
of the mountain?
A economic activity
B health of the inhabitants
C tourist numbers
D population growth
2 The townspeople are NOT worried about
A the cost of the project.
B the effect on driving conditions.
C a sudden influx of people into the town.
D the possibility of damage to a historic building.

Completing a map
3 Questions 3-5
Complete the labels on the map. Write ONE WORD from the passage for each
answer.
Question
strategy
1 Study the map carefully. Look at any labels which are given on the map.
2 Scan read to the appropriate part of the passage. Use proper nouns eg names of
people and
places, to
help you
locate the
part of the
passage
containing
the answer.
3 Study that part of the passage carefully to find the answer.
4 If you are asked to choose words from the passage, do not use any more words
than you
are
allowed.

9 Going places
2
 Sentence completion (no list)

TIP Exam information

Some of the words in the
questions will be the same See Unit 1, page 12 for information on completing sentences using words from a
as those in the passage. box or list. Follow the same strategy, but for this type of question complete the
Some will be parallel sentences using words from the passage.
expressions.
4 Find parallel expressions in the passage for the words and phrases in italics in
questions 6-12.
5 Answer questions 6-12.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage for each
answer.
6 The absence of sun in the winter is causing both to avoid
the
village.
7 Traditionally, the main industry in Rattenberg has been
8 The heliostats must be to reflect the sun rays precisely.
9 Twenty per cent of Rattenberg's inhabitants are affected by a condition called
10 The ten per cent decline in the has alarmed the town
leaders.
11 One objection to the mirrors is that reflected light could affect the vision of
12 Rattenberg's doctor is concerned about the effect of a decision to close a

Matching: People and opinions

Exam Question strategy

information
The names of the people 1 Scan read to find the names of the people (A-D).
in the list will follow the 2 Read each opinion and then read the relevant section of the passage to see if it
order in which the names matches any of the people.
appear in the passage.
You may not need to use 3 You can write your answers in any order if more than one is correct.
all of the names in your
answers. Some names you
may need to use more 6 Answer questions 13-18
than once. Match the opinions to the people that express them.
13 The scheme has brought the town worldwide attention._________
14,15 The scheme will bring more tourists to Rattenberg._________,____
16 The presence of the mountain does not affect the health of the inhabitants.
17,18 The town should use its resources to solve the problem._________,____
A Helmar Zangerl
B Manfred Kohler
C Franz Wurzenrainer
D Peter Erhard

Going places 118

TIP
We use reference 1 it 1.10?
words, like pronouns, 2 its 1.16?
to avoid repeating a 3 f/ret/1.39?
word or expression.
Understanding how 4 it 1.63?
these reference words
are used will improve
your reading and
listening and make
your writing more
cohesive.

When building the new entrance to Hong Kong

Disneyland, Walt Disney executives decided to
shift the angle of the front gate by 12 degrees.
They (1) shifted the angle of the front gate after
consulting a feng shui specialist, who said the agents. Another big marketing mistake was (5) the
change would ensure prosperity for the park. mistake of not offering wine when the park
Hong Kong Disneyworld is the first of the parks opened. But today, just as company executives are
that Disney wants to build in China, including (2) respecting local traditions in Hong Kong, (6)
a park in Shanghai, and company executives are respecting local traditions too are Euro Disney
being careful not to repeat the mistakes of the executives in Paris.
past. Euro Disney are still recovering from the blunders
When Disney opened Disneyland Paris in 1992, of their planning executives and (7) the blunders of
(3) Disney was criticised for being culturally their marketing executives. Though (8) Euro
insensitive to its guests. The company failed to Disney's finances have been re-structured, Euro
understand that, unlike Americans, who often Disney is still about $2 billion in debt. Back in
book their holidays directly with Disney, Hong Kong, while using feng shui may seem
Europeans tend to (4) book their holidays more strange to some Western sensibilities, Disney
through travel executives now claim that as a practice (9) using
feng shui is just common sense.

119 Going places

6
 Understanding reference and substitution
1 What do the pronouns in italics refer back to in the passage on page 91.
5 which 1.83?
6 they 1.117?
7 these 1.122?
8 he 1.137?
2 What words or phrases do the following replace in the reading passage?
1 so (too) 1.24?
2 one 1.27?
3 do so 1.133?
4 that U60?

3 Read about Walt Disney executives' attempts to set up theme parks in Paris and
Hong Kong. Use the reference or substitution links in the box to replace the
underlined section.

did so do so it (x2) its one so that those

120 Going places

 Lexical cohesion
Vocabulary
Look at the use of text-organizing vocabulary in these extracts from the passage on
page 91.
(Problem/cause) It is midday in the west Austrian village of Rattenberg and
TIP bright blue skies tower overhead, but the inhabitants of the town are squinting in
Certain words in a text an unworldly twilight. The cause is the Stadtberg, ...
help the reader to (Problem/result) From mid-November to mid-February the village sits
follow the permanently in shadow. The result is an all-pervading seasonal gloom ...
organization of ideas (Problem Isolution)But just as the obstacle that blights Rattenberg is a force of
in the text, eg to nature, so too is the solution ...
describe a problem
and solution or a cause 1 Write the text-organizing words in the box next to the appropriate category.
and its effect. These
words also help to alternative amount answer consequence controversy debate
avoid repetition. discussion dispute event extent number outcome project
result scheme scope suggestion viewpoint

0 problem I cause: issue, concern, reason, obstacle

1 solution/effect:
2 action/activity:
3 size/quantity:
4 argument/opinion:
2 Complete each sentence using any one of the words from exercise 1. You may
need to use plural forms. In some questions more than one answer is possible.

The problem of environmentally friendly by human 3__________. It is hoped

tourism is a major issue/concern for many that 4__________such as this will make
countries. In few parts of the world is the 0 tourists more aware of the 5_______of the
problem so acute as in Hawaii, where activities they engage in. However, there is
tourism accounts for one third of the an 6____________that ecotourism brings
economy. Many inhabitants of states like problems of its own. For example, the 7 of
Hawaii, which attract large 1 of tourists, ecotourism for many of
do not those employed in more traditional tourist
want to ban tourism, but would rather activities, like luxury hotels, has been a loss
encourage ecotourism. For example, one 2 of revenue. The 8_______________of
______________to the problem of large the problem for environmentally fragile
numbers of tourists destroying wildlife in areas, like Hawaii, cannot be under-
certain areas is to allow only a certain estimated. Nor can the importance of finding
number of tourists per month to visit those workable 9_________________.
areas where wildlife is being affected

Going places 121

 Conditional sentences
Language focus
See Grammar reference, page 174.
Real conditionals
1 First conditional sentences can describe the results of possible actions, events or
situations. We can use them in academic writing to develop arguments or describe problems
and solutions.
If the people of Rattenberg obtain European Union funding for the cost of mirrors, they
will/may/might/could be saved from bankruptcy.
1 What is the problem and what is the solution?
2 Re-write the sentence with these words and say if the meaning changes.
a Provided (that)...
b Unless...
c Supposing (that)...
d As/so longas...
2 Use first conditional sentences to suggest possible solutions to these problems. Use
will, may/might, or could to show how certain you are about the result of the action.
0 global warming
If we improve public transport, carbon emissions from private cars will be reduced and
global warming may be slowed.
1 environmental and I or economic damage caused by tourism
2 threats to endangered species of plants and wildlife
3 road accidents
4 traffic congestion
Unreal conditionals
1 We can use second conditional forms to hypothesize about the present or future and
third conditional forms to hypothesize about the past. Mixed conditionals combine
speculation about the present and the past.
a If Hawaii banned tourism, the economy would/may/might/could be badly affected.
b If fewer tourists had been allowed to visit ecologically vulnerable areas, there
would/may/might/could have been less damage to those areas.
c If Walt Disney executives had paid more attention to local custom in France, Euro Disney
would/might not be in debt.
1 Which sentence, a, b, or c, speculates about:
1 the past?
2 the present or future?
3 the effects of a past action on a present situation?
2 Develop these arguments about the use of public transport using conditional forms.

122 Going places

 0 Private cars should be banned from city centres.
If private cars were banned from city centres more people would be forced to use public
transport.
1 There should be congestion charges for all privately owned vehicles entering city
centres.
2 Penalties on the use of private cars are unfair to people who live in areas which are
poorly served by public transport service.
3 Laws to discourage the use of private transport should have been introduced before
cities became so polluted.
4 Taxes on petrol should have been increased and the money invested in public transport.
5 Politicians should worry less about winning votes and more about addressing the
problem of pollution in our cities.

Task 2:Understanding introductions

Writing 1 1 Look at the Task 2 question below.
1 What is the topic you need to write about?
Exam information
2 What is the task?
A clear introduction will
help you to write a well- Write about the following topic:
organized essay and
help the examiner to Private car ownership has grown dramatically in recent years. This has led to a rise in
follow your arguments. traffic congestion.
An introduction needs to
show the examiner two What could governments and individuals do to reduce congestion ?
things. Re-write the Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge
jumbled sentences: or experience.
1 the-understand- you- Write at least 250 words.
question-show.
2 question-say-the- 2 Read the example introduction.
how-answer-you- to- 1 Complete the paragraph plan for sentences 2 and 3 of the introduction.
going-are.

Paragraph Plan Introduction

1 introduces the topic {paraphrases the 1 In recent times, as standards of living
question, and describes the situation continue to rise, more people have
now). been able to afford their own cars.
Growing car ownership has resulted in
2 an increase in traffic congestion. 2 It is
my belief that the solutions to reducing
3 congestion are the responsibility of
both individuals and governments. 3
This essay will outline possible
solutions to the problem of traffic
congestion and evaluate their potential
effectiveness.

2 Would this be a suitable plan for all Task 2 introductions?

Going places 123

 Paraphrasing the question
TIP
3 An important skill in writing introductions is to paraphrase the question.
Your introduction Paraphrasing involves expressing an idea in a different way by.
needs to paraphrase
the question: you 1-------------finding synonyms eg price ► cost
must not copy the 2---------------------------------------------------------using different grammar eg Travel
question. by train avoids traffic jams.-------------------------► Avoiding
traffic jams is one advantage of travel by train, (verb to +ing noun).
Look at the underlined words in the question. Find examples of paraphrases in the
model introduction.
Example: in recent years ► in recent times
Private car ownership has grown dramatically in recent years. This has led to a rise
in traffic congestion.
What could governments and individuals do to reduce congestion?
4 The following words are common in Task 2 questions. Match each word to a
suitable synonym.

TIP Word Synonym

51 solution 2 issue 3 opinion belief affect significant answer explain
Gerund subjects are 4 concern 5 important 6 justify improve problem view worry
common in academic
language. Use them 7 develop 8 attitude 9 influence
in your essay to
improve the level of
your grammar mark,
eg

(subject)
Developing fuelefficient
forms
(verb)
of transport js
a priority for
governments.

5 Look at the sentences below and paraphrase each one. Change the underlined word into an +ing noun
(gerund) and the words in italics to a synonym. Change the grammar where necessary.
0 If people used their own cars less, it would reduce pollution.
Using private vehicles less would reduce pollution.
1 It is not easy to solve the problem of noise near airports.
2 It is important for politicians to encourage environmentally friendly forms of transport.
3 It is better for the environment to transport freight by train.
4 People are worried about how oil prices have risen.
5 A government's main priority should be to reduce energy loss.

Writing introductions
6 Look at the Useful language box on introductory phrases.
1 Add a phrase to each section from the introductory paragraph about congestion.
2 Underline examples of these phrases in the introductions of the essays in Units 2,
124 Going places
6
 4, 8 and 10. (pages 189,190,194 and 196)

125 Going places

6
Useful language: Introductory phrases
Introducing the topic that many people feel strongly about. Recently,...
Some people think that + noun + verb Research has Explaining the focus of your essay
shown that + noun + verb In this essay the arguments / issues surrounding ... will
It is often reported that + noun + verb Recent advances be examined.
in A have led to B. The arguments both for and against... will be evaluated
... is an ever-increasing problem. in this essay.
The issue of... is one which needs to be looked at This essay will discuss the topic of... in more detail.
carefully. This essay will consider the problem of... and outline
It has become apparent in recent years, that... is an issue possible solutions.

Expressing opinions See Unit 4, page 70.

7 Write introductory paragraphs to the two questions below using the paragraph
plan and language presented in this section.
Question 1
In some countries privately owned transport systems have a poor safety record.
Yet it is the government who have ultimate responsibility for public safety.
How can governments ensure that private transport companies do not neglect
safety regulations?
Question 2
Today’s low-cost airlines are able to offer fast and cheap travel. However, some
people believe this is at a cost to the planet.
Suggest ways that governments and individuals could tackle the environmental
impact of low-cost flights.

1 Put these words into the correct category.

Speaking
commuter bicycle train bus fare car
tram tollbooth motorway taxi motorcycle

A Public transport B Private transport

126 Going places

 2 Fill in the table with the advantages and disadvantages of public and private
transport. Discuss your answers in pairs.

Public transport Private transport

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages
0 cheap 0 overcrowded 0 more convenient 0 increasing
1 1 1 petrol prices
2 2 2 1
2

3 Work in pairs. Student A look at the Part 2 speaking topic on page 186.
Exam information Student B look at the topic on page 188. Student A make notes about the topic
In Part 2 you are given and speak to your partner about it for 1 minute. Student B listen and write down
suggestions to help you the four questions your partner is discussing.
structure what you say.
The first two questions Example: Student A: I first went to Hong Kong when 1 was 16 years old. 1 guess
usually require shorter that was about 5 years ago, but I remember it was in summer, during
answers. The last two my school holidays.
questions require more Student B: Where is if and when did you go there?
information.
See Unit 2, pages 25 and 4 Take it in turns to be the candidate and the examiner. Ask each other the
26 for information on following Part 3 questions. There is another topic on page 186.
this question type. TOPIC: TRANSPORT
1 What do you think is the most dangerous form of transport? Give reasons for
your answer.
2 Do you think the bicycle will still be popular in the future?
3 What forms of transport are most suitable for cities?
4 Compare forms of transport today to what they were in your grandparents'
day.
5 Give the advantages and disadvantages of travelling by plane.
6 Who is responsible for making sure roads are safe to drive on?

Task 2: Problem and solution questions

Writing 2 1 Look back at the different Task 2 questions in Unit 2 (page 35), Unit 4
(page 65) and in this unit (page 97). What is different about the three tasks?
2 Look at the paragraph below, suggesting a solution to the problem of over-
crowding on public transport during rush hour.
Exam information
Some Task 2 questions 1 Which words are used to avoid repeating 'problem' and 'solution'?
describe a problem and 2 Look at the underlined language and explain why it is needed.
ask you to suggest or
evaluate possible One possible answer to the issue of over-crowding on buses and trains would be
solutions. These to introduce a range of ticket prices, with the highest being for peak hour travel. If
questions require a
different approach from this was done, it might encourage people whose journeys were not essential to
argument and opinion travel at other times. A drawback of such a policy would be that people who had
questions. to travel during peak hours for work would suffer the most. It is very probable that
this would lead to significant opposition to such a proposal.

Going places 127

128 Going places
TIP
In order to think of
possible solutions, it
sometimes helps to
consider what would
happen if no action
was taken. For
example:
No investment in
public transport may
lead to more people
using their own cars
and hence create more
congestion.

TIP Useful language: Avoiding absolute statements

In academic writing,
opinions or Expressing probability
predictions are not This solution would have a positive effect.
usually expressed as certainly
absolute statements. probably
Words like all, every Such a policy possibly make the situation
and always are often worse.
avoided. may could
might
It seems highly
possible that the problem will
(un)likely get worse.
Avoiding 'all' or 'every' Avoiding 'always'

certain + noun
the majority of a minority of sometimes often occasionally at
a large number of certain times
many + countable noun
Exam information a few
Problem and solution
questions need: much + uncountable noun
a little
1 Words and phrases to
offer solutions and
hypothesize.
2 Words and phrases
to show you
are suggesting ideas
rather than
expressing absolute
certainty (see Useful
language: Avoiding
absolute statements).
3 Work with a partner taking turns. Student A should suggest a solution to the
problems below. Student B should form an opposing argument.
Problem 0: Over-crowding on public transport during peak hours Student A: One
suggestion of how to improve this negative situation is to offer cheap fares at off-
peak times to discourage non-essential travel in rush hour. Student B: The
drawback of this idea is that it forces working people to pay the highest fares.
Problem 1: Road accidents
Problem 2: Insufficient car parking in city centres
Problem 3: Erosion of historical buildings as a result of tourism
Problem 4: Car drivers breaking the speed limit
Problem 5 : Your own idea

4 Look at the Useful language box, then rewrite the sentences underneath
replacing the words in italics with language from the box.

0 It is not true that poor road conditions are the only explanation for road accidents.
It seems unlikely that poor road conditions are the only explanation for road
aoc\der\te>.
1 All road accidents cause fatal injuries.
2 Everyone believes that drivers always drive too fast.
3 Higher fines for speeding will reduce the number of accidents.
4 Having speed cameras on all streets is the best solution to the problem of
speeding.
5 It is a fact that every accident involves drivers who have consumed alcohol.
TIP
Develop your solution
(and evaluation of it)
by describing the
results it might have.
For example; One way
of reducing traffic
accidents would be to
cut speed limits.
(solution) If drivers
were forced to drive
more slowly, it is likely
that there would be
fewer accidents,
(result)

5 Choose three of the problems from exercise 4 and write a paragraph for each
suggesting a solution and evaluating the advantages or disadvantages of the solution.
Use the words and phrases and grammatical structures presented in this unit where
appropriate.

1 Explain problem 5 Solution two:

4 Solution three: Don’t

allow private ownership!

10
2
Further practice
6 Use the paragraph plan to write a complete answer to the question below.
In some countries privately owned transport systems have a poor safety record. Yet it is the government
who have ultimate responsibility for public safety.
How can governments ensure that private transport companies do not neglect safety regulations?

Problem and solution essay paragraph plan

INTRODUCTION: Introduce the background to the topic. Identify and fully describe the problem, and its
implications. You may also choose to give your own view. Explain the focus of your essay.
BODY 1: Describe your first solution. Discuss the advantages and/or disadvantages of it.
BODY 2: Describe your second solution and discuss the advantages and/ or disadvantages of it.
(BODY 3): Describe your third solution if necessary.
CONCLUSION: Summarize the solutions and make a recommendation about which solution you feel is the
best.

Use this mind map to help you.

2 Solution one: Govt, laws

7 Compare your answer with the model on page 192.

Going places
 Study skills Editing 1: Editing your writing

1 In Writing Task 2, you have about 40 minutes to write 250 words. Leave at least
2 minutes at the end to check your work.
1 Match the grammar mistake to the example.
2 Correct each mistake.

2 Discuss with a partner what your main grammar mistakes are.

Find these words in the unit. Check their meaning in your dictionary and record
Dictionary focus them. Make sure you record what part of speech each word is.
For example: issue - noun

detrimental p.91 predominant p.91 environmentally

obtain p.91 re-structured p.94 friendly p.95
syndrome p.91 controversy p.95 maintain p.103
reinvigorate p.91

Grammar mistake Example

Going places 133

 7 The world of work
1 Subject-verb agreement
A Playing computer games a common pastime for young people is fast
2 Punctuation becoming a major cause of poor social skills.
3 Plurals
B Tourism is a much needed source of income in developing country.
4 Articles
C It is undeniable that the young children are easily attracted by advertising
5 Repetition campaigns.

6 Use of 'that' clause D This suggests to have a fast and efficient train system will encourage the
general public to using private transport less.
7 Word order
E Older people are more reluctant to travel long-distances because older people
8 Word form are less prepared to take risks.
9 Verb pattern
F Relaxing visa regulations would be fairer for overseas students, particularly
as their tuition fees is normally much higher than those for home students.

G On the another hand, other groups argue that it is the responsible of

governments to maintain roads.

H These two charts are clear examples that different climate conditions in
European countries.

I In other words, their daily lives elements of traditional culture also include
such as language, food and fashion.

134 The world of work

 7 The world of work

1 Why do you think people buy goods produced by large multinationals instead
of products produced locally in their own countries?

2 What effects can large corporations have on local cultures and economies?

Reading 1

135 The world of work

 7 The Prediction
world of work
Reading strategy
Use the following to help you predict what a text is about:
1 the title and subtitle and any illustrations
2 your knowledge of the world and the topic.

1 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.

1 What do you know about McDonald's?
2 Do you think it is large enough to influence what and how much food is produced
in the United States?
2 Look at the title and sub-title of the article. Before you read the passage, predict
the answers to questions 1 and 2.
1 The writer's purpose is to
A present a problem and a solution.
B describe a cause and an effect.
C present one side of an argument.
D present both sides of an argument.
2 The passage describes McDonald's recent impact on
A advertising.
B beef farming.
C apple growing.
D restaurant menus.
3 Skim read the passage and check your answers.

136 The world of work

You Want Any Fruit With That Big Mac?
McDonald's buys so much food that its product decisions affect United States farmers,

Each day, 50,000 shiny

red, Gala apples work Approximate BEEF POTATOE LETTUCE TOMATOE FRESH APPLES GRAPES
annual purchases 1 billion S 110 S 54 million pounds 11 million
their way through a by McDonald’s pounds 1 billion million 50 million (’05 expected) pounds ('05
pounds pounds
sprawling factory in 04 U.S. 24.5 billion 45.6 billion
pounds
220 billion 72 billion 10 billion
expected)
12 billion
Swedesboro, New production pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds
Jersey, where 26 McDonald s 4.1% 2.2% 0.05% 0.07% 0.5% 0.09%
share
machines wash them, (A planned frult-and-walnut salad
core them, peel them, will contain apples and grapes.)

seedand
them them,
chillslice
them. At
the end of the line, they are dunked in The company now buys more fresh mechanized, consistent and low-cost
a solution of calcium ascorbate and apples than any other restaurant or businesses, McDonald's is using its
then deposited into green bags food service operation, by far. This purchasing power to build a reliable
featuring a jogging Ronald McDonald. year, it expects to buy 24,500,000 supply of fresh fruits and vegetables
The bags make their way in kilograms of fresh apples - 54 million that meet its exacting specifications.
refrigerated trucks to cavernous pounds, or about 135 million At the U.S. Apple Association's annual
distribution centers and then to individual pieces of fruit. That is up marketing conference in Chicago, the
thousands of McDonald's restaurants from zero apples just two years ago. McDonald's director of quality systems
in the eastern United States. No more (This does not include fruit used to in the United States told a crowd of
than 14 days after leaving the plant, make juice and pies, which use a growers that if they wanted to work
the fruit will take the place of French different quality of apple.) McDonald's with McDonald's, they should grow
fries in some child's Happy Meal. is also among the top five foodservice Cameo and Pink Lady apples. Already,
buyers of grape tomatoes and spring Cameo production in Washington
The apple slices, called Apple
mix lettuce. Of course, other fast-food State is up 58 percent in the current
Dippers, are a symbol of how
chains have similar salads and fruit crop year from a year earlier,
McDonald's is trying to offer healthier
choices, but they have not had a according to the Yakima Valley
foods to its customers. McDonald's comparable influence on the market Growers-Shippers Association.
has also introduced 'premium salads' because of their smaller size. Burger
that will soon be joined by a salad of Eventually, a bigger supply of certain
King, for example, has 7,600
grapes, walnuts - and, of course, varieties will drive prices down, which
restaurants in the United States, while
apples. No one knows whether these will be good for McDonald's. But at
Wendy's has 5,900. McDonald's has
new offerings will assuage the present, the company's huge presence
13,700.
concerns of public health officials and in the market is keeping prices high.
Missa Bay, the company that runs the However, if the new power that
other critics of McDonald's highly
Swedesboro plant, one of six McDonald's exerts over the produce
processed fat- and-calorie-laden
McDonald's apple slicing facilities industry ends up reducing prices and
sandwiches, drinks and fries. So far
around the United States, could not be squeezing profit margins, said James
they have not entirely done so. But
happier about that. In a few months, R. Cranney Jr., vice-president of the
this much is already clear: just as its apple association, it would be a trade-
Missa Bay will also be supplying
hamburgers and French fries have off that many growers and producers
roughly one-quarter of the 13,700
made McDonald's the largest buyer of seem willing to accept.
restaurants with sliced green apples for
beef and potatoes in America, its new
the new fruit salad. These two items 'Apple consumption has been flat over
focus on fresh fruits and vegetables is
will increase Missa Bay's revenue by at the past 10 to 15 years,' he said. 'This
making it a major player in the $80
least 10 percent this year. is exactly what the apple industry
billion American produce industry.
Just as the enormous size of needs because we think it's going to
Some believe that McDonald's could increase consumption.'
McDonald's once helped the company
influence not only the volume, variety
turn the nation's beef, chicken and
and prices of fruit and produce in the potato industries into highly
United States, but also how they are
grown.

The world of work 137

 True, False, Not Given
Pay special attention to words in the questions and passage which show:
1 number or amount, eg all, every, half, a few, few
2 time or frequency, eg always, already
3 negativity, eg not, none
4 comparison, eg more / less than, most
5 probability eg will, may
These words can have a significant effect on meaning.
Remember 4 Answer questions 1-6. Use the words in italics to help you find the
True/False/Not answers.
Given questions ask Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
you to identify
whether a statement Write: TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
agrees with or FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
contradicts NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
information in the
passage. 1 McDonald's has already introduced salads with fruit.
2 The introduction of fruit and produce into McDonald's menus may reassure
Yes/No/Not Given health officials.
questions ask you to
say whether a 3 Criticism of the calorie and fat content of McDonald's food has affected sales.
statement agrees 4 Other fast-food chains have not affected food production.
with or contradicts 5 Missa Bay's income is predicted to rise by less than 10%.
the writer's views. 6 McDonald's has influenced the efficiency of parts of the American food
producing industry.

Flow chart completion

5 Answer questions 7-9.
Complete the flow chart. Use no more than TWO WORDS AND/OR A
TIP NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
To find answers to
complete a flow
chart, skim read to Slices dipped in
locate a section of
the passage which 7......................................................and
describes a series of deposited
Preparation intoof bags
apples
steps or stages. Transportation in 8............................to
distribution centre

Fruit eaten within 9............................of

leaving factory

138 The world of work

 Short answer questions
Remember
These questions Question strategy
ask for factual See Unit 4, page 58 for a suggested approach to answering these questions. Answer
information.
the questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for
each answer.

TIP 10 Which two fruits will go into the fruit and walnut salad?
11 What percent of the total number of potatoes sold in the United States are bought
Answers to reading
questions may also by McDonald's?
be found in tables, 12 What proportion of McDonald's restaurants will Missa Bay be supplying apples
graphs or other to?
illustrations. 13 Which two types of apples is McDonald's encouraging growers to produce?

that-clauses
See Grammar reference, page 175.
Language focus

The world of work 139

TIP
Clauses beginning
1 These sentences all contain clauses beginning with that.
A Missa Bay is the company that (Missa-Bay) will be supplying one-quarter of
McDonald's restaurants with sliced apples.
B Missa Bay is the company that McDonald's has chosen ( Missa Bay) for its apple
slicing facilities.
C Missa Bay reported that sales revenue should increase by 10% in 2005.
Which sentence contains:
1 a defining relative clause where the pronoun replaces the object?
2 a defining relative clause where the pronoun replaces the subject?
3 a f//flf-clause which could function independently as a sentence?
2 Decide whether these expressions would introduce a fact or an attitude/ opinion.
Which is NOT a main clause containing a subject and a verb?

0 Experts have found that fact

3 Notice that the base structure of sentence 1 is the same as that of sentence 2.
Sentenc e 1: Alex advised John that if he wanted the job, he should apply for it.
Sentence 2: At the U.S. Apple Association's annual marketing conference in Chicago,
the McDonald's director of quality systems in the United States told a crowd of
growers that if they wanted to work with McDonald's, they should grow Cameo and
Pink Lady apples.
 Subject: Noun Reporting (Object: That Complement
TIP phrase verb Noun phrase)
It is easier to make Alex advised John that
mistakes in longer,
more complex if he wanted the
sentences. job, he should
Understanding how apply for it.
sentences break down At the U.S. told a crowd of that if they wanted
into their parts will Apple growers to work with
help you to avoid Association's McDonald's,
errors. annual they should
marketing grow Cameo
conference in and Pink Lady
Chicago, the apples.
McDonald's
director of
quality systems
in the United
States

4 Put the sentence phrases in the correct order.

TIP 0 managers/on people at work/are the single greatest influence/it has long been
Academic writing recognized/that
often uses very long It has long been recognized that managers are the single greatest influence on
noun phrases and people at work.
short verb phrases.
1 managers exhibit one of two management styles/and 'democratic'/ authorities on
management styles/ argue/which are described as 'authoritarian'/that
2 believe/ and will avoid work and responsibility/are basically lazy / managers
exhibiting an authoritarian style of management/people/that
3 work is natural to people/believe/and can be enjoyed/managers employing a
democratic style of management/ that
4 argue/as their abilities and their employers will allow/employees will
assume/democratic managers/as much responsibility/ that
5 their ability to lead/recognize/effective managers/is a direct extension/ of their
personal credibility/that
5 Decide if each sentence is right (R) or wrong (W). If the sentence is wrong, then
correct it.
0 The company assured that the faulty item would be replaced. W
The company assured me/us/them that the faulty item would be replaced.
1 Peter Chan, the new sales representative, is the man that I was telling you about
him.
2 It could be argued that globalization has been responsible for the decline of local
industry in developing countries worldwide.
3 The diagram shows that unemployment throughout the I980's in Southern
European countries.
4 In my opinion that the removal of trade barriers would enable developing
countries to build strong economies and reduce their dependence on aid.
5 It is my opinion that we are on the verge of a breakthrough in information
technology which it will have a profound impact on the global economy.

10 The world of work

8

The world of work 141

 6 As can be seen, the charts show clearly that the number of boys and girls in all
levels of education in developing and developed countries.
7 As we can see that there is only a slight difference between the two countries.
8 If we look at all three charts we can see that at all levels of education were able to
achieve the final target.
9 In conclusion, it could be stated that the number of employees in all sectors of the
economy fell.

Synonyms for people

Vocabulary
Exam information
To achieve a higher band score you need to avoid repetition and
show precision of meaning.
For example:
Some people feel that globalization gives multinational
companies too much power. However, consumers can influence
manufacturers by changing their purchasing habits.

1 Place the words into an appropriate part of the table.

the general public the unemployed employees

national/religious leaders students consumers politicians
the middle-aged managers parents voters celebrities
manufacturers representatives home owners teenagers
entrepreneurs workers individuals employers human beings

Useful language: Synonyms for people

People-in People and work People and
general power People-specific groups
everyone the unemployed politicians the old/young

2 Use words from the table to replace the underlined language.

0 People with children are a common target for marketing
campaigns. Parents are a common target for marketing
campaigns.
1 Many people think governments only listen to the views of
people during election campaigns.
2 People with original business ideas should be given
investment by governments as they are a potential source of
jobs.
3 Product design is influenced by the views of people who
buy things.
4 It is up to people on their own to decide if
they believe a company's business is
unethical.
5 People out of work need to be given
 training to help them find productive work.

The world of work 143

 6 Changes in interest rates are of concern to people.
7 If people who make goods are unable to make a profit, they will cease trading.
8 Controlling inflation and balancing imports and exports is a key priority for
people in government.
9 People in work will look for alternative employment if their salary is too low.
10 Some people think that high income groups such as famous people should pay
higher taxes.
3 Check the meaning of any new words from the previous exercise and add them
to your IELTS vocabulary bank.

Look at the following Part 1 topics and related questions. Write your own
Speaking question for each one.
Topic 1: Jobs
1 Do you have a job? If so, what do you do?
2 What job would you like to do in the future?
3 Is this a popular job in your country?
4 (Your idea).................................................
Topic 2: Time
1 Are you always on time for meetings and appointments?
2 In what kind of situations is it important to be on time?
3 How do you organize your time (ie Do you keep a diary?)?
4 (Your idea)..................................................................
2 Work in pairs. Take it in turns to be the candidate and the examiner. Ask each
other the questions from exercise 1.

Predicting the future

3 2.1 Read the following question and listen to a candidate answering the
question. Fill in the gaps as you listen.
Do you think brand names will still be popular amongst young people in the
future?
Well, I think 1................................that young people, particularly in my
country, will still be buying brand names like Nike and Adidas. Of course 12
Exam information .................................................whether or not this will be the case in other
In all parts of the countries. Having said that, it's 3...................................that brand names will
speaking test you may still be popular amongst young people in Western countries because, if the
need to make present is anything to go by, then they will 4...........................................still
predictions about ...................................................................................................................be
future events or trying to follow the latest fashions in the future.
situations.

144 The world of work

7
4 Put the expressions from exercise 3 into the table below.
Certain Fairly certain Uncertain

5 Add the following expressions to the table.

1 There is a strong possibility that...
2 I'm not really sure if ...
3 It might/could be the case that...
4 There is no question in my mind that...
5 1 think it's debatable whether ...
6 There is every chance that...
7 I can say without a doubt/most definitely that...
8 No one can predict whether ...
9 I'm quite / totally / utterly convinced that...
10 It's impossible to say whether/if...
6 Work in pairs. Take it in turns to be the candidate and the examiner. Ask each other
the following Part 3 questions. Use the expressions from the table help you.
1 Is it likely that governments will increase their funding for local businesses?
2 Where will people shop more in the future, in big supermarkets or local markets?
3 What will be the most highly paid jobs in your country in 10 years' time?
4 Do you think large companies will continue to put money into making sure their
employees work in a clean and safe environment?

1 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.

1 How do you feel when you have too much work to do?
2 Does work ever affect your health or relationships? In what way(s)?
2 Read the passage and answer questions 1-6.
Reading 2

The world of work 145

Handling work overload
Advice for managers on how to cope with the pressures of work
A Non-managers are used to taking orders. Whether they are instead of paid hourly, and so are expected to work the
blue-collar workers on a production line or travelling sales hours necessary to achieve your objectives.
people who spend most of their time away from the office E Put all of these factors together and it is easy to see how the
they are on the receiving end of orders which they work can pile up. Rather than admit defeat, appear as if
themselves must action. There is no additional stratum to the job is too much for them, risk the reputation of
which they can delegate the order. Sometimes their job someone who is anti-corporate culture, or risk the
allows virtually no discretion, as with the production line possibility of a poor annual appraisal with its
workers, and sometimes autonomy is encouraged and repercussions for advancement, many managers soldier
expected. In the final analysis, however, at this level in an on, working longer hours, seeing less of the family and
organization you are on the receiving end of orders and, becoming more autocratic and stressed. They probably
generally, do what is expected of you. Authority is, on the also wonder ‘What’s wrong with me?’, and become
suitable breeding ground for mid-life crisis.
whole, accepted without question.
B Managers, on the other hand, are used to giving as well as F Managers who find themselves in this position need not just
receiving orders. Whether they are first line supervisors or courage but diplomacy as well. Courage is internally
middle ranking officers, they form a link in the chain of generated not externally applied so managers have to look
command translating corporate vision into reality on the to their own self-image, life plan and rights. Most
‘shop floor’.The amount of discretion they are expected to overloaded managers believe, first, that they are the ones
exercise may vary, but managers are expected to be at fault for not being able to handle the pressure. It is a
thinking beings, exercising their judgment in how they go real blow to their self-image to feel that the job ‘is too
about their tasks, and that judgment does not suddenly much’ for them. Second, they believe that to suggest that
switch off when taking orders and switch on again when it is not they but the company which is out of step is
implementing them. They are more inclined, therefore, corporate blasphemy and will result in personal
than their non-managerial colleagues to want to query or excommunication or the corporate equivalent of
at least participate in receiving orders. immediate exile. In other words, people who feel this way
are ignoring a fundamental right - to be their own judge.
C There are, however, certain complications to add at this
stage. First, some managers do not know what their G The courage that is required, therefore, is to make a
subordinate managers do, not in detail anyway. To begin decision. Do you want to live your life this way? If you do
with they tend to only hear about the problems and not the not, why should it be because there is something wrong
with you? Why cannot it be because the way you want to
ordinary, everyday, uneventful smooth running. Second,
be managed is something different from the way in which
not only is the business environment exceptionally
you are managed? Thinking this way, managers can at
competitive, globally as well as locally, but the work ethic
least approach the problem constructively.
is enjoying a marked resurgence, which puts many
managers under intense pressure to succeed. They are left H What is required next is action, but diplomatic action.
with no apparent choice but to delegate more. Diplomatic action is easier if the situation can be viewed
from the boss’s perspective. He or she probably wants
D Work overload farther down the chain is becoming a
from you the same things that you want from your staff -
serious issue — ‘serious’ because of volume and because
results, honesty, trust, loyalty and so on. Therefore, the
of another slight twist. Once you are in the management
discussion should be approached from this angle. The way
chain certain factors are triggered. You probably have a
the argument is put over will have as much, if not more,
career, not just a job; you are expected to adhere to and
effect than the argument itself. Part of the presentation to
uphold the corporate structure; you are assessed on
the boss will be the words used, while the other part will
achievement not on activity; you are probably salaried
be verbal and non-verbal communication skills.

The world of work

14
6
 Note completion

Exam information
Note completion
These questions require you to read and understand a large section of a passage.
The organization of information in the notes is usually the same as that in the
text.

Question strategy Questions 1-6.

Use the note headings, eg Complete these notes about the passage. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE
Non-managers and WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Managers to help you to
locate the sections of the A Non-managers
text containing answers to Accustomed to 0 taking orders
the questions. No scope for them to 1
2 mav be possible
B Managers
Accustomed to giving and receiving orders
Expected to interpret and implement the 3 of those
above them
Expected to use their 4
Pressure to succeed may force them to 5
May choose to accept too much work rather than 6
Overwork may lead to health or family problems

Yes, No, Not Given

TIP 3 Answer questions 7-10.
Read the question Do the following questions agree with the views of the writer? Write:
carefully to see whether it YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
asks you to identify
information or the writer's NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
views. NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
7 Only managers question the orders which they receive.
8 Competition and attitudes to work increase the expectations put on managers.
9 Managers worry about the effect their work has on family life.
10 Managers should give constructive feedback to their superiors.

Matching details to paragraphs

Exam information
Question strategy
Matching details to Scan read the passage for vocabulary repetition or parallel expressions in the
paragraphs or sections question and passage. Use these to help you to match details and paragraphs.
This question type requires
you to find detailed
information in the passage.

7 The world of work 147

 4 Answer questions 11-15.
The passage has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following
information? Write the correct letter A-H next to the question.
The words in italics appear in the passage or are a synonym for an expression in the
passage. Use them to help you to answer the questions.
11 what managers want from the people who work for them_________
12 what managers may believe about themselves________
13 effects on managers of not discussing an excessive workload with their
manager______
14 advice on how managers can change their thinking_________
15 how managers' performance is evaluated________

Section 2
Listening
Exam strategy
Concentrating
Work with a partner and answer the following questions.
1 What do listening strategies help you to do?
2 You are given time to read the questions before you listen. What should you use this
time for?
3 What keywords should you underline?
4 What words should you pay careful attention to?
Now turn to Unit 1, page 15 for the answers.

Prediction
1 Discuss the following questions with a partner.
1 Look at the sign above. What does it mean and where would you see it?
2 What kind of jobs are available in your country for disabled people?
3 Who is responsible for making sure companies provide suitable working conditions for
disabled employees?
2 tO 2.2 You are going to listen to a talk offering advice and support to students with
special needs looking for temporary employment. Before you listen, read questions 1-
7.

Short answer questions

Questions 1-7
Listen and answer these questions. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each
answer.
1 What kinds of jobs are the students interested in?

2 What should students make before applying for a job?

148 The world of

work
 Sentence completion
Complete the sentences. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

4 ............................in buildings must be barrier free for direct access.

5 The location of...............................in the buildings is extremely important.

3 Students that are applying for jobs independently need to....................................

6 Students must ensure they get....................................working hours.

7 Car owners need to check the availability of...................................

Table completion
'l 2.3 Now listen to the rest of the talk and answer questions 8-15.
Fill in the table. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A TIME for each
answer.

DAY/TIME PLACE JOB START TIMES REFRESHMENTS

DESCRIPTION
Monday am Hotel 9............................ Light lunch
8............................
OR Conference
organizer
10............................ 11............................ Making handmade 3.30 pm 12............................
paper and cards

Thursday am Travel agency Travel agent 8.00 am 13............................

Friday 14............................ 15............................

Connected speech
Pronunciation
When native speakers speak English, they join words together. Two things they do are:
1 Join final consonant sounds at word endings to initial vowel sounds at word
beginnings,egmaleand female.
Which words are joined together in these examples?
1 you will agree
2 one of the factors
3 to help answer
2 Add extra sounds when a vowel sound at a word ending is followed by an vowel
sounds at a word beginning. The two most common extra vowel sounds are /w/ and /j/.
What is the extra vowel sound in these phrases. Why is the sound used in each phrase?
1 you all have
2 we all have
After round lip vowels, eg /u:/ the intrusive sound in /w/. After spread lip vowels, eg /i:/
the intrusive sound is /j/.

7 The world of work 149

150 The world of
work
 1 Look back to the bar chart on page 53 in Unit 3. What is different about the layout of
the bar charts on page 116.
2 What do the two axes represent in each chart?
3 What do the coloured columns represent?
4 Should you make comparisons, describe changes or both?
5 Should you approach this question by comparing the charts or describing each
separately?
3 Look at each chart in Exercise 2 and answer the questions.
1 Which countries have the largest percentage?
2 Which have the smallest percentage?
3 Which countries show the greatest change in the period?
4 Are there any opposite trends (ie the trend in one country moving in the opposite
direction to another)?
5 Write a single overall trend sentence comparing both diagrams. Begin, Overall, it can
be seen that...
4 Write an answer to the question in Exercise 2 using the paragraph plan below.
TIP Compare it with the model answer in the back of the book on page 193.
A range of different Multiple diagram paragraph plan for diagrams with the same fixed parameters_____
diagrams may be used
Paragraph 1: Say what the diagrams show in your own words. Describe the most
in Task 1.
Practise 'reading' important features (biggest, smallest, greatest change, etc) and compare the diagrams.
diagrams that lay out Paragraph 2: Describe the other features and compare.
information in
different ways by Summarizing sentence: End with an 'Overall, ...' sentence summarizing the main feature
exploring the chart of both diagrams.
wizard on your
computer. Use
different ways of Ways of describing data
expressing figures to
increase your 5 Look back at the bar charts on page 116. Write four sentences comparing the data
vocabulary score. using language from the box below. For example, US manufacturing ini 985 was
Similarly, repeating approaching 40%.
language will reduce
the vocabulary score! Useful language: Different ways of expressing figures or
percentages
Approximating figures Fractions
(well/just) over half
around a third
about two thirds
approximately a quarter
approaching three quarters
almost a fifth
(well/just) under a tenth
(slightly) more/less than

7 The world of work 151

 Catering 6 Look at the pie charts showing different work patterns. Use language from the
box to describe the percentages in the Catering and Retail pie charts.
The charts show the work patterns for employees in four industries.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
0 Just under a third of workers in the catering industry work during the evening and
35% 13% slightly over two fifths work in the day.
Retail 7 The following words are also useful for describing data in different ways.
Evening

Determiners
the (vast) majority of (very) few equal numbers of all none
most a minority of many

1 Order the words from biggest to smallest.

2 Use some of these words to write sentences describing the percentages in the
30% Transport and Finance charts.
Transport 0 In the transport industry, equal numbers of workers are employed to work evening
Evening
and weekend shifts.

8 Suggest two ways of organizing an answer to this question. Which would make
comparison easier?
9 Write the answer to the pie chart question from exercise 6 in 20 minutes
following a plan with two paragraphs and a summarizing sentence.
Weekend
14%
Multiple diagrams 2
Finance
- Evening 1 0 Study the question below and decide if the diagrams should be compared or
9% described separately. Then write your answer in no more than 20 minutes using some
of the language presented in this unit.
The diagrams below show the main reasons workers chose to work at home, and
the hours males and females worked at home for the year2005.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
Main Reason for working at Home - 2005

Hrs worked per week Males (%) Females (%)

Under 10 2 73
10-30 16 22
31+ 82 5

Hours worked at home - 2005

152 The world of

work
 Editing your writing
Study skills
1 Look at the two examples below. Look at criteria 5-8 in the table on page 187
and decide which one is an average writer and which one is a good writer? Discuss
with a partner and give reasons for your choices.
Example 1
TL certainly true (Vat governments should spend more money to develop local industry and
trade, instead of or'l^ encouraging foreign investment. Some people say that poorer countries
need this foreign aid to help build their economy but this is over-simplification. In contrary,
if more money is invested in local businesses, then less developed countries mi<yVit not
have to import as much, vOhiCh often increases their international debt.

Example 2
Instead oF import joods all tAe time a greater proportion oF the government budget
TIP sKou/d be spent on develop local business. IF the government develops local
You will lose marks if business, then the economy will growing more rpicKly. F]ore people in that soceity
the examiner cannot will tKen have a beavtiFul HFe.
read your writing.
3 Now edit a piece of your writing and use the table on page 187 to decide what
kind of writer you are.

The most common mistakes I am

making as a writer are: 1 am going to improve my writing by:

1 Find the following words in the unit. Look at the words that come before and/or
Dictionary focus after these words and note what kinds of words they are. The first one has been
done for you as an example.
UlCMILUX
C deposited: deposited into bags (deposited + preposition + noun)

deposited p.105 exerts p.105 world-wide p.l 93

focus p.105 marked p.l 12 variation p.194
comparable p.105 approximately p.117

The world of work 153

2 Complete these sentences with suitable endings using the words from the box below.

marked focus world-wide

1 Despite the rapid increase in sales in November, there was still a ...
2 Although the negative effects of globalization can be seen in local trade, the effects
on ...
3 Having already successfully marketed their beauty products to older women, the
company now has to ...
3 Now look up the meaning of the words from exercise 1 in your dictionary and record
them.
 Art and the city
1 How has your town or city changed since you were a child?
2 What do/did you like and/or not like about living there?
3 What are the differences between city and country living?

Distinguishing fact and opinion

Reading 1 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
classical curious 1 In which cities or countries would you see these buildings?
eccentric elegant 2 For each building, which of these words would you use to describe the
futuristic architectural style in which it is built?
individualistic Use a dictionary to check meanings of words you don't know.
magnificent
modern traditional
 2 Read paragraphs A-D of the passage on page 122. Which of the adjectives from the
box on page 120 does the writer use to describe organic architecture? Do these adjectives
suggest his opinion of organic architecture is mainly positive or negative?
3 Do the following sentences express facts or opinions about organic architecture?
1 Many of the buildings are made of natural materials.
2 The buildings look powerful and energetic.
3 Imre Makovecz established a school for architects in Hungary.
4 The buildings are both likeable and unusual.
5 It seems likely that organic architecture will continue to be popular.
4 Read paragraphs A-D of the passage again. Which of the facts and opinions listed in
exercise 3 does the writer mention?
TIP
5 Skim read the entire passage and answer questions 1-2.
It is important to be
Circle the appropriate letter A-D.
able to distinguish
fact from opinion 1 The main purpose of the passage is to discuss
when you are A the background to two well-known buildings.
reading. B the work of several different architects.
C one style of architecture.
D all of the above.
2 The passage is taken from
A an official report.
B a textbook.
C a newspaper article.
D a tourist guide book.
‘The straight line belongs io man -
Organic the curve to God. ‘Antoni Gaudi

Architecture Organic vegetables, organic bread, organic

15
6
 toothpaste... the word has been used as a kind of Casa Mila, Antoni Gaudi, 1910,
talisman to ward off the evils of consumer societies in
which so many tilings, from what people cat to the Barcelona Spain
homes they live in. have become mass produced,
E This truly strange building is known locally as la
unsettling and even unhealthy.
Pedrera. or the quarry. Yet. far from being a heap
A Organic architecture is an equally loose term, yet it of stones, it is a brilliantly resolved stone palazzo
conveys an idea of buildings designed to grow into which Gaudi has poured sinuous apartments
naturally from the ground they stand on. It that are like nothing else on earth. The seven
conjures too the idea of buildings that are made of storey building is grouped around two courtyards
natural materials, that seem somehow to belong in so that each flat, large or small, is lit. Outside, the
a way that Classical temples never do. It also block appears to stand on the legs of stone
conveys the idea of buildings that make a play on elephants, while balconies and window mouldings
natural forms and employ geometries that have jut out like strange lips beneath a roof garden
little to do with Euclid and mathematical which is like a Dali painting come to life.
perfection, as well as suggesting buildings that are
F The architect. Antoni Gaudi 1 Cornet (1852-1926)
designed to be wide open to the elements.
was one of the most extraordinary architects ever.
B In extreme cases, as with the work of Antoni Gaudi. A devout Catholic, he lived the life of an ascetic
buildings really do seem to be plants or animals monk and was taken for a tramp when admitted to
growing naturally out of the ground rather than hospital having been fatally knocked down by a
being projected unnaturally into the sky. Gaudi tram while pondering on the construction of his
created a form of architecture made up of what unfinished masterpiece, the Cathedral of the
appeared to be bones and sinews, or tendrils and Sagrada Familia (Sacred Family). Gaudfs was a
shoots. Architects like Bruce Goff and 1 lerb highly individualistic attempt to reconcile
Greene shaped a shaggy architecture that might Architecture to Nature. The truly remarkable thing
be home foranimals and insects as well as human about Gaudfs work is that it is always logical in its
beings. Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the century's own wilful manner: he may have looked at the
most influential architects, left a legacy of Organic world in a way very different from the majority of
buildings that fit into the depths of rural America twentieth-century architects, yet he is never
as they do in the grid iron Manhattan. Imre gratuitous and never sinks into kitsch. So
Makovecz. who founded an entire school of demanding is the alternative logic of Gaudfs
Organic architects and craftsmen in Hungary, sense of structure that it is obvious why he left no
described his designs as ’building beings', and real followers, or no one competent to take the
indeed at their strange and haunting best they risks he did.
really do feel as if they arc alive and breathing.

C What all the buildings of this type have in common is

Sydney Opera House, Jern Utzon,
the sense of being close to nature, either in terms 1973, Sydney Australia
of location or materials used in their construction.
G It's fair to say that this highly memorable building
Each of the buildings is highly individualistic and
put Sydney on the international map in a way that
none is held back by precedent or convention.
it had never been before. In truth, the Sydney
They are all in their own way highly emotional
Opera House is both brilliant and frustrating at one
buildings, hut unlike the architectural expression
and the same time. No one can doubt the thrill of
of Postmodernism, none is cynical, too clever or
its roofline-whether you see there in those
too knowing. Quite the reverse: most have an
remarkable roofshells the beaks of seagulls, shark
innocence about them, each an attempt to take
fins, waves or wimples-and the faseinatingstory
architecture into unknown waters.
there is to be had of its construction. T he latter
D Veering between the eccentric and the proudly was left largely to Peter Rice, a very young
magnificent, this loose fraternity of building structural engineer who was to be awarded the
includes some of the century’s most likeable as Royal Gold Medal for Architecture before he died
well as curious. With increasing concern for in 1992. The interiors of the building, though, are
ecological issuesand the natural world, it seems rather pedestrian: the thrill of the exterior fails to
likely that Organic architecture will blossom rather survive the long haul through the lobbies to the
than wilt. auditorium itself. This is probably because lorn
Utzon (born 1918), the Danish architect, resigned-
or was pushed off the project - in 1966 and the
building was completed without his special genius.
Rather like Gaudi. Utzon continued to work on the
design of his buildings as he went along, so that
we do not know quite how he would have finished

Art and the city 157

 his most ambitious work. His other buildings, with new materials and technologies and Organic
mostly in his native Denmark, are all inventive and forms.
combine an intriguing marriage of experimentation

Art and the city

15
8
 Matching: People and descriptions

Question strategy
Remember See Unit 6, page 93 for advice on how to approach this question type. If a question asks
You may not need to for TWO answers, you must give both answers to get one mark.
use all of the options
(A-E) to answer the
questions. Some letters 6Answer questions 1-4. Match each description to the correct architect(s) A-E.You may
you may need to use use any letter more than once.
more than once.
1_______________________________________________These TWO architects did
Scan read the passage not complete a famous project_____________________________
to locate the names of 2_______________________________________________These TWO architects
the people in the strongly influenced many others.___________________________
question. 3________________________________________He designed buildings which resemble
living things.___________________________________
4 He designed buildings which are suitable for different environments.

A Antoni Gaudf
B Bruce Goff
C Frank Lloyd Wright
D Imre Makovecz
E Jorn Utzon

Summary completion (No list)

7 Answer questions 5-11.
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
passage.
Buildings designed in the style of organic architecture use 5_____________
shapes and materials. Inside Antoni Gaudf s Casa Mila, which is constructed of 6
_______________________, there are 7___________which ensure that each
apartment receives sufficient light, while the roof of the building can be compared to
8______________________. The Sydney Opera House also has an exciting
9_________with which many comparisons can be made. The Opera
House's disappointing 10____________could be explained by the fact that
Jorn Utzon was not given the opportunity to complete 11______________of the
building.

Sentence completion (From a list)

8 Answer questions 12-15.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F from the list below.
12 The Casa Mila______
13 The Sagrada Familia______
14 The Sydney Opera House_______
A has a roof which is compared to moving water.
B was designed by a young structural engineer.
C was designed for people to live in.
D is built on stone elephants.
E was not completed before the death of its designer.
F was designed by a monk.
 15 Which of the following best summarizes the writer's opinion of organic
architecture?
A It is environmentally friendly.
B The buildings are unusual but attractive.
C It makes effective use of natural materials.
D The buildings seem to be alive and breathing.

Linking expressions
Language focus
See Grammar reference, page 176.
1 Match the sentence beginning (1-6) with an ending (a-f) to make true sentences
about the reading passage.
1 The word 'organic' has been used to describe everything from vegetables to
toothpaste. In addition,...
2 Casa Mila has two courtyards in order to ...
3 Both Gaudf and Utzon left major projects unfinished. However,...
4 Utzon left the Sydney Opera House project before it was finished, so ...
5 The interior of the Sydney Opera House is disappointing because ...
6 Many of Gaudf's buildings resemble plants or animals. For example,... a it was
not designed by Utzon.
b allow light into each flat in the building.
c they did so for very different reasons: Gaudf was killed, while Utzon was
dismissed.
d Casa Mila seems to stand on elephant legs.
e he did not complete its design.
f it describes a distinctive form of architecture.
2 Which of the expressions in bold in exercise 1 indicate:
1 a reason for an action, event or situation?
2 the result of an action, event or situation?
3 a purpose?
4 a contrast between two ideas?
5 support through an example?
6 an extra or additional argument or piece of information?
3 Match these linking expressions to the categories in exercise 2.

although as well as because of despite for instance

furthermore so that nevertheless in spite of
so as (not) to such as thus therefore whereas

4 Look at the expressions in exercises 2 and 3. Which of them usually connect:

1 two ideas in the same sentence?
2 ideas in different sentences or paragraphs?
5 Study the linking expressions in the sentences in exercise 1 and the expressions
in exercise 3. Which expressions are usually followed by:
1 a clause?
2 a noun or-ing form?
3 a verb?

160 Art and the city

 6 Rewrite the sentences so they that contain the word(s) in CAPITAL letters and the
meaning stays the same.
1 Architects should express themselves freely. However, their work must also be
practical. ALTHOUGH
Although.........
2 While living in a city can be stressful, there are still many advantages to doing so.
DESPITE
3 Because people are concerned about the environment, organic architecture will
probably remain popular. BECAUSE OF
4 The city invested in a new sports complex so that more people would be encouraged to
exercise and get fit. SO AS TO
7 Complete the statement or argument appropriately.
1 I enjoyed/didn't enjoy growing up in ...
a because ...
b although...
c so ...
2 Cities offer more amenities than towns.
a For example,...
b However,...
c Therefore,...

1 Complete the following words and phrases for places where people live:
Vocabulary 1
1 v_ll_
2 s t_d___f______t
3 a p_ r t _ e n _ bl_____k
4 b _ ng _ 1 _ w
5 b_s_m_____t f______t
6 h_gh r_s_
2 Label the following features on the illustration.
balcony easychair air-conditioning unit house plant bookcase satellite dish rug blinds music system posters TV
aerial TV files

Art and the city

 3 In pairs take it in turns to answer the Speaking Part 2 topic card below. Use
the vocabulary from exercise 1 to help.

Talk about your room in your house.

You should say:
What type of building the room is in
What is in the room
What you like/dislike about it and you should say how you would change the
room if you could.

Section 3: Analysing multiple-choice options

1 Read the following multiple-choice question and the three possible answers. Discuss with your partner
what you think the answer is.
Why is research important?
Listening
A For historical evidence to be protected.
B For ideas to be validated.
C For researchers as individuals.
2 2.5 Now listen to a postgraduate student talking about research and check your
answer.
Question strategy 3 Read an extract from the listening text below. Why are options A and C
For this type of incorrect?
multiple-choice
question:
Well, I think research is important for us as individual researchers. We need to
1 Don't mistake hearing know that our ideas and suggestions are valid. But more importantly, it’s for
words in an option
for hearing the others.We cannot prove our ideas effectively, unless we look back at the past, to
answer to a question. research that has been done before. We then check past evidence with present day
Always link the evidence to see if it correlates. So without research being done, ideas will not be
option to the made valid.
question.
2 Keep listening even
when you think 4 y 2.6 You are going to hear two students, Miwako and Enrique, discussing
you've found the
their new research project. Before you listen, read questions 1-5 and underline
answer.
the keywords.
Questions 1-3
Choose THREE letters from A-G.
What do the students say makes a good research question?
A It should be based on lecture notes.
B It should show the purpose of the research.
C It should provide a definition of evaluation.
D It should only include past research.
E It should be focused on particular areas.
F It should assess problems.
G It should only include contemporary research.
1 ...................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................
3 ...................................................................................
Short answer questions
Questions 4-5
How long should the assignment be?
4 ...................................................................................
 What must the students do first?
5 ...................................................................................
2.7 Before you listen, read questions 6-10.

Note completion
Questions 6-10 Complete the notes using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS.
A successful city
• Offers 6........................................
• Attracts young people with talent and creativity.
• Encourages business development, which raises the
7 ...................................
• Offers a cleaner environment, with traffic control, less noise pollution and
8 ....................................(eg parks).
• Has both old and new buildings.
• Attracts people because it offers a 9.............................................as well as
a
choice of day time activities.
• Has a 10.........................................so that people feel safe to bring up their
children.

Section 4
1 When you listen to lectures, you will hear the lecturer using discourse
markers which act as 'signposts' helping to guide you through the talk. You are
going to hear a lecture about contemporary art. Look at the following discourse
markers from this lecture and discuss with a partner what kind of information
you might expect to follow.
1 This morning I'd like to look at...
2 I think at this point, it's important for me to clarify that I am looking at art
from two main perspectives. Firstly,...
3 ... and secondly,...
4 Okay, so what is contemporary art? ...
2 2.8 Now listen to the recording and check your answers.
3 2.9 Now listen to the complete lecture and answer questions 1-11. TIP
Follow the signposts and keep moving through the questions.
 Questions 1-3
Multiple choice
Choose the correct letter A-C.
1 One of the aims of this lecture is
A to describe how art supports society.
B to define contemporary art.
C to define artistic experiences.
2 It is important for the students to
A agree with the lecturer's ideas.
B utilize their past experiences.
C revisit galleries to look at contemporary art.
3 The students will ultimately have to
A write a critical analysis.
B write 2000 words.
C write an art-review.

Questions 4-8
Sentence completion
Complete the sentences using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
4...................................................The French revolution began in and marked
the
beginning of what is known as the modern era in art.
5 Contemporary art is best viewed as any works of art from the period
beginning until today.
6........................................................................One of the disadvantages of official art
is its......................................................................nature.
7 Art is subsidized by governments or wealthy individuals like

8 art, also known as amateur art, is now becoming more

widely acceptable.

Questions 9-11
Short answer questions
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each
answer.
9...................................................What do graffiti artists damage?
10......................................................................What can contemporary art teach us
about?...............................................................
11.............................................................What can contemporary art influence?
 1 Which of these would you associate with the visual arts (V) and which would you associate with the
performing arts (P)? Which are places and which are art forms?
0 ceramics V- art form
Vocabulary 2 1 the cinema
2 a concert
3 dance
4 a gallery
5 graphic design
6 a museum
7 music
8 a play
9 (a) painting
10 photography
11 (a)sculpture
12 the theatre
2 What other art forms do you know of?
3 Discuss. Which of the art forms in exercises 1 and 2 do you prefer and why? Talk
about the last time you went to one of the places in exercise 1.

Structuring what you say

Exam information
In all three parts of the speaking test you need to structure what you are saying. This
Speaking makes it:
1 Easier for you to keep going and be more fluent
2 Easier for the examiner to follow what you are saying

1 Match the expressions below to one of the options A-C. Some options can be used
in more than one category.
A Introducing what you say
B Explaining what you say
C Concluding what you say
1 I think what I'm trying to say is................ ....
2 So basically I think that............
3 I'd like to talk about.............
4 The final point I'd like to make is............. ....
5 I think we can clearly see this in situations like...............
6 For me this means that.............
7 This topic makes me think about.............. ....
8 The best example I can think of is............
9 Ultimately I feel that...........
10 I'd like to begin by talking about............. ....
 Follow-up questions:
1 Do your friends like art?
2 Look at the following Part 2 topics. Make notes about one of them for 1
minute and then speak to your partner about it for 1-2 minutes. Use the
expressions from exercise 1 to help you structure your talk. Then ask each other
the follow-up questions.

Buildings Works of Art

Talk about an important building in your Talk about a painting, sculpture or
town/city
photograph that you really like
You should say:
You should say:
Where it is
Where it is
What it looks like
When you saw it Why you like it
What it is used for and you should also say
And you should also say whether or not
whether or not it is important to protect art is important to you.
historical buildings. Follow-up questions:
1 When last did you see this building?
2 Is it a popular tourist attraction in your
city/town?

2 Have you ever made a work of art?

3 2.10 Now listen to a student answering topic B from exercise 2. Put

a tick next to the expressions from exercise 1 that are used to structure their
talk.
Example: Well, this topic makes me think about the very first time I visited
an art gallery. I guess I must have been about 15 and it was organized by
Writing my school.
7 This topic makes me think about............

accept conclusion
supports reject Task 2: Review: Balanced argument and opinion essays
refute introduction
opposing 1 Complete the definitions using words from the box.
A In the introduction you 0 accept or 1 the idea, opinion or argument
in the question. Each body paragraph 2..................your view but should
mention opposing arguments which you then refute.
B In the 3......................you state that the essay will examine both sides of
the issue. The body paragraphs look at issues both for and against in turn
but also include mention of 4..................................arguments which you
then
5...................Your opinion results from the discussion of the two sides
and is summed up in the 6........................
Which paragraph describes the balanced argument essay and which describes
the opinion essay?
 2 In some questions the task makes it clear which approach to take. For example 'Discuss
the advantages and disadvantages of this ‘ means that your answer must use the balanced argument
approach. However, in other question tasks (eg 'To what extent do you agree or disagree?') both essay
approaches may be possible. In this case, it helps to consider how strong your own views are to help you
decide which approach to take.
1 Match the statements.
1 If you have strong views ...
TIP 2 If you do not have strong views ...
In a 'To what extent ... A ... a balanced argument essay may be the best approach for you. B ... an opinion
'question, the key essay may be the best approach for you.
point is to explain in
your essay how much 2 Read the statement below and mark on the line how much you agree or disagree with
you agree or disagree it. This is a useful exercise to do before planning any argument/opinion essay.
with the topic - Do There is no place for Art in a world where many people still live in poverty.
you strongly or partially
agree or disagree?

O7o 50% partially disagree

completely agree 100% completely
agree

3 Compare your answers with a partner and justify your view.

Refuting opposing arguments

3 Some of the paragraphs in the body of your essay may include opposing ideas which you then say you
believe to be false (refute). Look at the phrases below and divide them into those that are used to give
opinions, and those that are used to refute ideas or make concessions and put them in the Useful language
box below.
0 Although ... ,it does not necessarily follow that...
1 In spite of I Despite the fact that.......
2 There is no doubt that...,
3 While it is true to say that
4 ...Nevertheless,...
5 The fact that... does not necessarily mean that...
6 The evidence for ... is undeniable,
7 It may be correct to say that... but...
8 It appears to be the case that...
9 ... Having said that,...
10 Despite +-ing ...,

Art and the city 167

 Useful language: Giving and refuting opinions

Giving opinions Refuting opinions

Although.........., it does not
necessarily follow that............

4 Combine the pairs of ideas so that the second idea refutes the first. Use language from exercise 3.
0 While it is true to say that beautiful buildings are important in a city, it is the infrastructure that most
affects quality of life.
0 beautiful buildings are important in a city/it is the infrastructure that most affects quality of life
1 modern art is often criticized / all of it is bad
2 living in a city can be stressful / there are still many advantages
3 architects should express themselves freely / their work must also be practical
4 cities offer the opportunity to become wealthy / there remain many residents living in poverty
5 pop stars depend on computer technology / they are not good musicians
5 Study the statements below and then refute them.
0 New buildings should always blend in with their surroundings.
It is often accepted that the design of new buildings should match that of the surrounding architecture.
Nevertheless, there are many examples where contrasting designs have been successful, such as
Sydney Opera House.
1 An artist who cannot draw is not a true artist.
2 The increasing use of digital technology in music means that in the future there will be no real
musicians.
3 Charity concerts do nothing to help world problems. They only promote the
careers of the performers.
4 Historic cities should offer free parking in the city centre for visitors.
5 High rise buildings are the only solution to overcrowding in cities.
lilinniinui

6 Read the question below and plan your answer. What essay type is
required? Compare your ideas with a partner.
Some people believe that it is the duty of city authorities to provide cultural
attractions such as museums and art galleries
Others believe that this is a waste of money, and that the focus should be on
providing an effective infrastructure and efficient services.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Art and the city

13
7 Read the extract below from a model answer and summarize the main
2
points the writer makes in each paragraph.
Although putting a focus on infrastructure seems sensible, it does not necessarily mean that this would
always be in the best interests of the city. In many cities, cultural facilities attract people, thus making them
popular locations to work and visit. For instance, the popularity of London is partly due to the famous
galleries and museums, despite the city having some serious infrastructure problems with an ageing
 underground and congested road system. Therefore, I believe that cultural attractions are a major factor in
a city retaining a skilled workforce and remaining an attractive destination for tourists.
On the other hand, the fact that a city provides good cultural amenities does not necessarily mean that it
will be economically strong. Investors, businesses and entrepreneurs, who are a vital part of a thriving city,
require a dependable infrastructure before they choose their location. In addition, if investment in
infrastructure falls, a city may cease to function properly resulting in growing economic instability and
social tension. It is my view that poor transport, faulty communications or unreliable services will all lead to
the decline of a city.
1 Compare the points to your own.
2 What part of the essay are these two paragraphs from?
3 Underline the refutation language and suggest alternative phrases.
4 Refer back to Unit 6, page 98-99 on writing introductions and write a suitable introduction.

Writing conclusions
8 Read the three conclusions to the question on public art and evaluate them by answering the questions
below for each conclusion. Which is the most appropriate conclusion?

Writing conclusions: Self-check questions

1 Is it clear where the conclusion begins?
2 Does the conclusion summarize the main ideas from the body of the essay?
3 Is the view of tire writer clear?
4 Has the writer expressed a final decision, recommendation or conclusion?
5 Have any new ideas been introduced? (There should not be any in the conclusion.)

Conclusion A
There are many competing demands on public funds for a modern and practical infrastructure as well as an attractive range of
public art. Yet for a city to function effectively both are required in order to meet the needs of residents, visitors and businesses.

Conclusion B
To coiA-ctude, the success of fl city depends on having cultural attractions to maize it an attractive ■place to Live or
visit, but also on having an efficient infrastructure so that people want to remain living there and so that businesses can
thrive. Hence, i believe that expenditure needs to be allocated to both public art and public services.

Art and the city 169

 Conclusion C
finally, it i€ ic^yor-tant to consider the effect that not providing such facilities n,icjht have on the
residents of the city. Tvey r^ay feel a lack of yride in their City UJhiCh Could lead to an increase in
Crinne. This "'ey voell result in people n>oVm<^ ausay fro"> the city no matter hexo c^ood the
infrastructure is. Therefore, T believe it is important that cities provide cultural facilities as ujell as ^ood
services.

9 Look at the Useful language box and add any other examples you know.
Useful language: Conclusions

Introducing the Stating the final decision /

Re-stating your opinion conclusion or
conclusion
recommendation
To sum up, In See Useful language: Therefore,
conclusion, To Describing opinions in Hence,
conclude, Unit 4, page 70 As a result,

10 Choose a model answer from Unit 2 or 4 from the back of the book. Cover up
the conclusion, read the essay and write your own conclusion using the language
from the box and the self-check-questions above. Compare with the model.

Further practice
TIP 1 1 Write a complete answer to the question below using the ideas and language in this
Your real IELTS Task unit. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
2 question may look
different from the Write about the following topic:
ones you have Does Art give our lives meaning and purpose or is it merely a distraction from real
practised - be flexible.
Read the question life?
carefully and respond How do you feel about this?
accordingly. Keep
calm if the question Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own
looks different from knowledge or experience.
those you have seen Write at least 250 words.
in class - you will still
be using the same 1 2 Compare your essay with the model on page 195. Note which of the two model
writing and exam answers uses a balanced argument essay approach and which uses an opinion essay
skills. approach?

170 Art and the city

8
Study skills Improving your spelling
1 Read these ideas for improving your spelling. Which of these spelling strategies
would you use?

1 I find it really helps 2 I think it’s

practising groups of words that importantto learn how
follow a particular spelling rule, like to spell correctly the words we
‘fried, cried and tried.’ All those words often use in our writing, but unless
end in ‘y’ so that helps me remember I write these words down, I’d
the spelling. never remember them.

0 receive 7 envir_______ent
1 accom________tion 8 nec______ary
2 q u____e 9 op nit
3 ps_____ology 10 v i 1______i u m
m
4 c o n s i d e______e 11 ac_____ding
5 geo ical 12 ph______ca 1
6 lib

1 Add vowels to complete the following words which name the Arts. Check the
meaning of any you do not know in a dictionary and record them. 0 ph_t_gr_phy -
photography
1 p__nt_ng
2 m_s_c
3 sc_1p t_r_
4 l_t_r_t_r_
5 th____tr_
6 d _n c_
7 p __ t r y
8 cnm

2 Find the following words in the unit and check the meaning of any you do not
know in a dictionary.

individualistic p.120 expression p. 122 facilities p.133

genius p.122 ambitious p.122 utilities p.194
form p.122 function p.133 reflect p.195

Art and the city 171

 Tomorrow's world
... prosperity is spreading ...

1820 1860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060

Year
Three World-changing Transitions Based Work in pairs. Study the graphs
on a graph by Jen Christiansen (permission
and answer these questions. ...but CO2 emissions are troubling ...
kindly granted for Macmillan to amend)

SOURCES: Angus Maddison University of Graph 1: Population growth is

Groningen (historical population and GDP);
U.N. Population Division (population slowing
projections); intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (economic projections, 1 What happened to the size
scenarios A1 AIM and A2 ASF, rescaled;
emissions projections, scenarios A2 ASF of the human population
and Bl image); Francois Bourguignon ficole
des Hautes ttudes en Sciences Sociales and
between 1950 and 2000?
Christian Morrisson University of Paris-1 2 What are the three
(historical poverty); WORLD BANK 2005
WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
(2001 poverty); U.N. MILLENNIUM
PROJECT (poverty projection); G.
Year
Marland. T. A. Boden and R. J. Andres Oak
Ridge National Laboratory’ (historical
predictions for population
emissions); DREW SHINDELL NASA growth this century?
Goddard institute for Space Studies
(sustainable emissions level)
3 What factors do you think could contribute to a rise or fall in
population growth?
Graph 2: Prosperity is spreading
4 According to the graph, what will probably have happened by 2020? By 2060?

5 Which countries do you think will benefit the most from these changes?
Graph 3: But CO, emissions are troubling
6 What important changes took place between (a) 1940 and 1980? (b) 1940 and
2000?
7 What is the main source of CO, emissions?
8 Why do you think CO2 emissions are troubling for the environment? What can
we do to reduce the problem?

Identifying the writer's purpose

Reading
A writer's purpose or reason for writing is something you find by reading and
understanding the whole of a passage. However, it is possible to say what the
purpose of individual paragraphs is.
The paragraphs below come from a passage about the growth of cities. Which
paragraph (A-D)
1 makes a prediction? 3 describes change?
2 makes a comparison? 4 argues for a point?

13 Tomorrow's world
6
 A
From the beginning of the Christian era to
about 1850, the urban population of the world
never exceeded 7 percent. The Industrial
Revolution quickly changed that - today 75
percent of people in the U.S. and other
developed countries live in cities, according to
the United Nations.
C
Urbanization in the developing countries (such
as China and India) has long lagged behind that
of the West and Japan. Early in the 20th
century probably no more than 5 percent of the
population in developing countries lived in
cities. But since then, the proportion in these
countries has increased twice as fast as that of
the West.

B D
An enduring myth is that the country is healthier The U.N. forecasts a continuing
than the city. Historically that was true, but no increase in world urbanization over
longer. Urban sanitary measures and access to the next quarter of a century to 61
good medical care have made the cities healthier. percent. If the developing countries
Another myth is that city people are isolated. But a match the record of the West and
study by the University of Washington found no Japan, the world will eventually
difference in the strength of social ties. reach a level of over 80 percent.

1 Skim read the passage on page 138 and answer question 1.

TIP 1 The writer's purpose is to
The topic sentence is A argue for an opinion.
the most important B present a problem and a solution.
sentence in a C describe a cause and an effect.
paragraph because it D describe advantages and disadvantages.
gives the topic or
main idea of
the paragraph. It is
often, but not always Yes, No, Not Given
the first sentence
of the paragraph. 2 Read the passage and answer questions 2-7.
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer? Write: YES if the
statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer.
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
2 Scientific developments and religion will provide the answers to man's future
Remember needs.
3 In years to come, the land area on the planet will determine how much human
See Unit 7, page 106
for advice on how to life the Earth can support.
approach this question 4 The Earth's capacity to support human life cannot be linked to the availability
type. of any single resource.
5 Current estimates of the number of people the Earth can support are not
Tomorrow's world completely accurate. 173
6 Science has addressed the question of how many humans the Earth can
continue to support.
7 Humans in the future will be willing to settle for a lower standard of living than
people today.
 Human Population Grows Up
As we swell toward nine billion in the next half resources and to absorb wastes. Their fund investments? What social and
a century, humanity will undergo historic preliminary assessment concluded that demographic arrangements will
changes in the balance between young and old, humanity used 70 percent of the global influence birth, health, education,
rich and poor, urban and rural. Our choices biosphere’s capacity in 1961 and 120 marriage, migration and death? What
now and in the years ahead will determine how percent in 1999. In other words, by 1999 physical, chemical and biological
well we cope with our coming of age. people were exploiting the environment environments will people want to live
1 In the short term our planet can faster than it could regenerate itself, they in? Finally, and significantly, what will
provide room and food, at least at claimed, a situation that is clearly people’s values and tastes be in the
subsistence level, for 50 percent more unsustainable. future? As anthropologist Donald L.
people than are alive now because 5 This approach has many problems. Hardesty noted in 1977, ‘a plot of land
humans are already growing enough Perhaps the most serious is its attempt to may have a low carrying capacity, not
cereal grains to feed 10 billion people a establish a necessary condition for the because of low soil fertility but because
vegetarian diet. But as demographer- sustainability of human society it is sacred or inhabited by ghosts.’
sociologist Kingsley Davis observed in terms of the single dimension of 9 Most published estimates of Earth’s
in 1991, ‘There is no country in the biologically productive land area. For human carrying capacity uncritically
world in which people are satisfied with instance, to translate energy into land assumed answers to one or more of these
having barely enough to eat.’The units, Wackernagel and his colleagues questions. Estimates made in the past
question is whether 2050’s billions of calculated the area of forests that would half a century ranged from less than one
people can live with freedom of choice be needed to absorb the carbon dioxide billion to more than 1,000 billion. These
and material prosperity', however produced in generating the energy. This estimated are political numbers,
freedom and prosperity may be defined approach fails for energy’ generation intended to persuade people, one way or
by those alive in 2050, and whether their technologies that do not emit carbon another: either that too many humans are
children and their children’s offspring dioxide, such as solar panels, already on Earth or that there is no
will be able to continue to live with hydropower or nuclear plants. problem with continuing rapid
freedom and prosperity, however they Converting all energy production to population growth.
may define them in the future. That is nuclear energy would change the 10 Scientific numbers are intended to
the question of sustainability. dilemma from too much CO, to too describe reality. Because no estimates of
2 This question is as old as recorded much spent nuclear fuel.The problem of human carrying capacity have explicitly
history. Cuneiform tablets from 1600 sustainability remains, but biologically addressed the questions raised above,
B.C. showed that the Babylonians feared productive land area is not a useful taking into account the diversity of
the world was already too indicator of it. views about their answers in different
full of people. In 1798Thomas Malthus 6 Other one-dimensional quantities that societies and cultures,
renewed these concerns, as did Donella have been proposed as ceilings on no scientific estimates of sustainable
Meadows in her 1972 bookThe Limits to human carrying capacity include water, human population size can be said to
Growth. While some people have fretted energy, food and various chemical exist.
about too many people, optimists have elements required for food production. 11 Too often attention to long-term
offered reassurance that deities or The difficulty with every single index of sustainability is a diversion from the
technology will provide for human- human carrying capacity is that immediate problem of making tomorrow
kind’s wellbeing. its meaning depends on the value of better than today, a task that does offer
3 Early efforts to calculate Earth’s other factors. If water is scarce and much room for science and constructive
human carrying capacity assumed that a energy abundant, for example, it is easy action. No one knows the path to
necessary condition for a sustainable to desalinate and transport water; if sustainability because no one knows the
human society could be measured energy is expensive, desalination and destination, if there is one. But we do
in units of land. In the first known transport may be impractical. know much that we could do today to
quantitative reckoning, Antoni van 7 Attempts to quantify Earth’s human make tomorrow better than it would be
Leeuwenhoek estimated in 1679 that the carrying capacity or sustainable human if we do not put our knowledge to work.
inhabited area of Earth was 13,385 times population face the challenge of As economist Robert Cassen remarked,
larger than Holland and that Holland’s understanding the constraints imposed ‘Virtually everything that needs doing
population then was about one million by nature, the choices faced by people from a population point of view needs
people. Assuming that ‘the inhabited and the interactions between them. Here doing anyway.’
part of the earth is as densely populated I will draw attention to the questions of
as Holland, though it cannot well be so human choice involved in assessing
inhabited,’ he wrote, ‘the inhabited earth sustainability.
being 13,385 times larger than Holland 8 What will humans desire and what
yields ... 13,385,000,000 human beings will they accept as the average level of
on earth,’ or an upper limit of roughly distribution and material well-being in
13.4 billion. 2050 and beyond? What technologies
4 Continuing this tradition, in 2002 will be used? What domestic and
Mathis Wackernagel, an author of the international political institutions will be
‘ecological footprint’ concept, and his used to resolve conflicts? What
colleagues sought to quantify the economic arrangements will provide
amount of land humans used to supply credit, regulate trade, set standards and

17 Tomorrow's
4 world
 Matching: Identification of arguments
3 Answer questions 8-13.
Match each statement with the correct person A-F. You may use any letter more than
Remember once.
You may not need to 8 Humans are using resources more quickly than the planet can replace them.
use all of the names in 9 There is a direct relationship between land area and human population.
your answers. Some 10 People want more than only the smallest amount they need to stay alive.
names you may need 11 Cultural as well as scientific factors can affect the usability of an area of land.
to use more than once. 12 The earth is already over-populated.
,
13 Waste absorption is an important factor in sustainable energy production. A
Kingsley Davis
B Donella Meadows
C Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
D Mathis Wackernagel
E Donald Hardesty
F Robert Cassen
4 Answer question 14.
14 According to the passage, who has expressed views which the writer does NOT
agree with?
A Kingsley Davis
B Mathis Wackernagel
C Donald Hardesty
D Robert Cassen

Academic vocabulary
Vocabulary 1
1 Find words in the Reading passage which mean the same as the expressions in 1-
12 below. The words in the passage are all in the Academic Word List which was
introduced in Unit 5 on page 87. Paragraph numbers are in brackets ().

0 one part of a hundred (1) ...E?.1??.?.™...............................................

TIP 1 to say clearly what something is (1)..................................................................
The words in 2 to believe something is true (3).................................................................
exercise 1 are all
marked as high 3 calculated or guessed (3).................................................................
frequency words
4 an idea for something new (4)..................................................................
in the Academic
Word List and the 5 a judgement or opinion about something (4)
Macmillan
Dictionary.
6 a way of thinking about or dealing with something (5)

7 to discover or prove that something is true (5)

8 something that shows information (5)...................................................................

9 something that affects the way in which something else happens (6)

Tomorrow's world 175

 10 the way in which something is shared among people (8)

11 relating to business, industry and trade (8)

12 in a way which is important/importantly (8)

2 These are some of the words from exercise 1. Complete the table, using any other
derived words as appropriate.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

0 assess assume
assessment 1 2
concept define 4
3 distribution 5
6 7 economic
9 indicator establish 10 &
12 11
13 14
significantly

Expressing the future: probability

Language focus
See Grammar reference, page 177.
1 Look at statements a-e about life in the 21st century and answer the questions.
TIP 1 Which modal verbs and adverbs express certainty and which express probability
You could be asked to or possibility?
speculate about the 2 Which of the expressions in italics could you replace with these expressions
future in Writing without changing the meaning of the sentence:
Task 2 and Speaking i are unlikely to
Part 3.
ii certainly won't
iii could
iv is likely to
v is/are certain to
a Domestic robots will be in common use in people's homes.
b There will probably be a major attack on the Internet.
c We probably won't discover new life forms on Earth.
d The Earth may/might be struck by an asteroid.
e We definitely won't communicate with life from other planets.
2 Look at statements f-g and answer the questions.
1 In which is the speaker I writer describing:
i an action or event in progress in the future
ii an action completed before a specified future time
2 What future tenses are used? How are they formed?
3 Which modal verbs could replace will to express probability or possibility?
f In 20 years' time, we UH7/ be curing many diseases using cloned organs, g By
the end of the century, human life will have settled on the moon.

176 Tomorrow's world

 3 Look at the graph on the left which describes population trends and
complete the paragraph. Use the word(s) in brackets. Put the verb in an
appropriate future form.
Since 1950 the percentage of the world's population living in cities
has risen steadily. By 2010 it is estimated that about 75% of the
population in developed countries 1 (live) in urbanized areas and
by 2030 the
prediction is that the number 2_(rise) to around
80%. This is higher than the world average, which is likely to be
about 50% by 2010 and 3_________(reach)
60% by 2030. In less developed countries the number of people
living in cities 4________(probably/be) as
high as those in developed countries, while in the least developed
countries the numbers 5__________(probably/
be) even lower than those for the less developed countries.

Source: United Nations, UN World Urbanization Prospects. The UN defintton of

urban varies somewhat by country, although generally non-agrtcultural
settlements as small as 3 to 5 thousand population are included. In addition, the
definition within countries has varied from time-to-time Nevertheless, the data
are believed to more or less reflect the overall trend of urbanization. The largest
countries In the 'Less developed" category are China and India, while the
largest In the "Least Developed* category are Ethiopia and the Congo
(Kinsasha). Solid lines are estimated, dotted lines are projections. 4 Make predictions about the likelihood of these events happening by
2050. a Life will have been discovered on other planets.
Population Living in Urbanized Areas b People will be living longer.
Rodger Doyle/Scientific American
c The world will have become over-populated.
d The world's climate will have changed dramatically, e We'll be using
environmentally friendly energy sources.
Use language like: I think we/they will (almost) certainly + verb..................
We/They're (un)likely to + verb ... /It's (un)likely that + clause.....................
We/They'll probably / possibly + infinitive + verb................/It's probable/
possible that + clause............/There's a probability/possibility that +
clause........../ ... is forecast / predicted / expected to + verb
5 Tell your partner. In 6 months', 1 years' and 5 years' time, what do you think you
a will be doing? b will have done?

Section 2: Listening for dates and numbers

1 How would you say these dates and numbers? Compare your answers with a
partner.
1 February 9th 2009
2 18 December 2012
Listening 1
3 9/02/06
4 53 88 2017
TIP 5 54 999 420
When you hear a
number or a date, 2 (^) 2.11 Now listen and check your answers.
write it as a number
not as words or you
may lose marks for
spelling.
Example: 16th of
September 2007
- 16.09.07

Tomorrow's world 177

TIP
Students often have
problems 3 2.12 You may hear dates and numbers in the listening recordings.
distinguishing between Listen to the following recording and write down the numbers and dates you hear.
numbers like 15 and
50. The syllable stress
in smaller numbers is
at the end (16 —
sixteen) and in larger
numbers, it is at the
beginning (60 - sixty.)

4 2.13 Listen to the following sentences and write down only the
numbers and dates you hear.
1 .............................................................. 5 .......................................................
2 ....................................................... 6 .................................................................
3 .............................................................. 7 .................................................................
4 .......................................................

5 2.14 You are going to hear a radio programme. Before you listen read
questions 1-12.

Questions 1-12
Sentence completion
Complete the sentences using no more than TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.
1 The survey had similar responses on the internet and telephone, both
being around....................
2 The greatest invention of the past 200 years was the bicycle which had
.................of the public vote.
3 The first bicycle was wooden and was invented in........................
4 The bicycle changed women's rights as from..........................women began
wearing trousers.

Note completion
Complete the notes using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER.

% of Votes Interesting fact Uses mentioned

Computer 5.................... Defined first as a Home, business and
person who did 6....................
mathematical
calculations.
Internet 12% Originally used as part Online shopping,
of 7............................ entertainment
8....................
Radio 9.................... Reginald Fessenden Send ship signals.
gave the first radio
broadcast from a ship
in 10.....................
Mobile Children will first use Take photographs, be
11.....................on a personal organizers
mobile. and 12.....................

178 Tomorrow’s world 9

1 You may be given an illustration of a device or machine and asked to explain
how it works, or to make comparisons. Read the following description. What is being
described?
0 It is an everyday object that has a simple design.
1 The outside is made of leather or plastic.
2 It is oblong-shaped.
3 It consists of a number of small pockets.
4 11 is used for carrying money.
2 Add the underlined language to the correct place in the table below.

Useful language: Describing illustrations

A Position
at the top/bottom on the right/left side in the B General words
object (n) design (n + v)
right/left hand corner in the middle
structure (n +v) material
the X is situated + around/above/below/ inside/next (n) function (n + v)
to + the Y versatile + ity (adj + n)
The hard drive is situated inside the computer. the capable -+-ity (adj + n)
X is covered with Y tool (n) machine (n)
The front of the speakers is covered with material. device (n) system (n)
the X + is constructed + of Y (and Z)
The keyboard is constructed of plastic.
the X contains Y (and Z)
The top section contains the control panel.
the X is joined together by a Y
The sound system is joined together by a series of
cables.
C Purpose
X is used to 4-inf
A fan is used to cool the system. D Useful language
X is useful/necessary for + ing/n Air is necessary presented in earlier
for cooling. units Ordering (Unit 5)
The role of the X is to + inf Comparison (Unit 3)
The role of the fan is to cool the system. Purpose and results
The X + prevents/stops/protects/avoids + the Y (Unit 5)
from +ing/ n Process verbs (Unit 5)
The fan prevents the system from over-heating. The Passive verbs (Unit 5)
X + allows Y to + inf
The fan allows the system to cool.
Question strategy 3 Complete these tasks with a partner using language from the table on page 143.
Writing tasks based on 1 Choose an object that you and your partner both have with you. For example, a
a diagram or illustration watch, music player, mobile, electronic dictionary, pen, etc. Don't let your
look different from partner see your object.
graphs, charts or 2 Now take turns to describe your object: describe what it's made of; what it looks
process questions, but like (how the different parts are arranged); and how it works.
the approach is similar. 3 Take turns to try to draw each other's objects from the verbal instructions.
Which one of the 4 Compare the drawings with the real object.
following four tips is
5 Now compare the objects. What differences are there?
wrong?
1 describe the 4 Read the Task 1 question below and answer the questions.
information you 1 What similarities are there between the two phones?
have been given
2 What are the most significant differences: size, weight, colour, materials,
2 focus on the main features?
features (not every
detail)
3 give your opinion The illustrations show two stages in the development of the mobile phone.
4 make comparisons
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
where appropriate
make comparisons where relevant.

Early mobile phone

ear phone

black/white
Remember display
Task 1 answers are
factual and do not
include your
opinion. 130mm Contemporary mobile phone

Paragraph plan Comparingfunction

illustrations model answer ear phone
select
Paragraph 1 The illustrations
buttonshow two mobile phones, an early
Introduce the model and a more recent design. Despite the many
illustrations and differences, both phones share the same basic design
describe the similarities principle. The (0) main part of both phones is a
(parts, position and keypad, which (1) enter
-<-------------
purpose). information. Above this are the control buttons forfull-colour
50mm weight selecting different functions. The top section of the display

150g phones (2) the display and earphone.

Paragraph 2 However, there are several major differences, thewith mostvideo
Describe the main significant of which is that the contemporary model is
capability
differences. hinged so that it folds in half. Its (3) is reduced bv
40mm and 90mmwidth bv extra functions e-
10mm, compared to the earlier phone. It ismail also+under
internet
half the (4) of the later model
music player multi-
(70g and 150g respectively). Another variation playerisgame
that facility
the contemporary mobile has greater
(5) and can access email and the internet,
play music and has a40mm multi-player game weight 70g
(6) as well as a camera with video
capability. The much
5 Read the model answer and complete the gaps largerwith
colour displayfrom
language is clearly
the Useful
(7)
language table on page 143. these extra functions.
■y£.Warm Climate Summarizing sentence Overall, it can be seen that both function as telephones,
Summarize the main but the contemporary mobile is much more (8)
differences and despite its reduced size.
similarities.

184 words
 Skylight
____\

A. *

Underground:
floor sun —>
protection

* Insulation = Material used for

preventing heat from \ Underground floor
passing through something heat retention = Flow of heat
 7 When you have finished, compare your answer and your paragraph plan with the
model on page 195.

Expressing likes and dislikes

Speaking
1 Look at the following Part 1 topics and make your own
questions about each one. Some questions have been done for you as examples. Now
practise your questions with a partner. Take it in turns to be the candidate and the
examiner.

Speaking Part 1 topics

1 Numbers
1 What is your favourite number?
2 Are numbers important in your culture?(Why/Why not?)
3 Are you better at remembering names or numbers?
2 A business you would like to run
1 What kind of business would you like to run?
2 Do you think it's better to work for a small business or a multinational company?
3 (Your idea)..................................................................................................
3 An art or museum exhibition
1 How often do you visit art galleries and museums?
2 (Your idea)..................................................................................................
3 (Your idea)..................................................................................................
4 A person you know who likes dangerous sports.

2 2.15 and 2.16 Listen to two candidates speaking about the Part
1 question below. Make a note of the expressions for describing likes and dislikes in the
table below.
Topic: Shops
1 Do you prefer using local shops or big supermarkets?
Like Dislike

3 Now turn to page 205 and check your answers.

4 Now practise using the expressions from exercise 2 by speaking about the following
Part 2 topics and the related follow-up questions. Take it in turns to be the candidate and
the examiner.
 Exam information
For Part 2, you need to practise talking about a wide variety of topics. You should be

ready to talk about a past, present or future situation.

Describe what you hope to do in the future.

Describe an electronic gadget you like to use.
You should say: You should say:
What is looks like What this is
How often you use it Why you want to do it
Why you like it Why you think you may be good at it
And you should also say what kinds of electronic
gadgets you think will be popular m trie future. r And you should also say if it is important to make
plans for the future.
Follow-up questions:
1 Did this gadget cost a lot of money? Follow-up questions:
2 What kind of electronic gadgets do your friends 1 Have you always wanted to do this?
own? 2 Do you think you may do something different in
the future?

Task 1: Maps
Writing 2
1 Occasionally, a Task 1 question may show two maps and ask you to compare
them, or give you one map showing different locations for a proposed development
such as an airport, school or hyper-market. Look at the map below which shows
three possible locations for a leisure centre (A, B or C). Work in pairs.
1 Describe the main features of the map and their relative positions.
2 Describe and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each location.
Consider space, transport and environmental issues.
3 State which location is best and explain why.

The map below shows three possible locations fora leisure centre. Summarize
the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
comparisons where relevant.
9184 Tomorrow's world Tomorrow's world 14
7
Exam information 2 Read the model answer and complete the gaps with phrases a-h. Paragraph 1:
The map question may Describes the map and describes the advantages and disadvantages of A
require you to discuss The diagram shows a map with three potential locations for a proposed leisure
hypothetical situations centre.
for example, If the leisure 0 ..........................the leisure centre was located in between the
centre was located by the factories 1.....................................the map, at (A), the site would not be very
factories, it would... or
...This location would be attractive, but would be easily accessible to the workers. Also,
more environmentally 2..................................the river would benefit users interested in water
friendly
sports.
Paragraph 2: Discusses the advantages and disadvantages ofB
Location B is in the middle of a residential area 3........................................
factories. It would give easier access for local residents, who 4 less car
pollution as they would not need to drive
there although 5....................................problems of congestion if people from
out of town used the facilities.
Paragraph 3: Discusses the advantages and disadvantages ofC
Turning to location C in 6....................................., it would have the most
attractive setting due to being 7........................................forest. However, the
environmental destruction &......................................the construction of the
centre, and the on-going pollution would be major disadvantages.
Summarizing sentence: States which is the best location with reasons
Overall, building the leisure centre in position B would combine the easiest
access for users with low environmental impact.
180
words 0 If
a its proximity to
b surrounded by
c in the top left hand corner of
d caused by
e one disadvantage could be
f to the right of
g the lower left part of the map
h would create
3 Note the paragraph structure of the answer to the Map question. What types of
language are used in the answer?
 Prefixes
Vocabulary 2

1 centi a 1 billionth or (111,000,000,000)

2 deca- b one millionth (1 /1,000,000) one
3 kilo c thousandth (1 /1,000) one
4 mega- d hundredth (1/100) ten (10)
5 micro- e one thousand (1,000)
6 milli- f one million (1,000,000)
7 nano- g

1 Which of these prefixes refer to numbers less than 1 (-) and which to numbers
more than 1 (+)?
2 Match the prefixes 1-7 with the number which they represent (a-g).
3 In pairs, discuss the meaning of these words. Then use a dictionary to check your
TIP answers.
A prefix, like a word, 1 centimetre/centipede
can have more than 2 decade/decathlon
one meaning. These 3 megabyte/megalopolis
meanings may be 4 microsecond/microclimate
similarto one another. 5 milligram/millionaire
6 nanosecond / nanotechnology

Section 4
Listening 2
Prediction
1 Work in pairs. How do you think nanotechnology might be used in:

186 Tomorrow’s world

 1 medicine?
2 industry?
2 ^^2.17 You are going to hear a lecture on the science of nanotechnology. Before
you listen, read questions 1-13.

Summary completion
Complete the summary on nanotechnology using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER.
Extremely small objects are created through the use of 1........................................
and 2...................................Nanotechnology began in the realm of
3 ..............................which proved that what was small was in effect, better.
The development of 4.....................................after the Second World War meant
that electronic circuits could be built in a smaller area, thus saving 5 and 6
........In modern transistors,
electrons can travel up to 7.....................................nanometres. However, in the
future, companies may not carry on 8..........................................nanotechnology if
it becomes too unaffordable.

Tomorrow's world 187

 Diagram completion
Label the diagram using
NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER.

Sentence completion
Complete the sentences using
NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS.
12 An assembler could be used
to build a

13 Scientists are worried that

these machines

Sentence stress: Weak

Pronunciation forms
1 Mark the stress in these sentences.
1 It's on the table.
TIP 2 Your phone is on the table.
Unstressed words and 3 Your mobile phone is on the table.
syllables are said very 4 You haven't lost your phone - it's on the table.
quickly and may be
difficult for you to 2 2.18 Listen and check your answers.
hear. Weak forms and 3 These words are normally stressed in English: nouns, main verbs,
unstressed syllables
adjectives, adverbs, negative auxiliaries.
often contain the
schwa sound / a/. Weak forms, or words which are not normally stressed, are: articles, prepositions,
auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, the verb 'to be'
4 Mark the stressed syllables on these sentences. Then take turns reading them to
your partner.
1 The bicycle is a great way to get regular exercise and it's much better for the
environment.
2 The Internet began as part of the United States military network, but it later
began to be used by businesses and academic institutions.
3 Nanotechnology has crept into many areas of our lives.
4 Scientists are concerned that there's a real possibility that these machines could
replicate themselves.
Question task word Definition
5 Next week 1'11 be looking at nanotechnology and recent developments in the
1 Justify A To carefully think
field about a situation
of molecular or problem in order to make a judgement
biology.
2 Evaluate B To offer an idea or suggestion
5 kO 2.19 Listen and check.
3 Analyse C To explain how things/situations are different and how they are similar
4 Suggest D To show that there is a good reason for something, particularly something that
5 Summarize others believe is wrong

6 Describe E To examine something in detail in order to explain what it means

7 Discuss F To write about a topic in detail

8 Speculate G To give details or an explanation about what something or a situation is like
9 Assess H To describe a situation and then give an opinion about its value or importance using
evidence.
10 Compare I To discuss and give reasons why something has happened
J To bring together all the important points, leaving out any specific details.
10 From me to you

Look at these pictures and discuss the following questions.

1 Which of these communication media are used mainly for
(a) interpersonal communication? (b) mass communication?
2 Which (a) are published information? (b) transmit, receive information
electronically? (c) store information electronically?
3 What are the ways in which people in your country communicate with (a)
family and friends and (b) business associates?

Identification of main idea and supporting information

1 Read the first paragraph from a chapter on mass media.
4 Which sentence contains the main idea of the paragraph? What does it tell
you?
5 What early forms of mass media does the writer mention?
2 Which new media forms do you think the writer will mention in the
remainder of the passage?

190 From me to you

 3 Now read the rest of the passage and check your answers to question 2.

New Electronic
communication was essentially one-directional, while the
new forms of communication are essentially interactive.
Mass communication has in several respects become less
Media massive and less centralized. Beyond that, it is useful to
distinguish between the effects of enhanced transmission
and the emergence of any new medium of communication.
The term 'mass media' refers to the organized means for
In respect of transmission, the main changes have been the
communicating openly and at a distance to many receivers
installation of cable systems, the development of satellites
within a short space of time. These criteria are relative,
for direct broadcasting or feeding into cables and the
since the earliest forms of mass media (the printed book or
adaptation of telephone networks to carry many new kinds
pamphlet) were limited to the minority of a society that
of traffic. The impact of these changes is still mainly
happened to be literate and relatively close to the place of
limited to a relatively small proportion of the world
publication. There has been a continuous development of
population. The main results have been to expand the
technologies since the earliest forms of media (rock
existing supply without yet fundamentally changing what
paintings) to the latest forms of new electronic media.
is transmitted or what is consumed.
The expression 'new media' has been in use since the 1960s In respect of the emergence of any new medium, we can at
and has had to encompass an expanding and diversifying least recognize the claim of the Internet to be considered as
set of communication technologies. However, the a medium in its own right. This is based on having a
foundations of the current 'communications revolution' rest distinctive technology, manner of use, range of content and
on two main innovations. One is satellite communication services, and distinct own image. Its recognition as a
and the other is the harnessing of the computer. The key to medium has been held back by the fact that the Internet is
the immense power of the computer as a communication not owned, controlled or organized by any single body, but
machine lies in the process of digitalization that allows is simply a network of internationally interconnected
information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the computers operating according to agreed protocols.
same efficiency and also intermingled. In principle there is Numerous organizations, but especially service providers
no longer any need for other forms of media, since all and telecommunication bodies, contribute to its operation.
could be subsumed in the same computerized The Internet as such does not exist anywhere as a legal
communication centre. In practice there is no sign of this entity and is not subject to any single set of national laws
happening. Alongside computer- based technologies there or regulations. However, those who use the Internet can be
are other innovations that have in some degree changed accountable to the laws and regulations of the country in
some aspects of mass communication. New means of which they reside as well as to international law. Despite
transmission by cable, satellite and radio have immensely the plausibility of counting the Internet as a mass medium,
increased the capacity to transmit. New means of storage its diffusion is limited and it has not yet acquired a clear
and retrieval, including the personal video recorder, CD- definition of its function. It began primarily as a non-
ROM, compact disc, etc. have also expanded the range of commercial means of intercommunication and data
possibilities, and even the remote control device has played exchange between professionals, but its more recent rapid
a part. While not directly supporting mass communication, advance has been fuelled by its potential as a purveyor of
the many new possibilities for private 'media-making' goods and many profitable services and as an alternative
(camcorders, PCs, printers, cameras, etc.) have expanded means of interpersonal communication. It is still very
the world of media and forged bridges between public and marginal as a means of mass communication.
private communication and between the spheres of
professional and amateur.
The implications of all this for mass media are still far
from clear, although it is certain that the 'traditional' media
have benefited greatly from new media innovations as well
as acquiring new competitors. Secondly, we can conclude
that the communications revolution has generally shifted
the 'balance of power' from the media to the audience, in so
far as there are more options to choose from and more
active uses of media available. Traditional mass

From me to you 191

 Multiple-choice questions
«
L
Question strategy
See Unit 3, page 42 for advice on how to approach this question type.

4 Answer questions 1-3.

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
1 The main topic discussed in the text is
A the ways in which communication takes place.
B the importance of the Internet as a means of mass communication.
C the history of mass media communication.
D the effect of technological change on communication.
2 According to the passage, which of the following is responsible for an increase in
computer-based technologies?
A digital technology
B new ways of storing information
C better ways of retrieving information
D satellite communication
3 Which of these changes has NOT occurred as a result of media innovations?
A increased competition for 'traditional' media
B increased choice for consumers
C stricter laws for Internet users
D more audience interaction with the media

Summary completion (from a list)

Remember
A summary Question strategy
completion question See Unit 2, page 30 for advice on how to approach this question type.
may only test a
section of the passage.
Read the summary 5 Answer questions 4-8.
first and then scan
read the passage to Complete the summary below using words from the box.
find the relevant There is an argument that the Internet should be counted as a means of
section. 4 _______. This is despite the fact that it is not possible to say which
5 _______owns and operates it, which 6_____________regulates its use or what
its true 7__________is. Although its uses in 8__________and communication
have helped to increase its popularity, this still does not justify calling it a mass
medium.

activity corporation country data exchange image individual

interpersonal communication mass communication media
organization nations purpose service provider
telecommunications trade

192 From me to you

 Sentence completion

Question strategy
TIP See Unit 6, page 93 for advice on how to approach this question type.
Scan read the
passage for the 6 Answer questions 9-12.
words in italics to Complete the sentences below with words taken from the Reading passage. Use NO
help you to locate the
MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
answers to the
questions. Answers 9 Satellite communication and computer-based technologies underlie the............
can be found both 10 Inventions like the personal video recorder and the compact disc have
before and after the improved information.............
key words. 11 Changes to the way we communicate have given the audience................
12 Information supply has increased as a result of changes to methods of

Yes, No, Not Given

7 Answer questions 13-15.
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer? Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer.
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this.
13 Computer-based technologies are capable of meeting all of our communication
needs.
14 The effects of changes to ways in which we transmit information have been felt
globally.
15 The Internet will one day be recognized as a legitimate medium of mass
communication.

Articles
Language focus
See Grammar reference, page 177.
1 Match the beginnings of the rules (1-3) with an appropriate ending (a-c).
1 We use the indefinite article (a I an)_______
2 We use the definite article (the)_______
3 We use zero (no) article______
a when the reader/listener knows which person or thing we are talking about, eg
Have you logged on to the computer yet?
b with plural or uncountable nouns when we talk about people or things in a general
way, eg Computers are coming down in price.
c when the person or thing we are talking about is new to the reader or listener, eg I
bought a new computer last week.

From me to you 193

 2 Match the rules (0-7) for the use of articles with the examples (a-f)
Indefinite article (a/an) Definite article (the)
0 Use when you mean any example of a 1 Use when you are referring to a
tvpe or class, c specific example of a type or class.

3 Use when explaining which person or

2 Use when you say what type or group
thing you're referring to.
someone or something belongs to or
what their job is.
4 Use with a singular countable noun 5 Use with a singular countable noun to
when one example of a type or class make a general statement about a group
represents all the examples of the type people or things.
or class.
7 Use with superlative adjectives.
6 Use in some expressions of quantity.

a He's an electronic engineer.

b The computer has revolutionized the way we use information.
c You need a dictionary for this exercise.
d A computer needs to be maintained regularly.
e One of the earliest forms of mass media was rock painting.
f Hand me the dictionary, please.
g Only a small proportion of the world's population has been affected.
h He's f/ie engineer who repaired my television.
3 Complete the text. Use a/an, the or leave the space blank. Use the Grammar
Summary on page 177 to help you.
There was 1______time when researching 2_______school or college term paper
was much simpler. 3______student writing about, for example, 4________Wright
brothers might have borrowed 5________book on 6______history of aviation
from 7______local library or looked through 8________family's encyclopaedia.
Today, 9____students can identify these and thousands of other resources
on 10______Internet, but they are not always good at sorting 11_________valuable
information from 12_______useless.

Section 1: Multiple-choice: Diagrams

Listening 1
1 (^) 2.20 You are going to hear a student getting information about the university
learning resource centre. Before you listen, study the pictures and underline the
keywords in the pictures. Read questions 1-7.
Questions 1-2
Look at the following pictures and choose the correct letter A, B or C.

Student no. BNP 249674

15 From me to you
6
Which form of identification is preferred?
1 ..........................................................................................................................

£1.00 £1.50 £1.75

What will the fine be for a two-day loan book returned one day late?
2 ..........................................................................................................................

Sentence completion
Questions 3-7
Complete the sentences using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.
Students find it easier to 3........................internet passwords they have
changed.
Students don't have to waste time finding books because the reading lists are
4....................
The 5.....................library loan system provides links to other libraries.
Guest speakers' 6.........................and 7...................are put on tape and CD.

2.21 Before you listen, read questions 8-11.

Multiple choice
Questions 8-10
Choose the appropriate letters A-F.
Which THREE ways can students find a book using a computer?
A By using subject keywords
B By keying in an author's first name
C By using words in a book title
D By typing in a book list
E By typing in an author's family name
F By using the information desk
8 ....................................................
9 ....................................................
10 a newspapers and magazines, radio and television and the Internet
..................................................
b newspapers and magazines
Question c news
11 about something in the media
Choose dthe theappropriate
act of reporting lettersthe A-Cnews for the media
e a programme
A computer ban lasts: that is received by radios or televisions
f not allowing news to be broadcast, usually for political or religious reasons
A 1 week g a television station and its programmes
B 2 weeksh an attitude which makes a person treat other people unfairly or differently
C 3 weeksi a newspaper which contains more information about famous people than serious
11 ..................................................
news
j a newspaper which contains mainly serious news
k photographers who follow famous people in order to take photographs of them for
1 Match
the press the words associated with the media with the definitions a-m.
1 1 anbiasadvertisement on the television8 or radio
journalism
m 2a company
a broadcast that transmits radio or television
9 the media programmes
2 3 Discuss
a broadsheet 10
these questions in groups. paparazzi
4 censorship 11 the press
1 Do you prefer reading a tabloid or a broadsheet? Why?
5 a channel 12 a station
2 Should the press be free to report what it likes or should there be censorship by
6 the
coverage
government? 13 a tabloid
7 a commercial
3 Do you think paparazzi ever act irresponsibly? If so, give an example.
4 Do newspapers in your country show political bias?
 Questions 1-12
Multiple options
Choose two letters from A-E
What are the main objectives of Gabriella's essay?
A To look at how news is shown on television
B To contrast presenters and broadcasters
C To analyse news values
D To describe the importance of the news
E To study newspapers
1...................
2...................
Choose one letter from A-E
Gabriella had problems with:
A Writing introductions
B Selecting information
C Finding newspapers
D Reading enough newspapers
E Choosing newspapers
3...................

Table completion

Complete the following table using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each
answer.

PARAGRAPH CONTENT PROBLEMS

Gabriella • Negativity in news items • Not enough reasons
1
• The preference of the general • Not enough examples
public for 4...................... (eg Compare 5................................
versus................................)

Gabriella • The importance of

2 6 ..............................in the news
• Emphasizing why people None
7 ..............................in the news.

Dong • Describing the 8.................................... • Not enough 9....................................

3 in the news. (eg objective and subjective)

From me to you 197

 Summary completion
Complete the following summary using NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS for each answer.
Newspapers aim for 10........................... namely news stories that have happened
recently because this is what the public is interested in. Newspaper reporting has also
been influenced by 11.....................................which makes the news more
immediate as we can 12........................much faster than previously.

Parts 1,2 and 3

Speaking
1 2.23 and 2.24 Listen to two candidates answering the Part 1
questions below. Write Y for Yes and N for No for questions 1-7 for each speaker.

Topic: Libraries
Do you often use a library? (Why/Why not?)
1 Are libraries popular in your country?
2 Do you think people will still visit libraries in 10 years' time? (Why/Why not?)
3

Speaker 1 Speaker 2
1
Does the speaker keep going and speak for a long time
without unnecessary hesitation? □ □
2
Does the speaker use collocations and idiomatic
expressions? □ □
3 Does the speaker make many grammar mistakes?
4 Does the speaker use signpost language to introduce □ □
what they are saying? □ □
5 Can you understand everything the speaker is saying or
is their pronunciation sometimes unclear? □ □
6 Does the speaker give reasons or examples to develop
their answer?
□ □
7 Is the speaker's vocabulary repetitive? □ □
2 Work in pairs. Ask each other the following Part 1 questions. Speak for 1-2 minutes
about each topic.

Topic: Mobile phones

1 Are mobile phones popular in your country?
2 Is there anything you don't like about mobile phones? (Why?)

Topic: Emails
1 How often do you write emails?
2 Do you think emails are a good way to communicate with others? (Why/Why
not?)

From me to you
16
0
 3 Look at the following Part 2 topics. Take it in turns to be the examiner and the
candidate. Use the questions in exercise 1 to assess each other.
Examiner: I'd like you to speak about the following topic for 1-2 minutes. First, you
have 1 minute to make notes and think about what you are going to say.

an advertisement you have seen or read that you liked.

Describe your favourite TV programme. You should say:
What it is
You should say: What this is about Where you first saw it
How often you watch it Why you liked it
Why you like it
And you should also say whether or not advertising is
And you should also say what types of TV necessary and why.
programmes are popular in your country. Describe

4 Now ask each other the following Part 3 questions that follow on from the topic you
Remember have spoken about in Part 2. Take it in turns to be the examiner and the candidate.
Remember to expand
your answers. You Examiner: Now I'd like to ask you a few general questions about the topic you've just
will get a higher mark been speaking about.
for fluency if you give
longer answers. Topic: TV programmes
1 Compare the kind of TV programmes that children and adults usually enjoy
watching.
2 Do you think that parents should control how much television their children watch?
3 Evaluate the effectiveness of television as a means of communicating the news compared with other
media forms such as the internet and the radio.

Topic: Advertising
1 Should companies be targeting children in their advertising campaigns?
2 Compare the use of the internet in advertising with other media forms such as television and radio.
3 Do you think advertisements should be censored? (Why/Why not?)

10 From me to you 199

 Task 2
Writing
Keeping your focus

1 Re-order the words below to make sentences describing the two parts of a Task 2
question.
1 which part you the question introduces of the TOPIC you what subject should
write The first tells about.
2 you this which the TASK is tells kind you what of essay should Following write.
2 Remembering the four criteria that examiners use to mark your writing will help
to keep your writing focused. Match the four exam criteria to their corresponding
focus (see page 00 for review).
Exam criteria Focus
1 Task response
A Vocabulary, collocation and spelling
2 Coherence and cohesion B Simple/complex structures,
punctuation and number of errors

3 Lexical resource C Organization and linking

4 Grammatical range and accuracy D Does the essay fully answer the
question? Is the writer's view clear,
and are the ideas relevant and well
supported?

3 Look at the Task 2 question below and discuss in pairs your own views on this
issue and what points you might make to support them.
An increasing number of products for children are advertised on TV. Such
advertisements sometimes rely on ‘pester power'* to persuade parents to buy the
products.
Do you think children’s products should not be advertised on television? Would
this be unfair to manufacturers?
* the ability of children to make their parents buy things for them by continuing
to ask for them until they agree to do it. Source: MED

Question strategy
It is important to keep looking back to the question as you write to make sure that
every sentence you write is relevant to the question.

4 Read the three extracts from answers to the question above and assess them with
a partner using the four exam criteria. Focus your assessment on how relevant the
points are and if there are any language problems.

200 10 From me
to you
 Student A: Extract from body paragraph 2

Also, many children already have too many toys and every year new toys are
launched and children learn that by constantly asking their parents they can get
Irrelevant point - doesn't link the them to buy more toys so it is my view that this can lead to children not being
ideas to the topic of able to enjoy what they already have as they always ask for new toys. It is
advertising. First sentence too natural that parents want their children to have the best toys I feel it is important
long.
Punctuation that they should also try to teach children to value things and to learn patience
mistakes.

From me to you 201

 Student B: Extract from body paragraph 1
.A first pot wt is to consider what the •purpose of aw fldvertisem£wt is. it is to persuade
cowswmers to buy somethlwg, a wd therefore it is in their nature to not a luxury car may focus on
mewtiow weafewesses. For example, aw advert for the
•power, style and comfort rather
than the high running costs. However, it could be argued that it might be useful if thepublic were
reminded that adverts are not objective reports but highly subjective descriptions, respite having
some merits, i feel this idea is unnecessary except in the case of products aimed at childrenwho
are too to matee accurate judgements.

Student C: Extract from body paragraph 3

A problem is that if TV adve-rtissing of childrens' produtcs was banned, then how would people learn
new things? ‘Such an idea will mean manufactories can onty tell people about their things in magazines
and so on. This would not be fair to those companies. I beleive that the anser is not a ban on
advertissing childrens' products but for goverment to have more control over the content of adverts for
childrens' produtcs.

5 Write two body paragraphs to the question using your own ideas, then swap with a
partner and assess each other's writing using the four exam criteria.

Different question tasks: expecting the unexpected

Question strategy
Do not assume that the question will always be worded in the way you are familiar with -
there are many different question tasks.

6 Look at the topic part of the question below and the different possible tasks.
1 Which tasks ask you to write about two aspects of the issue?
2 Which tasks ask for (a) a general focus on the topic as a whole, and (b) a specific focus
on one aspect of the topic?

_________________________TOPIC STATEMENT________________________
Newspapers should be under some governmental control to avoid the potential risks of a
totally free press.*
’ newspapers and news magazines. Source: MED

_________________________POSSIBLE TASKS___________________________ 0 What

are the disadvantages of government control of the press?
1 Write an essay giving your point of view.
2 What do think are some of the problems of a free press? What measures could be taken
to reduce them?
3 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a free press.
4 Do you agree or disagree? How important are newspapers in modern society?
5 Hoiv do you think the internet affects issues of press freedom? Will the internet lead to
an end to newspapers?
6 To what extent do you agree with this statement?

From me to you 202

 3 Match the tasks on page 163 to the sentences paraphrasing what each is asking you to
do.

What the Task requires you to do

0 Describe the possible problems of governmental control of the press.
A Decide your view and support it. Include a discussion of the role and importance of
newspapers in today's world.
B Explain both sides of the argument and give support. Conclude with your own view.
C Decide how much you agree/disagree and write an essay supporting your opinion.
D Decide your view and write an essay supporting it. Refute opposing views where
relevant.
E Decide if you think the internet has an effect on the arguments surrounding press
censorship. Then describe whether you think newspapers will eventually be overtaken
by the internet.
F Describe some potential problems of having a free press and suggest possible solutions
to these problems.

Stating your view

Remember 7 It is important that your own view is clearly stated in your essay. Complete the table by
Look at Unit 6 to adding the language below to show where the writer's opinion is given.
review the language
and structure of 1 ........describes the problem. May state the writer's view on possible
Introductions and solutions. States that the essay will look at solutions.
Unit 8 to review 2 ........a restatement of the writer's opinion.
Conclusions. 3 ........states that the essay will look at both sides of the issue.
4 ........the writer's opinion.
5 ........states the writer's opinion.
6 ........the writer's opinion of the most suitable solution.

Opinion essay
Balanced Problem &
argument essay solution essay
INTRODUCTION Introduces the Introduces the Introduces the
topic and...........a. topic and.......... topic and...........c.
b.
CONCLUSION Summarizes main Summarizes main Summarizes main
points and points and points and
concludes with d. concludes with concludes with f.
........e.

203 From me to you

 8 A good introduction should paraphrase all the points raised in the question.
1 Read the introductory paragraph from the essay below. What do you think the question
was?
2 Which essay type is it?
Some people argue that stronger regulations are required to censor the media from
Remember publishing stories about the private lives of famous people. This raises the question of
Avoid repeating whether privacy rules should be different for celebrities compared with members of the
words by using
public. My own view is that there needs to be a distinction made between the degree of
synonyms or
paraphrases. protection offered to ordinary people compared with those who have made a decision to live
in the public eye.
Check your answer in the back of book, page 188.
9 Read the complete answer to the question on media censorship from exercise 8 on page
166 and complete the exercises.
1 Find synonyms for: (a) law, (b) celebrities, (c) non-celebrities in the introduction.
2 Notice how varying the word class avoids repetition eg censorship (n) - censor (v). Find
transformations for the question words protect and privacy in the introduction.
3 List all the media topic vocabulary including useful collocations, eg invasion of privacy
4 Does the essay follow the structure suggested in Unit 4, page 69.
5 Do the body paragraphs follow the plan suggested in Unit 6, page 102.

20
4
 Some people argue that stronger regulations are required to censor the media from
publishing stories about the private lives of famous people. This raises the question of
whether privacy rules should be different for celebrities compared with members of the
public. My own view is that there needs to be a distinction made between the degree of
protection offered to ordinary people compared with those who have made a decision to live
in the public eye.

People who are not famous but who find themselves at the centre of a major news story
may find the invasion of privacy extremely upsetting. Furthermore, they may lack
awareness of the impact such publicity may bring, which might result in alienation from the
communities in which they live. Some people would argue that the media have a right to
publish any stories that are in the public interest but I feel strongly that censorship should
be enforced if the individuals concerned do not agree to release the story.

In contrast, celebrities should be prepared for the attention of the media in all aspects of
their lives. Indeed, many celebrities encourage the media to talk about them as this raises
their profile. In such cases I do not believe that they should be able to use censorship
regulations to protect themselves from negative publicity. Furthermore, I would argue that,
as far as politicians and people in positions of power are concerned, it is probably a positive
force to allow the media to monitor their behaviour. Whilst I would agree that having
unwanted publicity must be an unpleasant experience, I firmly believe that it has to be an
accepted risk of being famous.

To sum up, the issue of media censorship laws and how far these should be applied to
famous people remains unresolved. My own opinion is that these laws should be strongly
enforced to protect ordinary people, but more sparingly applied for celebrities who must
accept that media scrutiny is part of the career they have chosen.
321 words

Further practice
10 Write a complete answer to the question below. Spend no more than 40 minutes.
Write about the following topic:
Many people believe that increasing levels of violence on television and in films is
having a direct result on levels of violence in society. Others claim that violence in
society is the result of more fundamental social problems such as unemployment.
How much do you think society is affected by violence in the media?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge
or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

205 From me to you

10
 Study skills Using idiomatic expressions
1 Add the expressions in the box to the sentences. Use a dictionary to check the meaning
of any you do not know. You may have to change the grammar.
REMEMBER a to be part and parcel f to get the wrong end of the stick g
Idiomatic b to be on the same wavelength get through the red tape h to go
expressions are c in this day and age round in circles
often more d one thing that struck me about... e in the i (start) from scratch
appropriate in long run j to read between the lines
speech than in
writing.
1 I think it's often easy to......................................when
you don't know
someone very well. You can more easily misunderstand them because you don't really
know what they're thinking.
2 I read the wrong books for my essay so even though I had already written
500 words, I had to...................................and do the whole essay over
again.
3 Charities sometimes find it difficult to get food aid to where it is
most needed because they have to.........................................and deal with
government regulations.
4 ................................it's hard to imagine life without mobile phones.
5 Although recycling may initially cost a great deal of money,
.................................it will benefit the environment and could cut down on the
detrimental effects caused by global warming.
6 Despite numerous meetings to solve the problem of traffic congestion, the
debate kept.....................................and no solution was found because the
local councillors could not agree.
7 We have been close friends for ages now and I can usually tell what my friend is
thinking because we have so much in common and we

8 ................................this whole issue of health is that the media influences

women to have a negative body image.
9 Making mistakes is....................................of the learning process and it is
only by correcting mistakes that learners can move to the next stage.
10 It is essential not to take situations at face value, but to.........................................
To find out what the truth is.

1
Dictionary focus

Find the words in the unit. They are all commonly found in the academic word list.

1 Guess their p.153

potential meaning from theproportion
context then check in a dictionary.
p.153 persuade p.162
2 Which have
shift p.153 multiple meanings or multiple word
censorship p.158 forms (eg noun
role and adj)?
p.164
3 Which often have dependent prepositions. What are they?

From me to you 206

 Grammar
Unit 1 Tense revision well -1 think I'm going to be sick! I'm going to study
Use Architecture at university.
1 A verb phrase will give information about: Present continuous: used to describe arrangements, eg
• time, or when something happened. We're flying to Paris tomorrow.
• aspect, eg whether an action is complete or
Future perfect: used for actions or events we believe
incomplete, permanent or temporary.
will be completed by a point of time in the future, eg
See Unit 5 for information about active and passive uses By the end of the year 17/ have completed university.
of verbs.
Future continuous: used to describe actions or events
2 The simple aspect is used for actions or events which we believe will be in progress at a point of time in the
we think are finished or permanent. Present simple: future. Example: In five years, time fewer young
used for facts, opinions and regularly occurring people will be studying abroad.
actions or events, eg There are many highly respected See Unit 9 for more information on future tenses.
universities in America. I live in London and travel to
work by train. 6 In academic English, verbs in the simple aspect are
Past simple: used for regularly occurring or the most common and present simple is the most
completed past actions or events, eg I attended common tense.
university in London. I travelled on the Underground. Form
3 The continuous aspect (to be + present participle) is Regular and irregular verbs:
used for actions or events we think are incomplete, Present simple: increase; rise
involving change or temporary. Present continuous: Past simple: increased; rose
used for temporary or incomplete present actions or Future simple: will increase; will rise
events, eg The number of students attending Present continuous: am / is / are increasing; am / is / are
university is decreasing, but we hope to see an rising
improvement in numbers. Past continuous: was/were increasing; was/were rising
Past continuous: used for incomplete or interrupted Future continuous: will be increasing/will be rising
past actions or events, eg The school was preparing
its students for final exams when bad weather forced Present perfect: have/has increased; have/has risen
it to close. Past perfect: had increased; had risen
Future perfect: will have increased; will have risen
4 The perfect aspect (to have + past participle) is used
when we look back from one time to an earlier time. Present perfect continuous: have/has been increasing;
Present perfect (simple or continuous): used for a have/has been rising
present action or event which is connected to the past Past perfect continuous: had been increasing; had been
because it is still continuing or recently completed eg rising
Numbers have been falling since last month. I've just There is/was...
received my exam results. Past perfect (simple or Use
continuous): used to describe a past action or event 1 When we say that something 'is' or exists we can start
that happened before another past action or event, eg the sentence with There + be. In these sentences,
The government had predicted that student numbers there is the grammatical subject and the real subject,
would improve, but instead they fell. Universities had or what we are talking about, comes after the verb.
been warning the government for some time before it
acted. eg There are many reasons why I felt it necessary to
ask you here today, eg Look! There's snow on the
5 These are the main ways in which we refer to the ground, {many reasons and snow are the real subjects
future in English: of the sentences.)
Future simple: used to refer to facts or to state beliefs 2 There + be is usually used to introduce new
about the future, eg 17/ be twenty years old on my information or topics. This new information is usually
next birthday. I don't think there will be an end to in the form of an indefinite noun or pronoun.
world conflict.
eg There is a lamp on the table (new information/
Going to: used for predictions where there is evidence indefinite) is more likely than There is the lamp on the
for the prediction or to state intentions, eg I don't feel table (known information/definite).
Grammar 207
 eg There is someone at the door is more likely than brackets into the most appropriate tense. Name each
There is john at the door. tense.
Form 1 The number of students choosing Business
1 We use a singular form of to be before a singular or (increase) considerably throughout the 1980s.
countable noun, and a plural form before a plural 2 If the trend continues, by 2025 the percentage of
noun. This remains true if there is more than one graduates_____________(double).
noun after the verb, eg There are some tools and a 3 For the last five years, on the job training_________
bucket in the shed, but There is a bucket and some ______(rise) steadily.
tools in the shed. 4 Figures for this year_______________(reveal) a
2 We can use there as a grammatical subject with all slight drop.
tenses of the verb to be. 5 In the next decade, the ratio of males to
females__________________(level off).
3 Be careful with the word order of there + be clauses
6 The table shows that retraining_________________
when to be is followed by a participle. In these
(grow) for the last 30 years.
sentences the participle does not separate to be and
7 The proportion of non-Asian students
the noun following it.
__________(decline) gradually in 2000 but this year
eg There are 24 teams competing in the tournament, it_________(remain stable).
NOT There are competing 24 teams in the tournament. 8 The cost of subsidies, which_______________(fall)
There has been an investigation ordered into the throughout the 1990s,_____________(begin) to
death, NOT There has been ordered an investigation into rocket in 2000.
the death. Unit 2 Sentences and their subjects
4 There is often used with modal verbs and seem. In Sentences
these sentences we use an infinitive form of to be. Use
eg There must be/has to be a reason for this. There 1 We use sentences to make statements, ask questions,
should be/ought to be someone here to help you. or to make requests or give commands. A sentence
There seems to be a mistake. can also be an exclamation.
Practice 2 We use conjunctions, eg and, because, if, since to
show relationships between ideas in a sentence, eg
1 Complete the table.
Many young people say that they smoke because they
Present simple decrease fall are unhappy.
Past simple 1 fell Because links the reason for the action with the
Future simple 3 action.
2 will
eg Six out of ten boys and seven out of ten girls feel
decrease
pressured by schoolwork.
We use and to add one piece of information to
Present continuous is decreasing 4 another.
Past continuous 5 Note: Conjunctions and other linking expressions are
6 covered in Unit 8.
Future continuous 7 8
3 To use English effectively you need to know
• the meaning of conjunctions and other linking
Present perfect 9 has fallen expressions in English
Past perfect 10 11 • how to use them grammatically in a sentence.
Future perfect 12 13
Form
1 A simple sentence contains one clause with a noun
Present perfect has been 14 phrase (subject) and a verb phrase. The verb phrase
continuous increasing must have a tense:
15 eg Many young people feel unhappy, but NOT Many
Past perfect
16 young people feeling unhappy
continuous
2 A compound or complex sentence contains two or
2 For a Task 1 Writing question the tenses you use more clauses joined by a conjunction. We often omit
must match the times given in the diagram. Complete subjects and auxiliary verbs after and, but or or.
the following sentences by putting the verb in eg Many young people feel unhappy but (they) lack
208 Grammar
 understanding of how to deal with their emotions. 6 auxiliary verbs g she, her, myself
(The sentence has two clauses.) eg When the children 7 modal verbs
were asked about quality of life, England was in the
bottom half of the league, while Dutch, Swedish and h live/ lived, swim/
Greek young people were the happiest. (The sentence swam/ swum
has three clauses.) 8 linking expressions
Sentence subjects i heavy, quick, happy
9 question words j heavily, quickly,
Use hard
1 Statements and questions in English must have a
grammatical subject. See Unit 1 for sentences
beginning with There + to be ...
eg There is a book on the table, but NOT
Ha book on the table

It is raining, but NOT Is raining

2 The sentence subject is often the agent, or person or
thing responsible for an action.
eg Alex put the book on the table.
3 With verbs that describe states, eg is, live, know the
subject is often the person or thing experiencing an
action or state.
eg Yun is a doctor. She lives in China.
4 With a passive verb the subject is usually the person or
thing affected by the action.
eg The bank was robbed yesterday.
Form
Subjects may take the following forms:
• Noun: John is a doctor.
• Pronoun: He is married to Alice.
• -ing clause: Swimming is his hobby.
• Infinitive clause: To become a doctor was John's
childhood ambition.
Practice
Parts of speech 1: Revision
1 Match the parts of speech in A with their examples in
B.
Example: 0-f

A B
0 nouns a can, must should
1 main verbs b what, who, how
2 adjectives c do, be, have
3 adverbs d the, some, our
4 determiners e and, however,
nevertheless
5 pronouns f London, book,
beauty
Grammar 209
2 Match the expressions (1-7) with the sections of the italics (a-h). For one of the terms there is no example.
text in italics (a-g).
5 modal verb
1 adjective + noun 6 subject/noun phrase
2 preposition + noun 7 verb phrase
3 determiner + noun 8 relative clause
4 preposition + adjective + noun 9 simple sentence/clause
5 modal verb + verb (a) Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on
6 linking expression March 14,1879. From (b) being a shy child,
7 adjective + adjective + noun (c) whose parents feared
1 infinitive
(a) The number of overseas students who study 2 present participle his slow development, he grew
(b) at British universities could rise to 850,000 by 3 past participle up (d) to be a first-rate scholar.
2020. (c) However, British universities need to spend 4 auxiliary verb When he left school, his record
more (d) on facilities to continue to attract (e) overseas (e) showed the highest possible
students, or they (f) will find grade in geography, history, algebra, geometry and
(g) many overseas students turn to other countries, physics. In spite of this, there is a belief that he was a
including the US Germany and France. poor student. Perhaps this is due to the fact that he
dropped out of school at the age of around 14 and
rejoined his family who (f) had
Parts of speech 2: Revision
(g) moved to Italy. Then, during his higher education
1 Match the grammatical term in A with its definition in at the Zurich Polytechnic he skipped most of his
B. classes, hating them because of the Polytechnic's
regimented methods.
A (h) He continued his studies alone.
1 infinitive
2 present participle
3 past participle
Unit 3 Compound adjectives
4 auxiliary verb
5 modal verb Use
6 phrase Compound adjectives are used to condense a lot of
7 clause information in few words. They are more common in
8 sentence writing than in speech.
B There are two main types of compound adjectives:
a the form of the verb ending in -ing; used in progressive 1 Compound adjectives which are original to the text in
tenses and as an adjective, eg living, doing which they occur. These words will not usually be
b a verb used with another verb to show tense or to form found in a dictionary.
questions, negatives or the passive, eg do, be, have Example: oil-rich shales; hydrogen fuel-cell activity
c a word or group of words which form a unit in a clause,
2 Compound adjectives which are used so commonly
eg the boy (noun), is walking (verb), to school
that they have become part of the vocabulary of the
(preposition)
English language. These words will usually be found in
d the basic form of the verb, eg (to) live, (to) do e a group
a dictionary Example: a short-sighted policy = a policy
of words that expresses a statement, question or
which shows little thought for what is likely to happen
instruction; contains two or more clauses, eg The boy is
in the future
walking to school because the bus drivers have gone on
strike. Form
f an auxiliary verb used with a main verb to show 1 The most commonly used compound adjectives are
certainty, permission or intention, eg will, must formed in the following ways:
g a group of words that contains a subject and a verb; is a 1 adverb + adjective, eg environmentally friendly
sentence or a main part of one, eg the boy is walking 2 adverb + participle, eg highly strung; well- known
to school 3 adjective + participle, eg best-selling; hard-
h the form of the verb ending in -(e)d for regular verbs; working; ready-made; short-sighted
used in perfect tenses, the passive and as an 4 noun + participle, eg king-sized; man-eating; face-
adjective, eg lived, done saving
5 adjective + noun, eg full-time; high-speed
6 noun + adjective, eg accident-prone; lead- free;
2 Match the terms (1-9) with the sections of the text in sugar-coated; tax-free
210 Grammar
2 Compound adjectives usually come before the noun Example: Peter, who/whom 1 introduced you to last
they describe. However, they can also come after night, is the new Regional Manager.
certain verbs. We cannot replace the relative pronoun with that.
Example: He's a well-known film star. 3 Subject and object relative clauses
He's quite well known.
The relative pronoun can replace the subject or the
Practice
object of the relative clause.
Replace the relative clause in italics. Use an appropriate
Subject: Chocolate contains substances which/that
compound adjective below.
ftheypare known to affect the hypothalamus.
environmentally friendly face-saving hard-working high- The subject relative pronoun is followed by a verb.
speed lead-free ready-made sugar-coated We cannot leave out the pronoun.
0 Firms will compete to employ individuals with talent Object: Chocolate is something which/that/zero many
who are willing to work hard. people feel guilty about eating fit).
Firms will compete to employ hard-working The object relative pronoun is followed by another
individuals with talent. noun or pronoun. If the clause is defining we can
1 There is an increased demand for products which do leave out the relative pronoun altogether.
not cause pollution 1 see an excellent doctor, who/whom a colleague
2 Sales of petrol which has no added lead have soared recommended.
in recent years.
Whom is more formal then who.
3 Many doctors still prefer to prescribe tablets which
are covered in sugar for children. 4 Participle clauses: In academic writing it is common
4 Many commuters now travel from London to Paris on to replace a relative clause with a clause containing a
trains which travel very quickly. past or present participle. With an active verb we use
5 Foods which have been prepared in advance are a a present participle. When the active verb is
popular choice for working parents. progressive we leave out the relative pronoun and the
6 The government was forced to make a compromise
verb to be.
which would avoid further embarrassment.
Unit 4 Defining and non-defining relative Active verb: The woman who-is-sitting next to the
clauses door has been looking at you. Do you know her?

1 Relative pronouns: We form relative clauses using When the verb is passive we keep the past participle
these relative pronouns: which, who, whom, whose, and leave out the relative pronoun and the verb to be.
that, where, when, why. Which, who and that are used Passive verb: The article w+tieh-was-published in
most frequently. yesterday's Times could be useful.
Example: Chocolate contains substances which are Note: We cannot reduce the relative clause when the
known to affect the hypothalamus. relative pronoun is the object of the clause, eg The
Example: Men who eat modest amounts of chocolate man who(m) I was telling you about is over there,
live longer. NOT
2 Defining relative clauses: these identify the person or The marrl-teHing you about is over-there.
thing we are talking about. They provide essential Practice
information in the sentence. In defining relative
clauses we can use that in place of who, whom or Are these sentences right (R) or wrong (W)? Correct
which. those which are wrong.
Example: Example: Chocolate contains substances 1 I was given a prescription for an acne medication
which/that are known to affect the hypothalamus. which worked wonders for my complexion.
Example: Men who/that eat modest amounts of 2 There are powerful forces, that are affecting the way
chocolate live longer. doctors treat their patients.
Non-defining relative clauses: these add extra 3 Your doctor is not supposed to be an authority whom
information or a second idea to the main idea. Non- determines the course of action necessary.
defining relative clauses do not provide important or
4 Many drugs are available as over-the-counter
necessary information and are separated from the rest
remedies that consumers choose them themselves.
of the sentence with commas.
Grammar 211
5 The patient has become like a customer ordering from Future perfect will have will have been
a menu. identified identified
6 A sick patient is visiting a healthy care-giver will be Modal verbs will/may/ will/may/ could
entering into a one-sided relationship. could etc. etc. be
identify identified
7 There is an inequality in the doctor-patient
relationship that no amount of education can resolve Practice
it. 1 Put the verbs in brackets into an appropriate passive
8 Governments, that are worried about the increasing tense.
cost of medication, are reluctant to pay for it.
Did you know?
9 Consumers, encouraged by drug companies, are
becomingly increasingly confident about their ability 1 To meet the demand for hardwood, 4.5 million
to make medical decisions. hectares of rainforest 1__________(log) each
year. Hardwoods take hundreds of years to mature,
Unit 5 The passive so they 2_________________(cannot/easily/
replace).
Use
1 We use the passive when the person or thing 2 Topsoil can take 1000 years to develop, and
responsible for the action, or the agent, is unknown, yet it 3_________(can/destroy) in less than 10
obvious or is less important than the action, event or years.
process. The passive is commonly used in academic 3 The rainforest contains such a density of
writing and in descriptions of processes. plants that it 4_________(call) 'the lungs of the
2 In many passive sentences the agent is not mentioned. world'. The atmosphere on which life depends 5
Hurricanes are named to avoid confusion about which __________(create) by the exchange of oxygen
storm is being described. (No agent). and carbon dioxide which takes place when sunlight
6________________(convert) into energy.
3 We do not mention the agent when the subject of the
active sentence is a pronoun. 4 Forests absorb solar energy. Now that they
eg We name all tropical hurricanes. All tropical are disappearing, the 'shininess' of the earth's surface
hurricanes are named by-tts. 7________________(alter). As a consequence,
in the near future wind currents and rainfall
Form 8_________(disrupt) and weather patterns
We form the passive using the verb to be in the same worldwide 9__________(affect).
tense as the active verb followed by the past participle of
the active verb. When the agent is mentioned we use the
preposition by. Unit 6 Conditional sentences
eg The scale for measuring wind speed was devised by
Sir Francis Beaufort. Use
The most commonly used active-passive transformations 1 We use real conditionals to talk about a possible
are: situation and its result.
If/When you boil water, it evaporates. = The
Active Passive situation is always true.
Present simple identify/ am/is/are If public awareness is raised, then real changes wz7/
identifies identified take place. = The speaker believes that the change is
likely if public awareness is raised.
Present am/is/ are am/is/ are being
2 We use unreal conditionals to talk about unlikely,
continuous identifying identified
hypothetical or imaginary situations. If tourists were
Present has/have has/have been more considerate, there would be far less damage to
perfect identified identified the environment. = The speaker believes it is unlikely
Past simple identified was / were that tourists will be considerate.
identified If laws had been enacted earlier, there would be
Past was/ were was/were being fewer issues to discuss today. = The past cannot be
continuous identifying identified changed.
Past perfect had identified had been 3 The modals used in conditionals are often -will and
identified would. However, other modals like could, may and
might can be used to express less certainty about the
Future simple will identify will be identified result.
1 In first and second conditional main clauses we use
212 Grammar
 may, might and could in similar ways to talk about capitals.
possibility.
If X happens, then Y could/may/might happen. 0 Anyone who wishes to work in the tourist industry
must speak English and one other language. IF
2 Could not and could not have done can change the
meaning of the main clause. If you wish to work in the tourist industry, you must
If tourism were banned, then many businesses speak English and one other language.
may/might not survive. = It's possible that many 1 The citvJ was not chosen as the venue for the
businesses would not survive.
If tourism were banned, then many businesses Olympics because the public transport system was
could not survive. = It's certain that many inadequate. WOULD
businesses would be unable to survive. 2 Because governments don't invest enough money in
protecting the environment, future generations will
3 Unless has the same meaning as If... not... If X suffer the consequences. UNLESS
doesn't happen, Y will happen = Unless X 3 Assuming no delays, we should be at our destination
happens, Y will happen. by midday tomorrow. PROVIDED
4 Provided (that) and unless cannot be used in unreal 4 Winning the lottery would allow me to travel the
conditionals. world. WON
5 The government ignored economic warnings and as
Unless new laws are enacted, future generations will
a result the country is in recession. IF
pay the price.
6 Edward doesn't speak Spanish so he wasn't offered
Unless new laws had been enacted, future generations would
the job in South America. BEEN
have paid the price. 7 Before the invention of the airplane travel to distant
Provided new laws are enacted, future generations parts of the world was impossible for most people.
will have fewer worries. WOULD
Provided new-laws had been enacted, future generations 8 It's best not to apply for the job if you really don't
would have had fewer worries. want it. UNLESS

Form
1 In real conditionals when the outcome is always true, Unit 7 That -clauses
we can use:
Use
If/When + present tense, present simple 1 That may be used as a conjunction which connects a
When it snows/is snowing, the children love to go clause to a larger sentence. That has no real meaning.
outside to play.
2 Clauses beginning with that may:
When the outcome is likely to happen, we can use: If +
1 report speech, thoughts, feelings or information
present, will/could/may/might If you tell/are telling
eg The Prime Minister has announced that he will
me the truth, 17/ forgive you.
step down.
2 In unreal conditionals when we talk about an unlikely eg Tests show that the drug is safe and effective.
or hypothetical situations in the future, we can use: 2 indicate an attitude towards a situation or event
If + past simple/continuous, would/could/ may/might eg The Prime Minister is certain/confident that the
+ infinitive war will be won.
If I had enough money, I'd buy a new car. eg It is unlikely that he will prove to be correct.
In more formal speech and writing we often use were Form
in place of was after if: 1 That-c\auses can occur after verbs (announced, show)
eg If tourism was/were banned, businesses would be or adjectives (certain, confident, unlikely).
affected. 2 Thflf-clauses may follow verbs or adjectives in
When we talk about an imaginary situation in the past, sentences beginning with It.
we can use: eg It is hoped/unlikely that the situation will improve.
If + past perfect, would/could/may/might have 3 TW-cIauses which form the subject of a sentence may
done/do follow The fact (that)... or In spite of/Despite the fact
If you had told me the truth, I could have forgiven/ (that)...
could forgive you. eg The fact that unemployment has fallen (sentence
subject) does not necessarily mean that the economy
Practice is strong.
Re-write each sentence so that it contains the word in 4 That-clauses should not be confused with defining
Grammar 213
 relative clauses where the relative pronoun (that, argument: first, second, lastly, ‘furthermore, in
who, which, etc.) replaces either the subject or object addition, as well as
of the relative clause. e explain purpose: ‘in order to; in order/so that, ‘so as
That - clause: It is clear that immediate action must to
be taken. f to indicate a reason: because (of), since
The clause following that contains all of its 3 Linking expressions are also used in academic writing
grammatical parts and could function independently to:
as a sentence. a express time: ‘when, after, before, until, as, since
Relative clause: 1 have a number of ideas that ((het/) b express a condition: ‘if, unless (See Unit 6) ‘These
could help to improve the situation. expressions are common in academic writing.
The relative pronoun that replaces the subject of the “These expressions are not commonly used in
clause. The relative clause could not function academic writing.
independently as a sentence.
Form
5 Some reporting verbs, eg tell, take a direct object 1 Conjunctions connect clauses to form a sentence, eg
before the thrtf-clause. He left his parent's home because he wanted to live
eg Alex said that if I wanted the job 1 should apply independently.
for it. Because he wanted to live independently, he left his
eg Alex told me that if I wanted the job I should parents' home.
apply for it. a Some prepositions also act in this way, but
Practice prepositions are followed by a noun, eg despite, in
spite of, because of+ noun, eg Despite growing up
Put the verbs into the table. Use a dictionary to help you. in a city, he preferred country living.
Despite the fact that he grew up in a city, he
admit announce argue assume assure claim convince preferred country living.
deny estimate inform insist persuade point out remind b Some words can act as prepositions or conjunctions,
recognize eg since.
eg He hasn't lived at his parents' home since last
Verb + t/fflt-clause eg Verb + Object + that- month, (preposition)
say that clause eg tell someone
that Since he was no longer living at his parent's home,
he was forced to spend less, (conjunction)
c Some conjunctions can express more than one
meaning, eg as, since, while. eg Since he's left, the
house has felt empty, (time) Since he had to stop
and change the tire, he was delayed, (reason)
Unit 8 Linking expressions 2 Linking adverbials connect a sentence to another
sentence or to a paragraph, eg Finding somewhere to live
Use can be difficult. However, the more time and money you
1 We use linking expressions to show: have to spend the easier it can be. For example,... a In
a the relationships between ideas in a sentence or academic writing, the most common place for the
paragraph adverbial is at the front of the sentence. The next most
b the structure of a text common position is between the noun and the verb.
2 We often use linking expressions in academic writing eg Therefore, our work here is finished. Our work
and argument to: here, therefore, is finished.
a show that an action, event or conclusion is a result b Most, but not all, adverbials at the front of a
or consequence of something: *so, *therefore, sentence are followed by a comma.
*thus, as a result. Practice
b support (through an example) or restate information
or arguments: *for example, “eg, that is, **ie, Complete the first part of a Task 2 essay with an
such as appropriate linking expression.
c show a contrast between two ideas or between less
important information and the main point: Some people argue that city officials should provide
‘although, ‘however, despite, in spite of, public works of art, 1_______________others argue
nevertheless, on the other hand, whereas/while that they should put resources into efficient services
d list or add information or reasons to support an and an effective infrastructure, 2________________
214 Grammar
 communications and transport systems. home entertainment, in place of television.
3______putting a focus on infrastructure seems 5 By 2010 all fuel-burning engines (replace) by
sensible, it does not necessarily mean that this would 'greener' energy devices.
always be in the best interests of the city. In many 6 By 2100 humans (travel) to different galaxies to
cities, public art attracts people, 4_______________ explore and colonize.
making them popular locations to work and visit. Unit 10 Articles
5______, the popularity of London is partly due 1 The indefinite article (a /an) is used with singular
to the famous buildings and statues, 6_______the countable nouns. We use a/an
city having some serious infrastructure problems with a when the person or thing is new to the
an aging underground and a congested road system. reader/listener because the person or thing
7_______, I believe that public art is a major factor
• has not been mentioned before.
• is not already known to the reader/listener, b
in a city retaining a skilled workforce and remaining an when we mean any person or thing of a
attractive destination for tourists. particular type.
Unit 9 Talking about the future eg You need a dictionary for this exercise.
1 For some of the ways in which we refer to the future c when we say what type, class or group something
in English see Unit 1. belongs to, or what job someone has.
eg My father is a computer programmer.
2 When we are talking about future events there is d with a singular countable noun when we use one
always a degree of certainty attached to what we say. example to make a generalization. Note that zero
We use will and shall to show that we are very certain article with a plural noun has a similar meaning.
that an event will take place. Other modals like may, eg A computer needs to be checked occasionally
might and could show that we are less certain about for viruses, or Computers need to be checked
the likelihood of an event, eg By 2050 the world's regularly for viruses.
population will have exceeded 1 billion in number. e with some expressions of quantity, eg a few, a lot, a
(The speaker is certain.) great deal
By 2050 the world's population may have exceeded 1
billion in number. (The speaker is less certain.) 2 The definite article (the) is used with countable and
uncountable nouns. We use the:
3 We also use expressions like certainly, (un)likely, a when the reader/listener knows which person or
probably and possibly to show how certain we are thing we are referring to because:
about something happening. • the person or thing has been mentioned before.
eg They'll probably be late, because they nearly • it is obvious because there is only one, eg the
always are, NOT They may probably be late. sun, the earth, the beginning/end
Form • it is clear from the context or situation, eg
1 We form the future perfect using will have + past Would you open the window, please?
participle. b with singular countable nouns when we make a
eg By next year I'll have finished my College course. general statement about a class or group of people
2 We form the future continuous using will be + or things. Note that we can use the zero article in
present participle. the same way.
eg By 2050 the majority of the world's population eg The car is a popular means of transport, or Cars
will be living in cities. are a popular means of transport.
3 We say X will probably/definitely/certainly + c when we refer to parts of a thing or parts of the
infinitive ..., but X probably/definitely/certainly won't body.
+ infinitive ... eg Using a computer can cause injury to the wrists
eg He will probably be late BUT He probably won't and arms.
be on time. d before dates or periods of time, eg the 12th of
September, the 1980's.
Complete these sentences. Use either the future perfect e when we explain which person or thing we are
or the future continuous.
referring to by using a relative clause or a
prepositional phrase, eg The school which 1 attend
1 In the next century, people (live) on the moon. specializes in Information Technology.
2 By 2050, scientists (discover) how to turn lead into
gold.
3 Twenty years from now, doctors (produce) the first
human clone.
4 In the 21st century people (use) virtual technology for
Grammar 215
 f before an adjective to form a noun which refers to a group or class.
eg The rich have better access to information than the poor.
g Other uses:
• before superlative adjectives, eg the most efficient system
• before the names of seas, deserts, rivers or groups of mountains, eg the
Pacific Ocean, the Thames, the Sahara, the Alps
• before plural countries and republics, eg the United States, the Republic of
China
3 Zero article (0) is used with uncountable and plural countable nouns when we are
referring to people or things in a general way.
eg Information is widely available, (information in general)
The information they sent was misleading, (specific information)
Other uses:
• before institutions in general, eg She is in (0) hospital. He goes to (0) school.
• when talking about travelling by a particular form of transport; eg 1 travel to
work by (0) car, bus, etc.
• before the names of individual mountains or lakes, eg the Himalayas but (0)
Mount Everest; the Great Lakes but (0) Lake Superior
• before the names of streets, towns, countries, counties, states or continents, eg I
come from (0) Canada.
• before the names of meals, eg What time is (0) dinner?
Practice
Complete the text. Use a/an, the or leave the space blank.

Research into mass communication research started at 1 beginning of 2

______________twentieth
century. However, it was not until after 3________
Second World War in 4____United States that
5___possibility of 6______communication
science was first discussed. In fact, it was 7______
mathematician, Claude Shannon, who first provided the stimulus to 8 social
scientists to
think about 9 communication in model form.

Vocabulary
Unit 1 Word formation
1 Complete the table. Use your dictionary to help you.

Subject Person Adjective

A astronomy 0 astronomer 1

B 2 biologist 3

C chemistry 4 5

D mathematics 6 7
E neurologist/ 9
8
neuroscientist
 F physics 10 11

G psychology 12 13

H 14 sociologist 15

2 Match each subject to the description of what it studies.

0 structure of substances and how they react with one another chemistry
1 stars and planets_______________
2 numbers and shapes_______________
3 the mind and behaviour_______________
4 living things______________
5 society______________
6 forms of energy, eg heat, light_______________

Unit 2 Collocation
It is important to learn which words often go together to make natural sounding
English. This is called collocation.
1 Find adjectives from the box that commonly collocate with the abstract nouns
below. You can use some adjectives more than once.
disruptive anti-social
expensive
violent healthy negative
relaxed stressful

1 (i) (ii) (iii) + attitude

2 (i) (ii) (iii) +
3 (i) (ii) (iii) + lifestyle
 2 Look up the following words and answer the questions.
0 disabled Is the stress on the same syllable as disability?
No - dis'abled disability (pronunciation')
1 deal What phrasal verbs can be made from this word and which one means to act
in order to solve a problem? Does it require an object?
2 deteriorate What is the noun form and is it countable?
3 pressure What are the different meanings of this word and which one is being
used in the following sentence? There is now pressure on ministers to change
the law.
4 social What compounds and collocations are there for this word?
5 employ What other words can be made from this root word?
6 government Does this take a singular or plural verb?
7 yob Is this a frequently used word and would it be suitable for an IELTS essay?
8 adolescent Which silent letter might cause this word to be spelt incorrectly?
9 change What other ways can you find to say this?
10 cause (v) Find alternatives for this word that would be suitable for academic
writing.

Unit 3 Dependent prepositions

1 Complete the paragraph with suitable dependent prepositions. Use a dictionary to
help you.
If energy efficiency has so much potential, why isn't everyone pursuing it? One
obstacle is that many people have confused efficiency 1________________
discomfort. Another is that energy users do not recognize how much they can benefit
2_______________improving efficiency because saved energy comes 3_________
millions 4_____invisibly small pieces rather than big chunks. Most people
lack the time to learn 5_______modern efficiency techniques. And scores
6______ingrained habits actually reward waste. Yet relatively simple changes
Adapted extract from can turn all these obstacles 7_______business opportunities. Enhancing
Scientific American 2005. efficiency is the most vital step 8_______creating a climate-safe energy system.
2 Complete the table. Write in the missing parts of speech.

Verb Noun Adjective

1 consumption 2
3 4 derived (from)
5 6 renewable
7 shortage 8
9 10 refining / refined
X detriment 11
12 speculator I speculation 13
14 15 alternative
expand 16 17
maintain 18 19
X 20 convenient
Unit 4 Vocabulary
1 1 Match these adjectives with the part of the body they refer to.
cardiac a eyes
 dental b nose
gastric c kidneys
nasal d heart
optical e ears
orthopaedic f teeth
renal g bones, muscles
auditory h stomach
2 Use your dictionary to find one or two nouns which collocate with each word,
eg auditory nerve damage, page 62.
2 Complete the word families below by looking up the given word in your
dictionary. Where there is more than one form of the word note the difference in
meaning.

Verb Adjective(s) Noun(s)

reduce
relaxant +
stimulant +

irritating
confuse
reaction

The definitions below are for words made with the prefix Counter-.
1 What does this prefix mean?
2 Find the correct word in your dictionary to match each definition.
1 having the opposite result to the one intended
2 to reduce the negative effect of something by doing something that has an
opposite effect
3 to have an effect that is equal and opposite to something else
4 actions taken to stop something else from happening or having a negative
effect
Record the four words in your writing Task 2 vocabulary bank and check the
meanings of the words as they are used in the text from Reading 1 on pages 57 and
58.

Unit 5 Weather words: Adjective and noun collocations

1 Choose four adjectives which collocate with each noun and write them in the box.

blazing bright changeable fair gale-force

gusty hazy heavy light (x2) low mild pouring scattered strong thick thunder
torrential unseasonable wintry

0 changeable weather

rain
 sunshine

wind

snow

cloud

Unit 6 Dependent prepositions

Complete the sentences with a suitable preposition.
1 A major cause________accidents is drivers going too fast.
2 Any change_______lifestyle can have an effect________your health.
3 The subject________cloning raises a number________ethical issues.
4 Traffic congestion causes serious problems________drivers.
5 Fuel-efficient cars have already gone_________production.
6 The reasons_______the present crisis are various.
7 The crash resulted________the deaths of all the passengers.
8 Solar energy offers a low cost solution________our fuel problems.
9 The figures indicate an upward trend_________sales.

Unit 7
Complete each sentence with an appropriate reporting verb.
admit announce assure claim deny inform persuade remind
1 He____________me that the report would be ready in time for the
presentation as promised.
2 The CEO____________the allegations that his company had acted illegally.
3 He____________that no evidence had been found to support the
allegations of illegal behaviour.
4 The company spokesman______________that sales figures for this quarter
would be lower than predicted.
5 They managed to_____________him that he was not to blame for the
difficulties the firm was experiencing.
6 He____________(already) the firm that he has made the decision to leave.
7 He____________last week that regrettably he would be unable to continue
to work for us.
8 She___________me that we had met some years before at a conference.
Unit 8 Dependent prepositions
Complete each sentence. Use one word from List 1 as a noun or verb and one word
from List 2. You can use any word more than once.
1
concern design make protect support take
2
about against as by for (x2) from in of up
0 The building was made of glass, marble and concrete.
1 The need for cities to expand must be balanced against a________________the
environment.
2 The new art gallery was originally______________a stately home.
3 In warm weather, shutters will__________a house______the effects of the sun.
4 Many people are justifiably______________the lack of housing and the
rising property prices.
5 Many insurance policies will not________your home________flood damage.
6 The workforce is_____________of a large proportion of women.
7 You can see from their size that these apartments were________________
people with a physical disability.
8 The ceiling is____________high stone columns.
9 I promised to_______him______his campaign to become mayor of the city.

Unit 9
1 1 Complete the table. Use different forms of the words.
Noun Adjective Adverb
1 probable 2
possibility 3 4
5 6 certainly
likelihood 7 X
2 Re-write each sentence, starting as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.
0 It's probable that scientists will discover a cure for cancer this century.
Scientists will probably discover a cure for cancer this century.
1 It's possible that a solution to world poverty will be found. There's a...
2 People will almost certainly be taking holidays in space by the end of the
century.
It's almost...
3 The likelihood of developing heart disease is increased in people who
smoke.
People who smoke...
 2 summarize justify analyse discuss

Match the question task words in the box above to the sentences.
1 Although many educators believe that the internet could replace teachers in the
future, closer inspection suggests that this is clearly not the case. The reason for
this is that there will always be a need for learners to have more complex
concepts explained to them face to face. As yet, this is something that a machine
cannot do.
2 Overall, the major disadvantages of using email are the negative effects it may
have on health and communication. Finally, while there can be no denying that
emails have made global communication more efficient, they should not be
allowed to replace personal communication.
3 One of the dangers of the internet as a communicative tool is that it is difficult to
control the information that is stored on it. Some attempts have been made to do
this, but the sheer volume of information makes this an almost impossible task.
4 Although it is certainly true that space travel has taught mankind a great deal
about the universe, there is still the argument that too much money is being spent
on this. I am convinced that governments need to focus their spending on
concerns closer to home, like health care, education and the environment. These
should be their primary targets because they affect the general public in a more
direct way.

Unit 10
1 Complete the table with the missing noun or adjective form of the words. The
missing words appear in the Reading passage on page 153. Use the paragraph
numbers in brackets () to help you to locate them.

18 Vocabulary
4
Adjective Noun
0 organized organization
social (1) 1
literate (1) 2
published (1) 3
efficient (1) 4
fundamental (2) 5
innovative (2) 6
informative (2) 7
8 privacy (2)
9 tradition (2)
adaptable (3) 10
technological (4) 11
12 number (4)

13 commerce (4)
 2 Check the meaning of the words in the box then read the text on mobile phones
and fill the gaps. All the words are from Unit 10 and are included in the academic
word list.

evaluation distinctly design primarily conclude computer

principles seek acquired impact range

The Mobile Revolution

Any (0) evaluation of modern technology would (1)_____________that
the growth of mobile phone ownership as well as innovations in (2) have had a
major (3)______on the world of
communication. Through applying the (4)_______________of digital
technology, mobiles have (5)______________a (6)___________of extra uses.
Modern mobiles used to be (7)_____________devices for speaking to other
people but now they are also capable of many (8)________________different
functions, including text messaging, email, internet, digital photography and
video. As manufacturers (9)_________________to include more facilities,
some designers believe that the mobile phone will eventually be capable of
being your (10)_______________, music & film player, TV, radio, games
console and personal organizer.

Vocabulary 223
 Additional
Unit 6
Speaking (page 100)
material
3
Describe the car you own or would like to buy
You should say:
What type of car it is
What you use it for
Why you chose it
And you should also say why you prefer a car to any other form of transport

4
1 Do you think it's better to travel alone or in a group?
2 Does tourism only have a positive effect on a country?
3 Do you think long-distance travelling will still be popular in the future?
4 What is the most popular tourist attraction in your country and do you think it will still be
popular in 10 years' time?
5 Will there be any changes in the way people choose to travel in the future?
6 Give possible reasons why people like to go travelling.

Unit 10
Speaking (page 161)
Look at the following Part 3 speaking questions on modern technology. Take it in turns to be the
candidate and the examiner. Check that the 'candidate' has answered the question appropriately by
using the table in exercise 1.
1 Assess the ways in which email and text messaging has affected the way children learn to read
and write.
2 Speculate on how society might survive and function without modern technologies, like the
internet and satellite communication.
3 Justify the use of the internet as an advertising tool.
4 Evaluate how technology has affected the way people communicate.
5 Describe how the internet has affected people's shopping habits.
6 Compare the speed of life now to what it was in the last century.

224 Additional material

 Unit 7 Editing your writing
1 It is a good idea to edit your writing to check that it is clear and accurate. Read the following table and decide what
kind of writer you are.
Poor writer Average writer Good writer
Band Scores: 2-4 Band Scores: 5-6 Band Scores: 7-9
1 Does not check if what 1 Makes sure that what they
they have written is 1 Sometimes checks have written is accurate
accurate. that what they and that the facts are
have written is correct.
accurate.
2 Does not control the 2 Sometimes controls 2 Writes the correct amount
length. Writes too the length. and does not write more
little. words than the question
requires.
3 Has no clear sense of 3 Knows why they
purpose in writing. are writing, but
3 Defines the purpose clearly
Does not really know does not clearly
in their introduction.
why they are writing understand the
Knows exactly what they
and does not clearly topic.
are writing about and has
understand the topic.
a good understanding of
the topic and the
question.
4 Prepares and plans writing
4 Works in any order and 4 Does not always well.
does not write a plan. write with a plan.
5 Is unable to change the 5 Can only slightly 5 Has the flexibility to
style of writing to change the change the style of
suit different topics writing style. writing to suit different
and questions. topics and questions.
6 The writing has 6 Writes correctly and pays
many grammar, attention to grammar,
6 The writing has too
spelling and spelling and punctuation.
many grammar,
punctuation Checks work for mistakes
spelling and
mistakes. before handing it in.
punctuation mistakes
which badly affect
communication.
7 Has a limited 7 Uses too much
vocabulary. repetitive and
7 Has a wide vocabulary and
memorized
is always developing their
vocabulary.
vocabulary by learning
new words and
expressions and then
using this vocabulary in
their writing.
8 Writes untidily. The 8 Writes neatly, but 8 Writes neatly.
handwriting is not everything is
difficult to read. clear.

Additional material 225

 1 Correct the following paragraph using the correction key provided.

Word missing X These days increasing numbers of people choose to travel by plane. The main

reason for this is convenient way to travel long distances. Travelling long distance are
Wrong word ww an essential part of many people’s lives. It is certainly true that the time is money
Tense T therefore air travel can save companies a substantial amount of money, also it can be

seen that this factor. In certain parts of the world particularly in remote places like
Article art
islands air travel is often the only option However, air companies have a
Grammar/
responsibilities to ensure passengers is safe. To ensure passengers are safe means
structure 0 to have regular safety checks on planes to keep the planes in good working order.

Singular/plural s/p Look at some of your own writing. Use the correction key to help you correct six
grammar and punctuation mistakes.
Spelling Sp
Countable/ Unit 6
uncountable c/u Speaking (page 100)
3
Talk about a place you would really like to viJF
Punctuation p
You should say:
Your meaning is Where it is and when you went there
not clear or Why you want to go there
impossible to M? Who you would want to travel with And you should also say whether or not
understand travelling is important to you.

Wrong verb form Vb

Unit 10

Your verb and Writing (page 165)

subject do not Ag 8 Tougher censorship is required to protect the privacy of celebrities from unwanted
agree media attention. Privacy should be respected whether someone is
Start a new famous or not.
paragraph here NF Do you agree or disagree?

226 Additional material

 Writing
Unit 1 violent behaviour. If children can learn that there are
other ways of solving disagreement, then it is possible
Model answer for Writing on p22 that when those children become adults they will behave
The diagram shows staff training by four companies for similarly and try to resolve conflict through discussion
the period 2003 to 2006. In 2003, companies A, B and C and compromise rather than by force. In my view this is
had similar levels (between 25% and 28%), with a powerful argument for encouraging a nonviolent
company D significantly lower at 20%. By 2006 all approach to school bullies.
companies had increased their training with D rising Another aspect of this issue is the fact that bullying
substantially to become the second largest at 35% whilst occurs in school time when parents are not present.
A grew less, ending about 10% lower than the others. Hence, it could be argued that it is better for schools to
A and B showed similar trends rising slightly in 2004, deal with this problem by promoting anti-bullying
falling a little in 2005 then growing more steadily in policies and offering support to victims. Although this
2006 with the gap between them gradually increasing. In makes practical sense, it ignores the fundamental effect
contrast, C and D showed very different changes. In that parents can have on their children.
2003 training by D fell to a low of about 17% whilst C In conclusion, despite there being circumstances when a
rose steeply reaching a high of over 35%. After violent response to bullying may be justified, it is my
significant growth by D, and a steady decline by C in belief that teaching non-violent strategies is more
2004, the two companies converged in 2001 with C productive in the long term. Also, although schools have
peaking at around 37% and D at 35%. a role to play, it is the parents who can have the most
Overall, it can be seen that staff training for all four significant effect.
companies increased, although following very different (303 words)
trends. (171 words)

Comments Comments
The answer follows the plan given on page 22. The essay follows a similar plan to the one on page 37
Firstly, the diagram is introduced then there is a and states that the essay will take a 'balanced argument'
description of some of the main features supported by approach. The three body paragraphs each have a clear
figures from the diagram. In the second paragraph, the point and are well supported. The essay considers
other changes and differences are described. There is arguments on both sides of the debate but also makes the
good use of language to describe changes over time. writer's own opinion clear throughout. A good range of
The answer ends by describing the overall pattern. linking expressions are used to link ideas within as well
as between sentences.
Unit 2 Unit 3

Model answer for Writing on p38 Model answer for Writing on p54

In modern society, violence in schools is rising and The table shows different sources of fuel for producing
playground bullying seems to be increasing. The issue is electricity and their percentage use in five European
whether or not parents should deal with this problem by countries in 2001. Generally, the five countries showed a
teaching their children to fight back. The arguments on significant difference in their patterns of consumption.
both sides of this debate need to be examined carefully. Taking nuclear fuel first, Belgium had the highest
percentage at 58%, with Sweden second at 45%. In
Many people believe that violence only breeds further marked contrast, Italy used no nuclear power at all.
violence. Evidence for this is found in research which Turning to Coal and Lignite, Germany and Britain used
shows that children who grow up in violent families this to generate a large proportion of their electricity
often grow up to be violent themselves. Furthermore, (50% and 34% respectively), a much higher percentage
some children may enjoy the power associated with than the remaining countries.
violence and develop into bullies. However, there are
examples of bullying being stopped as a result of victims Regarding Petroleum products, Italy produced 27% of
hitting back. This shows that there are occasions when its electricity from this source. In comparison, the other
violence may help to end bullying. countries only generated 2% or less of their electricity
from this fuel. However, Hydro and Wind reveal another
However, looking at the issue in the long term, there is a pattern with Sweden producing almost half of its
strong case for supporting parents who promote anti- electricity (49%) this way (over twice as high as Italy
Writing 227
which had the second highest percentage at 20%). continuing. However, a flexible approach is
Finally, a significant amount was produced from other recommended as some medical conditions are helped by
sources with three countries (Britain, Italy and Sweden) the use of modern drugs. (312 words)
generating around 40% of their electricity from other
fuels.
Comments
Overall, it can be seen that there was a significant The writer has chosen an 'opinion' approach and uses a
variation in which fuels countries used to generate their good range of topic vocabulary (health) throughout.
electricity. (195 words) Paragraphs 2 and 3 use the paragraph plan from page 65.
They begin with a main idea supported by examples or
further information. Then an opposing idea is mentioned
Comments which is refuted by returning to the view of the writer.
After briefly summarizing the main pattern, the writer The essay ends with a re-statement of the writer's view
describes the main differences and similarities in each and their recommendation.
of the fuel types. There is good use of language to
make comparisons. The answer ends with a As world population rises, it is becoming more evident
description of the overall pattern. Note that it would that unless we find ways of producing more food, we
also lie possible to describe the table by comparing could be faced with a serious food crisis. It is often
countries. claimed that the only solution to this crisis is through
genetically modified food. Yet, in my opinion, there is
no justification for developing farming methods that
Unit 4 could harm human health and the environment.
Model answer for Writing 1 on p65 Scientists may be convinced that GM foods provide a
Recent advances in drug technology have resulted in quick solution to feeding the world's population.
doctors prescribing drugs more frequently. While this Through science, plants can be made to grow faster and
development has many benefits, it may promote a focus a wider variety of crops can also be created. Although
on treating symptoms at the cost of causes. I partly agree this means more food is being produced, the quality of
with this view although there are situations where this food could ultimately be detrimental to human
making symptoms the priority is valid. This essay will health because of the unknown, long-term risks of
seek to examine this complex issue. genetic modification. In my view, this is one of the
major reasons more people are buying organic food.
It is my view that drugs are often prescribed for Surely scientific progress should not disregard the long-
recurring ailments such as headaches with no attempt to term effects GM foods could have on health.
discover the reasons why they may keep happening. For
However, it is also important to consider the issue of
example, medicine may help a person with backache, but
producing enough food, both at a local and global level.
not investigating the cause may mean the backache
Many parts of the world, such as Africa, continue to
keeps returning. Although there is a case for trying to
experience famine and starvation. Therefore, there could
simply cure the symptoms, I believe that ignoring the
be a case for saying that GM foods may help to reduce
long term issues is ultimately counter-productive.
this food shortage. Certainly, in many parts of the world,
Similarly, regarding the treatment of mental illness, it is people are forced to rely on international aid for food.
clear that pressures on the health service in countries Yet I would argue that GM foods are not the solution.
such as the UK do encourage doctors to use drugs rather This is something that needs to be tackled in the political
than spend time trying to uncover the deeper reasons for arena and governments may have to put more money
an illness. These drugs may only sedate a patient rather into alternative ways of producing foods.
than cure them. Obviously, in cases where patients
In conclusion, while we need to meet the demands of an
cannot function at all this may be the only alternative.
increasing world population, GM foods are not the
However, in my opinion the routine use of drugs avoids
solution. I am certain that unless governments look at
addressing the psychological issues in the person's life
alternative methods of food production, the harmful
that may be causing the illness.
health and environmental effects caused by GM foods
On the other hand, for certain world-wide killers such as may prove irreversible. (310 words)
cancer and HIV the cause may be unknown, so drug
treatment of the symptoms becomes the main focus. If
drugs improve a patient's quality of life, this can only be Comments
positive until the causes are better understood. This writer here has also chosen an 'opinion' approach
but this time there are only two body paragraphs - both
To conclude, there are many situations in which I believe quite long. The first looks at the issue from a personal
increasing drug use leads doctors to look at symptoms perspective whilst the second adopts a local/global
more than causes, which may result in the illness perspective. A good range of language is used to

228 Writing
 Model answer for Writing 2 on p70 Unit 5
describe opinions throughout. present simple passives to describe this manmade
process. Few words have been copied from the
Model answer for Writing on p83 diagram and many have been grammatically changed
The diagram shows the different stages involved in the eg furnishing------------------► furnished.
construction of a straw bale house. The process Model answer for Writing on p86
commences with the demolition of the previous building
and the preparation of the ground in order to give a solid The diagram shows the different changes carbon goes
base for the new building. After this the bales are through as it is transported from fossil fuel to
positioned and secured. At this point the roof is installed atmospheric gas and back again. To begin with, carbon,
and the external finish completed. in the form of coal and oil, is extracted from within the
earth by mining. After this stage is complete, these fossil
Following that, work commences on the inside of the fuels are burnt, so as to provide energy for goods
house with several steps happening simultaneously. manufacturing, the production of electricity, and
Electrical and plumbing work is completed to provide transport, in fuels such as petrol and diesel.
heat, light and water, and the house is insulated to reduce
energy loss. The next stage of the process is when the As a result of burning fossil fuels, CO2 is released into
structure is inspected by the buildings officer to ensure the atmosphere, which causes pollution and contributes
safety requirements are met. Before the property can be to global warming. The negative effects of this step in
furnished it must be decorated. This step involves the cycle are balanced by the CO2 being absorbed by
painting and carpeting as well as putting up curtains and trees. Any reduction in trees, caused by forest clearance,
other decorative fittings. reduces CO2 absorption and adds to global warming. The
final stage of the process is when trees decay and
Finally, the construction is finished and the new house is gradually form back into coal and oil.
ready for sale. (160 words)
Once the final stage has been completed, the carbon
returns to its original state as a fossil fuel and the cycle
Comments continues again. (167 words)
The answer is logically organized and correctly uses
Comments consumers who need to be persuaded to choose more
The answer follows the paragraph plan given on page sustainable forms of transport over air travel, even if the
86 and has a good range of vocabulary. The flight is inexpensive. It may be effective to educate
summarizing sentence describes the situation after the people that although the cost of a flight is cheap, the
final and explains that this process is cyclical. environmental cost is high. I believe advertising
campaigns could work to discourage people from taking
Unit 6 unnecessary flights despite low ticket prices.

Model answer for Writing on p99 To sum up, low-cost airlines offer air travel at low prices
which do not reflect the environmental damage caused.
In recent times, travelling by plane has become more In spite of the legislative measures that governments
affordable as airline prices have dropped dramatically. could take to reduce this trade, it is my belief that the best
The issue is that these cheap air fares do not reflect the answer would be to raise people's awareness of the
environmental cost of air travel: planes burn fossil fuels environmental damage caused by air travel and to
at a higher rate than any other form of transport. persuade them to only use it when necessary.
Governments and individuals need to take action to
reduce the harm that low-cost airlines cause. This essay (294 words)
will offer some suggestions of how they could achieve
this. Comments
To avoid the situation becoming any worse, governments The introduction begins with a paraphrase of the
could restrict licences for any further low-cost routes and question topic that uses a gerund subject ('... travelling
place a minimum price limit that would take into account by plane...'). The essay directly addresses the two
the environmental damage caused. Furthermore, if they aspects of the question by presenting two ideas: the
considered placing a tax on all low-cost airlines, it might role of government and the role of individuals. These
discourage them from developing this market. Whilst ideas are developed by considering the results of the
these measures could be effective, they would probably proposed solutions. A good range of language and
be highly unpopular with the majority of travellers, so grammar is used including modal verbs to avoid
democratic governments might be wary of implementing absolute statements if they considered ... it mightthey
such measures. would probably be 'It may be effective to ...').

Although governments have a role to play, it is ultimately Model answer for Writing on pl02
Writing 229
(Intro: Explain the problem)
In recent years, certain countries have adopted a policy of
allowing private businesses to run transport systems
which were previously publicly owned. However, many
people are concerned about how transport safety
standards would be upheld once a government gave up
control. There are several potential solutions which I
believe would be effective.
(Body 1: Govt. Laws)
One of the major roles of government is to make and
enforce laws. If they made it against the law to endanger
public safety, any company that did not comply with the
regulations could be dealt with in a court. The advantage
of this policy would be that the inevitable bad publicity
from such a trial would certainly be a strong motivation
for companies to maintain good standards.
(Body 2: Inspections & Fines)
Although the government would not be running the
transport system, there is no reason that they could not
control it by means of inspections and penalties if
companies were not operating safely. If the government
found dangerous practices resulting from an inspection,
they could refuse to allow that company to continue
trading. They might also consider financial penalties for
lesser problems. The drawback of these ideas is that they
would involve the government in running an inspection
system which may well be expensive.
(Body 3: Don't allow private ownership)
A final solution would be to consider changing the law to
stop private companies running any public transport.
However, such a proposal might be highly unpopular
with voters if they felt private companies had made
improvements.
To summarize, the problem of balancing private profit
with public safety on buses and trains is not easy to
resolve. However, it is my view that if governments
carried out regular inspections supported by a system of
tough penalties, then public safety would be maintained.
(285 words)

230 Writing
 Comments Model answer for Writing Task 1 on pll8
There is a clear introduction which shows the writer whilst well under half of retail and transport workers
has understood the topic and task correctly. It describes follow this pattern (45% and 39% respectively).
what the problem is, gives the writer's view and explains Conversely, only slightly over two fifths of catering
the focus of the essay. In the body of the essay, three employees work in the day with 35% working at the
ideas are suggested and supported with further weekends, which is a similar proportion to retail staff at
explanation. The third and fourth paragraph also include 30%.
mention of opposing fl views ('The drawback of...',
'However, such a ...'). Synonyms for 'problem' and For the catering, finance and retail sector, only a
'solution' are used (policy, drawback, ideas, proposal). minority work at night (13%, 5% and 4% respectively).
In contrast, a third of transport staff are employed at
Unit 7 night, which is almost equal to the numbers working in
Model answer for Writing Task 1 on pll6 the day. Finally, for catering, transport and retail the
numbers in evening work is approximately the same as
The charts show world-wide manufacturing and those in weekend work. For the finance sector, evening
exports as a percentage, from 1985 to 2005 in Germany, work is equal in size to the combined total of night and
China, Japan and the US. The US had the largest share weekend work.
of global manufacturing and exports although its
manufacturing percentage dropped significantly from To sum up, it can be seen that there is a wide variation in
around 36% in 1985 to under 24% in 2005. In contrast, work patterns in the four sectors with only the finance
China's manufacturing and exports represented the sector employing the majority of workers in daytime
smallest share of the four countries. However, it was the work.
country with the greatest growth, with manufacturing up (191 words)
from 5% to just under 15%, and exports up from about
3% to 10%.
Turning to Japan, it had the second largest percentage Comments
of manufacturing although by 2005 it was equalled by The answer focuses on comparisons (there are no
China. However, its exports experienced a steady fall changes over time) and chooses to approach the
ending as the lowest exporter of the group. Despite summary by comparing the differences in time of
Germany's manufacturing being the lowest of the work. There is a good range of language to express the
countries, it remained steady throughout the period. Its data (language for approximating figures and
exports, however, represented the second largest determiners) and the summarizing sentence gives a
percentage showing a slight increase from about 11% to good summing up of the diagrams.
12%. The first diagram illustrates the reasons men and
Overall, it can be seen that the US remained the largest women chose to work at home in 2005. Overall, running
manufacturer and exporter although the steady growth in their own business was the main reason for both males
China was significant. and females (69% and 65% respectively). In contrast,
approximately a quarter of males put flexibility as a
(176 words) The diagram shows the pattern of work for reason, which was twice as high as the female response
workers employed in four industries (catering, retail, (26% and 12% respectively). For childcare, the pattern
transport and finance). Firstly looking at daytime work, was different again with almost a quarter of females
the vast majority of finance staff work at this time (82%) giving this reason compared to very few males (5%).
The second diagram shows the hours men and women
Comments worked at home in 2005. The vast majority of males
The answer follows the plan given in Writing exercise worked over 31 hours per week (82%) contrasting with a
4 on page 117 and compares the two charts which is minority of females (5%) doing similar hours. This
logical as the fixed parts (country & percentage) are pattern is reversed when examining the underten hours
the same in both. Language is used to describe change category with almost three quarters of females working
as well as make comparisons. this amount compared to only 2% of males. The 10-30

Writing 231
Model answer for Writing Task 1 on pll8
hours per week category shows fewer marked To conclude, the success of a city depends on having
differences. cultural attractions to make it an attractive place to live
or visit, but also on having an efficient infrastructure so
To sum up, it can be seen that men and women do not that people want to remain living there and so that
always give the same reasons for home working and, in businesses can thrive. Hence, I believe that expenditure
general, men work longer hours at home.(184 words) needs to be allocated to both public services and cultural
facilities.
Comments (315 words)
The answer describes each diagram separately
because they are not measuring the same thing. Each
point is introduced clearly and supported with figures Comments
from the diagram. The final sentence gives a | summary The question task tells the writer to 'Discuss both
of both diagrams. views ...' and so a balanced argument approach has been
used. The introduction makes it clear how the writer will
Unit 8 organize their answer. In the body of the essay, language
Model answer for Writing Task 2 on pl32 is used to refute opposing ideas and paragraphs 2 and 3
conclude with the writer's own view. The conclusion
The issue of how to divide public funds in cities is one gives a clear summary and makes the views of the writer
which many people feel strongly about. Some argue that clear.
providing facilities such as galleries and museums
should be a priority for those in power. Others feel that
the focus should be on practical things such as having
effective telecommunications, good transport networks
and well-run public utilities. This essay will discuss both
these positions in turn.
Although putting a focus on infrastructure seems
sensible, it does not necessarily mean that this would
always be in the best interests of the city. In many cities,
cultural facilities attract people thus making them
popular locations to work and visit. For instance, the
popularity of London is partly due to the famous
galleries and museums, despite the city having some
serious infrastructure problems with an ageing
underground and congested road system. Therefore, I
believe that cultural attractions are a major factor in a
city retaining a skilled workforce and remaining an
attractive destination for tourists.
On the other hand, the fact that a city provides good
cultural amenities does not necessarily mean that it will
be economically strong. Investors, businesses and
entrepreneurs, who are a vital part of a thriving city,
require a dependable infrastructure before they choose
their location. In addition, if investment in infrastructure
falls, a city may cease to function properly resulting in
growing economic instability and social tension. It is my
view that poor transport, faulty communications or
unreliable services will all lead to the decline of a city.

232 Writing
 In today's
Model modern
answer world, there
for Writing Task is probably
2 on pl34 greater Paragraph 1
access to Art than ever before. Nevertheless, the The illustration shows a house
function of Art remains an area of debate with some Introduce the designed to use energy efficiently
believing that it provides meaning and purpose to our illustration and all year round. The house follows
lives, whilst others feel that it is only a momentary describe the a conventional design but with a
escape from more important issues. My own belief is main features. number of innovations. The first
that Art is fundamental to what makes us human. floor of the house is situated
underground whilst the upper
A first point to consider is that the expression of our floor consists of a wide, low-
lives through Art is one of the few things that separates angled roof. Along the length of
humans from animals. Man is the only creature who this roof are a series of oblong-
attempts to reflect his own life through Art forms such shaped skylights.
as painting. Furthermore, the fact that Art is often taken
to mean the work of geniuses such as Picasso does not Paragraph 2
necessarily mean that Art is only a characteristic of In the summer, the skylights open
modern man. Ancient cave paintings show that even in Describe how fully, which allows heat to be
primitive times, the expression of the world around was the house released. The roof covering, which
important to humans. In my opinion this is a strong works in the reflects heat, reduces heat
argument for showing how vital Art is to Man. summer. penetration and helps to protect
the house from becoming too hot
Some people believe that Art is just a brief distraction in the summer. Similarly, the
from normality. However, one of the major uses of Art underground floor remains cool in
is to lift people's spirits. The songs of slaves provide an the summer months as a result of
example of how music can help people cope with pain. being protected from the sun's
Similarly, paintings and sculptures are often used to rays.
remember historical events, keeping them alive in the
culture. I believe this reflects a fundamental need to
Paragraph 3 In the winter, these features
express our existence through Art.
Describe how function differently and are used
To summarize, Art is something which has been a part the house to retain heat. The skylights
of human history for thousands of years and helps works in the maximize the amount of light and
people survive difficult times and express their winter heat entering the house and the
existence. Thus, it is my view that Art is much more wall insulation prevents this from
than just entertainment: it is one of the defining escaping. The underground floor
characteristics of being human. is less affected by cold weather as
(291 words) the surrounding earth helps to
retain warmth.

Comments Summarizing To summarize, it can be seen that

This essay could be answered with either a balanced I sentence the house uses design features
argument or an opinion essay approach. In this I answer which maximize heat retention in
the writer adopts an opinion essay approach n which is winter and heat loss in summer.
made clear from the final sentence of the i introduction. (186 words)
The body of the essay provides ideas 1 and examples to
support the writer's view which is I summarized in the
conclusion. The third paragraph I begins by mentioning Comments
an opposing view which I is then refuted in order to The answer adopts a logical paragraph structure which
support the writer's I opinion. describes the features of the house and their purpose.
Unit 9 The illustration labels have been used as the basis of
Model answer for Writing 1 p!45 many sentences but the words from the labels have often
been transformed (eg protection ► protected).

Writin
Describing an illustration model
Paragraph plan g answer
Unit 10
Model answer for Writing on pl66
There are different views on the causes of violence in the
world today. Some argue that it is connected to people's
exposure to violent scenes on television and in films,
whilst others point to wider problems in society such as
unemployment, poor housing and education as the root
of antisocial behaviour. It is my belief that violence in
the media plays a significant role in encouraging violent
behaviour.
A first point is that as levels of violence in the media
increase, so does young people's exposure to it. Even
films aimed at children often contain violence and
despite the difficulty of proving whether this directly
affects society, it is hard not to be concerned. After all,
children learn through modelling adult behaviour, so if
the models they choose are violent then it is highly likely
that they may be violent themselves.
Furthermore, the way violence is portrayed in the media
is often stylized resulting in violence being seen as
attractive. People who are easily impressed may then
behave violently themselves. Although research has
shown that aggressive behaviour is actually often the
result of having aggressive parents, I still believe that the
unrealistic way violence is shown in the media must have
a negative result on society.
Finally, the media has become increasingly globalized
which means that violence in programmes or films can
be viewed all over the world. I would argue that the
increasing quantity and level of violence seen around the
world must be a negative force in society.
In conclusion, although it is difficult to prove beyond a
doubt the effect of violence in the media on society, I
believe that the result on the young, the unrealistic way it
is shown and the global nature of media communications
all have a significant and negative impact on society.
(299 words)

Comments
The answer is well-organized and remains focused on
the question throughout. There is a clear introduction
that states the writer's views which are supported by
discussing different arguments in the body of the
essay. The conclusion summarizes the main points and
concludes with the writer's view re-stated.

19 Writing
6
 Listening scripts
1 Learn to succeed closed on the weekends. in the right frame of mind. But this isn't as easy
S: Are there no other computers on campus? as it may sound and it may mean doing other
0 11 T: There are a few in the library that are things to take your mind off having that
available throughout the year, except cigarette, particularly when the urge is strong.
(T=Tutor;S=Student) I've found that different things can help you do
T: Good morning, and how can I help you? Sundays. To get to the library you keep going
down University Lane, past the Science this like taking up a hobby or having a smoking
S: Good morning, my name is Sondra da Costa. Block on your left. Opposite the Science buddy - someone you can phone up when the
I'm a first year student and I'm a bit confused Block are the Chemistry Labs and the library going gets tough, a friend who can help you
about a few things. I was told by a lecturer to is just on the right, next to Lab B. think about something else. Remember that
come here. each time you don't have a cigarette; you will
S: Fine. feel better and stronger.
T: Okay then, take a seat Sandra and let me see
how 1 can help you. Because this is your first T: Another important building is the students' Of course, this method does not work for
year here, I'll need a few personal details. union. Turn left into Newton Drive. There everyone, but there are other ways to help keep
What did you say your name was again? are some trees and a little outside cafeteria. you on track.
The students' union is just behind this. Another way is to use smoking aids. There are
S: Sondra da Costa
One thing 1 must check ... ha ve you sorted many types so find one that suits you best. Take
T: Is that Sandra? out your fees yet? for example nicotine patches. You put one on
S: No, it's spelt with an 'O'. S: Well, 1 filled in a direct debit form so 1 every day and it gives you a controlled nicotine
T: So that's S-O-N-D-R-A. And can you spell suppose that means everything is fine. dose. Basically, you keep reducing the amount
your surname please? until your body stops craving nicotine. As your
T: Probably, but you should go to the Finance
S:lt'sD-A C-O-S-T-A body gets used to less nicotine, you may
Office just to make sure. It's at the end of
experience withdrawal symptoms. Don't worry
T: Is that all one word? Newton Drive. You'll need some
about feeling embarrassed people will notice
S: No, it's two words actually. identification ... your passport or student ID.
because many nicotine patches are see- through.
T: Fine, and are you living on campus or in S: And is there a bank on campus? So where do you get them? Well, you can buy
other accommodation? T: Yes, it's open normal banking hours and them from your local pharmacy or supermarket.
S: I'm living in university residences in Bramble there is a 24 hour cash machine. The bank's You can also ask your GP for a prescription.
House, the one on tire main campus. Room in Isaacs Street which runs parallel to
number 13. University Lane where we are now. Go past
Lecture Hall B and the bank is opposite, just 0 1.4
T: How are you finding it so far? Another method that is becoming more popular
before you get to Lecture Hall A.
S: Much better than J expected. I have quite a S: Great. is alternative therapies. Giving up smoking is
large room and we have a shared kitchen and not only difficult for your body, but also your
bathroom. The other students I've met seem T: Probably the best thing to do is to walk mind as the emotional stress can be really
really friendly. around and familiarize yourself with severe. One therapy that springs to mind is
everything. Don't worry, it won't take you acupuncture. This can help you relax ... calm
T: That's good to hear. 1 think you've made a long to settle in.
wise decision living on campus. Now just a you down, making you much more likely to
few more details and then we can go on to S: I'm sure you're right. 1 feel a lot better. want to give up. Acupuncture usually lasts
discuss what's worrying you. Where are you T: I also need you to fill in this form for the between 50 to 90 minutes. As your body and
from? tutorial file. Take it away with you and then mind become stronger, you should need fewer
S: My mother is from South America, but 1 was make an appointment to see me again and sessions. The good thing about acupuncture is
bom in tire North of Spain. we'll go over it. My telephone number is on that it takes harmful toxins caused by smoking
the form, here, at the bottom of the page. You out of your body. And - I'm sure you'll all like
T: That's interesting and ... er one more thing... this ... it does not increase your appetite, so
can ring me anytime between 9.00am and
Do you have a number we can contact you 3.30pm from Monday to Friday ... er except giving up smoking using this method means
on in emergencies? you won't put on weight! It can take as few as
on a Thursday when I'm only available in the
S: Yes. I have a mobile number. It's morning. five acupuncture sessions to cure you, but of
07764543302 course, this depends on the type of person you
T: Let's just check that. Did you say ... are. I suppose one of the biggest advantages of
07764543332 2 Living together using this method is that there are almost no
S: No, it's 54-33-0-2 withdrawal symptoms because it works from
T: That"s fine Sondra. Thank you. That's all the
0 1.3 the inside. What 1 mean by this, is that
Good afternoon. Welcome to Stop Smoking acupuncture takes away your wanting to smoke
information I need for the moment. and this feeling, on top of the feeling of
Now. You're all here today because you've
calmness, stays with you after the treatment is
0 1.2 decided to stop smoking. However, making the
over.
decision to stop is just the first step. Yet if you
T: So how can I help you? At the end of the day, it doesn't really matter
follow these guidelines, no matter how tough it
S: Well, I'm really worried about how I'm going may be to begin with, rest assured, you will be which method you choose. What's important is
to cope with university life ... I mean I feel on your way to becoming what you want to be, that you make the decision and then stick to it
like I don't know what”s going on. an ex-smoker. The first thing to remember is no matter what. If you give up, think of the
T: Don't worry Sondra. Most undergraduates that there is not only one way. What I'll give money you'll be saving! There is no better time
feel like this in their first week. you today are various methods you can choose to start than today. You can kick the habit for
S: Well, maybe if I knew the campus a bit from. They all work and they can all help. good!
better, that might help. The first method I would recommend is based
on something we all have, but in different
0 1.5
T: Do you have a map of tire campus? (E=Examiner; S=Student)
degrees, namely willpower.
S: Yes. I was given one during orientation Of course just making the decision to stop, is an E: Now I'm going to give you a topic and I want
week, but to be honest I don't really enormous act of willpower alone, but what you to speak about it for one to two minutes.
understand it. exactly does this mean? It means having a First you have one minute to think about
T: Well, let's look at it together. Okay, we are strong mind, waking up every morning and what you are going to say and you can make
here now in Dalton House. Opposite this telling yourself that you will not have that some notes.
building is the Arts block where you'll find cigarette no matter how much you may want Here is your topic. 1 want you to describe an
the computers. The computer rooms are open one. To do this successfully you really have to older person who has had an influence on
from 9.00am 'til 10.30pm weekdays, but be determined to stay focussed. You need to be your life. Okay?
Listening scripts 235
S: Um ... Well I think a person who had most children really begin forming an given the predicted steep rise in energy
influence is probably my grandfather. He is understanding of what money means? consumption it is more important than ever that
important for me. He always help me. 1 did G: I've read that children between three and five the Government takes steps to reduce demands
not meet him really because he is my can understand what's right and wrong, for conventional sources of energy, like fossil
grandfather so actually he was always in my that's when they can learn concepts like fuels, which are damaging to the environment.
life. Really, we did many things together. He sharing. At the age of six, most children
play with me always and sometimes read me 0 1.10
can understand the value of money.
story. Actually 1 like reading books because (Dr D=Dr Dartford;M=Miranda)
J: This suggests that if parents offered practical
it can help me to relax. Um ... I'm reading a advice to their children at an early age, it Dr D:Good afternoon, Dr Dartford speaking.
good book now. If s about this woman and could have a very positive impacton their M: Good afternoon Dr. Dartford. It's Miranda
she remember her life ... er... Actually it's a spending habits in later life. Smith here.
bit of a love story, but I'm liking it very
much. SM:It basically comes down to three areas. The Dr D:Oh hello Miranda, how can I help you?
first one is allowance. Parents should not M: I'm really sorry, but I couldn't come to your
0 1.6 try to focus on how much money they give lecture on the government's waste
(J=Juliane;S=Sang Min;G=Gale) their children, but rather on what they need. strategy yesterday because I was feeling
J: Hi there Sang Min. What have you been up G: Needs are difficult to define so parents need ill. My essay has to be handed in in two
to? to resist the urge to give in when their weeks' time and I'm worried 1 might have
children say, 'I want'. missed something important. I really don't
SM:I've just been to a tutorial. Weren't you two like it when I miss lectures, especially
supposed to attend? J: For me, the only way to teach children the
difference between needs and wants, is to when I need tire information for an essay.
G: Yes, we were, but I had an essay to finish Dr D:Well try not to worry, you can't help being
and Juliane offered to help. give them a practical allowance. If my
parents had not done that for me when l sick. How about if I give you a quick
J: Did we miss much? was younger, l don't think I would be able summary of the main points.
SMrWell, I thought it was quite interesting. Er... to handle the money they give me now. M: That'd be great thanks. Just let me get a pen.
It was all about spending habits among SM:Mmm ... true. The second thing, I think is Right I'm ready.
undergraduates. It was based on recent important, is saving. Dr D:To begin with, 1 stressed the importance
research done by a PhD student studying of us re-using and recycling waste in the
behavioural psychology. G: Can you explain a bit more?
SM:Oh ... Basically, parents need to introduce future. I made particular reference to the
J: Oh yes, I remember being interviewed by him UK which at the moment only recycles
about what I usually spend my money on. their children to personal finance. If we are
expected to deal with money now, then we about eight per cent of household waste.
SM:And what did you say? have to learn when we're younger. The levels of industrial and commercial
J: Well, most of my money, probably around waste are much higher. It's frightening
G: 1 see what you mean. And it could be in how much waste factories produce on a
75% goes on basic living, paying rent, food quite simple ways like by helping them to
costs and of course, university fees. daily basis, but that's not all. The fact is
open their own savings account. that not only is this rate of recycling well
G: I’m the same, except my food bill is higher! J: There's one more area I think is vital. below government targets, but it's at a
SM:We are all in the same boat here SM: What's that? much lower rate than many other
- virtually all my money goes on that too, European countries which means Britain
but I also spend a lot of money on text J: It's buying. We spend excessively on
credit cards because we don't knowhow to is just not keeping pace with the rate of
books, between 100 and £120 a month, growth in household waste.
usually more. Realistically, it's closer to control money. We almost need to learn
£150. how and what to buy, which is why parents M: That's pretty worrying isn't it?
should allow their children to participate in Dr D: It certainly is. What is more, we need to
J: That explains why you get such good marks! this. If they want something expensive like
Another aspect of the interview was understand that if we are to achieve a
a new pair of trainers, then they could be more rational and sustainable use of our
students' use of credit cards, with a encouraged to save a bit of their allowance.
particular focus on how students manage resources in this country, then we have to
these. G: And parents could also promise to help by develop a fundamental change in the way
saying that they will pay the rest if the we think about waste.
G: In my case, not very well! I always end up child at the end of their period of saving,
spending more than I planned to. It's too M: That won't be easy. What suggestions did
still does not have enough. you propose?
easy to use.
SM:Surely that must be the point... that students 0 1.8 Dr D:Just give me a second, let me check my
are given credit cards too easily before 1 application /apply 2 association / associate notes. OK, got it. Basically, there are a
they've learnt how to use them. And the 3 communication / communicate 4 couple of ways this could be achieved.
number of credit cards some students get, if concentration I concentrate 5 di rection / One of these is for more household waste
s frightening. The average is about three direct 6 edu cation / educate 7 examination / to be separated.
cards. examine 8 formation / form 9 information I M: You mean separated into things like
J: Not only cards, students need to learn how to in form 10 instruction / instruct 11 newspapers, tins and stuff like that?
manage money too. And this is what the operation / operate 12 organization / organize Dr D: Yes, that's the idea ... then this separated
interview's meant to find out. By 13 popu lation / 'populate 14 production / waste would obviously need different
comparing and contrasting all the data, the produce 15 reaction / react 16 relation / relate forms of collection by local councils, but
root causes of student spending could be 17 situation / 'situate 18 variation / vary most importantly, it will require an
highlighted. expansion in the market for collected
G: And the effects this has on students. I'd materials, which is one of the major
imagine would be more negative than 3 Costing the earth barriers to increased recycling. New
positive. government targets have also been set for
0 1.9 recycling or composting 30 percent of
J: Perhaps, but this was the other part of what The Department of Energy denied claims that a household waste by 2010.
the student was trying to achieve. You also change in its energy policy is being debated in
need to study the effects to find answers. M: But that's almost a fourfold increase, isn't it?
light of fresh evidence of global warming. A Dr D:It is indeed. Rather a frightening figure,
0 1.7 government Minister denied that a decision has whichever way you look at it.
J: But I think it all goes back to how we were been taken to back technologies for harnessing
taught to manage money when we were the power of renewable and sustainable sources 0 1.11
children. of energy such as wind and solar power. The Dr D: As you say it's a fourfold increase, but
Department claims that renewables are unable my guess is it won't stop there. You must
G: That's true. Our behaviour now is closely to generate enough power to meet growing
related to the childhood environment and remember the previous government found
energy requirements economically. that setting targets is one thing, but if the
what we learnt from that. Campaigners for the environment point out that practical policies are not in place, nothing
SM:But how far back should we go? When do

236 Listening scripts

 will happen. stimulant, can now be found in everything from there are any questions I'd be happy to answer
M: So what is the government planning to do chocolate bars to tea bags. them.
about all this waste? Now let's examine what it is that's making
Dr D: Well, apparently they're going to publish people so tired. Dr Liebhold, a Sydney GP, has
a final strategy setting out a range of done extensive research into this and he
policies to start and sustain the necessary believes that financial pressures, not taking
changes. But the interesting part for me holidays, and not having time off when you
was that it's not only up to the become ill due to fear of losing your job, are all
government. To say we need more common causes. Some of the other suggested
recycling is a simple message, but, and causes are low oxygen levels in offices, poor
here is the crux of the matter, there's diet, or illness. The problem is that tiredness is a
another one that isn't getting enough symptom of just about every kind of illness
attention. which makes tracking down the cause all the
M: Really? What's that? more difficult.
Dr D:It’s quite obvious really, it's us, the The next question to ask is are people getting
general public. We have to reduce the enough sleep? Dr Mansfield from Melbourne's
amount of waste we make. It's our Epworth Sleep Centre, who specializes in sleep
responsibility. Did you know that every disorders, says insomnia often arises when
people are going through a stressful period.
hour, enough waste is produced to fill the
Mansfield often needs to re-educate people in
Sydney Opera House? And the rate is
how to get off to sleep. He recommends
increasing.
keeping your body clock regular by going to
M: Actually, now you mention it, l remember bed and rising at similar times every day, and
reading somewhere that the reason for all not drinking too much caffeine. And there is
this waste is our increasing wealth and the some truth in the old story about having a glass
changes to our lifestyles. I guess it's quite of hot milk before bed. Milk contains the amino
obvious when you really think about it, I acid, tryptophan which has been shown to help
mean it's things like shops and induce sleepiness.
supermarkets selling more pre-packaged Turning to the question of why we need sleep,
foods and ready-made meals. researchers are still trying to answer this
Dr D:Convenience is the key. People simply fundamental question. Sleep deprivation
want their lives to be more convenient experiments have shown that after 14 days
and there's also technological change that without sleep, rats will lie down and die. And
brings pressure to make people change after only three days' sleep loss humans get
their domestic appliances for newer confused, forgetful and start having
models. hallucinations, so whatever sleep does, it is
M: 1 never thought about that, but you're important.
right. And I'm just as guilty. I threw out
my old stereo so I could have a better 0 1.15
model even though there wasn't really Let's now look at the medical aspect of the
anything wrong with the old one. problem. If on-going tiredness is present, a
diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome might be
Dr D: You see, you're a classic example that considered. University of NSW expert Professor
changing our present 'throw-away' culture Lloyd says that by a process of elimination,
is going to be an enormous challenge. At researchers have tracked the site of this problem
the end of the day consumers will have an to the brain, and Lloyd believes it is a problem
important role to play. It could all boil with the proper functioning of the brain, rather
down to their choices and their than any structural abnormality. The good news
willingness to support recycling by however is that most chronic fatigue sufferers
sorting their waste and accepting more make a full recovery within six months of being
recycled products. diagnosed.
0 1.12 The final area to examine is diet. Sydneybased
naturopath Leonie McMahon, believes
See page 48, exercise 1. inadequate breakfast is a common cause of
tiredness and recommends increasing the
0 1.13 consumption of protein at breakfast.
See page 48, exercise 2.
0 1.16
However, not all researchers feel the same way.
4 Healthy body, healthy mind Trent Watson, of the Dietitians Association, is
not convinced by McMahon's theory explaining
0 1.14 that our bodies don't really like to bum protein
Good morning. As part of our lecture series on as a fuel so it doesn't really contribute to energy
everyday health issues, today's talk is on levels. Carbohydrates however, found in fruit,
tiredness. We shall look at the main issues in breads and pastas are a more common fuel.
turn, as well as some of the main research that 'Anyone following a rigidly high-protein diet
has been carried out in this field. with low carbohydrates, even if they are
Firstly it is clear that tiredness is on the rise. No operating at low intensity during the day, could
official data exists on the rate of people subject themselves to fatigue because they just
reporting to doctors with recurring tiredness but don't have the carbohydrate stores,' Watson
if s a very common complaint. Research says. In general, a good way to stay energized
suggests that people are not relaxing properly from a dietary point of view is to eat red meat,
and often work when they do not have enough green leafy vegetables and whole grains. These
energy. Furthermore, products to boost energy foods give red blood cells the building blocks
are also on the rise - sales of so called 'energy' for optimum performance in their role of
drinks loaded with caffeine and sugar have delivering oxygen to muscles.
grown by 23% over the last year. And this is not To sum up, tiredness is a health problem on the
the only instance of an increase in products increase and there continues to be much debate
claiming to boost energy. Guarana, a herbal surrounding its causes and remedies. Now, if

Listening scripts 237

5 The world we live in 0 1.17 'Tundra Buggies.' Several chartered jets unload countries, like New Zealand and Australia,
bear-gazers at the Churchill airport each day. tourists pay to go and look at the dolphins and
This week's 'Our World' programme comes Hotels and restaurants closed during the bleak even swim with them, which must be quite an
from Canada where Usha Lee McFarling winter fill to capacity. Polar bears are not unforgettable experience.
sends this report on how global warming is currently an endangered species. Their total
affecting the behaviour of Polar Bears and population is estimated to be from 22,000 to 0 1.24
creating problems for die town of Churchill 27,000. But the 1,200 Hudson Bay bears could Good morning and welcome to this series of
which depends on the bears for tourism. face what scientists call a 'local extinction' - lectures on man interfering with nature. This
Usha: The Hudson Bay polar bears are an they could produce fewer cubs and eventually morning we are going to look at the issue of
unusual group. They spend half their year die out. cloning. I'd like to begin by looking at some
living on the frozen sea ice. And in a normal Officials and business leaders in Churchill have examples of animals that have been cloned
year, around springtime, when the weather already begun planning for alternative ways of before moving on to looking at how cloning is
gets warmer, the bears move onto land as the generating income. Ottaway is promoting whale defined.
sea ice begins to melt. Once they have done watching and is delighted that Japanese tourists The first example I'd like to talk about is Idaho
this their lives enter a new phase which are willing to brave the bone-chilling cold of Gem, who was the very first mule to be cloned.
involves a change in their metabolism. They winter to view the Northern Lights. 'It's super Mules are a combination of horse and donkey.
don't hibernate, but their bodies slow down news for us,' Ottaway said of the potential Idaho Gem is an identical copy of his brother
because they won't eat for the next six Japanese tourist boom. Taz who is a racing champion, thus we can
months. During this half of the year they lose Warmer weather, Ottaway said, could also make the conclusion here that he was cloned to
hundreds of pounds in weight. extend the shipping season on Hudson Bay and follow in his brother's footsteps. The next
Each autumn, as the temperature falls, the attract more filmmakers. The sciencefiction example I'd like to refer to is CC, which stands
bears migrate past the small town of classic 'Iceman' was filmed nearby as well as an for CopyCat. Like her name suggests, she was
Churchill waiting for die Hudson Bay to upcoming film, 'The Snow Walker.' 'When the first cloned kitten. Interestingly, CC was
freeze over again. When it has, the bears go people talk about climate change, you have to created in a laboratory in the state of Texas by
back onto the sea ice. Now they can build up look at the benefits too,' Ottaway said. the very same scientists who made Dolly the
their fat reserves by feeding on seals. They Others, however, feel differently. 'The bears Sheep in Scotland. CC is physically identical to
survive because the surface of the Hudson have been in our community for years,' said one her mother Rainbow and what is important
Bay is normally frozen from mid-October about this is that it has opened the doors for
resident. 'They're like neighbours and people to clone their pets in the future. Now the
through to mid-April. During these months,
everybody ought to be helping to make sure last animal example I'd like to look at today is
the bears sleep on ice floes and swim in the
frigid waters. their natural life cycle can be maintained.' 0 the pig. In 2001, five piglets were born all
female. They were created by a firm who claim
Normally, that means million of dollars for 1.20 that their birth is an important step for medicine.
the town of Churchill, which earns money by See page 80, exercise 2.
taking tourists into the tundra to see the bears The idea is that pig organs and cells could be
as they pass by the town. However, recently used in human transplants because the pigs have
the weather has been warmer and the bears'
0 1.21 been cloned without a certain cell. This cell is a
See page 80, exercise 4. vital link because it is the one in human beings
behaviour has changed.
that is responsible for making the body reject
The warm weather prevents the sea from 0 1.22 donor organs. This means that not only is the
freezing and so the hungry bears come into My favourite animal is a camel. It is quite a
town looking for food. transplant operation unsuccessful, but the
large animal and one thing about it that makes it patient's life could be at risk.
easy to recognize is that it has a hump, either
0 1.18 one or two, depending on the type. 1 think I saw
Now I'd like to discuss some of the current
definitions of cloning.
Having spent six months without food the bears my first camel when I went to visit my uncle. Er
are at their most hungry and dangerous. ... He lives in a town where camel racing is 0 1.25
Starving bears often lose their natural wariness really popular so you see camels everywhere, One kind of cloning, the kind commonly found
and wander into town. If a town resident spots a sometimes just walking in the streets. 1 really in plants, occurs when plants reproduce
bear they call the 'Bear Alert Programme' on like camels because, for me, they move so themselves around the original plants known as
675-BEAR day or night, to report a bear in gracefully when they walk and I've always the parent plants. New plants can then grow.
town. Officer Richard Romaniuk and his crew found it fascinating that they can survive for This is quite a natural process by which plants
will then shoot the bear with a sleeping dart. It long periods without water. I feel the camel is can form more of the same type of plant.
will then be taken to polar bear prison. an important symbol of my country because I Though you may not be aware of it, another
Sometimes the officers capture four bears in a guess many people associate camels with my type of cloning happens quite naturally in your
day. To keep the animals from associating country. Er ... It's also an important animal for body when old cells need to be replaced . Cells
humans with food, they are not fed in prison. food ... I mean we drink camel milk. And of in your body split into two and make new
The bears are kept locked up until the sea course, racing camels make lots of money for chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that
freezes. Once the sea has frozen again the bears their owners, so there's an economic aspect as contain our genes. Embryo splitting is another
are airlifted by helicopter and flown back to well. form of cloning which can happen quite
return to their natural winter habitat. naturally when cells split to form two identical
The program has two objectives. The first is to 0 1.23 twins. You may then be asking yourself what all
protect people from the bears. The second is to Um ... I think there is a dual responsibility for the
protect the bears from the people. protecting animals. Firstly, it is the fuss is about, farming and the last 10
responsibility of governments to make sure this if cloning it is used to years with
0 1.19 happens. There should be laws to ensure, for does in fact breed new relatively
The town of Churchill has good reason to look example, that whales and dolphins are happen bulls and few
after the bears. Rough estimates indicate the protected. I remember reading somewhere that naturally cows. problems.
province of Manitoba earns in the region of quite a few dolphins get killed because they get because Embryos are Now the last
$300 million each year from bear tourism. caught in fishing nets. Of course, we, the sometimes placed into type of
'Bears are the backbone of our economy,' said general public, also have an important part to man can foster mother cloning I'd
town manager Darren Ottaway. play in this. As far as dolphins are concerned, interfere with cows and like to
While Ottaway is concerned about an we can make sure we only buy tinned fish that nature and it these then mention is
abundance of hungry bears coming to town in is dolphin-friendly and what I mean by this is can work. grow into perhaps the
the short term, he is even more worried that that the correct fishing methods have been used. Take embryo calves. And most
global warming may mean no bears here at all I feel quite strongly that animals like dolphins splitting as though some controversial
one day. must be protected because if we don't do this, an example, may consider . This type of
For three weeks during bear season, sleepy dolphins could be in danger of becoming extinct now this type this to be cloning is
Churchill blooms as about 15,000 tourists and that would be a real shame. There would be of cloning is artificial, it called
stream through town hoping to get close-up other effects too, like to the tourist industry. quite has been nuclear
views of the animals from caravans of heated Hmm ... I mean, if you think about it, in many common in going on for transfer and

Listening scripts
it is when the human lives. where to pay to gel buses, with high. If S: Well, I
nucleus of a Sheila you'd between around but these someone
0 1.27 you do don't
cell is put Halliday, a like to about Europe are not else. go out at think
into an egg leading go? 700 and is by always a S: That's a night try flying is
of another transplant S: Well, I 900 train. As good good walking an
animal that is surgeon, was pounds. a idea. idea. 1 home, option
genetically does not thinking I could student, They guess 1 but for me
the same. share his of stretch you can can be could make as it'll
This is done view. She starting to also get quite put a sure you be too
in a believes that in £1100, a student unreliabl message don't do expensi
laboratory although it is France but that's railcard, e and in on the this ve so I
and after possible to and then really which some internet. alone. suppose
about 5 or 6 use pig working my limit. means areas TA: You Try and I'll
days, the organs in my way TA: How cheaper quite could do find choose
embryo is humans, up to fares. dangero that, but people one of
implanted there are long are you us to go out the other
Eastern S: That don't
into a donor very real Europe, thinking of sounds because with at two. It's
forget
mother,whic dangers. possibly going for? S: brilliant. the that you night or a pity
h is how Halliday going as How do buses meet come really as
Dolly the points out About ten tend to home at I don't
far as I go people
sheep was that diseases Slovakia months. about be a fancy
when
made. One and . TA: To be getting a overcro you're reasonab the idea
argument in infections TA: Well honest, railcard? wded travellin le time. of
favour of could be there are you'd be TA: Well, if and g and But if travellin
cloning is passed from a better you some of you'll you're g by sea.
that it can pig to number off decide the probably staying Last
help in human. Of of ways travellin that's drivers find in youth time I
medicine as course she you can g for what drive someone hostels, did that
in the case of does not yet do this about you way too who's you l got
pigs being know this for and we seven want to fast. So going to should terribly
used in certain, have months do, then 1 would the same find seasick.
transplant which is why various if that's we can suggest place as plenty of TA: Well,
operations. It Halliday options your organize you you are. young you're in
is true that strongly available budget. that all don't do people luck
many people advocates this. S: That's to go out
. It really S: Okay, for you. true. I then as
can wait for that more depends You'll S: That with at at the
up to a year scientific that's not want to night.
on your too bad. need to sounds stay in moment
for a new research be budget fill in a quite S: I'm sure I there's a
kidney, and done. She So how youth
and how would form and frighteni hostels will. special
then still run firmly you'd provide ng! So TA: Now deal on
the risk of believes pig you so I'm
like to suggest us with what are sure I'll have flights
their bodies organs travel. two my you to
rejecting the should not be 1 travel? find
S: That's just passport options people thought France.
donor used in TA: Well,
the thing photos then? who are about In fact a
kidney; but human because plane
really. of the and we'll TA: You intereste how
will using operations do the could you'd ticket is
pig organs until these Um ... I time d in
mean rest. It hire a going to like to now half
really be the findings are limit, I
I've just costs car, but the same travel to the price
solution? made public. don't of a
finished think about it can be places. France?
To answer my £36 plus expensiv One last S: Not really ferry
this question, walking ticket
second is a about e. Still I thing, no.
I’d like to 6 Going year at viable £10 do think what which is
take a look at TA: There usually
some
places universit option. administ if you're about are the
y so Of ration thinking taxis? I basicall
responses to 0 1.26 obviousl costs. about was cheapest
course in y three
the whole y I'd like S: Great, going to thinking option.
idea of using (TA=Tra vel this day ways,
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pig organs in in as really towns go out at great.
humans. Neil S=Student) the most go by
cheap a convenie not and night. I I'll do
Blackwood, TA: Good ferry
way as nt way expensiv places use taxis that
who works morning. which
possible. to get e at all. which all the then. I
for the How can I leaves
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company that help you? TA: That's every prefer
fine. is by what the here. day and
cloned the S: I'm about beaten flying
five piglets, Could flying, TA: Ah, but night, or
thinking buses? I track, anyway.
you give particula taxis there’s
described it of taking was just then TA: I'll need
as a major me a rly if abroad the
a year thinking hiring a to get
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universit decide to far the details
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could solve y next go to better off you
the global range want to certain pricey,
year and places, way to then.
you're see in a countries but will
problem of a I'd like which do it. Firstly,
lack of looking short , they're get you
to travel are a bit You can how will
at? space of no there
organs to use around more also look you be
in transplant S: time. problem, quicker
Europe. remote. at paying?
Realistic Saying but by and of
operations. TA: Okay sharing Cash,
This could ally that, 1 TA: There and course,
then. Do still are the costs large, you cheque
lead in the you have speaking by hiring or credit
future to , I'm think the always taxi could
any idea best way local a car fares are fly. card. If
saving hoping

Listening scripts 239

 you pay so I will be on Venezuela American pedestrians of transport Fiona Ogilvy recommende
by think I'd countries in has remote countries while the networks, be and my job is d list, so for
cheque, prefer South areas where we've lower is for they air, sea, to offer you it’s best
you'll the America, flying is the already trains. rail or road guidance and to plan ahead
need a flight Europe and easiest looked at. Railways are cannot be support for and be aware
cheque that Asia. means of Next I'd like especially underestimat students with of what it is
guarante leaves The first travelling to look at the important ed. special you may
e card. after country I'd from A to B. United and over needs. Now need while
S: I don't 9.00. I'm like to look Trains are Kingdom. 80% of you wouldn't you're
have my not very at is not popular Like freight and be here today working.
cheque good at Colombia, and most of Belgium, the passengers 202 if you Things that
book getting which is in the railway UK has are weren't you need to
with me up in the South lines are in inland transported 7 The interested in check when
so it'll morning America. the waterways, by rail. With world of finding a job you go for an
have to ! This is a Highlands as around such a high in the interview
be by TA: No country this is where 4000km, yet proportion of work holidays so are: Are
credit problem where the iron ore only about people using 0 2.1 let's get there enough
card. , just geography mines are. 17% of these trains, it is down to it toilet
Well, l think
TA: Fine, give me plays an Trains are an are used for not and see what facilities and
it is highly
that's no a important efficient commercial surprising things you are these
likely that
problem moment. role. Due to means of transport. that need to be easily
young
. If you Right, the huge transporting The main governments looking out accessible?
people,
could that's amount of the iron ore inland port is in countries, for. Most of Also, you
particularly
just sign booked mountains from the Manchester like China you, l hope want to
in my
over for you. and forests in mines to the and the chief are prepared will be check that all
country, will
here and Please this country, factories thus seaport is to invest in applying for the public
still be
then rememb travelling by we can see London with the railway jobs with the areas inside
buying brand
we'll er that if air is crucial. how Southampton system. companies the building
names like
have a you I don't know transport and taking Obviously, a that have are barrier
Nike and
look at want to if many of the economy second place. fast and been free so you
Adidas. Of
flight change you realize are inter- Air travel is effective recommende can get direct
course I
times this, you this fact, but related. Ships extensive in train service d by the access to
cannot
and I must Colombia are also used this country will university. these public
definitely say
can sort give 24 was the first extensively and there are encourage The reason spaces
whether or
out a hours' country' to in this around 150 businesses for this is whenever
not this will
youth notice or establish a country and airports, the and the that we here you need to.
be the case in
travel you will commercial there are most famous general at the And ask
other
card for lose airline and in many ports, being public to university, about ramps
countries.
you. your so doing they the main Heathrow. continue already know into the
Having said
place. made seaports However, using it. The these building so
S: Fine. Can that, it's quite
aviation being Puerto about 90% of last country companies you know
I use your possible that
pen please?
0 1.28 history. Cabello and passengers in I'm going to
brand names
and have how many
Good Today there Guanta. the UK travel mention is established there are and
TA: No will still be
morning and are more Turning now by road. Japan which good where they
problem popular
welcome to than 400 to Europe. has one of working are located.
. Now 0 1.29 amongst
this airports in Belgium is a the most relationships These kinds
let's young people
morning's Colombia for country that Finally, I’d advanced with them. of things are
look at in Western
lecture on domestic boasts one of like to look transport I've also been so much
times. countries
transport. flights which the most at two Asian systems in to visit all of more
There is because, if
What I'll be highlights compact countries. the world. them and difficult to
a flight the present is
doing today the point I railway China is a The railway checked out sort out when
leaving anything to
is comparing made earlier systems country system is the facilities you've
at go by, then
forms of that air travel worldwide. which highly they have to started work
9.00am they will
transport in is a vital Inland reveals how developed offer. You as they take
and one most
different means of waterways, geographical and the really need to time. But
that probably still
countries to transport in or canals, are size affects Tokaido make ramps are an
leaves be trying to
see how this country. also an transport railway, informed absolute
half an follow the
forms of Colombia important development. connecting choices when must so
hour latest
transport are also has a means of Roads and Tokyo and you're please make
later. Or fashions in
affected by road network transport, railways are Osaka has looking for a sure you
you can the future.
factors such of about transporting widely used trains that job and make know where
choose 48,000km both freight and this has can travel up 0 2.2 sure you they are.
as
a later linking and people. led to a huge to 250km per Hello and know before Another
flight at geographical
landscape Colombia to Belgium also amount of hour. Ships thanks you even get thing you
11.30. Venezuela has the third bridges being are also a everyone for to the must make
and
S: No I think economic and Ecuador. largest built such as vital means coming here interview sure of is that
11.30 is development. Transport by seaport in the the Yangtse of transport, today. I stage, that the lifts have
too late My focus road is world, Bridge which in both know it's your needs the correct
namely is probably international always a bit will be met. lowered
important for means of neighbour Antwerpen. and domestic But I know control
trade as well transport is Venezuela. the most stressful
Air travel is widely areas. going for a that some of panels. Ask
as tourism. by steamers Once again also you are if all the lifts
Apart from with the we see that known. The To job
important, Yangtse summarize, interview, applying for have this
this, there is Magdalena internal although this jobs facility or if
also a being the flights are an Bridge is we can see but it's best
is not linked 1.6km long that transport to be independentl it's only
railway main important to y and have certain ones.
system, but it waterway. means of and is built varies prepared. For
geographical on two throughout any of you looked at Now
is in need of Now let's transport as terrain, as is companies something I
modernizatio turn to like levels. The the world, who may not
the case in upper tier is yet the know me, outside the think that is
n. The other Colombia's Colombia, the South university often
for cars and importance my name is
overlooked is Monday paper and down on the We then
working morning we cards. For list if you're check past 0 1.27
hours. What will be those of you interested in evidence
you want to visiting the studying art, working for with present
make sure of Lowland this may be them over day evidence
is that you Hotel. They just what the summer. to see if it
get flexitime. have various you're This event correlates. So
This summer jobs looking for. will take without
basically available We'll be place in the research
means that working as a taken on a main hall being done,
your working receptionist tour of the next to the ideas will not
hours are or company library and be made
flexible and conference which lasts 3 it'll run from valid.
you can organizer in hours. The 10.30 until
clock on and their busy tour will start 4.00. Li
clock off at conference at 3.30 pm I really stening
times that centre and after that hope you
suit you - organizing you'll have a make the
scripts
within reason and setting chance to most of this
of course! up meet some of excellent
Most conferences. the staff. Tea opportunity
companies You need to and coffee to not only
do recognize be prepared will also be earn yourself
that it takes for working provided. We some extra
much longer in an office have no trips money, but
for someone environment planned for also to gain
in a and spending Wednesday, experience of
wheelchair to quite a bit of but on what it's like
get on and time talking Thursday to work. And
off buses and on the morning if you'd like
trains - telephone. we'll be to find out
public The bus going to more, then
transport can leaves for the Tabago please ask
take that hotel at Travel some of the
much longer 9.00am so Agency. This students who
so you need make sure is a very worked last
to be you leave popular year. They're
organized yourself choice all wearing
and prepared. plenty of amongst our green badges
And for time to get students and will be
those of you there. When because you happy to
lucky enough you arrive at can get speak to you
to own a car, the hotel, student afterwards.
check how please gather discounts on
many in the holidays. 0 2.4
disability reception We've See page
parking area and wait booked a 116, exercise
spaces are for someone coach for this 3.
available. to take you and it'll leave
Remember to your first from outside
that it's your session, the refectory 8 Art
right to have which will be at 8.00 am. and the
a disabled a talk. The You will
parking talk at the need to bring city
space. These hotel will a packed 0 2.5
also need to begin at lunch for this
be near lOam and so please Well, I think
research is
enough to a then there don't forget.
wheelchair will be a There is a important for
us as
accessible short tour of little canteen
entrance or the hotel. where you individual
researchers.
ramp. OK, There will be can buy hot
are there any a light lunch and cold We need to
know that
questions provided food, but this
before we which is is closed on our ideas and
suggestions
move on? usually Thursdays.
salads and Friday we'll are valid. But
0 2.3 sandwiches. be having
more
Right, let's The next representativ importantly,
move on it's for
place we'll be es from all
then. Now I visiting will the others. We
want to talk cannot prove
be on companies
you through Tuesday visiting us so our ideas
the series of effectively,
afternoon. you will have
visits to We'll be a chance to unless we
companies look back at
going to visit ask any
which we've a little local questions the past, to
got planned research that
company that and of
for next makes course, put has been
week. On done before.
handmade your name

Listening scripts 241

(M=Miwako; E=Enrique) can offer good job opportunities, which 0 2.8
0 2.6 seems to me to suggest that a city will only
M: So Enrique have you started your research Welcome to this series of lectures on
project on cities yet? be successful if it attracts the right kind of
people to work there. interpreting contemporary art. This morning I'd
E: I've done a bit of reading around the topic like to look at the whole issue of contemporary
and made a few notes, but if I'm honest E: What kind of person are you talking about? art, what it is, how do we interpret it, what are
about it, I really haven't done as much as M: Well, I suppose I'm referring to the skilled its uses and does art, in effect, have any
I'd have liked to because I'm finding it a bit labour force. You know, the idea that up advantages or disadvantages for society. I think
difficult. and coming young people will move to at this point, it's important for me to clarify that
M: You don't knowhow relieved 1 am to hear cities, settle there, maybe buy property and I am looking at art from two main perspectives.
you say that! 1 feel the same way. I think so that city will get the most talented, Firstly, art as something made by and
the key is to be able to make valid research creative minds. But if a city doesn't offer appreciated by individuals and secondly, art's
questions. this, then obviously it will lose out as relationship with society as it is society that
E: You're probably right about that. Didn't we university leavers will choose elsewhere. supports, protects and encourages art. And I'm
have some lectures on how to write E: You could be right there, but I also think that hoping that this lecture will act as a springboard
research questions? I think it was towards when cities encourage businesses to for you to revisit your own artistic experiences
the beginning of the term. develop then you obviously have money and question your own ideas of what
M: Yes we did. I've got my notes somewhere in pouring into the city, which can raise the contemporary art means. Throughout this series
this file. I tell you what, why don't we look general standard of living. of lectures, 1'11 be looking at various examples
at the notes together and then try and come M: So we've definitely got a question worth of art to illustrate my points.
up with some research questions. At least investigating, but apart from the economic However, if at any point, 1 show you an
that would be a good starting point, give us factor, I think another point worth example which is unfamiliar, then please tell
some sense of where we're going with this. mentioning is the environment. me as it is imperative that you be able to use
E: Brilliant idea. Let's get started. OK, from E: Sure, we can research areas like the quality your past experiences so that you can check to
what I remember, a good research question of the air, how clean it is and then there's see if your ideas agree with mine. So if you
is all about knowing from the outset what it traffic... um ... is there too much traffic, have not seen a particular work of art before,
is you're trying to find out. how is it controlled and also the issues of then this will not work and let me remind you
noise pollution and how the city manages now, that at the end of these lectures, you will
M: Yes, and now that I'm looking at my notes be given a written assignment which will
again, 1 see I've written here that it's to do its waste. Um ... oh and 1 nearly forgot...
the environment includes green spaces, like consist of a 2500 word critical essay. This is not
with understanding and evaluation. So an art review, but an analysis of what you think
understanding a particular issue and parks.
this kind of art means.
evaluating any problems around it. And of M: Those are all valid points, but I think you've
course, a very important part is not overlooked the whole issue of beauty. Okay, so what is contemporary art? Well, my
overlooking any research that has already view is that contemporary art reflects a
E: Beauty? Are you sure? What's beauty got to
been done. Past research is just as particular time in history. In terms of Western
do with the environment?
important as what is being done now. civilization, this is the period that became
M: Well don't you think if you were deciding known as the Renaissance, which began
E: It's a bit, I suppose, like looking at the whether or not you would live in a city, roughly in 1450.
research that's already been done and your first impressions would be made with
seeing if it agrees or disagrees with your your eyes. So the buildings in a city are 0 2.9
own ideas. really important. If the entire city looks like (See above for opening part of lecture.) But this
M: Mmmm ... sure 1 hear what you're saying, a concrete jungle, then it's unlikely to make becomes confusing as the modern era is also
but to do that properly you have to have a people want to live there, is it? I think considered to be from 1789, from the time of
clear idea in your head what your own successful cities are those which have the French revolution. Added to this are modem
research question is and by that I mean ... managed to strike a balance between old ideas and modern art that developed from 1890.
specific areas you want to focus on. Let's buildings and new ones. So of course, you'd This period has also been called the 'turn of the
face it, there's so much information out have some buildings reflecting more century.' To try and somehow bring all these
there and we can't possibly include it all in modern architecture, but others that haven't periods together, I shall define contemporary
2000 words. lost their character and still represent the art as any art created from 1920 up until the
E: Don't remind me... the thought of writing past. present day.
2000 words at the moment seems like a E: You're right actually. I've often thought that Turning now to the question of whether or not
huge mountain to climb. buildings tell a story ... I mean you can tell art is useful for society... er... well... when we
M: I know, but let's try to make a start. 1 think the history of a place by looking at the look back at the history of the West, we can see
we're meant to be identifying what makes a buildings. that there has been a tradition, especially in
successful city and also try to explain why M: I know exactly what you mean and let's not Western Europe, of art that was official. This
there has been such a steady population forget that the environment includes meant that the government sponsored or
movement of people from rural to urban cultural aspects so for example, what's the subsidized the art. It could be said therefore that
areas. But I'm a bit confused because 1 cultural life like? For me, a successful city art has a cultural use in that it can represent
don’t think this is meant to be the main will be attractive because it will have lots to both the culture and history of a country ...
focus of our research. offer, like a good night life and a wide and ... um ... let's
E: Mmm ... perhaps that" s why the lecturer variety of places to visit in the day like
said we need to write questions and that museums and galleries, places like that.
must be our starting point. E: True, true. My own view is that some cities
M: Okay ... well what we're investigating is have an energy about them ...
more than simply what elements make a they're exciting to be in.
city successful, but we're also trying to M: And other cities are the opposite! Well,
offer possible explanations so we have two we've covered so much ground here, but I
questions: why do people want to move to think there's one final aspect we should
cities and why do people choose to live in research.
them? E: What's that then?
M: The social aspect because let's face it, cities
are made up of people.
E: Okay then, I think the first issue concerning E: They are and surely a successful city would
successful cities must be the economy. be one where there is a sense of
People move to cities for better job community, a place where people would
prospects and successful cities are cities feel safe and want to raise families in.
that have thriving economies.
M: This topic is limitless...
M: That's true enough, it does mean that cities
Listening scripts 242
remember what I said earlier, that this is both 0 2.11 regular exercise and of course, it's much better
the history and culture of a particular time. Now for the environment. And today over one billion
1 February the 9lh 2009
the disadvantage of this kind of official art is people all over the world ride bicycles and for
that it tends to be academic and, by that 1 mean 2 The 18lb of December 2012 some, it's their only means of getting around
it is art that requires the person looking at it to 3 The 9lb of February 2006 from A to B. So to all you bicycle riders out
be educated in art, at least to some extent. So it 4 53 88 2017 there ... keep up the good work! Coming in a
seems to me that this restricts this type of art to 5 54999 420 close second, with 42% is the computer. I found
a particular social group and whether you agree out something interesting about the computer
with this concept or not will depend on if you 0 2.12 which is that really, this word first meant
believe that art should be accessible to 1 1760 15 someone who did mathematical calculations. Of
everyone. Of course, with the rapid 6 course, today with the development of the
developments in technology and advertising, 2 763 0029 7 15 personal computer, computers are being used
the television, computer and various forms of 3 30 50 for everything from home use, to business and
8 80
digital media, art has changed and although 4 even digital photography. 1 don't know about
50 9 13
there will always be a need for art to be you, but I can't imagine life without a computer
subsidized by governments, we see today art 5 1860 10 20 now. I guess, closely related to the computer is
forms that are surviving on individual subsidy. 16 the internet and this got 12% of your votes.
Sometimes this is through the support of
0 2.13 Maybe like myself, many of you might think of
wealthy patrons such as business men or 1 Some of the first more advanced mobile the internet as being the World-Wide Web, but
famous people. But it also operates on a more phones were introduced into high street actually the web is only one part of the internet.
simple level. Er... I refer here to the art that is shops in December 2006, just before The internet began as part of the United States
done on walls and in streets, sometimes called Christmas. military network, but it later began to be used
amateur art, but it is the art of graffiti and it is 2 It would not be true to say that he rode a by businesses and academic institutions. Of
now accepted as an art form in itself. So here bicycle from the age of 4 to 40, because course today, the internet has so many uses. We
we come to what 1 see as another advantage for when he was 14 he broke his leg, which use it for shopping online and entertainment as
society in that art is a means by which people meant he didn't ride for at least 12 months. well as to find information and send emails. But
can express their ideas, their feelings. Of 3 The company forecast that by 2014 there sadly, there is a darker side to the internet and
course, in the case of graffiti, there is much will be at least 120 billion children buying some of you have sent me emails about this.
debate as to whether the advantages outweigh their computer game, an increase of about
19%, which is not as much as they had Finally, with 5% of your votes, is the radio. We
the more negative side which is when graffiti think the radio was invented by Marconi in
artists paint on public buildings. This creates hoped for.
4 The first satellite was launched in 1958 and 1898 and he opened his first radio or 'wireless'
unnecessary expense and also damages these factory in the United Kingdom in 1898. In
buildings which are meant for public use. We there are probably now over 150 still in
operation. 1906, a man called Reginald Fessenden gave
will be looking at some examples of this later the first radio broadcast from Massachusetts.
on. 5 He graduated from university in the 1960's
and never dreamt that his invention would Ships could hear him at sea and apparently he
Now many critics of contemporary art have played the violin. As yet, listeners. I've spared
pointed to art that is often violent and ... er... still be used 16 years later.
6 On the 18,b November, 98,217 people visited you from having to listen to my guitar playing.
even obscene. But I would like to suggest that But certainly radio is still important. Let's not
such art is not meant to only shock us, it also the website and voted for the movie 'Titanic',
first released in 1997. forget that it was by radio that the Titanic sent
has the element of exposure so it can teach us signals to other ships. And with the popularity
about the violence in society. This then brings 7 I'd love you to give me a call sometime.
1 know you've got my old number, 237 of TV today, 1 was secretly pleased so many of
us to another advantage of art - it can raise you had still placed importance on the radio. So
awareness, help us see things in a different 5550, but I've got a new mobile now so my
number's changed to 344 4533. there you have it... the results of our survey. 1
light. The disadvantage of this is that art can be think there are still important inventions that
dangerous... um ... what I'm saying here is that 0 2.14 were not chosen but deserve a mention ...
if we accept that contemporary art has the Good morning. This is Jane Frost with this nuclear power and of course, communications
power to influence our feelings and attitudes, morning's edition of 'Wake up with Frost'. As satellite, something which 1 am certain will
then we have to accept that art can evoke you all know, for the last week we've been continue to change the face of how we
negative feelings like anger as much as it can running a survey trying to find out what you, communicate with each other over both long
give us feelings of hope and peace. the listeners, think is the greatest invention of and short distances. In fact, for me, the mobile
But Art is, after all, about us so it can be about the last 200 years. The response has been phone is one of the greatest inventions of the
our beliefs and our behaviour and as human amazing, double the amount we had last year, last 200 years. If I think back to my first phone
beings, we possess both positive and negative so thanks to all of you for taking part. We've and then I look at what is happening now.
traits. I'd like to show you some slides now to had about 2000 responses online and about the Children born today will probably be more
illustrate what I've been talking about ... same on our phone lines. The lines are now likely to have their first experience of the
closed and this morning 1 can announce what internet on a mobile phone screen rather than a
0 2.10 computer monitor. Some of the new mobiles
Um ... the best example I can think of is the the results were. So here it is ... you the listeners
have chosen as the greatest technological that are now being sold make it just as easy and
Mona Lisa. It's really a famous painting, but as quick to find information on the web as on a
that's not why I like it. I saw it in the Louvre invention of the past 200 years, and let me not
forget to mention that 65% of you voted for computer.
Museum when I was on holiday last year. Uh ...
Of course, every tourist likes to go and see this... it's the bicycle! Yes, the bicycle, first
famous art, but I must admit that I was invented in 1818 and, would you believe it, the
surprised the effect the painting had on me. first bicycle was made of wood. The second
There was something about the way her face bicycle had iron wheels ... I cannot imagine
was painted. Um ... She seems to be smiling, what that must have been like to ride. It would
but in quite a sad way. And 1 couldn't decide if have kept you fit at any rate. But for me, the
she was looking at me or not! 1 remember best thing about the bicycle was what it did for
standing there for a long time just staring at that women's rights. Yes, in the 1890s it was the
face. Er ... 1 believe that art is quite important bicycle that meant women could change their
because of the way it changes your perspective clothing, start wearing trousers or pantaloons as
on things. For me this means that it helps me they were known. Before then women's clothes
see things in a different way. Um ... Ultimately had been really uncomfortable and I'd imagine
I feel that art not only preserves our history and quite difficult to breathe in. So thanks to the
culture, but can also broaden our horizons and ordinary bicycle, it was not only the man who
make us see life from a different angle. wore the trousers in a home.
Instead women could now feel far more equal
to their male contemporaries. And I'm sure
you'll agree, the bicycle is a great way to get
9 Tomorrow's world
243 Listening scripts
And let's not forget tliat mobiles now have than a postage stamp. This meant that an entire 1 it's on theTAble.
digital cameras, word processing facilities, so
0 2.18
electronic circuit could be built in a much 2 your PHONE is on theTAble.
you can type all your documents, and even smaller area. Naturally, this was not only faster, 3 your MObile PHONE is on the TAble.
personal organizers. I think it's quite possible but it also saved space and more importantly,
that the mobile may even replace computers 4 you HAVEn't LOST your PHONE - it's on
energy. For those of you who are interested in the TAble.
one day.
the transistor, come speak to me afterwards and [NB Capital letters indicate stressed
0 2.15 I’ll give you a copy of my' handouts from last syllables.]
Candidate 1: 1 really love my little local corner week.
But moving on with the subject of today's talk, 0 2.19
shop. I simply adore being able to shop
there, just because it's so convenient. the development of the electronic chip meant 1 The bicycle is a great wav to get regular
I mean ... it's got all the basics, bread, milk, that we began to use terms like 'micro' chip and exercise and it's much better for the
washing up liquid and other things like that. in doing so place importance on its size being environment.
vastly smaller. But as this form of 2 The Internet began as part of the United
One of my favourite things is being able to microtechnology developed and literally
pop down on a Sunday and buy the papers States' military' network, but it Inter began to
became smaller, the word 'micro' meaning one be used by businesses and academic
and some fresh bread. I know some of my millionth, was replaced with the word 'nano'
friends think it's too expensive, but I think institutions.
which literally means one billionth. There were
it's worth every penny. And 1 think little pessimists who doubted whether a transistor 3 Nanotechnology has crept into many areas of
shops are such an important part of local life that small would actually work properly, but our lives.
and so we should support them. they were proved wrong and in a modem 4 Scientists are concerned that there's a real
1 feel really passionately about this because transistor, what is known as the gate length, or possibility that these machines could
I've seen many small businesses being forced distance the electrons have to travel is only replicate themselves.
to close because they can't compete with about 40 nanometres ... um ... I'm sure you will 5 Next week I'll be looking at nanotechnology
larger chainstores. Anyway, my local store is agree, this is unbelievably tiny and not only and recent developments in the field of
totally amazing. I certainly couldn't live that, the electrons can travel incredibly fast. molecular biology.
without it! And as scientists continue to develop these
transistors, there is every chance that they may
0 2.16 become even smaller. Of course one of the 10 From me to you
Candidate?: Mmm ... well, I usually try and problems with developments and designs in
shop at smaller shops as much as possible. If technology is that they must not only be 0 2.20
I'm perfectly honest, 1 just can't stand big practical, but also affordable so it might be that (R=Receptionist;S-Student)
supermarkets. They are so impersonal and I companies will not continue supporting
nanotechnology, if it turns out to be too R:Good morning. Language Resource Centre.
really hate the long queues. There's nothing How can I help you?
worse than having to wait in a queue, expensive to produce in the long-term.
especially when you're in a hurry. It's such a But one area where there has been major S: Hi, I've just registered to do a postgraduate
complete waste of time. I'm also totally improvements is medicine where degree and I was wondering how I go about
disgusted by the way in which larger nanotechnology is being used to fight life- joining the resource centre.
supermarket chains are taking business away threatening diseases like cancer. Recently, an R: Okay, the first thing you need to do is come
from smaller shops. I'm all for supporting American university discovered that in and bring some form of identification with
local traders because 1 think they're nanotechnology can be used to help make you.
incredibly important for the community. systems that supply drugs to the body. A quick S: You mean like my driving license.
Good afternoon and welcome to this special way to make sure drugs enter the body is by R: Actually we prefer you to bring in something
seminar on what I believe is one of the most making artificial molecules. These are in the from your university registration. Students
exciting ways in which science and technology shape of a star and are small enough to go into have in the past used their passports, but we
cells and release the drugs. In this new system, really do prefer you to bring in your student
0 2.17 the molecule is made of two star-shapes, card with your ID number. This should be on
connected by a strand of DNA. Each shape is the front of the card and begins with the
have merged, namely through what has become roughly 3-4 nanometres long. At one end, the
known as nanotechnology. While it may be true letters BNP followed by a number.
star molecule will enter the diseased cell, while
to say that many inventions in the world of at the other end there is a tracking device, S: Okay, that’s no problem. And could you tell
technology have been large-scale, which is fluorescent so that it can light up when me what facilities you offer in the centre?
nanotechnology’ proves that it's possible that it has reached a diseased cell. It is hoped that R: Certainly. We have a range of books,
what is bigger will not necessarily be best. For this will be... um ... a more effective way to although not as extensive as the library' of
nanotechnology involves the science and ability fight diseases. But we must not forget that course. Still you'll find that we do stock
to create something extremely small using dangers will always exist in the world of some of the books on your reading list,
computer and electronic technology. If we look technological changes. One I'd like to focus on particularly for post-graduate level. The
back at the past, we see the pocket watch as an is as yet unproven and is still the subject of undergraduate students usually find that the
example of this. And in its day, this watch was much speculation. It involves the idea that a main library caters better for their needs.
much admired, something small, that could fit molecular machine could be built using S: That's good to hear because I was worried
into a pocket and yet still function as well as a something called an 'assembler'. This means about not being able to find the books on the
larger-sized watch or clock. Of course, to find a one machine would make another machine, but reading list, especially if more than one
more recognizable starting point for of course, these machines would be operated by student wants to use the same book. I find
nanotechnology, we need to look at the world people. However, some scientists are concerned that really frustrating.
of electronics. Certainly, electronics clearly' that there is a real future possibility these
showed that smaller was better. In fact, the R: We are aware of this and it's precisely
machines could replicate themselves and so no because of this that we've got a special
smaller the electronic gadget, the more effective longer be controlled by human beings.
and useful it is. Now those of that could be system whereby you can borrow books, but
But while anything in the world of chemistry is
placed on a board no bigger only on a short loan basis.
probable, I think it's highly unlikely that we
could ever develop a machine capable of S: And how long is that?
Listening scripts replicating itself. Still, if anything, it shows that R: There are two types of short loan books.
nanoparticles, like any technology should be
you who attended my lecture on electronics carefully and constantly monitored. Next week
last week, will remember that I spoke about I will be looking at nanotechnology and recent
how earlier radio technology was quite developments in the field of molecular biology.
awkward and difficult to operate. Then after I hope that you will be able to join me then.
World War Two, the transistor was
developed which changed the face of radio.
This involved a series of electronic switches

24
4
 One is a two day loan, but the other one is 0 2.21 T: Can you be more specific?
for a single day and must be brought back the 0 2.22
S: I know you mentioned online books and G:Well ...er... my main focus was really news
next day. We have to be really strict with this values, I mean how do presenters and
kind of loan so there is quite a heavy fine if journals ... um ... how many computers does
the resource centre have? broadcasters, people like that, actually decide
you don't bring it back. what is newsworthy? And as much as I'd
S: Of course I hope I'm not going to be in that R: Oh we have a lot of computers. Basically have liked to have studied TV news, I had to
situation, but can you tell me anyway how there are three floors and we have computers make the choice between television and
much it is? on each one, but these are only for searching newspapers and I chose the latter.
for the books or articles you may need. They
R: Sure, it's £1.75 for a one day loan and £1.00 cannot be used for anything else. T: Fine. Er ... Now that did come across in your
for a two day loan ... then it's 50 pence a day introduction. But I wonder if the scope of
on top of that. S: Oh I see. So they're really just search your essay was too wide? You did try and
engines. And how do you use them? include an awful lot.
S: 50 pence for each extra day!
R: Well, there are a number of ways you can do G:I was afraid of that. 1 spent ages reading
R: Yes, until you return the book. It sounds this. You can use the author's name, but. I'm
steep, but it's really for the students' benefit. newspapers and trying to choose the right
not talking about the first name. Only the items. But it's really difficult to know what to
You said yourself that it can be annoying not surname will work so you need to know the
being able to find books you need. include and what to leave out.
correct spelling.
S: Okay fair enough. 1 presume you also have T: Well... Shall we look at it together and see if
S: That sounds quite straightforward. And what we can make the focus of your essay more
journals? are the other ways?
R: Oh yes, we have a wide range of academic specific? Many students find it hard to know
R: Well, you can also do a keyword search, what information to select, especially when
journals and many of these are available which means typing in a keyword from the
online. they read a lot.
title of the book, that's for when you're not G:lt would really help me to see where I've
S: Fantastic! Can I access these from outside sure of the title. But when you do this, you
the college? gone wrong so I don't repeat this mistake
will obviously get a list of books that have again.
R: Yes, you can, but you need to register for this word in the title.
this. Er... You can do this when you come in. T: Okay. Now here in paragraph one, you focus
S: In a way getting a book list like this is really on the negativity in the news.
Basically you need your student ID again and an advantage because it can give you ideas
we give you an internet password, which you about what other books to read. G:Yes ... um ... I was trying to highlight the fact
can then change if you like. Most students do that really, the general public will usually
R: That's true, but just bear in mind that it takes choose bad news above good. They seem to
because it's easier for them to memorize. a little bit longer. Of course, you can also
S: 1'11 definitely do that. I'm hopeless at like it more because bad news sells ... it
type in a subject keyword and then you'll be makes headlines. We like reading about
remembering passwords so the only way I given a list of authors and titles around that
can remember one is if 1 make it up myself. disasters and tragedy.
subject. The final way is of course by keying T: That's true, but 1 think what you did not
R: You will also find reading lists online as well in the name of the book. And don't forget,
as where to find the books so this means you explain enough was why this is the case. Is it
there's an information desk so you can something in human nature or is it just that
won't have to waste time trying to find books always ask someone if you need help.
you need. this is how we've become accustomed to
S: Where is that? receiving news? I thought maybe you could
S: That's really good to know. Knowing exactly R: You'll find the help desk on the ground floor. have given some examples here, maybe
where to go to find a book is such a time compared two newspapers, a broadsheet and
saver. S: Great and are there any other computers to
use generally for checking emails and things a tabloid perhaps, to look at how they
R: Mmm ... We also have a special page, which like that? presented a particular negative piece of news.
gives you links to other university libraries so Er... Was it dramatized for example? Which
if we don't have the book, er... we can help R: Yes, there is a computer centre in the one was more sensationalistic?
you get it. basement, but we prefer students to use these
computers more for study purposes so please G: Ah yes ... 1 can think of so many examples
S: Is that any other university library? don't spend all your time doing things like of that. 1 mean ... you can really see the
R: No, it's just the ones that have joined. It’s checking your emails and you most dramatic effect in an item of news in the
known as the inter-university library loan definitely cannot use it to play computer pictures that go with the story.
system. But you'll find when you go to the games. If you are caught doing this, you will T: Right, now you're getting the idea.
web page that quite a few universities have be banned from using our computers for 2 G:Do you think 1 did the same thing in the
joined and it's growing all the time. weeks. No sorry, because of all the problems second paragraph?
S: What a great idea. 1 mean, not only to be we had with this last year, this has now been
able to get books, but just to be given the increased to three.
opportunity to exchange ideas with students S: One week without a computer would be too
on other campuses. much for me!
R: I quite agree. Oh ... and you'll also see when R:Mmm ... But please don't worry, because
you come in, that we have a wide selection of when you first come, we'll give you a tour of
videos you can borrow. These range from the library and show you how everything
films to actual lectures and seminars that works. Do you know where we are?
have been videoed so students have the (G=Gabriella; D=Dong; T=Tutor)
opportunity to watch them again if they need
to or if for some reason, they were not able to G:Thanks for seeing me today. I've been really
attend. And it's pretty much standard that we worried about my media assignment.
video visiting lecturers. D:Yes, me too. I feel much the same way as
S: And are these also available on tape? Gabriella does.
R: Yes they are. And also on CD. Actually, T: Yes, I realized that. Um ... And thanks for
having said that, we don't put all our lectures sending me your first drafts. I've had a look
and seminars on CD, except visiting at them and there are a few things that need
speakers. Their talks are always put on both revisiting.
so you can choose either. D:I guessed you'd probably say that.
S: This all sounds fantastic. I never realized T: Right, let's start at the beginning. Um ... You
there was so much on offer. both had different problems so I'll speak to
R: Yes, we're very proud of our learning each of you in turn. Let's start with you
resource centre and the university has given Gabriella. Tell me, what did you hope to
extra funding to make sure we can keep all achieve with this assignment?
our resources up to date. G:Okay, erm ... well I suppose my main idea
was really to look at the news.
245 Listening scripts
T: Actually, I thought you'd organized this collapsed, someone at the top sent an email
much better. It was clearer. I liked the way to a newspaper. I mean this just proves that
you mentioned the value of continuity in the at the click of a button, we can communicate
news. Er ... Continuity is important because so much more quickly than before.
quite obviously, the longer an item of news T: Yes, that's the kind of thing I'm talking
lasts, the more people will buy the newspaper about, but just make sure that you have
because they are interested in what is evidence to support what you say.
happening. Your example of war was a good
one because ... er... most wars last a while so 0 2.23
the story will stay in the news. Examiner: Do you often use a library?
G:But I also wanted to explain how readers can Speaker 1: Er ... um ... I... I ... I think I try to use
lose interest in a news story and that was library about... um ... well... maybe once or
really my main emphasis. twice a week.
T: Yes, I really liked that part of your Examiner; Okay, and are libraries popular in
paragraph. It showed you'd really thought your country.
about what you'd read and had the confidence
to add your own ideas. The rest of your Speaker 1: Um ... um ... Yes, yes... Libraries are
essay, apart from a few minor grammar very popular ... yes, they have always been
mistakes, was fine. popular in my country.
D:And what about mine? Examiner. Do you think people will still visit
libraries in ten years' time?
T: Well, the first few paragraphs were really
good, clearly constructed and easy to follow. Speaker 1: Mmmmm ... no ... no ... I think this
But er... I don't think you did this as well in probably won't happen ... um ... 1 ... I can't
the third paragraph. What you were trying to say for certain, but I think probably not.
get across?
0 2.24
D:I was trying to explain about celebrities.
What is defined in news terms as the Examiner: Do you often use a library?
personality angle. The fact that we are ... er... Speaker 2: Oh yes, I using library all the time.
you know interested in stories about famous No-one can really live without a library
people. because we needing it for, many things, like
T: Sure, but I think you need to focus on what education and also to broaden our minds.
this means for the news. What about looking Examiner: Right and are libraries popular in
at how newspapers often publish popular your country?
news stories and how this might go against Speaker 2: Oh yes. I can definitely say that
the news attempting to be neutral? library is extremely important for many
D:So what you are saying is the news is meant people in my country. We have long history
to be objective, but actually it isn't really? of booksand ... yes, 1 think, it's true to say,
T: Certainly ... I'm saying you should try and that people in my country, likes reading. In
make more comparisons between the fact, they probably very much likes to
objectivity and subjectivity and see which reading.
way the news usually tends to go. Examiner: Do you think people will still visit
D:Mmm ... would you suggest I takea particular libraries in say ten years' time?
news item and compare the way two Speaker 2: Well, no-one can really say what the
newspapers report on it? future holds, but I think, yes, we will still go.
T: That would be an excellent idea. In fact you Even though some people, they say internet
could even use some of the ideas from your will stopping people from reading. But I
first paragraph - maybe take a so- called bad think there will always be people who prefer
news story. the books.
DrThat's a good idea and I could use the same
newspapers.
T: Yes, but you could also look at two other
newspapers with similar styles ... Um maybe
another tabloid and broadsheet.
D.I like that idea.
T: I also felt maybe you could have included the
idea of recent news because this links in with
what you've already said.
D:I don't quite understand.
T: Well... I'm referring to the idea that
newspapers try and get scoops, any big story
that has recently happened. You could link
this to your first paragraph and even your
second.
D:The public is really interested in what is
happening now rather than what is old news.
T: And you could bring in the effect of
technology on the news at this point. It has
affected news reporting and publishing
tremendously- If you think about it, the
internet has meant that news can be much
more immediate than before so for example,
as something is happening, it could be
reported and published in a paper.
D:Oh yes, I remember reading once about an
earthquake and just before the building

Listening scripts 246

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