Indian Journal of History of Science, 52.2 (2017) 188-196 DOI: 10.

16943/ijhs/2017/v52i2/49057

Allusions of Rasāyanaśāstra* in Telugu Literature

Iragavarapu Suryanarayana**
(Received16 November 2015; revised 24 August, 2016)

Abstract
The allusions of rasāyanaśāstra from Telugu literature are discussed from the beginning of
Telugu literature to Modern period. The references to rasaśāstra or rasāyanaśāstra in various Telugu
literary works are narrated to indicate the period of rasaśastra works.
Keywords: Rasaśāstra, Rasāyanaśāstra, Telugu literature

1. Introduction 2. The Early Telugu Literary Period:

The history of Andhras and the Telugu 10th – 14th Century
language is said to be from the beginning of 2.1 Ayurveda, the eightfold Indian system of
Christian era CE. The word ‘Andhra’ was medicine was mentioned in the first literature of
mentioned in Aitareya Brāhmaa and also in Telugus, Mahābhārata, diparva and Sabhāparva
Vedic period. The prominence of Andhras in written by Nannayya (1970, p.6).
history came from the period of Eastern Chalukyas
a.
and later during Kakateeya rulers and achieved
greater heights both politically and literally
during Vijayanagar empire especially under
Srikrishnadevaraya rule.
Many Telugus were great scholars of
Sanskrit and wrote commentaries on Sanskrit
literary works. Among them Mallinātha Surin,
who wrote commentaries for works of Kālidāsa “aniśamu sēviture ni nnanaghā yaāgamaina
yāyurvēda buna dak ulaina vaidyulu,
and others takes the first place. Jagannatha
ghanamuga nanuraktulai jagaddhita buddhin”1
Panditarāya, court poet of Kashmir and other
Mughal emperors was a great Sanskrit scholar O sinless king, Are the expert physicians in your
court, serving you with eightfold Ayurveda system
who contributed Rasagagādhara in Sanskrit
of medicine with devotion and universal welfare.
literature.

*
The word rasāyana was used in our ancient books for rejuvenation or elixir, the drug for longevity. For the last hundred and
fifty years, rasāyana śāstra is being used to denote Chemistry, and is also used here.
**
Plot No.177, Road No.74, Jubilee Hills / Film nagar, Hyderabad -500 096, India, Tel: +91-40-23546613, E-mail: iragsurya@
yahoo.co.in.
1 The Telugu transliteration is carried out based on Wiktionary: Telugu transliteration. This Wiktionary transliteration standard
is based on ISO 15919 , the international linguistic standard for Indic scripts. The key for letters, which are not there in San-
skrit, but present in Telugu is as follows: even though  was used
(ardhānusvar), it was adopted for (purnānusvar) as in Sanskrit.
 Historical Note: Allusions of Rasāyanaśāstra in Telugu Literature 189

b. Panditārādhya Caritra, mentions that Śriśailam

had tanks of rasa and rasāyana juices.

Rasa rasāyana sudhā rasa sarovaramu lesaga

niggiri yada yetlu vasince
How in this hill the tanks of rasa and rasāyana
juices stayed.
“sāramati jēsi mānasa śārīra rujāvalulaku
satata bu bratī kāramulu sēyucu dure, 2.4 Śrinātha, the court poet of many kings
yāraga vrddhopasēva nauadhasēvan” and author of number of kāvyas, in his Kāsī
With true mind, are they serving and Khandam, while describing Śriśailam, mentions
treating the mental and physical diseases and that Śriśailam had siddhi khetras like rasasiddhi
helping the old with proper treatment using ,rasāyanasiddhi, mūlikasiddhi and pādukāsiddhi
medicines and nursing. ( Srinath, 2012.Ch.3, prose 52.p. 353).
2.2 Nannecoda (Rao, 1994. p. 685), a 11th century
poet described rasa śastra, the alchemy, in a poem
wherein he says that iron when it is kept for long rasasiddhi, rasāyanasiddhi, mūlikāsiddhi and
in mercury, then only it will get the colour of gold; pādukāsiddhyādulagu siddhi ketrabula cetanu
like that,if one keeps his mind on God constantly, śobhitabai ….. śrī śailabu je (ce) ravacce.
then only, he will attain realization. They reached Śrīśailam, which had pilgrim centers
which can bestow perfection in rasa, rasāyana,
mūlika and pādukās.

2.5 Koravi Goparaju, a 13th – 14th century poet

distinguishes rasaśāstra with rasāyanaśāstra,
the former converts all lower metals to gold while
the latter is to control diseases and for longevity
(Goparaju, 1982, pp. 337-339).
“inumu rasabulo nuuga keppuu nūnina gāni a.
gāde kā
canamamarādri vāyasamu satatamun vasiyici
kāni yē
kanakamu cāya gādu cirakāla susēvana gāni
kāde sa
nmanamuna nin dalacu oka mātraye cālade
muktikīśvarā”.
“idi suvaradāyi yidi jarāmrtyu ni
Iron when it is heated with mercury only gets
converted to gold, a crow after living for a long rharaamanucu rasa rasāyanamulu pērmi
time in Amaradri or God’s abode only , it will get nicci yanipe bilamārga merigipa
the bright colour, but with deep devotion even for a navvarāhamaina yasura banice“.
moment, one can attain realization/moka/mukti. This is Rasa, the converter of lower metals to gold,
the other one is rasāyana, the destroyer of old age
2.3 Palkuriki Somanatha (Palkuriki, 1990, p. and death. He gave both to the boar form demon
206), a 12-13 th century Shaivite poet in his and sent him through the tunnel.
190 Indian Journal of History of Science

b.

“re  u gha ikalu re  u cētula ni ukoni and the rasaśāstra methods of Siddha, a method
rasamidi sarva loha kā canīkara a bu, ofmedicine intermingled in Andhrade a and
rasāyanabiddi jarāmrtyu haraabu vīnilo
nokai mīriddaru buccukonuanina da(ta)2 dri
resulted in rasaśāstra type of medicine where in
jarā jīruaguajesi rasāyanabimmanina yitani metals took a major lead in medicines, especially
māa posagadella lohabula nūninata pasii mercury, gold, sulphur etc.,in Ayurveda.
gānonarcu rasame yimmu nāku rāju nayyeda ”.
2.6 Nāgārjuna, though from outside of Andhradesa,
Keeping two caskets/metal boxes in his hand, the made his abode in Sriparvata, ie., present Srisailam
boarform demon said to the father and the son,
“One of this rasa which converts all metals to
and Nagarjuna Konda area, which is mountainous
gold, and the other one rasāyana dispels the old Nallamala forest area and became well known for
age and death. You can take only one from these. the rasaśāstra. Archeological (Sastry, 2010) and
Father being old, wanted to get rid of his old age literary evidences indicate that he had set up his
and asked for rasāyana. Son wanted to becomeking school of alchemy in this area and one big cave
by acquiring lot of gold by rasa.
was converted as his laboratory and number of
Since Andhradesa is in the midst of North his disciples worked there. This is described by
and South India, the deśīya methods of Ayurveda a Telugu poet of 14th century named Gaurana in

2. Indicates that there is a conjunction of words known in Telugu grammar as saralādesa sandhi, the one in the bracket is the
original letter, without conjunction. Wherever it occurred it is shown like that.
 Historical Note: Allusions of Rasāyanaśāstra in Telugu Literature 191

his book Navanātha Caritra (Gourana, 1984, pp. (mortar and pestle).
293-296)written in poetic form of dvipada, or They prostrated before the teacher and then the
couplet. Gods representing medicines. Then they put all
these medicines and then arranged different types
nā siddha nāgārjunākhyuu gaaka bhāsillu of fires (puās), blowers blowing, some were
rasavādapāava bamara ba(pa)sii gāvicu grinding in the grinding stones the mercury and
napparama vikhyāti nesage jagamella the juices of plants, some were correcting/shaking
nidiyarudanaga ba(pa)nasa capaka pāribhadra the crucibles (mūas) again putting the heaters or
rasāla sāla tiduka gadhasāla hitāla tāla puās and the obtained gold heaps were removed by
kharjūra ketaka picumada madāra savīra some, like that all his disciples are carrying out their
madhura māka da ka dārālagaru kataka duties properly and siddha Nāgārjuna successfully
punnāga nāga kesaraluga nāraga pūga pūga transformed into gold and was very happy.
śobhitabulai ..............
Nāgārjuna’s main idea was to convert
tarigaraboppu nātata guhātaramu jocci vāralu
munnu śodhici cūci vaccina priyamāra vasiyimci lower elements to gold, what all alchemists of
yadu rasamu lārunu, nuparasamulenmidiyu that period were interested. He had written a
pasarulu, ma dulu, pā ā amulunu, ga (ka) great Sanskrit book on rasaśāstra, entitled Rasa
luvabulunu jālagā samakūrci.....
Ratnākara/ Rasendra Magala (Sarma, 1999).
gurunāthu talaci tadguruvu bhaji ci vāra A large number of metals and their processing
bhai ajādi daivamulaku mrokki nērcina
methodologies have been described in this book,
ma dulanniyu vaici yagni g(k)ūrci pu a bu
grakkuna be(pe)tta napu u vesa nūduvārunu which became a base for later Ayurveda approach
visuvaka rasamu pasarulu g(k)alipi pālpa a of medical science. His student Nityanatha, another
nūru vāralanu vomdagā mūsala savaricuvāru siddha from the same area wrote Rasaratnkara
monasi krammata puabulu peuvāru kalayaga
(Nityanatha,) in Sanskrit, discussing the treatment
nūdina kanaka bu divisi yelamamai b(p)
enubrovulīceuvārulai sabhramincu nayyayi methodologies for metals and other materials.
panula nāsannulai śiyuladaru melaga bolivo Another siddha named Manthana Bhairava also
tājeyabūnina kāryamalavaa phalasiddhi nadina wrote a book in Sanskrit entitled Ananda Kanda
hudaya nalinabu vikasimpa nāgārjunuu.
(Mishra, 2008). It gives the combinations of
That Siddha Nāgārjuna, with power of alchemy, metals and herbal products for medicinal purpose.
converting into gold using a rare process, became
The treatment of sulfur in Ananda Kanda has
famous. He used number of plants/trees like
jackfruit, capaka, pāribhadra, rasāla (mango), better processing technique.
sāla, tinduka, gandhasāla, hintāla, tāla, kharjūra
(dates), ketaka, picumanda, mandara, savīra, 3. Telugu literature:15th – 17th century
madhura, mākanda, kandarāla, agaru, kataka,
punnāga, nāgakesara, lunga, nāranga, pūga etc.,. 3.1 Peddana, the court poet of Śri Kradevarāya
They entered into the cave, which was examined clearly mentions in his prabandha (poem),
before by his disciples. They have kept there
already six rasas, eight uparasas, juices of plants, Manucaritra (Peddana, 1947, p.99), that mercury
medicines, paāas / hard stones / rock stones can be converted to an ouadha or drug and can
which contain arsenic etc., and the grinding stones be taken with milk.
192 Indian Journal of History of Science

much familiar in Andhra Pradesh. The available

allusions/ revelations from Telugu literature have
been mentioned as far as possible.
In 16th century, Basavaraju wrote a book
entitled Basavarājīyam (Basavaraju, 1919), which
describes a large number of metallic and herbal
combinations for various diseases and nāi śāstra
“ārū hasthiti ja drikādhavalitājā da bulo
jandruo ppāren gālabhiagvaruu viratabai
also. This Samhitā has become an important book
kāmukaśrēikin mārotsāhamu nilva pādarasamun of Ayurveda along with Bhattrayī ie.,Caraka,
badhici grāsārthamai kīrasthālika beinai Suśruta and Vāgbhaa’s books Aāga Hdaya
guikāsiddhauadhabo yanan”. and Aāga Sagraha and Laghutrayī ie.,
In the sky, full of moon’s white rays, moon Mādhavakara, Sāragadhara and Bhāvamiśra’s
was shining like the medicinal pill prepared by works, Mādhavanidāna, Śaragadhara Sahita
physician of Time (Kala bhi agvaru  u) by and Bhāvaprakāśa respectively.
binding mercury in milk to take inside.
3.3 In Hasavimsati, a 17th – 18th century book,
3.2 Śri Kadevarāya in his Āmuktamālyada also an encyclopedic work written by Ayyalaraju
mentions about the rasavidya (Sri Kiadevarya, Narayanakavi is described an Ayurvedic physician,
1907, Chap, 2, p. 5). his form and the medicines he used to administer
(Narayanakavi, 1977,p.52).

melivau tīgacula jigimicina pāga jinugu

“ taruaśaivāla jalaja patramulu voduva
pacca a balava u calvadovati yoyārapu
marakata cchāya bolcu tatparikha jalamu ga dapu būta  ollupo gulu ma i mudrikal
valapu gulke u vī yamu ca ka va ra ma
koa bagāru sēyua korakumunnu ghrula tuda muccelun velaya guptaguuanu
brahma piicina madāku pasaranaga ”. vaidyuoppugan”

Tender leaves (patra) of the lotus along with tender Shining cap with rolls, fine embroidered upper
water weeds (saivāla) showed golden colour of the cloth, good dhoti, on the forehead a sandalwood
water in the moat surrounding the fort, like the smear, ears with golden rings, golden rings
medicinal juice pressed by Brahma, the creator to with precious stones for all fingers, beetle nut
convert the fort to golden fort. leaves with flavoring (sugandha) materials like
coriander, lavaga etc. in the mouth, a box with
These references in Telugu literature clearly medicines under his arm, came a physician named
show that the Rasaśāstra of Nāgārjuna, was very Guptaguna.
 Historical Note: Allusions of Rasāyanaśāstra in Telugu Literature 193

b.
194 Indian Journal of History of Science

mariyu naśvagadhādi ghtabunu, naileyaka bhasma, suvara bhasmabulu seyu maryādayu,

gh ta bunu,  a pala gh ta bunu, dūrvādi śītabhaji aralyādi māibhadratālīsa mātralu
ghtabunu, pacagavya ghtabunu, nārdraka gau navadhānabunu, kāra drāvaka guggulu
ghtabunu, daulīyaka ghtabunu, gūmāa pia kaāyabulu mūlikalu kaikarikalu seyu
ghtabunu, modalaina ghtabunu seyu nerpunu naucitya bunu, sūtra sthāna, śārīra nidāna
, pacāgni cūrabunu, jitrakādi cūrabunu, śāstra bula paricitiyunu,  ebbadi re  u
baabānala cūrabunu, māimatha nāī bhedabulunu, vāta pitta ślemabula
cūrabunu, marīcyādi cūrabunu, dālisa nulba ambulaina triśata  a  i roga bulaku
cūr a bunu, nelādi cūr a bunu, dumburu dattat cikitsalu ceyu cāturya bunu galigi
cūrabunu, garpūrādi cūrabunu, pacabāa reava dhanvatari yanabaragu.
cūrabunu, bhgvādi cūrabunu nādiyaina Here he described number of Ayurvedic medicines
cūrabul naricu paimayu, cicilyādi like medicated fats (ghtas), powders, pastes,
lehyabunu, kudrābhayādi lehyabunu, rasāyanas, oils, different kinds of collyria ,
jatuai marīcyādi lehyabunu, gusumārthādi metallic medicines, powders of different metals,
lehyabunu, pippalyādi lehyabunu, bilvādi tablets and decoctions.
lehyabunu gualyādi lehyabunu, modalugā
gala lehyabulo naricu naipuyambunu, The list is as follows:
nārikelādi rasāyanabunu, guanāgarādi Fats: asvagandha, aileyaka, atpala, dūrvādi,
rasāyanamunu, śigrupu pa rasāyanamunu, pacagavya, ārdraka, tandulīyaka, kūmānda
jūtaphala rasāyanamunu, sukumāra
rasāyanamunu, bhallātakī rasāyanamunu, Powders: pa cāgni, citrakādi, badabānala,
sudarśana rasāyanamunu, vārāhī rasāyanamunu, mānimantha, marīcyādi, tālisa, ēīlādi, tumburu,
vilagādi rasāyanamunu , amta rasāyanamu karpūrādi, pacabāa, bhgvādi,
ādigā gala rasāyanabulu seyu podikalerugu Electuaries: cincilyādi, kudrābhayādi, catuai,
vidha bunu , śara pu khādi taila bunu, maricyadi, kusumārdhadi, pippilyādi, bilvādi,
lakmīnārāyaa tailabunu, lākādi tailabunu, kundalyādi. etc.,.
dhanvatari tailabunu, bacārka tailabunu,
pāścātyanimbatailabunu, viamui tailabunu, Rasāyanas: nārikelādi, gudanāgarādi, śigrupupa,
ketakī taila bunu, snehārka taila bunu, cūtaphala, sukumāra, bhallātaki, sudarsana,
vātā taka taila bunu, būtikā taila bunu, vārāhī, vilagādi, amrta.etc.,.
bhūnāga tailabunu, bhgāmalaka tailabunu, Oils: śarapukhādi, lakminārāyaa, lākādi,
modalagu taila bula parijñāna bunu, dhanvantari, pacārka, pāścātyanimba, viamuti,
nārikelā jana bunu, sauvīrā jana bunu, ketaki, snehārka, vatātaka, pūtika, bhūnāga,
vīrabhadrā jana bunu, nīlā jana bunu, bhgāmalaka, etc.,.
garu ā ja na bunu, gapotā jana bunu,
garpūrājanabunu, modalugāgala ajana Collyriumor eye-salve: nārikela, sauvīra,
b h e d a  b u l a g ū rc u c a m a t k ā r a  b u n u , vīrabhadra, nīla, garua, kapota, karpūra, etc.,.
nagnikumārakamu, rājam gā kamu, pūr a Metallic Medicines: agnikumāraka, rājamgāka,
ca drodayamu, vasa ta kusumākaramu, pūr acandrodaya, vasa takusumākara,
vāta rāk asamu, ca drahāsamu, ca dra vātarāk asa, candrahāsa, candraprabhāvati,
prabhāvati rasamu, kadarpānkura rasamu, kandārpa kura,  a mukha, tālakeśvara,
amukha rasamu , tālakeśvara rasamu, pratāpa pratāpa lankeśvara, cāturthika rāmabāna,
lakeśvara rasamu, cāturthika rāmabāamu, viucakra, viśvabhara, badabānala, nārāyaa,
vi  ucakrarasamu, viśva bhara rasamu, madana bhairava, bhārgava, jvarā kusa,
ba abānala rasamu, nārāya a rasamu, svacchandabhairava, sa jīvani, rasabhūpati,
madanabhairava rasamu, bhārgava rasamu, cintaani, etc.,.
jvarā kuśamu, svacca da bhairavamu,
sa jīvana rasamu, rasabhūpati, ci tāma i Metallic Powders: lohabhama, tāmrabhama,
modalaina divya rasau adhamulanu, gadhaka, vagabhama, sīsabhama, nāgabhama, śakhabhama,
rasanābhula lak a a bulaneri gi virucu suvarabhama.
prāvī ya bunu, lohabhasma, tāmrabhasma, Tablets: śītabhanji, āralyadi, mānibhadra, talīsa
vagabhasma, sīsabhasma, nāgabhasma, śakha etc.
 Historical Note: Allusions of Rasāyanaśāstra in Telugu Literature 195

Decoctions: kāra, drāvaka, guggulu, pia, etc. Sāragadhara Sahitā, Bhāvaprakaśika etc.,
The physician is an expert in making all the above were translated to Telugu from Sanskrit by
medicines for treatment, He is an expert of eight scholars who were experts in both the languages as
fold ayurveda, seventy two types of pulse (nāi)
well as Ayurvedic medicine. Not only translations,
understanding, 360 types of diseases and their
treatment. He is like another Dhanvantari. but original ayurvedic books in verse were also
written, the most notable one was Rasa Pradīpika,
3.4 I would like to mention that many more Vyasaprokta Ayurveda, Agastya Ayurveda
medicinal substances with metals and herbs etc., They have given the English equivalents
were described for various diseases in some of of the metals and minerals mentioned in the
the books written by earlier experts in Ayurveda. earlier texts. This material is extremely useful for
Rasapradīpika (Venkatacharya, 1916), Ayurveda those who want to pursue research on Ayurvedic
Ou adharatnākara (Sastry, 1916), Andhra drugs using modern technological advances and
Bhai ajya Ratnāvali (Sastry, 1925) etc., are methodologies and concepts.
some of the noted books in this direction. It
seems there was a dark period in India wherein The first modern scientific book published
all the indigenous knowledge was snubbed by in Telugu which came to my notice is Vaidyut
the British. Some sasthānās or jamindarīs like Lohaśāstra (Sarma, 1907) published by Sri
Vijayanagara, Peddapura, Pithapura, Nujvid, Dronaraju Calapati Sarma on electrometallic
Venkatagiri, Kalahasti, Gadval, and Vanaparti science in 1907 from Manju Publishers, Eluru,
supported Ayurveda medicine for treatment of Composite Madras state wherein he discussed
people of the rural areas as the English medicine electroplating of different metals using different
was available only in cities and for rich (Sastry, electrochemical cells. The first Chemistry book
1961, p.1456). So in 1901, Sri D. Gopalacaryulu was written in Telugu by Sri Vemuri Viswanatha
started an Ayurvedic dispensary in Madras Sarma entitled Rasāyana Śāstra (Sarma, 1910)
and published number of books of Ayurveda. was published by Vijana Candrika Mandali,
Vavilla Ramaswami Sastrulu started a printing Madras. It is an elementary course on chemistry
press and published number of Sanskrit books and it was first published in 1909 and again revised
with Telugu commentaries in Telugu script so in 1910. This book describes the comprehensive
that large number of people can study, and knowledge of that time on chemistry with available
become ayurvedic physicians, who can help the very little communications and technology. After
rural population. Great scholars like Achanta independence, some intellectuals with the support
Lakshmipathi, Nudurupati Viswanatha Sastry, of the composite Madras State Government
Puvvada Suryanarayana Rao, Mukkamala Venkata established “Telugu Bhasha Samithi” to bring
Sastry etc., Ayurveda experts as well as Sanskrit out Encyclopedias in Telugu on different subjects
scholars generated excellent Ayurveda literature. like literature, culture, mathematics, sciences
Sripada Kriamurty Sastry, the court poet of especially physics and chemistry, etc. They
Andhra Pradesh after independence was another published 12 volumes on different subjects. The
great Ayurvedic physician as well as Telugu and volume of Physics and Chemistry (3rd volume
Sanskrit scholar and an author of many Ayurveda in the series) was brought out by Telugu Bhasha
books. Samithi in 1955. A large number of university and
college teachers at that time wrote articles, which
A number of books on Ayurveda, especially were edited by great chemists as well as literary
Caraka sahitā, Suśruta sahitā, Atāga scholars like Sri Vasantarao Venkatarao, Medepalli
Hdaya, Aāga Sagraha, Mādhavanidāna, Varaha Narasimha Swami, Vemuri Viswanatha
196 Indian Journal of History of Science

Sarma and Sri Hari Adiseuvu etc.,. They have Goparaju, Koravi, Sihasana Dvatrimsika, Pub. A.P.Sahitya
also prepared a small glossary of technical terms Academy, Hyderabad, 1982.
of chemistry and physics and presented in the Sastry, V.V. Krishna, (Foreword), Rasendra Magalam by
book. In 1967 Telugu Academy was established K. Jitendrababu in Telugu Deccan Archaeological
by Government of Andhrapradesh to provide text Research Institute, Hyderabad, 2010.
books and reference books in different Sciences, Gourana, Nava atha Caritra, A.P.Sahitya Academy,
Arts and Commerce and Indian Medicine etc., Hyderabad, 1984.
to teach in Telugu medium in undergraduate Sarma, H.S. Rasendra Magala, Indian National Science
and post graduate courses. A large number of Academy, 1999.
professors from the universities of Andhrapradesh Nityanatha, Rasa Ratnkara, Chaukhambha Publishers,
contributed significantly in writing these books. Varanasi.
They published number of undergraduate books Mira S.N., (Hindi Tr.) Manthana Bhairava, Ananda Kna,
and monographs on chemistry and also enlarged Chaukhumbha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2008.
the glossary base. Subsequently Telugu Bhasha Peddana, Manucaritra, R. Venkateswar & Co, Madras,
Samithi was merged into Telugu University under 1947, pp. 99,
the name “Sri Komarraju Venkata Lakmana Rao
Sri Kiadevaraya, Amuktamalyada, Vavilla Ramaswamy
centre for Encyclopedia.” They published number Sastrulu & Co, Madras, 1907.
of Encyclopedia volumes in different areas. The
Basavaraju, Basavarajīya , Commentary by Sri P.
chemistry volume, 10th in the series, comprised of Suryanarayana Rao, Pub. American Diamond
800 articles covering different topics including the Publishers, Madras, 1919.
works of Nobel laureates of Chemistry up to 2009
Narayanakavi, Ayyalaraju, Hasa Viati, A.P. Sahitya
edited by the author of this article, was published Academy, Hyderabad, 1977.
in 2013(Suryanarayana, 2013).
Venkatacharya, Mudumbai. Rasapradīpika, Ayurvedasramam,
Madras,1916.
Acknowledgements
Sastry, Sripada Krinamurty, Ayurveda Auadharatnkara,
The author wants to thank Dr. Bhagavatam Vani Mudrakara Sala, Bezwada, 1924.
Ramarao, former Director, National Institute of Sastry, Sripada Krinamurty Andhra Bhaiajyaratnvali,
Indian Medical Heritage, Hyderabad for helpful Vani Mudrakara Sala, Bezwada, 1925.
suggestions. Sastry, M. Visvesvara, Vijana Sarvasva, Vol.4, Pub.
Telugu Bhaa Samithi, Madras, 1961.
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