PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Developing Appreciation for Research
Session Objectives
In this fraction of the course on Practical Research 2,
SHS students are expected to attain the following
competencies:
1. Explain the significance of conducting quantitative
researches in the context of a SHS student.
2. Define practical research by stating what it is not.
3. Explore different research opportunities in several areas of
interest.
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Course Description: The course aims to develop critical thinking and problem-solving
skills through quantitative research.

Course Content:
The Nature of Inquiry and Research
Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem
Learning From Others and Reviewing the Literature
Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data
Reporting and Sharing Findings
Course Requirement:

• Research Portfolio
(Long Expanded Brown Envelope)

• Research Performance Monitoring

Sheet
GRADING SYSTEM

A. Discussion of Research
Concepts and Principles (50%)

B. Outline Preparation and

Defense (50%)
GRADING SYSTEM
A. Discussion of Research Concepts and
Principles (50%)

• Quizzes/ Assignment – 10%

• Research Activities – 25%
• Attendance/ Recitation – 10%
• Culminating Activity – 20%
(individual Research Proposal/ Outline)

• Midterm Examination – 35%

 GRADING SYSTEM
B. Outline Preparation and Defense (50%)
Research Proposal/ Outline – 60%
Advisory Committee:
SHS Department Head – 35%
Research Services Coordinator – 25%
Research Adviser – 20%
Technical Critic – 20%

Oral Defense – 40 %
Chair – 40%
Member – 30%
Member – 30%
 RESEARCH CALANDER OF ACTIVITIES
 June 15, 2019 - “Orientation on Research Manual”
 August 10, 2019 - 3rd Research Capability Enhancement Seminar
 August 30, 2019 - SUBMISSION OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL (1st Quarter
Culminating Activity)
- 1st Quarter Examination (Written Exam)
 September 4, 2019 - Evaluation of Research Proposal, Grouping of
Researches, and Assignment of Research Adviser (RA) and Technical
Critic (TC)
 September 5-13 2019 - Application for Outline Defense
 September 9 – October 11 2019 - Outline Defense (2nd Quarter
Culminating Activity)
 October 18, 2019 - Submission of Approved Outline (2nd Quarter
Examination)
“INQUIRY VS.
RESEARCH”
 Inquiry

▷Is a term synonymous with the word

“INVESTIGATION”,
▷ the answer to the question
“RESEARCH”
 works with a system or unbiased; all angles
method presented

Research is a systematic and objective

creation of knowledge.
(Creswell, 2013) a creative
process
Present the
answer Collect data to
answer to the

Defining question

Research Pose a question

Research Defined
▷Research comes from the middle French word “recherche”,
which means “the act of searching closely”.

RESEARCH
“Re” – Again
“Search” – To Look For
Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking
(Baraceros, 2016).

Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and

interpreting information in order to increase our understanding of a
phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned (Leedy &
Ormrod, 2013).

Practical research aims to discover truths about topics that interests

or affects the researcher(s) in order to improve.
“Importance of
Research in our
daily lives”
WHAT IS TO LOOK FOR IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS?

LOOK new ideas

IMPROVE certain process
CREATE something useful out of something old
EXPLAIN a series of observation
RESEARCH PROBLEM SHOULD BE
SPECIFIC
MEASURABLE
ATTAINABLE
REALISTIC
TIME-BOUND
RESEARCH TITLE
GIVE WEIGHT AND REPUTATION TO THE
RESEARCH PAPER
Qualitative Research, researchers starts with a tentative title, As the
study and the manner of the research are then included in the final
title.
RESEARCH TITLE

AIM PURPOSE

TOPIC SUBJECT MATTER

PLACE LOCATION
HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE FOR ME TO
PERIOD FINISH MY STUDY?
POPULATION / FROM WHOM WILL DATA COME FROM OR BE
RESPONDENTS COLLECTED
Is research relatable?
The Effects of Korean Drama on Students
Majority of students who took part in the research do not consider
their fanaticism with Korean drama to have affected their sleeping
patterns. Also, the study shows the same students are financially
responsible and are not even willing to buy products and franchises
relative to this type of entertainment.
Is research relatable?
Today’s Teens: More Materialistic, Less Willing to Work
Jean Twenge and Tim Kasser, San Diego State University (2007)

“Compared to previous generations, recent high school graduates are

more likely to want money and nice things, but less likely to say they’re
willing to work hard to earn them”

62 percent of student-teenagers from 2005-07 think it is important to have lots of

money as compared to only 48 percent of the teenagers within 1976-78.

39 percent of the group admitted that they are not willing to work compared to
only 25 percent from the older group.
Is research relatable?
Social Media Usage and Depression
University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine

“The more time young adults use social media, the more likely they are
depressed.”

The 1,787 participants of the study used social media 61 minutes per
day and visited various social media accounts 30 times per week. 25
percent of these participants were classified as having high indicators
of depression.
Is research relatable?
Teens, Kindness and Cruelty on Social Network Sites
Amanda Lenhart (2011)

Despite the negative portrayal of adolescent social media usage by

most news outlets, nearly 70% of over 800 teens surveyed said that
they view people are “mostly kind” to one another online. 20%
responded that their peers were “mostly unkind”, while the rest said “it
depends.”
What research is NOT
(Leedy & Ormrod, 2013)

1. Research is not merely gathering information.

2. Research is not merely rummaging around for hard-to-locate
information.
3. Research is not merely transporting facts from one location to
another.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IN RESEARCH
Scientific Method in Research

Systematic Collection
RESEARCH and Investigation of
PROCESS data through the
Scientific Method
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
Arrange the following steps of Scientific Method :

(Search steps of Scientific Method)

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method.png
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
1. Empirical Approach – knowledge is gained through direct
observation and experimentation.

- Only those data derived from scientific procedures are

considered factual.

- Thereby, you ignore your preconceived notion about the

construct understudy, You also disregard your feelings
and opinions about it.
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
2. Observation – Your awareness of the environment
constitute your ideas.

- BUT.. If you rely on your awareness alone,

it results in information bias, decreasing the
validity of your findings.
Scientific Method in Research

Used
To increase
Validity Appropriate
instrument
EXAMPLE
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
3. Question– Knowledge comes from inquiries
that are answerable (with tangible proof).

- A question is unanswerable when it is deemed

impossible for realistic exploration, no matter
how intriguing it may be.
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
4. Hypotheses– An educated guess, or
hypothesis, is an attempt to explain a
phenomena.

- Once formulated, it should help you formulate

a prediction.
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
5. Experiment– The given hypothesis should
assure testability in a crafted condition for the
accuracy and reliability of results.

- The process of experimentation itself is a

proof of scientific procedures. And so, the
findings are considered truthful
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
6. Analyses– For findings to be reliable, the data
gathered are subjected through statistical methods

- You have to use statistics because it presents

numerical evidence of the degree in which results
considered valid and reliable.
- It also minimizes the chance of having a faulty
conclusion.
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
7. Conclusion – The process making inferences
involves concrete data to rule out opinions.

- Usually, a conclusion must be objective and

supported by meticulous analysis of data. You
should avoid adding more to what is literally
available.
EXAMPLE
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
8. Replication – This means doing the same study
once again to different set of participants to test the
reliability of the obtained result.

- The importance and prevalence of replication varies

greatly on the discipline and research area.
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
8. Replication – This means doing the same study
once again to different set of participants to test the
reliability of the obtained result.

- The importance and prevalence of replication varies

greatly on the discipline and research area.
 Conducting the study for
the several times will pave
the way for additional and
essential purposes:
Purpose of Replication

a. Establishment of Reliability
of Findings – The previous data
that were proven will have a
stronger belief factor.
Purpose of Replication

b. Discovery of New Knowledge– Most

often, replication generates additional
information or brand new data that will
improve your knowledge acquisition and
enlighten your confusion, if any.
Purpose of Replication

c. Ascertainment of Generalizability of
Results– This means the results of the
study can be applied to other groups of
participants and, therefore, do not only
limit to the original samples.
Elements of Scientific Method in Research
1. Empirical Approach
2.Observation
3.Question
4.Hypotheses
5.Experiments
6.Analyses
7.Conclusion
8.Replication
:What is the importance
of using the scientific
method in research
Importance of Research

1. Knowledge is established
2. Perceptions are corrected
3. Phenomena are validated
4. Present solutions are tested for Effectivity
5. Problems are solved
RESEARCH PROCESS
APPRECIATION
 CONSTRUCT AND
VARIABLES IN
RESEARCH

C:\Users\asus\Downloads\Research is Like Cooking.mp4

C:\Users\asus\Downloads\Six Reasons Why Research is Cool Quique Bassat at TEDxBarcelonaChange.mp4
Constructs mental abstractions derived
from the combination of concepts, or
your mental representation of the
world around you.
 CONCEPT CONTRUCTS
More General More Specific
Free From Description Has one or more Description
Example: Example:
Age Age – Young or Old
Sex Sex – Male and Female
Height Height – small, average, tall
Weight Weight – Light, heavy
 CONCEPT CONTRUCTS
More General More Specific
Free From Description Has one or more Description
Example: Example:
Attitude Attitude – Good, Bad
Pollution Pollution – Land, air, water
Education – Grade school,
Education
High school, college
Looking at the given samples,
constructs, in contrast with concepts,
are more comprehensible and
meaningful because they help you to
clearly express the events, experiences,
things and phenomena, and people you
are interested in.
Alternatively, both are just ideas that
are subjected to vary.

In the process of research, concepts or

constructs are called variables.
 Variables can be observed….

VARIABLE

DIRECTLY INDIRECTLY
Based on direct observations
Determined only by using tools
are those that be easily gauge
or instruments
by senses
Ex: Size, brightness, odor, and
taste, etc. Ex: Attitude Survey Instrument
Kinds of Variables
1.Independent variables
2.Dependent variables
3. Confounding or extraneous variables
4. Categorical variables
5. Continuous variables
6. Quantitative variables
7. Qualitative variables
Independent variables

manipulated variables that cause a change

in another variable.

These are treatments or conditions that

produce a varied response or effect.
Dependent variables

These are affected by independent

variables.

They are the responses or effects that result

from the treatment or conditions employed.
Confounding or extraneous variables

variables that are usually indicated in an

experimental research.

These are the variables that are minimized

to lessen their impact on the expected
response.
Categorial variables

Those that are characterize and describe

the quality of data.

Often Classified into:

Mutually exclusive categories
Extensive categories
Categorial variables
Nominal variables want to describe the
data into the given options

Ordinal variables consider logical order or

rank
Continuous Variables

Those variable in which values are based on

a given interval or continuum.
Quantitative variables

Variables that give details regarding the

number or level of something

The variables count the frequency of

responses or effect
Qualitative Variables

Variables that represent the kinds or types

of objects. They are synonymous with
categorical variables.

Often categorized into names, labels, or

groups.
VARIABLES AND THEIR
LEVEL OF
MEASUREMENT
▷ PROPER INTERPRETATION OF DATA
RELATED TO THE VARIABLE
▷ DECISION ABOUT THE PROPER
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TO BE USED.
 4 levels of measurement

Nominal scales: concerned with names and categories of

responses;
Ordinal scales: use for data that intends to be ranked;
Interval scales: use equal units of measurement and intervals
know the distance between them more than the sequence;
Ratio scales: the highest level of measurement. It permits the
comparison of both differences in scores and relative
magnitude of scores.
 Qualitative Approach

Aims to provide description of characteristics, kind, and

quality of a subject, while interpreting and attempting to
understand an event.

To share the perspective that was obtained from the

subjects. Qualitative variables are the data that are obtained
in this approach.
Qualitative Approach
Advantages:
▷ It provides descriptions about the real experience of the
people in the situation being studied.
▷ The researcher can expound more on the responses of the
participants
▷ The participants can also therefore elaborate their answers
▷ Through this, researches can have a rich explanation about
abstract factors such as customs and traditions, family roles,
and socioeconomic status for greater understanding
Qualitative Approach

Disadvantages:
▷ Due to the nature of qualitative research, statistical
procedures to measure kind and qualities are not
encouraged because you are going to deal with verbal
rather than numerical data.
▷ Data in qualitative research are categorized into themes to
generate information.
Qualitative Approach
Disadvantages:
▷ Because of the small number of participants from which
data will be based, the credibility of the data gathered might
be reconsidered.

▷ The fact that it is dependent on the subjective view of the

researcher in describing a situation leads to a certain level
of bias, lacking objectivity in description
Quantitative Approach
▷ Tests hypotheses and make predictions through measured
amounts, and ultimately describes an event by using
numerical figures
▷ Statistical analysis is therefore applied to interpret the
numbers obtained from the data.
▷ Objectivity of results is a guarantee
▷ A detailed discussion on this approach will follow because
this will be the main type of approach that you will be
encouraged to use
Quantitative Approach
Advantages:
▷ Uses confirmatory scientific method because it tests
hypotheses. By examining numbers taken from the data, a
certain level of bias is removed. Because the variables under
investigations are operationally defined, the
generalizability of findings is high.
▷ This means that the quantitative approach can be applied to
larger populations
Quantitative Approach
Disadvantages:
▷ The focus of the study is limited only to the object under
investigation
▷ Therefore, the interpretation of results will be based only
on the findings, derived from statistical data.
▷ Often, explanations and descriptions are narrow.
Mixed method Approach

▷ It involves collection and analysis of data using both

quantitative and qualitative approaches to be able to
address, the disadvantages of the two approaches and
provide better understanding of data.
▷ Qualitative approach provides a richer explanation because
the instrument allows elaborative answer but lacks
objectivity due to lack of numerical value.
▷ Using the quantitative method will strengthen the results
obtained from qualitative data
Mixed method Approach

Advantages:
▷ This method can make the description because it has both
subjective and objective data. It is beneficial to both
qualitative and quantitative studies because its findings will
increase the validity and reliability of the variables under
investigation
Mixed method Approach
Disadvantages:
▷ Combining the two methods in a single study takes a lot of
time for the study to be completed
▷ It provides a few guidelines in applying both methods
discrepancies in findings are difficult to resolve.
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH: AN OVERVIEW
Quantitative methods center on objective measurements and
numerical analysis of data collected through questionnaires or
surveys and generalizing the results across groups of people.

The overarching aim of a quantitative research study is to

classify features, count them, and construct statistical models
to explain the observable phenomenon
Main Characteristics of the Quantitative Approach

1. The data are usually gathered using more structured

research instruments.
2. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are
representative of the population.
3. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated,
given its high reliability.
4. The researcher has a clearly defined research question to
which objective answers are sought.
Main Characteristics of the Quantitative Approach

5. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data

are collected.
6. Data are in the form of numbers and statistics.
7. The project can be used to generalize concepts more widely,
predict future results, or investigate causal relationship.
8. The researcher uses questionnaires or other forms of
research tools to collect numerical data.
Strengths of the Quantitative Approach

1. Quantitative approach involves a greater number of

subjects and enables a broader study, as well as enhancing
the generalization.
2. Study results are more objective and accurate. Usually, to
support a certain generalization by using a summary of
data, quantitative research employs certain procedures on
a few variables to ensure the reliability of data.
Strengths of the Quantitative Approach

3. Quantitative research, when the right procedure is used, can

be replicated, as well as analyzed in comparison with other
similar works.
4. You can summarize vast sources of information and make
comparisons across categories and over time
Limitations of the Quantitative Approach

1. Quantitative data, while they can test a hypothesis, may be

limited in explaining their context. This is because the
explanation often focuses on numerical results as basis.
Limitations of the Quantitative Approach

2. The research is often conducted in an artificial setting,

where a certain level of control is exercised. Because of this,
the results may not necessarily reflect the real-life situation
presented in the problem. Additionally, the use of research
tools may only reflect the researcher’s point of view instead of
the subject’s.
Types of Quantitative Research

The following are the different types used when quantitative

approach is considered:

1. Descriptive research
A. Correlational research
B. Survey
Types of Quantitative Research

2. Causal-comparative research

3. Experimental Research
a. True experimental
b. Quasi-experimental
Descriptive Research

▷ Involves the collection of data to either test a hypothesis or

describe the variables mentioned in the study
▷ Data, which typically numeric, are collected through
surveys, interviews, or observations.
▷ Most researches in science and technology, engineering and
social sciences use this type of quantitative approach
Correlational Research

▷ Attempts to determine the level of relation between two

variables does not mean that one variable causes the other,
but it can be used to predict their values

▷ To determine the strength of the relationship, researchers

get the correlation coefficient and the p value
Causal-comparative research

▷ Attempts to establish cause-effect relationships amount the

variables of the study
▷ In this research, independent variable usually involves a
demographic in which the researcher has no control of
Experimental research

▷ Similar to casual-comparative research, in that it also

measures the effect of the independent variable (cause) to
the dependent variable (effect)

▷ Researcher can control the independent variables in the

study, wherein the participants are randomly assigned.
Quasi-experimental designs

▷ Alternative to determine the causes and effects between

two variables that cannot be subjected to experimental
control
▷ Most of the time, this design is used on naturally given
phenomenon and its effect on the people who experiencing
the occurrence.