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    Chapter 4 SAMPLING PDF

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    Habte Debele
    This document summarizes key aspects of sampling in business research methods. It defines a population as any complete set sharing characteristics, while a sample is a subset used to estimate unknown population characteristics. There are two main types of sampling: probability, where every member has a known chance of selection, and non-probability, where personal judgment is used. The stages of sample selection are defining the target population, selecting a sampling frame from which to draw, and choosing a sampling method like simple random, stratified, or cluster. Sample size is determined based on population heterogeneity, acceptable error magnitude, and confidence level.

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    Chapter 4 SAMPLING PDF

    Uploaded by

    Habte Debele
    30 views18 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of sampling in business research methods. It defines a population as any complete set sharing characteristics, while a sample is a subset used to estimate unknown population characteristics. There are two main types of sampling: probability, where every member has a known chance of selection, and non-probability, where personal judgment is used. The stages of sample selection are defining the target population, selecting a sampling frame from which to draw, and choosing a sampling method like simple random, stratified, or cluster. Sample size is determined based on population heterogeneity, acceptable error magnitude, and confidence level.

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    This document summarizes key aspects of sampling in business research methods. It defines a population as any complete set sharing characteristics, while a sample is a subset used to estimate unknown population characteristics. There are two main types of sampling: probability, where every member has a known chance of selection, and non-probability, where personal judgment is used. The stages of sample selection are defining the target population, selecting a sampling frame from which to draw, and choosing a sampling method like simple random, stratified, or cluster. Sample size is determined based on population heterogeneity, acceptable error magnitude, and confidence level.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    30 views18 pages

    Chapter 4 SAMPLING PDF

    Uploaded by

    Habte Debele
    This document summarizes key aspects of sampling in business research methods. It defines a population as any complete set sharing characteristics, while a sample is a subset used to estimate unknown population characteristics. There are two main types of sampling: probability, where every member has a known chance of selection, and non-probability, where personal judgment is used. The stages of sample selection are defining the target population, selecting a sampling frame from which to draw, and choosing a sampling method like simple random, stratified, or cluster. Sample size is determined based on population heterogeneity, acceptable error magnitude, and confidence level.

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    of 18

    Business Research methods

    Chapter 4a Sampling

    1
    Content
    1. What is a sample?
    2. Stages in the selection of a sample
    3. Sampling method

    2
    1 .What is a sample ?
    • A population (universe) is any complete that
    shares some common set of characteristics.
    • A census is an investigation of all the
    individual elements that make up the
    • A sample is a subset, or some part, of a
    population. The purpose of sampling is to
    estimate an unknown characteristic of a
    population.

    3
    Why Sample?
    • Pragmatic reasons
    – the cost, labour, and time implications.
    • Accurate and Reliable Results:
    – A sample may on occasion be more accurate than
    a census because non- sampling errors may
    increase during
    • Destruction of Test Units : sampling becomes
    necessary when the measurement requires
    the destruction of the items being tested.

    4
    2. Stages in the
    selection of a sample

    5
    1. Defining the Target Population
    “ To whom do we want to talk to? ”

    2. Selecting a sampling Frame


    • A list of elements from which the
    sample may be drawn
    • A sampling frame error when the
    entire population is not accurately
    represented

    6
    3.3 Sampling method
    3.3.1 Errors associated with sampling
    Two basic causes of differences between
    statistics and parameters are
    – Random sampling errors
    – Systematic (non sampling) error

    7
    8
    3.3. 2 Probability versus Non probability Sampling
    • The main alternative sampling plans
    – probability techniques, and
    – non probability techniques.
    • probability sampling
    – every member of the population has a known, nonzero
    probability of selection.
    • Non probability sampling
    – the sample are selected on the basis of personal
    judgment or convenience.
    – The probability of any particular member of the
    population being chosen is unknown.
    • No appropriate statistical techniques exist for measuring
    random sampling error from a non probability sample.
    Therefore, projecting the data beyond the sample is,
    technically speaking, statistically inappropriate.
    9
    Non probability sampling
    Some of the non-probabilty sampling methods
    include convenience , purposive , quota, and
    snowball sampling.
    • convenience sampling : sampling those which are
    conveniently available.
    • Purposive (Judgment) sampling : selecting the
    sample based on expert’s judgment
    • Quota sampling: sampling to ensure that the
    various subgroups in a population are
    represented
    • Snowball sampling : selecting respondents
    based on information provided by the initial
    respondent.
    10
    Probability Sampling
    • The various probability sampling methods including
    simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, and
    multistage sampling.
    • Simple Random Sampling
    – each element in the population have an equal chance of
    being selected.
    – for large population sample selection is based on tables of
    random numbers or computer-generated random numbers.
    • Systematic Sampling
    – A sampling procedure in which a starting point is selected
    by a random process; and then every nth number on the
    list is selected
    11
    • stratified sampling:
    – Subdividing a population into groups which are
    internally homogeneous but have comparative
    differences between groups.
    – A subsample is drawn using simple random
    sampling within each stratum
    – either a proportional or disproportional
    stratified sampling method is used

    12
    Cluster sampling
    – primary sampling unit is not the individual element in
    the population but a large cluster of elements
    – clusters are selected randomly , and selection of
    elements within each cluster is also random
    – Ideally a cluster should be as heterogeneous as the
    population itself
    – The area sample is the most popular type of cluster
    sample.
    multistage area sampling
    – It is a sampling that involves using a combination of
    two or more probability sampling techniques
    – Typically, geographic areas are randomly selected in
    progressively smaller (lower-population) units.

    13
    What Is the Appropriate Sample Design?
    • The criteria for selecting an appropriate
    sample design ( prob. or non prob.) may
    include
    – degree of accuracy ,
    – resources , and
    – time.

    14
    Sample size determination
    • Three factors are required to specify sample size:
    – the heterogeneity (i.e., variance or the standard
    deviation) of the population;
    – the magnitude of acceptable error (i.e. ± some amount);
    and
    – the confidence level (i.e., 90 percent, 95 percent, 99
    percent etc...).
    2
    • Sample size  zs 
    n = 
     E 
    where Z is the standardized value that corresponds to the
    confidence level
    • S is the sample standard deviation or estimate of the
    population standard deviation
    • E is the acceptable magnitude of error, plus or minus error
    factor (range is one-half of the total confidence interval) 15
    Annex: Sample size determination ( confidence level = 0.05)

    16
    17
    18

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