02 Tourism Through The Ages

Chapter 2
Tourism through the Ages

2.1 Introduction
f~wgKv
Early explorers, traders, and shippers laid the groundwork upon which our modern age of travel
is based. Human needs to arrange trips and facilitate movements have not changed over the ages:
building roads, vehicles, and ships and providing overnight rest accommodations go back into
antiquity. The brave explorers who went into the unknown made available to their contemporaries
knowledge of what the world was really like.
Over the centuries, inventions such as the sandglass to measure time, the “ log ” line to measure
distance, and the compass to gauge direction made possible successful sea exploration. The roads
of early Persia and those of the Roman Empire were used for exploration, for military purposes,
for transporting tribute, and for pleasure trips and recreation.
Figure 2.1 Tourism through the Ages

Subsequent inventions of better roads, stagecoaches, passenger railroads, passenger ships,
automobiles, motorcoaches, and airplanes created an ever speedier and more pleasant means of
travel. Hotels and inns became more commodious and comfortable, with the added convenience
of location, services, and appointments.
However, the conditions for an ever - expanding tourism market are little different now than from
Roman times. Tourism will fl ourish if prospective travelers are convinced that they will be safe
and comfortable and well rewarded by their trip. When the Roman Empire declined, tourism
declined. The wealthy class was reduced, roads deteriorated, and the countryside was plagued by
bandits and scoundrels. Today, wars, unrest, and terrorism are similarly detrimental to tourism.
Peace, prosperity, effective marketing, and reasonable travel costs remain the essential
ingredients needed for the universal growth of travel.
Review Question
1. Briefly explain – what do you mean by tourism through the ages?
42 Fundamentals of Tourism and Hospitality Management
2.2 Early Beginnings

ïiæi w`‡K
Long before the invention of the wheel, travel occurred for a variety of reasons. In the beginning,
it was simple. As seasons changed and animals migrated, people traveled to survive. Because
these early travelers moved on foot, they were confined to fairly small geographic areas. Travel
may have remained a localized experience, but people by nature are curious. It is easy to imagine
these early travelers climbing a mountain or crossing a river to satisfy their own sense of
adventure and curiosity as they sought a glimpse of the unknown.
We can only guess at the wonder and amazement of early travelers as they made each new
discovery. However, there is a rich history of people and cultures that forms the foundation of
tourism. History provides important insights into the reasons for travel and the eventual
development of tourism. Based on early records, we know that many cultures and nations moved
great armies and navies to conquer and control resources and trade routes. Although military
forces often traveled great distances, it was probably not until the emergence of the Egyptian,
Eastern Mediterranean, and Roman Empires that travel began to evolve into tourism as we know
it today.
Early recorded history provides a glimpse into ancient tourism activities. The Phoenicians, like
many travelers, were interested in travel because of a sense of curiosity and discovery as well as
a means of establishing trade routes. Although written records are scarce, other peoples such as
the Mayans on the Gulf Coast of what is now Mexico and the Shang Dynasty in what is now
present-day China probably traveled for many of the same reasons as the Phoenicians. Evidence
of their travels can be found in the artifacts they collected during their journeys to faraway places.
One thing we know for sure is that as civilizations became established and spread geographically,
travel became a necessity.
Review Question
1. Briefly explain about the early beginning of tourism.
2.3 Evolution of Tourism

ch©Ub weeZ©b
The Gradual change & development at an idea, situation of object is retor to as evolution. Hence
evolution of tourism refers to the gradual change or development of the tourism activities from
the past to the present & perhaps, it will be continue in future too. Evolution of tourism is based
on three phases which are as follows:-
1. First Phase: It is refereed to as the tourism before railways which represent the period before
1840 A.D. where traveling was primarily under taken for the purpose of trade and pilgrimage.
Chapter -2: Tourism through the Ages 43
 Medival period is in between 12th to 17th century. The Europeans had different nations
of traveling, if not traveled then those person were highly negelated in the society.
 In 18th century motive for traveling has been changed. During this period people starts
to traveled to 'SPA' for care of some presitent diseases.
2. Second Phase: It makes the onset of industrial evolution & during this phase development
has been take place.
 Introduction of Railway Transportation: It was linked between Liverpool to
Manchester city in England. In the year 1830 A.D. father of modern tourism, Thomas
Cook, organized rail travel and the concept of tourism in the year 1841 A.D. about 570
pax/number of people fat a time by train from Leicester to Loughbourge.
 Introduction of Steam Engine: It was introduced by James Watt then after many big
sheep were invented, which carry huge mass of people at a time
 Industrial Revolution: After industrial revolution people thought of some relief in the
work and also increase income, help to fulfill their desire and for it a largest number of
accomodation units, reserve places have been developed for those who urge to travel for
the purpose of rest and relaxation.
3. Third Phase: After second world war the living standard has been raised & travel become a
part of the life span. It has been primarily expanded in advance developed in industrial
countries.
 Promotion of Nation: Tourism helps to publicize the country in different parts of the
world. It helps to familarized the local arts skill, natural beauties, land scape, culture, its
people and hospitalized of the local.
 Expand Market: Tourism is not affected by foreign restriction, foreign competation and
limited market. Hence, increase of travel trade with in national boundaries widens due to
tourism. It is because every tourist are consumers and exporter of the local products.
 Source of Public Revenue: Tourism is also a valuable source of public revenue in term
of tax, visa fee, airport tax, mountaineering royalty.
Review Question
1. Write an essay on the evolution of Tourism. 2017 (3)
2.4 Tourism in Ancient period (4000 B C to 1100)

czvPxb hy‡M ch©Ub (4000 we wm - 1100 ch©šÍ)
The invention of money by the Sumerians (Babylonians) and the development of trade began
about 4000 B.C also mark the beginning of the modern era of travel. They were the first to grasp
the idea of money and use it in business transaction. Additionally, they were also the first to invent
cuneiform writing and the wheel; thus, they should be credited as the founders of the travel
business. People could now pay for transportation and accommodations with money or by barter.
a) Early Roads: Another element in the tourism equation is transportation. Early tourists
traveled on foot, on beasts of burden, by boat, and on wheeled vehicles. The simplest being
foot, although horseback improved the pace, walking did not hinder the distance one could
travel. Camels, donkeys, bullocks and elephants were also used while traveling, when using
animals as transport, made the trip both expensive and allowed the traveler to carry more
supplies for trade.
The Invention of wheel led to the development of a heavy wagon that could be drawn by
teams of oxen or onagers (a type of wild ass). ‘A walker or animal needs only a track’, but a
vehicle needs a road. There were not many early roads that could take wheeled traffic. A kind
of Ur (Ancient Southern Mesopotamia) bragged that he traveled from Nippure to Ur. A
distance to some 100 miles and returned the same day.
This boast, sometime around 2050 B.C implies the existence of a carriage road. Even the best
of highways, however, were minimal. Paving was almost nonexistent until the time Hittites,
who paved a mile and a third of road between their capital and a nearby sanctuary, to carry
heavily loaded wagons on festival days. Even then their war chariots, light horse-drawn carts
invented for war, rolled over the countryside on dirt roads. Bridges were also rare in a land
that experienced frequent flooding. A hymn tells of King Shulgi exulting”, I enlarged the
footpaths, straightened the highways of the land… but not every Mesopotamian monarch was
a Shulgi, and there must have been long periods with nobody to straighten the roads.
In the olden period, mainly three groups traveled they were military, Government officials,
and caravans. The war like Assyrians, the Romans after them, realized that roads were basic
to moving their war chariots efficiently. As their empire expanded from the Mediterranean in
the west to the Persian Gulf in the east, they improved roads, largely for military use.
The history of roads is thus related to the centralizing of populations in powerful cities.
Alexander the Great found well-developed roads in India in 326 B.C. In Persia, roads to the
capital, Susa, connected all the cities and provinces. These roads were building between 500
and 400 B.C and one of the roads was 1500 miles long.
The Romans started constructing roads around 150 B.C. These were quite elaborate in
construction. The roadway was surveyed using a staff hung with plumb bobs. Soldiers and
laborers dug the roadbed, and then stones and concrete were evenly placed. Paving stones
were then laid on top, and highway was edged with curbstones and contoured to a sloping
crown to shed rain. Some of these roads are still in use.
By the time of Emperor Trajan (who ruled from 98 to 117. A.D) the Roman’s roads comprised
a network of some 50,000 miles. They girdled the Roman Empire, extending from near
Scotland in England and Germany in the north to the south well within Egypt and along the
southern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. To the east, roads extended to the Persian Gulf in
what is now Iran and Kuwait.
b) The Silk Road: The Silk Road also called silk route is a series of trade and culture
transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian
continent connecting the west and East by liking traders, merchants, pilgrims, monks,
soldiers, nomads and urban dwellers from china to the Meditarian Sea during periods of time.
In 1889, Rudyard Kipling penned the oft-quoted line, “East in East, West is west and never
the twain shall meet”. Actually, East and West has already met more than 2000 years earlier
on the now-fabled Silk Road. However, it is a misnomer to even call it a road. From the
beginning, some Silk Route sections were mere directions across trackless stepper or desert
rather than visible paths and travelers were like participants in a relay race stretching a third
of the way around the world.
The Acropolis of Athens, the site of four of the greatest masterpieces of

classical Greek art—the Parthenon, the Propylaca, the Erechteum, and
the Temple of Athena Nike—illustrates the civilizations, myths, and
religions that fl ourished in Greece over a period of more than 1000
years.
Marco Polo, who traveled to China from Italy in the thirteenth century, became the first
western explorer to compose a popular and lasting account. Though his chronicle is probably
more fiction than history, since it draws from the tales of many traders his observations often
ring true. In spite of omissions and exaggerations, his book remained an International best-
seller.
The travel industry produces expectations, sells dreams and provides memories. The first
tourist may have been the Queen of Saba, when she traveled to Jerusalem to see the Bible.
The Roman roads that were made for the tax collector may be regarded as the first project
that encouraged transport and tourism.
Just as the Silk Road was not a road, so silk was but a part of the trade. West bound caravans
carried furs, ceramics, spices, and the day lily for its medicinal uses, peaches, apricot, and
even rhubarb. Eastbound ones carried precious metals and gems, ivory, glass, perfumes, dyes,
textiles, as well as the grapevine, alfala, chives, coriander, sesame, cucumber, fig, and
safflower.
c) Stagecoach Travel: A stagecoach is a type of covered wagon for passengers and goods. It is
strongly sprung and generally drawn by four horses, usually four-in-hand. Widely used before
the introduction of railway transport, it made regular trips between stages or stations, which
were places of rest provided for stagecoach travelers. The business of running stagecoaches
or the act of journeying in them was known as staging.
Coaches were invented in Hungary in the fifteenth century and provided regular service there
on prescribed routes. By the nineteenth century, stagecoach travel had become quite popular,
especially in the Great Britain. The development of the famous English tavern was brought
about by the need for overnight lodging by stagecoach passengers.
d) Water Travel: Water travel is traveling by boat while on holiday, with the express purpose
of seeing things meant for the water tourist. This can be traveling from luxury port to luxury
port in a cruise ship, but also joining boat-centered events such as regattas landing a small
boat for lunch or other day recreation at specially prepared day boat landings. Also known as
a boating holiday, it is a form of tourism that is generally more popular in the summertime.
Market boats picked up passengers as well as goods on ship canals in England as early as
1772. The Duke of Bridgewater began such service between Manchester and London Bridge
(near Warrington). Each boat had a coffee room from which refreshments were sold by the
Capitan’s wife. By 1815, steamboats were plying the Clyde, the Avon, and the Thames. A
poster in 1833 announced the steamboat excursion trips from London, by 1841, steamship
excursion on the Thames were so well established that a publisher was bringing out a weekly
Steamboat Excursion Guide.
Early sea vessels varied from dug out tree trunks to the complex Roman galleys. According
to early Western history, upper classes often traveled around the Mediterranean basin.
The Phoenicians (ancient kingdom located on the territory of modern day Syria, Lebanon and
Israel) were master shipwrights, building tubby wooden craft with a single square sail. By
800 B.C they had built a network of trading posts round the Mediterranean emanating from
their own thriving cities along the coast in what is now Lebanon. Acting as middlemen for
their neighbors, they purveyed raw materials and also finished goods such as linen and
papyrus from Egypt, Ivory and gold from Nubia, grain and copper from Sardinia, olive oil
and wine from Sicily, cedar timbers from their homeland, and perfume and spices from the
East. Presumably, they also occasionally carried a few passengers. They were the first
creators of maritime empire.
e) Rail Travel: Rail travel means conveyance of passengers and goods, by way of wheeled
vehicles running on rails. It is also commonly referred to as train transport.
Railways were first built in England in 1825 and carried passengers from the beginning of
1830. The newly completed railway between Liverpool and Manchester featured special
provisions for passengers. The railroad’s directors did not expect much passenger business,
but time proved them wrong. The typical charge of only 1 penny per mile created a sizable
demand for rail travel much to the delight of the rail companies. Because these fares were
much lower than stagecoach fares, rail travel became widely accepted even for those with
low incomes. Between 1826 and 1840, the first railroads were built in the United States.
f) Automobile and Motor Coach Travel: A motor coach is a large motor vehicle that can carry
up to 50 passengers at once. Equipped with a luggage hold and a passenger cabin, a motor
coach is ideal for long distance travel. Some motor coaches have built in toilets.
Automobile entered the travel scene in the United States when Henry Ford introduced his
famous Model T in 1908 (The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by Henry
Ford's Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908 to May 27, 1927.) By 1920 a road network
became available, leading to the automobile’s current dominance in the travel industry.
Today, the automobile accounts for about 84 percent of all trips. The auto traveler brought
about the early tourist courts in the 1920s and 1930s, which have evolved into the motels and
motor hotels of today. Motor coaches also came into use soon after the popularization of the
automobile and remain a major mode of transportation.
g) Air Travel: Nearly 16 years after the airplane’s first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in
1903, regularly scheduled air service began in Germany. This was a Berlin Leipzig Weimer
route, and the carrier later became known as Deutsche Lufthansa. Today, Lufthansa is a major
International Airline. The first transatlantic passenger was Charles A. Levine (1919),73 who
flew with Clarence Chamberlin non-stop from New York to Germany.
The first U.S. airline, Varney Airlines was launched in 1926 and provided scheduled airmail
service. However, this airline was formed only 11 days before Western Airlines, which began
service on April 17, 1926.
The first International mail route was flown by Pan American Airways from key west,
Florida, to Havana, Cuba, on October 28, 1927, Pan Am flew the first passenger on the same
route on January 16, 1928. The trip took 1 hour 10 minutes, and the fare was US $ 50 each
way. These days, the date for Space Travel for passengers into suborbital space is estimated
to be 2015.
h) The Classical World: The lands of the Mediterranean Sea (2000 the B.C. to 500 A.D)
produced a remarkable evolution in travel. In the cradle of Western civilization, travel for
trade, commerce, religious purpose, festivals, medical treatment, or education developed at
an early date. There are numerous references to caravans (caravan is a group of people
traveling together, often on a trade expedition.) and traders in the Old Testament.
Citizens of the city-States came together every four years to honor Zeus through athletic
competition in 776 B.C Eventually; four of these National festivals were the Olympic Games,
Pythian Games, Isthmian Games, and Nemean Games.
Each festival included sacrifice and prayer to a single god. They honored the deity by offering
superlative athletic or artistic performance. Thus, the festivals furnished the spectrum of
attractions in one unique package that drew tourists in all times and places: the feeling of
being part of a great event and enjoying a special experience; a gay festival mood punctuated
by exalted religious moments; elaborate pageantry; excitement of contests between
performers of highest caliber and, on top of all this a chance to wonder among famous
buildings and works of art. Imagine the modern Olympics taking place at Easter in Rome,
with the religious services held at St. Peter’s.
People also traveled to seek advice of the oracles (Classical Antiquity, an oracle was a person
or agency considered to interface wise counsel or prophetic predictions or precognition of the
future, inspired by the gods. As such, it is a form of divinations.) especially those at Dodona
(Dodona in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was an oracle devoted to a Mother Goddess
identified at other sites with Rhea or Gaia, but here called Dione, who was joined and partly
supplanted in historical times by the Greek god Zeus.) and Delphi (is both an archaeological
site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley
of Phocis.) in Greece, Statesmen, generals, and other powerful figures sought advice before
taking an important action. Socrates’ disciples inquired about his master’s wisdom at the
temple of Delphi (It is both an archaeological spot and a modern town in Greece on the
southwestern spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis).
Festival visitors, businessmen, the sick and advice seekers comprised the bulk of travels in
the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. A small minority traveled for the sheer love of it, like
Herodouts (he was an ancient Greek historian, lived in the fifth century BC 484–425 BC).
The world’s first great travel writer. Greece’s ‘Father of History’, Herodouts, would
undoubtedly have qualified for the top category of frequent-traveler miles if such awards were
to have been given. Possible, Herodotus’s travel combined business and pleasure, as did that
of Solon, who led Athens through crises, then took a trip abroad. Athens developed into a
tourist attraction from the second half of the fifth century and people went to see the
Parthenon and other new buildings atop the Acropolis.
In Asia Minor, beginning with the installation of a democratic Government in Ephesus by

Alexander the Great in 334 B.C., some 700,000 tourists traveled to Ephesus (now Turkey) in
a single season to be entertained by acrobats, animal's acts, jugglers, and magicians. The well
built and organized roads, whilst on the journey groups had the ability to change a team of
horses, stay at rest houses, and enjoy refreshments that were available along the trip
considerably helped this. During this time, the roads were crowded. Alexander the Great
traveled to India and found the road systems and facilities well arranged, Ephesus also became
an importance trading center and under Alexander, it became one of the most important cities
in the ancient world.
It was during the same period the pleasure travel was undertaken in China and Japan. The
Chinese emperor, Wu, Di traveled, plenty in the 2nd century. His adventures were well
described in his writing.
i) Tourism in Europe: The collapse of the Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries
spelled disaster for pleasure and tourism in Europe. Only the most adventurous persons would
travel During the Dark Ages (476-1450 A.D). A trip during this period in history was
dangerous and no one associated travel with pleasure. By the end of the Dark Ages, large
numbers of pilgrims were traveling to such popular shrines as Canterbury in England and St.
James of Compostela. Fewer made the long, expensive, and often dangerous journey to the
Holy Land. Beginning in 1388, King Richard II insisted that pilgrims needed to carry permits,
the forerunner of the modern passport. Despite hardship and dangers, thousands to pay
reverence to hallow sites, at atone their sins, or to fulfill promises they had made when they
were ill.
Travelers of any social distinction, however, were generally entertained in castle or private
houses. Church monasteries or hospices offered accommodations for the majority. They
offered services well beyond bed and board. They could provide a doctor and furnish
medicines, replace worn garments, provide guides to show a visitor around the sights, or even
grant a loan of money. They also offered opportunities for meditation and prayer.
j) Tourism in America: The vast continent of North America, principally in what is now
Florida and in the Southwest, was originally explored by the Spanish in the sixteenth century.
Remarkably long journeys were made, often under sever conditions. The Spanish used horses,
which were unknown to the natives Americans until that time. In the East, Caple Cod was
discovered by Gosnold in 1602, and the Plymouth Colony was established in 1620.
Nowhere in the United States can visitors experience so extensively

life in the eighteenth century as in Colonial Williamsburg, with its
mile-long Duke of Gloucester Street, horse-drawn carriages, and
hundreds of restored colonial homes and gardens.
Early travel was on foot or on horseback, but travel by small boat or canoe provided access
to the interior parts of the country. Generally travel was from east to west. As roads were
built, stagecoach travel became widespread, and ‘ordinaries’ (small hotels) came into
existence. Among the most remarkable journeys were those by covered wagon to the West
across the Great Plains. This movement followed the Civil War (1861-1865). Construction
of railroads across the country (the first transcontinental link was at Promontory, Utah, in
1869) popularized rail travel. The Wells Fargo Company organized the ‘American Express
Company’ in 1850. This pioneer company issued the first traveler’s checks in 1891 and began
other travel services, later becoming travel agents and arranging tours. Today American
Express is known throughout the world for its traveler’s checks, credit cards, and various
travel and financial services.
The history of pre-modern tourism encompasses the time until 1500 A.D. While tourism
during this era had its own distinction character, there are also many similarities with modern
tourism. The recognition of these timeless impulses and characteristics is valuable to the
tourism researchers in revealing factors that will probably have to be taken into consideration
in virtually any future tourism scenarios.
In addition, modern tourism in its present form would not have been possible without the
earlier precedents of Mesopotamia, the Nile and Indus valley, ancient Greece and Rome, the
Dark Ages and the Middle Ages. Early modern era (1500-1950) links the pre modern to the
contemporary period through the influence of the Renaissance and the industrial Revolution.
The era of contemporary mass tourism is since 1950.
k) Pre-Modern Tourism: Mesopotamia or the ‘land between rivers’ (situated approximately in
modern day, Iraq), widely acknowledge as the ‘Cradle of Civilization’, and therefore
probably the first place to experience travel patterns. A number of factors were responsible
for giving rise to civilization and hence to emergent tourism systems. Initially, various factors,
such as the availability of a permanent water supply (the Tigris and Euphrates rivers), rich
alluvial soils (deposited during the annual flooding of these waterways), a warm climate and
a central location between Asia, Africa and Europe, gave rise to the development of
agriculture. For the first time in human history, hunting and gathering societies were replaced
by permanent settlements, as the same plots and land could be cultivated year after year. The
availability of surplus food production was a critical outcome of this settlement because it
fostered the formation of wealth and the emergence of a small leisure class of priests, warriors
and others that did not have to worry continually about its day-to-day survival. Moreover,
Mesopotamia was the birthplace of many fundamental inventions and innovations that
became instrumental in introducing travel-for-tourism related purposes. These inventions
included cities, wheel, wagon, money, and alphabet, domesticated animals such as horse and
primitive roads. Early cities such as Ur and Nippur were apparently overcrowded and
uncomfortable at the best of times.
l) Tourism in Egypt and the Indus Valley: The trappings and consequences of civilization
gradually spread from Mesopotamia westward to the Nile Valley (modern day Egypt) and
eastward to the Indus Valley (modern day Pakistan), where a similar kind of physical
environment was available to support similar pattern of development. It is from ancient Egypt
in particular, that some of the earliest explicit evidence of pleasure tourist is found. One
inscription carved into the side of one of the lesser known pyramids dated 1244 B.C is among
the earliest examples of tourist graffiti. Monuments of the Nile Valley, which were already
ancient at the time of the above inscription, attracted religious and ceremonial tourists, as well
as those who were simply curious. Numerous inscriptions from ancient Egypt also describe
the acquisition of souvenirs, suggesting that this, along with the urge to leave behind some
physical indication of one’s presence, is an ancient human impulse that is not unique to the
modern era80.
m) Tourism in Ancient Greece: Tourism in ancient Greece is perhaps best associated with
National festivals such as the Olympic Games, where residents of the many Greek city States
gathered every four years to hold religious ceremonies and compete in a series of athletic
events and artistic performances. The participants and spectators at this festival, estimated to
number in the tens of thousands, would have had little difficulty in meeting the modern
criteria for International stay over. Accordingly, the game site at Olympia can be considered
as one of the oldest specialized, though periodic, tourist resorts, while the games themselves
are one of the first examples of sports and even tourism. Though not as important in terms of
participation, the sanctuaries of the healing gods were also a significant tourist attraction in
ancient Greece.
The transit process in ancient Greece was not a pleasant or easy process. Although a sacred
truce was called during the major festivals, either highway robbers or pirates, depending on
their mode of travel, plagued tourists. Decent roads were usually non-existent and
accommodation, if it could be secured, was primitive, unsanitary and often dangerous. It is
useful to point out that the word ‘travel’ is derived from the French word travile, which
translates into English as ‘hard work’.
The proportion of ancient Greeks who could and did travel as tourists was relatively small,
being effectively restricted to the adult male elite. However, the propensity to engage in
tourism was socially sanctioned by the prevalent philosophy of the culture (applicable at least
to elite adult male citizens), which valued conscious leisure time for its own sake as an
opportunity to engage in artistic intellectual and athletic pursuits.
n) Tourism in Ancient Rome: In Asia Minor and Egypt, the Pyramids are marked with many
inscriptions of Roman tourists. Nearer home, they toured Sicily and they frequented the
resorts which dotted the Italian seaboard from Ostica past Antium, Anxur and Neples where
Virgil found peace to write his Eclogues and Georgics. Nearly for 400 years the Roman
Empire, as tourist centre was unchallenged.
As the Empire declined, important new streams of tourists could be seen. Jerusalem which in
Nero’s time had been thronged for the Passover by over two million Jewish visitors, which
became the goal of Christian pilgrims also. Such traveling to holy places became one of the
staples of tourist traffic. Jerusalem, Rome and Canterbury became the holy places for
Christians as Mecca for Muslims. Many places became pilgrim tourist destinations all over
the world.
With the impressive technological, economic and political achievements, ancient Rome
(which peaked between 200 B.C and 200 AD) was able to achieve unprecedented levels of
tourism activity that would not be reached again for at least another 1500 years. One
underlying factor was the large population of the Roman Empire. Even though the elite class
was still only a fraction of the 200 million strong populations, it constituted a large absolute
number of potential tourists. These travelers had a large selection of destinations choices,
given the size of the empire, the high level of stability and safety achieved during the Pax
Romana (Roman Peace), remarkably sophisticated network of Roman military roads (many
of which are still used today) and associated rest stops. By 100 A.D., the Roman road network
amounted to more than 80,000 Km. In many ways the Roman tourism experience was
surprisingly modern in its resonance. Accompanied by ample discretionary wealth, the
Roman elite’s propensity to travel on pleasure holidays (an innovation introduced by Rome)
gave rise to an industry of sorts than supplied souvenirs, guidebooks, transport, guides,
accommodation and other goods and services to the traveler. The number of specialized
tourism sites and destinations regions also increased substantially. Famous Roman resorts
included the town of Pompeii, destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D., and the spas
beach resort of Tiberius on the Sea of Galilee. Second homes, or villas, were also an important
mode of retreat within the rural hinterlands of a seaside location and the interior to escape
winter cold and summer heat. The villas of the wealthy were clustered so thickly around the
Bay of Naples during the first century A.D that this area could be described as one of the
earliest resort regions.
For Romans wealthy enough to travel a long distance, the historical sites of earlier cultures,
especially those of the Greeks, Trojans and Egyptians, held the most interest. This is partly
because of cultural connections, but also because many of the sites were already ancient
during the time of the Roman Empire. The pyramids of Egypt, for example, were at least
three thousand years old by the first century AD, Caisson also maintains that the ancient ruins
were popular because of the opportunities for acquiring souvenirs, including pieces of the
structure themselves.
The geographical sophistication of the Roman worldview in depicted in the world man
complied in the second century AD by the Roman geographer astronomer Ptolemy. Not only
are European and the Middle East recognizable to the modern observer, but a rudimentary
system of latitude and longitude is made available to provide gird references for various
geographical locations, thereby facilitating travel to those places.
Review Question
1. Write short noes on the following:
a) Early Roads
b) The Silk Road
c) Stagecoach Travel
d) Water Travel
e) Rail Travel
f) Automobile and Motor Coach Travel
g) Air Travel
h) The Classical World
i) Tourism in Europe
j) Tourism in America
k) Pre-Modern Tourism
l) Tourism in Egypt and the Indus Valley
m) Tourism in Ancient Greece
n) Tourism in Ancient Rome
2. Write an essay on Early Tourist attractions. 2019 (10.a)
2.5 Ancient Tourist Attraction of Bangladesh

evsjv‡`‡ki cªvPxb ch©Ub AvKl©Y
A country's touristy appeal depends largely on its history, archaeology, natural beauty and old
palaces. Some of the ancient tourist attraction of Bangladesh are given below:
1. Gangaridai (3rd century BC): Believed to have been
established around 300 BCE, the state of Gangaridai
and its capital city of Gange, was located in the historical
and geographical region referred to as Bengal. The ruins
of the city of Gange have not yet been discovered, but it
has been suggested by scholars that either the Wari-
Bateshwar ruins in the Belabo Upazila of Bangladesh.
2. Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay (185 BCE):
Chandragupta Maurya, the founder of the Maurya
Empire, which ruled until 185 BCE. Renowned
Bengali historian, Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay, noted
that during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya, the state
of Gangaridai was independent. Visitors to the Wari-
Bateshwar ruins can gain insight into the ancient
history of this region of Bangladesh, which once was the scene of battles between dynasties,
and against foreign invaders.
3. Mahasthangarh (3rd century BC): Dating back to at least the 4th century BCE,
Mahasthangarh is the earliest urban archaeological site
that has been discovered in Bangladesh.
Several historical sites are located within the rampart
wall, including a mausoleum (Mausoleum of Shah
Sultan Mahisawar Balkhi), a temple site (Bairgir
Bhita), remnants of an ancient palace (Parshuram’s
Palace) with an ancient well (Jiyat Kunda) as well as
residential blocks in the eastern rampart area.
One of the highlights of Mahasthangarh is Govinda Bhita, where remnants of two Buddhist
temples can be visited. The main temple was erected in the 6th century and next to it is a
slightly smaller temple, which was built in the 11th century.
Opposite Govinda Bhita, near the north side of the citadel is the Mahasthan Archaeological
Museum. The museum is quite small but has a well-maintained collection of pieces recovered
from the archaeological site. These include the statues of Hindu and Buddhist gods and
goddesses, terracotta plaques depicting daily life, as well as some well-preserved bronze
images found in nearby monastery ruins that date back to the pre-Pala period. There are even
some fragments of ring-stones which were used for rituals in the Mauryan period.
4. Paharpur (8th century AD): Paharpur an important archaeological site in Bangladesh,
situated in a village named Paharpur (Pahadpur) under the Badalgachhi Upazila of Naogaon
district. The village is connected with the nearby
Railway station Jamalganj, the district town
Naogaon and Jaipurhat town by metalled roads. It
is in the midst of alluvial flat plain of northern
Bangladesh. In contrast to the monotonous level
of the plain, stands the ruins of the lofty (about
24m high from the surrounding level) ancient
temple which was covered with jungle, locally
called Pahar or hill from which the palace got the name of Paharpur.
5. Moinamoti (8th century AD): Mainamati an isolated ridge of low hills in the eastern
margins of deltaic Bangladesh, about 8 km to the
west of Comilla town is a very familiar name in
our cultural heritage, where archaeological
excavations have revealed very significant
materials. A landmark of our ancient history, it
represents a small mass of quasi-lateritic old
alluvium. The ridge, set in the vast expanse of the
fertile lower Meghna basin, extends for about 17
km north-south from Mainamati village on the Gumti River to Chandi Mura near the Lalmai
railway station. In its widest parts, the ridge is about 4.5 km across and its highest peaks attain
a height of about 45 metres. These highlands were once thickly wooded with an abundance
of wild life, but modern developments have rudely disturbed its serene and idyllic setting.
6. Somapura Mahavihara (781–821 AD): Somapura Mahavihara in Paharpur, Badalgachhi
Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh is among
the best known Buddhist viharas in the Indian
Subcontinent and is one of the most important
archaeological sites in the country. It was
designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
1985. It dates from a similar time period to the
nearby Halud Vihara and to the Sitakot Vihara in
Nawabganj Upazila of Dinajpur District.
From this point of view, Bangladesh can claim to be a historic country as it was known as
Gangaridai meaning Nation on the River Ganges. Wari Bateshwar another site near the capital is
believed to have been urbanised from 6th century BC and is the oldest archaeological site of the
country. So the present day landmass which constitute Bangladesh has a rich past and can
justifiably claim to have many tourist attractions, which indeed, are spread all over the country:
Mahasthangarh (3rd century BC), Paharpur (8th century AD), Moinamoti (8th century AD),
beaches, forests, hills, tribal, culture, dance and music, cottage industry, large river ways,
agriculture etc.
Review Question
1. What do you know about ancient tourist attraction of Bangladesh? 2016 (2.a.)
2.6 Tourism in Middle Ages (1100 - 1500 AD)

ga¨hy‡M ch©Ub (1100 - 1500 wL«|)
The social, economic and political situation in Europe improved enough by the end of the eleventh
century that historians can distinguish the emergence of the middle Ages around this time.
Associated with this era are several trends related to tourism. The first of these is the phenomenon
of the Christian pilgrimage or travel for religious purposes. While a limited amount of religiously
motivated travel did occur during the Dark Ages, the construction of the great cathedrals in the
middle Ages provided a major stimulus for people to undertake pilgrimages, as did the
consolidation of the Roman Catholic Church as a dominant power base and social influence.
The pilgrimages of the middle Ages are extremely interesting to tourism researchers for several
reasons. First, even the poorest people participated in this form of travel, given the perceived
spiritual and physical benefits to be derived from the journey. Second, and related to this, was the
willingness on the part of most pilgrims to accept and even welcome a high level of risk as part
of the overall experience, since suffering could confer even greater spiritual rewards upon the
participant. Thus, a relatively large number of people became pilgrim tourists despite a host of
dissuasive factors, and a travel industry of sorts emerged to serve this market. Another major form
of travel, the Crusades (1095-1291 AD), also contributed to the early development of this travel
industry, even though the Crusader themselves were not tourists, but invaders who were trying to
free the Holy Land from Muslim control.
Religiously inspired like the pilgrims, the Crusaders unwittingly exposed Europe once again to
the outside world, while no doubt engaging in tourist like behavior (e.g. souvenir collecting,
sightseeing) during their journeys. For most travelers who wandered beyond their own locality,
however, travel was still generally considered a dangerous and uncomfortable experience that
was best avoided if possible.
Review Question
1. What do you know about Tourism in Middle Ages (1100 1500 AD)?
2.7 Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)

AvaywbK ch©Ub c~e©fvM (1500-1950)
Beginning in the late 1300s. Europe gradually emerged from the middle Ages, assisted in part by
the Crusades, and later by the impact of the great explorations. By 1500, the Renaissance
(literally, the rebirth) of Europe was well under way, and the world balance of power was
beginning to shirt in favor of that continent, heralding the modern era and period of early modern
tourism. Despite the acquisition of overseas colonies following the explorations of Columbus,
Magellan and others, tourism activity in the early modern era was still very much confined to
Europe itself. The traditional elite, along with the emerging merchant and professional classes,
displayed a pattern of behavior roughly comparable to what the Romans had achieved 1500 years
earlier. Villas reappeared throughout the Italian countryside, new resorts were established, and
improving transportation technologies facilitated long distance travel within Europe and
gradually, to the European possessions beyond.
a) The Grand Tour: During the reign of Elizabeth I (seventeenth and eighteenth centuries),
tourism reached unprecedented levels in England. Coach travel had become popular because
of its style. Young people coming from wealthy backgrounds undertook the Grand Tour in
this era. They would travel to different parts of Great Britain, France and Italy, which was
considered crucial for the education of young men. A person needs money time, interest,
safety and availability of travel options before he/she travels.
The Grand Tour constituted one of the major links between the Middle Ages and
contemporary tourism. In simple terms, the Grand Tour was the process whereby young men
from the aristocratic classes of the United Kingdom and other parts of northern Europe
undertook extended trips to continental Europe for educational and cultural purposes. The
classical Grand Tour first became popular during the midsixteen century but disappeared by
the early 1800s due to effects of the Napoleonic Wars. While there was no single circuit or
period that defined the Grand Tour, certain destinations were featured prominently in the
diaries and other written accounts. Paris was usually the first major destinations of the
Tourists, followed by a year or more of visits to the major cities of Italy, including Turin,
Milan Florence, Rome, Naples, and Venice. Though the political and economic power of the
Italian States was in decline by the early 1600s, these centers were still admired for their
Renaissance and Roman attractions, which continued to set the cultural standards for Europe
as a whole. A visit to these cultural centers was vital for anyone aspiring to join the ranks of
the elite. The following quote from 1776, attribute to Samuel Johnson, the great English
author, effectively captures this status motive:
“A man, who has been in Italy, is always conscious of inferiority, from his not having seen
what it is expected a man should see. The grand object of traveling is to see the shores of the
Mediterranean…. All our religion, almost all our law, almost all our arts, almost all that sets
us above savages, has come to us from the shores of the Mediterranean”.
The journey back to northern Europe usually took the traveler cross the Swiss Alps, through
Germany and into the Low Countries (Flanders, the Netherlands) where the Renaissance
flowered during the mid-1600s. Towner has estimated that some 15,000-20,000 members of
the British leisure class were abroad on the Grand Tour at any given time during the mid-
1700s.
However, the wealthier participants in particular were likely to be accompanied by a sizeable
entourage85 of servants, guides, tutors and other retainers. Towards the latter part of the era,
the emphasis in the Grand Tour shifted from the aristocracy to the more affluent middle
classes, resulting in a shorter stay within fewer destinations. The Grand Tour participants
accounted for 7% to 9% of the United Kingdom’s population in the eighteenth century.
Motives also shifted throughout this era. The initial emphasis on education, designed to
confer the traveler will full membership into the aristocratic power structure and to make
important social connections on the ancient gradually gave to a greater stress on simple
sightseeing. Cultural and social trends were largely shaped by the ideas and goods brought
back by the Grand Tourists. At least in an economic sense, these impacts were also felt in the
destination regions with the appearance of specialized services such as souvenir trade and
tour guiding within the major destination cities. The term Grand Tour persists today and the
trip to European can be traced back to the early Grand Tour. However, today’s concept is far
different and the tour is more likely to be three weeks, not three years.
b) Spas, Baths, Seaside Resorts: Another interesting aspect in history of tourism was the
development of spas, after their original use the Romans, which took place in Britain and on
the continent.
In the eighteenth century, spas became very fashionable among members of high society, not
only for their curative aspects but also for the social events, games, dancing, and gambling
that they offered. The spa at Bath, England, was one such successful and social resort.
Sea bathing also became popular, and some believed that saltwater treatment was more
beneficial than that at the inland spas. Brighton, Margate, Ramsgate, Worthing, Hastings,
Weymouth, Black pool, and Scarborough, were well known in Britain. By 1861, these
successful seaside resorts indicated that there was a pent up demand for vacation travel. Most
visitors did not stay overnight but made one-day excursions to the seaside. Patronage of the
hotels at these resorts was still limited to those with considerable means.
Thus, tourism owes a debt to medical practitioners who advocated the medicinal value of
mineral waters and sent their patients to places where mineral springs were known to exist.
They soon became centers of entertainment, recreation and gambling, attracting the rich and
fashionable with or without ailments. This era of tourism illustrates that it is usually a
combinations of factors rather than one element that spells the success or failure of an
enterprise. Today one finds that hot springs are still tourist attractions although they are not
high or traveler's priority lists. Examples in the United States are Hot Springs, Arkansas,
French Lick, Indiana and Glenwood Springs, Colorado. The sea, particularly in the Sun Belt,
continues to have a powerful attraction and is one of the leading forces in tourism
development, which is evident by the number of travelers to Hawaii, Florida, the Caribbean,
Mexico, (Now Maldives and Sri Lanka).
c) The Post-Cook Period (1880-1950): More than any other individual, Thomas Cook is
associated with the emergence of tourism as a modern large-scale industry, even though it
took another 150 years for mass tourism to be realized on a global scale. A Baptist preacher
who was concerned with the declining morals’ of the English working class, Thomas Cook
conceived the idea of chartering trains to take the workers to temperance meetings and Bible
camps in the countryside. The first of these excursions, provided as a day trip from Leicester
to South brought on 5 July 1841, is sometimes described as the beginning of the contemporary
era of tourism. Gradually, these excursions expanded in terms of the number of participants
and the variety of destinations offered. At the same time, the reasons for taking excursions
shifted almost entirely away from spiritual purposes to sightseeing the pleasure. By 1845,
Cook (who had by then formed the famous travel business Thomas Cook & Sons) was
offering regular excursion from Leicester to London. In 1863, the first International excursion
was undertaken (to the Swiss Alps). In 1872, the fist International excursion was organized
with an itinerary that included the British colonies of Australia and New Zealand. The Cook
excursion can thus be considered the beginning of International Tourism in the latter two
countries, although such trips were still the prerogative of the very wealthy. Largely as a
result of Thomas Cook and his adaptation of the Industrial Revolution technologies and
principles to the travel industry, tourism expanded significantly from the 1870s, onward
(Post-Cook Period).
Domestic tourism also flourished in the United Kingdom. By 1911, as per estimated, 55% of
the English population were making day excursions to the seaside while 20% traveled as
stopovers to the coastal resorts.
d) Modern Mass Tourism (1950 onwards): Rapid growth of modern mass tourism that has
been experienced by the global tourism industry during the post World War II era can be
appreciated by examining the contemporary trend of inbound tourist arrivals and associated
revenues. It would also be interesting to examine the growth in outbound tourists, but such
information is far more difficult to obtain, particularly for the 1950s and 1960s. The earlier
inbound statistics were speculative due to irregular method of data collection at that time.
After allowing for a substantial margin of error, an exponential pattern of growth in readily
evident, with inbound stay over increasing more than 24 times between 1950 and 1998 (from
an estimated 25 million to 635 million). The addition of International excursionists, such as
cruise ship passengers and cross-border shoppers, would increase these numbers further with
the former alone numbering about five million in 1996.
In 2001, the global travel and tourism industry were expected to generate US$ 3.5 trillion of
economic activity and 207 million jobs (direct and indirect). Travel and tourism is projected
to grow to US $ 7.0 trillion of economic activity and 260 million jobs by 2011.
e) The First Travel Agents: In 1822, Robert Smart of Bristol, England, announced himself as
the first steamship agent. He began booking passengers on steamers to various Bristol
Channel ports and to Dublin. Ireland. In 1841, Thomas Cook began running a special
excursion trains from Leicester to Loughborough (in England), a trip of 12 miles. He was the
first person to begin chartered travel and open travel agents. His first chartered trip was a rail
trip in which he offered two brass bands, a gala, tea and buns, and speeches for the guests.
Today tourism evolved significantly, Means of travel are more extensive, and it’s now
includes air travel, car, and a much improved rail system and sea vessels.
The first specialist in individual inclusive travel (the basic function of travel agents) was
probably Thomas Bennett (1814-1898), an Englishman who served as secretary to the British
consul general in Oslo, Norway.
During the 18th century, the Industrial revolution changed tourism considerably. A great deal
of the rural folk joined the urban society, which allowed them more time and money to spend
on travel.
f) Accommodations: The earliest guest rooms were parts of private dwellings and travelers
were hosted almost like members of a family. In the Middle East and in the Orient,
caravansaries and inns go back into antiquity. In more modern times, first the stagecoach and
then railroads, steamships, automobile, motor coach, and airplane expanded the need for
adequate accommodations.
g) Early Economic References: As tourists traveled to see pyramids, visited seaside resorts,
and attended festivals and athletic events, they needed food and lodging, and they spent
money for these services. Traders did the same. However, the economic impact of this
expenditure was difficult to measure. This has been as evidenced by Thomas Mun, who in
1620 wrote in England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade: “There are yet some other petty things
which seem to have a reference to this balance of which they said officers of His Majesty’s
Customs can take no notice to bring them into the count, as mainly, the expenses of the
travelers.
Review Question
1. What do you know about Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)?
a) The Grand Tour
b) Spas, Baths, Seaside Resorts
c) The Post-Cook Period Tourism (1880-1950)
d) Modern Mass Tourism (1950 onwards)
e) The First Travel Agents
f) Accommodations in Tourism
g) Early Economic References of Tourism
3. Who was the first travel agent? Briefly mention his services for the tourists. 2018 (5.b.)
4. What is grand tour? 2019 (1.b)
2.8 Organization of Tourism

ch©Ub ms¯’v
In addition to a geographic classification, tourism organization can also be classified by
ownership such as Government, Quasi-Government, or Private by function, by type of activity
such as regulators, suppliers, marketers, developers, consultants, researchers, educators,
publishers, professional association, trade organizations, and consumer organizations by industry
such as different types of transportation travel agents, tour wholesalers, lodging, attractions, and
recreation and by revenue profit or nonprofit.
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) is an official consultative organization to the United
Nations (UN) and has the objective of promoting and developing tourism worldwide. It attempts
to facilitate world travel through eliminations or reduction of Governmental measures for
International travel as well as standardization of requirements for passports, visas, and so forth.
In addition to these global activities, it engages in regional activities too. Each region of the world,
Africa, Americas, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe, Middle East, and South Asia, receives
special attention from the region’s WTO representatives.
Review Question
1. Give a general overview of the Organization of Tourism
2.9 Tourism in Global Scenario

Travel and tourism have been a part of human life since the ancient time and is at once associated
with pleasures, adventures, gainful experiences acknowledge. However, travel in the present
scenario has become a commercial proposition. It has grown into an industry under the name of
tourism, which fills the coffers of the State.88 Tourism is an important section for earning
precious foreign exchange.
Indeed, it has become the second large-scale industry after oil and is very fast growing. Every
Nations is today tapping its tourism potential.89 It throws open to the world the natural, cultural,
historical, social, political, economic, artistic and architectural splendor and heritage of a State,
country or a Nations.
Tourism in the Third World Countries90 has both drawbacks and benefits to the societies of its
destinations. Some people are convinced that tourism is an eraser of National culture and local
identity. Others have strong beliefs in tourism as a means to uplift economically poor society and
increase the living standards of masses significantly, as it create lot of employment opportunities.
The fact that the world is in the middle of accelerating Globalization process, to which tourism is
closely related, is indisputable. The cultural exchanges get more and more intense and they will
highly influence the future one creates.
Any attempt to define tourism and to describe its scope fully most considers the various groups
that participate in, and are affects by this industry. Their perspective is vital to the development
of a comprehensive definition. Four kind different perspectives of tourism are identified.
1. The tourist (ch©UK): The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experiences and
satisfaction. The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the
activities enjoyed.
2. The business providing tourist goods and services (ch©Ub cY¨ Ges cwi‡lev mieivnKvwi eëmv):
Business people see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit by supplying goods and
services that the tourist market demands.
3. The Government of the host community or area (AvqvRK m¤úª`vq ev AÂj miKvi): Politicians
view tourism as a wealth factor in the economy of their jurisdictions. Their perspective is
related to the incomes their citizens can earn from this business. Politicians also consider the
foreign exchange receipts from International Tourism as well as the tax receipt collected from
tourist expenditures, either directly or indirectly.
4. The host community (AvqvRK m¤úª`vq): Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and
employment factor. Of importance of this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction
between large number of International visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial or
harmful, or both.
Review Question
1. Give a general overview of Tourism in Global Scenario
2.10 World Tourism Organization

wek¦ ch©Ub ms¯’v
The WTO had its beginnings as the International Union of Official Tourist Publicity Organization
set up in 1925 in The Hague. It was renamed as International Union for Official Tourism
Organization (IUOTO) after the World War II, and moved to Geneva. By mid 1960s, it became
clear that there was a need for more effective tools to keep development under review and to
provide tourism with an inter- Government machinery especially equipped to deal with the
movement of people’s tourism and it’s impacts. In 1967, the members of IUOTO called for its
transformation into an Inter-Governmental body empowered to deal on a worldwide basis with
all matters concerning tourism and to cooperate with other competent agencies, particularly those
of the United Nations system, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO).
A resolution to the same effect was passed in December 1969 by the UN General Assembly,
which recognized the decisive the central role the transformed IUOTO should play in the field of
world tourism in cooperation with the existing machinery within the UN. Following this
resolution, the UNWTO’s Statues were ratified in 1974 by the States whose official tourist
organizations were members of IUOTO. IUOTO was renamed as the World Tourism
Organization and its first General Assembly was held in Madrid in May 1975. The secretariat was
established in Madrid in the following year at the invitation of the Spanish Government, which
provides a building for the headquarters. In 1976, WTO became an executing agency of the
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in 1977; a formal cooperation agreement was
signed with the United Nations itself. As tourism grew and became an integral part of modern
life, its International dimension increased and the National Governments started to play an
increasingly important rule. The role of the Governments covered the entire spectrum from
infrastructure to regulations. The WTO is the most widely recognized and leading International
Organization in the field of travel and tourism today. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy
issues and a practical source of tourism know-how. Its membership includes 139 countries and
territories, and more than 350 affiliate members representing local governments,tourism
associations, educational institutions, and private-sector companies, including airlines, hotel
groups, and tour operators91. With its headquarters in Madrid, WTO is an Inter-Governmental
body entrusted by the United Nations with the promotion and development of tourism. Through
tourism, it aims to stimulate economic growth and job creation, provide incentive for protecting
the environment and heritage of destinations, and promote peace and understanding among all
the Nations of the world.
Since then, world tourism has continued to grow in a formal way. In 2003, the UNWTO was
converted into a specialized agency of the United Nations and reaffirmed its leading role in
International Tourism. Since its early years. UNWTO’s membership represents the private sector,
educational institutions, tourism associations and local tourism authorities. By 2005, its
membership includes countries and seven territories action agreement was signed with the United
Nations itself. In January 2013, the UNWTO’s membership comprised of 156 countries.
Review Question
1. Give a general overview of World Tourism Organization
2.11 Structure of the World Tourism Organization

wek¦ ch©Ub ms¯’vi AeKvVv‡gv
The main gathering of the Word Tourism Organization is the General Assembly, composed of
full, associate, and affiliate Members; other representatives of International Organizations are
also invited to participate as observers. The General Assembly meets every two years to discuss
topics and programs important to the tourism sector and approve the budget. Every four years an
election for the Secretary General is held. Other than this, there are six regional commissions
which meet yearly. The Executive Council meets at least twice yearly in order to ensure that the
work of the World Tourism Organization is being carried out efficiently and within its budget.
The individual programs are advised by specialist committees.
The World Tourism Organization has an important role to play in International Tourism today. It
is especially valuable in its work with developing countries. It ensures the ethical development of
tourism, making sure that the benefits are spread out throughout the countries involved. It works
to protect the uneducated, the innocent, and the poor, who might otherwise be left behind
economically, while supporting growth through tourism.
i) General Assembly (mvavib mfv): The General Assembly is the principal gathering of the
World Tourism Organization. It meets every two years to approve the budget and program of
work, and to discuss topics of vital importance to the tourism sector. In every four years it
elects a new Secretary-General. The General Assembly comprises of Full Members and
Associate Members. Affiliate Members and representatives of other International
Organizations participate as observers. The official languages of UNWTO are English,
Spanish, French, Russian and Arabic.
ii) Executive Council (Kvh©wbe©vnx cwil`): The Executive Council is UNWTO’s governing board,
responsible for ensuring that the Organization carried out its work and adheres to its budget.
It meets twice a year and it’s composed of 29 Members elected by the General Assembly in
a ratio of one for every five Full Members. As host country of UNWTO’s Headquarters, Spain
has a permanent seat on the Executive Council. Representative of the Associate Members and
Affiliate Members participate in Executive Council meetings as observers.
iii) Regional Commissions (AvÂwjK Kwgkb): UNWTO has six regional commissions, Africa, the
Americas, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and South Asia. The
commissions meet at least once a year and are composed of all the Full Members and
Associate Members from that region. Affiliate Members from the region participate as
observes.
Review Question
1. Give a general overview of the structure of the World Tourism Organization.
a) General Assembly of UNWTO.
b) Executive Council of UNWTO.
c) Regional Commissions of UNWTO.
2.12 The Fundamental Tasks of the World Tourism Organization

wek¦ ch©Ub ms¯’vi ‡gŠwjK KvR
The transfer of tourism know-how to developing countries is one of the World Tourism
Organizations fundamental tasks. As an executing agency of the United Nations Development
Program, UNWTO contributes to the sustainable development goals of Nations throughout the
world.
1. Business Council: UNWTO is unique among International Inter-Governmental
Organizations because it is open to membership by the operating sector and promotes various
methods of cooperation amongst its members. Airlines, hotel chains, tour operators, trade
associations, consultants, promotion boards and educational institutions make up
approximately 350members of the UNWTO Business Council (UNWTOBC).
UNWTOBC utilizes a partnership approach to tourism as a method to promote public and
private integration and as a model of understanding between the two sectors. To achieve their
objective, UNWTOBC aids members in expanding their tourism business through industry
networking, working contacts with the necessary Government officials, strengthening
industry education relationship and conducting specialized research project of the private
sector.
Currently, the UNWTOBC is undertaking numerous projects with the hope of creating more
public-private partnerships and sustained cooperation amongst tourism industries. These
projects include investigations into the factors that affect tourism, methods of managing
congestion on sites, assisting small and medium size enterprises, and implementing new
technology. Under the guidance of its Board of Directors, UNWTOBC continues the research
on the above –mentioned projects accompanied by annual studies, data compilation, research
publication and organization of conferences. The Council continues to promote integration
between public and private sectors with themes that are of special interest to the business
community which include;
(a) Public-private Sector Cooperation – Enhancing Tourism Competitiveness;
(b) Marketing Tourism Destinations Online – Strategies for the Information Age;
(c) E-Business for Tourism;
(d) Tourism Taxation Striking a Fair Deal; and
(e) Changes in Leisure Time.
2. Tourism and Technology: The internet and other computer technologies are revolutionizing
the way tourism business is conducted and the way destinations are promoted. UNWTO’s
work in the area of new Information Technologies (IT) aims to provide leadership in the field
of IT and tourism, as well as helping to bridge the digital divide between the have and have-
nots among UNWTO’s membership. It carried out new research and studies of IT in
connection with the promotion and development of tourism, such as the publications,
Marketing Tourism Destinations Online, and E-Business for Tourism. It communicates the
content of these studies throughout the world in a series of regional seminars. It also operates
a Strategic Advisory Board on IT and Tourism that brings together a small number of high-
level experts from destination, private businesses and researchers. Tourism technology is
especially suited for cooperation projects between the public and private sectors. The
objective is to keep all members updated on the constantly changing technologies that will
affect the tourism industry in the years to come.
3. Education: The UNWTO Human Resource Development Department (UNWTO. HRD)
works to add value to tourism sector of UNWTO member States by improving their capacity
building and providing direct support in tourism education, training and knowledge. It
coordinates the activities of the UNWTO Education Council as well as those of the UNWTO
Themis Foundation with the common goal of achieving the tourism competitiveness and
sustainability of UNWTO members through excellence in tourism education. Its mission is
to build the knowledge capacity of UNWTO members, provide leadership, initiative and
coordination in quality tourism education, and provide for training and research activities
through public-private partnership among institutions and UNWTO member States.
4. UNWTO. Themis Foundation: Based in Andorra and generously sponsored by its
Government, the UNWTO Themis Foundation provides the administrative back-up to
UNWTO. HRD to develop and disseminate tourism education, training and knowledge
products, thus optimizing service to UNWTO members. Its mission is to promote quality and
efficiency in tourism education and training in close coordination with UNWTO and its
Human Resource Development Department (UNWTO HRD), facilitating administration and
management in implementing its program of work, and enlarging the scope of services to
UNWTO members.
5. Education Council: The UNWTO Education Council (UNWTO EdC) is made up the leading
tourism education, training and research institutions as well as business schools worldwide
that have obtained the UNWTO Tedqual Certification for at least one of their tourism
education program. With over 100 members, it forms a chapter of the UNWTO Affiliate
Members, and is well represented in the Board of the Affiliates, their decision-making body.
The UNWTO. EdC is an active agent within UNWTO and in the development and
implementation of the UNWTO. HRD Program of Work.The main human resources
development products are
i. UNWTO’s Tedqual : UNWTO’s Tedqual is a framework of program for quality in
tourism education. The UNWTO. Tedqual Certification is granted to training and
education institutions by means of a quality audit. The Tedqual institutions can request
membership in the UNWTO Education Council (Affiliate Members). There are also
Tedqual Seminars (Educating the Educators) for Member States and Tedqual Consulting
on quality issues for education and training centers.
ii. UNWTO’s Practicum: This is a biannual program for officials from UNWTO Member
States. It is carried out at UNWTO Headquarters for a period of two weeks and includes
GTAT. TPS seminars, workshops, technical visits and working meetings with the
responsible staff of the Organization.
iii. UNWTO’s Themis Tedqual Practicum: A practicum program is especially designed for
officials from UNWTO Member States who are proposed by their Governments as liaison
officers with UNWTO in matters of education and training.
iv. UNWTO’s GTAT: General Tourism Achievement Test (GTAT) is a set of programs,
designed to improve the performance of teaching and learning in tourism. These include
software for examinations and course development and implementation. Courses aiming
to improve specific knowledge and/or prepare for exams; aims to ascertain strong and
weak points in specific subjects through diagnosis, and conducts Exams and offers
Certification of Proficiency for students and tourism professionals.
v. UNWTO’s Best Initiative: UNWTO has also developed a framework for a range of
UNWTO Programs that aim at contributing to excellence in destinations and tourism
companies through quality training and education. These programs include the
UNWTO’s Best Training, Audit and Tourism Labor Market Observatory. Institutions
companies and destinations satisfactory completing these programs receive UNWTO’s
Best Awards. Many of these programme are executed in co-ordination with the UNWTO
Destination Management Task Force.
Review Question
1. What are the fundamental tasks of the World Tourism Organization?
2.13 Role of World Tourism Organization

wek¦ ch©Ub ms¯’vi f~wgKv
The World Tourism Organization is the leading International Organization in the field of travel
and tourism. It serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism
know-how. Its membership includes 138 countries and territories and more than 350 Affiliate
Members representing local Government, tourism associations and private sector companies,
including airlines, hotel groups and tour operators. With its headquarters in Madrid, WTO is an
Inter-Governmental body entrusted by the United Nations with the promotion and development
of tourism. The World Tourism Organization is the most prominent International Organization
working for the promotion of tourism. Its aim is to encourage economic growth and
environmental sustainability. It works throughout the world to lead and provide knowledge about
tourism policies. Its role is to get Governments to implement the Global Code of Ethics for
Tourism, so that tourism can contribute to social and economic growth, help reduce poverty, and
create sustainable development.
The World Tourism Organization works in several important fields to encourage competitiveness,
reduce poverty, build capacity, and form partnerships. It has 14 programs running at the moment.
They are: Coordination in Destination, Education and Training, Ethics and Social Dimensions of
Tourism, Information and Communications, Information Resources and Archives, Institutional
and Corporate Relations, Knowledge Network, Market Trends, Risk and Crisis Management,
Statutory Meetings, Statistics and Tourism Satellite Accounts, Sustainable Development of
Tourism, Silk Road, and Technical Cooperation. There are five projects in which it is involved:
Consulting Unit on Tourism and Biodiversity, Hotel Energy Solutions, Protect Children, Tourism
and Poverty Alleviation.
Review Question
1. Explain the role of World Tourism Organization.
2.14 UNWTO Tourism Labor Market Observatory

UNWTO ch©Ub kªg evRvi ch©‡e¶Y-M…n

This program was recently initiated by the UNWTO Education Council in conjunction with
UNWTO. HRD and the UNWTO Destinations Management Task Force. Its objective is to obtain
quantitative and qualitative information on tourism labor markets in key destinations worldwide
through panels of employers, workers consumers and students. This is coordinated through
UNWTO’s best tourism destinations and UNWTO Tedqual Centers.
The activity of Quality and Trade in Search of Common Denominators, Fairness and
Transparency, This activity follows the previous program on Quality in Tourism Development.
With an increased focus on the economics of tourism, trade and enterprise, it seeks to assist
Government and private sector members in determining and pursuing quality related objectives,
standards and measures as a contribution to sustainable development and poverty alleviation.
The inclusion of Safety and Security area is being considered as a fundamental quality factor. The
current focus is on preparing a model work plan for tourism destinations based on objective safety
and security criteria, a model code of conduct on travel advisories and a revised UNWTO
document Health Information and Formalities in International Travel has been submitted to the
16th session of the General Assembly in 2005 and took stock of the new International Health
Regulations of the World Health Organization (IHR 2005).
Under the chapter on quality standards, the specific aims include guidance to members
undertaking tourism quality programs, the design of standards based on common denominators
and cultural diversity, a hotel classification guidance document, and contributions to the work of
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) on tourism signs and symbols and other
tourism related standards.
In relation to each area, the Quality and Trade in Tourism department is also engaged in the
preparation of implementation parameters for the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. The
operation of the Code and the Secretariat of the World Committee on Tourism Ethics are now
dealt with by the Sustainable Development of Tourism department.
Review Question
1. Give a general overview of the UNWTO Tourism Labor Market Observatory..
2.15 Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

ch©Ub m¤úwK©Z wek¦e¨vcx bxwZgvjv
This was adopted by the UNWTO General Assembly in 1999 and acknowledge by the United
Nations General Assembly in 2001 by a special resolution. It sets out a ten-point blueprint for
safeguarding the resources upon whichtourism depends and ensuring that its economic benefits
are equitably shared. It is
based on the principles of sustainability that underpin all of the UNWTO’s programs with special
emphasis on involving local communities in planning, managing and monitoring tourism
development. It also includes nine articles outlining the rules of the game for destinations,
Governments, tour operators, travel agents, tourism workers and developers, and travelers
themselves.
Review Question
1. What is Global Code of Ethics for Tourism?
2.16 Activities and Goals of the World Tourism Organization

wek¦ ch©Ub ms¯’vi wµqvKjvc Ges j¶¨mgyn
The activities in which World Tourism Organization is engaged with are as follows:
a) Providing a framework for raising the standard of living of the people through the economic
benefits of tourism.
b) Developing an infrastructure and providing recreation facilities for visitors and residents
alike.
c) Ensuring types of development program consistent with the cultural, social, and economic
philosophy of the Government and the people of the host country or area.
d) Optimizing visitor’s satisfaction. And
e) Transfer of tourism knows, how to the developing countries which are a major task. Here
WTO contributes to the sustainable development goals of Nations throughout the world
because of its decades of experience in tourism. WTO projects are based on the policy of
sustainability, ensuring that the economic benefits of cultures. The another goal of the WTO
is Human Resource Development, it sets standards for tourism education. The newly
developed accreditation program for tourism education institutions, tourism Education
Quality (TedQual) and the Graduate Tourism Aptitude Test (GTAT) are examples of its
efforts to encourage standardization of curricula and make degrees in tourism more
internationally comparable. WTO attempt to facilitate world travel as well as standardization
of requirements for passports, visas, and so forth. In addition to these global activities, it
engages in regional activities. Direct actions that strengthen and support the efforts of
National tourism Administration are carried out by UNWTO’s regional representatives.
Regional representatives are UNWTO’s frontline of contact with member countries. Each
region of the world- Africa, America. East Asia and the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, and
South Asia, receives special attention from that region’s WTO representatives.
Review Question
3. What are the activities in which World Tourism Organization?
2.17 Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC)

evsjv‡`k ch©Ub Ki‡cv‡ikb
Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC) is a statutory board under the Ministry of Civil Aviation
& Tourism of Bangladesh, tasked to promote the tourism industry of the country. It is the National
Tourism Organization of the country .Recently Bangladesh Government has formed Tourist
Police unit to better protect local and foreign tourists as well as look after the nature and wildlife
in the tourist spots.
 Establishment: The Board of Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation, established in the year 1973
consists of a Chairman and 3 whole- time Directors. According to the Bangladesh Parjatan
Corporation Order 1972, the purpose of the board are:
 It shall be the function of the corporation to promote and develop tourism, provide
facilities, undertake measures and carry out all forms of activities connected with or
ancillary to tourism.
 To promote tourist undertakings and to control and regulate tourist installations and
services.
 To organise reception and information facilities in or outside Bangladesh.
 To create tourism awareness among the people.
 To establish institutes for instruction and training of potential tourism personnel.
 Functions: The corporation performs following functions:
 To promote and develop tourism.
 To establish tourism infrastructures in Bangladesh.
 To provide facilities to undertake measures and carry out all kinds of activities connected
with tourism
 To acquire, establish, construct, arrange, provide and run hotels, restaurants, rest houses,
picnic spots, camping sites, theatres, amusement parks and facilities for water skiing and
entertainment.
 To establish institutes for instruction and training of potential tourism personnel.
 Objectives:
1) To construct various rules under the law where the main objective is to fill in the gap of
existing tourism rules and let regulations proceed;
2) To develop tourism industries through various planning related activities and side by side
give advice as well as directions;
3) To create general awareness regarding tourism protection, development and exploration;
4) To execute responsible tourism through creation of some helping hand on behalf of
government like as personal sector, local people, local administration, NGO, women
federation, media;
5) To create better communication channel for the International Tourists Organizations in
Bangladesh with both government and private tourism related organizations;
6) To create a strong and safe foothold for the Bangladeshi Tourist by coordinating with
respective government organizations;
7) To create a tourism friendly environment in Bangladesh and to market its tourism

potential in both domestic and foreign nations;
8) To develop human resource for tourism sector by creating training facilities and provide
them with the right directions;
9) To attract tourists by maintaining quality and relevant material which in turn can provide
smooth tourism service and ensuring necessary actions that need to be taken for
maintenance;
10) To ensure the participation of physically challenged people;
11) To protect women rights and ensure their participation in the tourism sector;
12) To research on tourism industry, to survey international markets and to analyze the data.
Review Question
1. Elaborate the terms related to tourism and their activities BPC and BTB. 2016 (2.a.)
2. What do you know about Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC)? Briefly "discuss it
major functions. 2017 (4), 2019 (4)
2.18 Bangladesh Tourism Board (BTB)

evsjv‡`k ch©Ub †evW© (wewUwe)
Bangladesh Tourism Board (BTB) is the National tourism organisation of Bangladesh,
responsible for promoting tourism and providing necessary training. The board is a statutory body
established in 2010 Located at Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka. It is responsible for the
promotion of tourism in Bangladesh. It is under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism of
Bangladesh.
 Functions: Bangladesh Tourism Board (BTB) performs following functions:
1. To develop tourism as a driving force for poverty and vital force for peace & social
harmony.
2. To initiate a key sustainable development of local tourism as the tool of protecting
environmental degradation, flora & fauna and the ways & means of leading quality life.
3. To promote Bangladesh as a global tourist destination and to attract tourists from all over
the world, as well as to provide information to tourists and tour operating organizations
across the globe about events and places of interest in Bangladesh.
4. To set up tourism research and training institute, publishing journal and other
publications, consultancy and academic institutions.
5. To facilitate investors the appropriate fields of Bangladesh tourism industry for equal
growth.
6. To promote festivals, cultural events and heritages as tourism product.
7. To arrange fair, meeting, incentive, conference, exhibition, campaign, rally, debate,
seminar, discussion, round tables on travel & tourism.
8. To introduce awards in different contributory sub-sectors of Bangladesh travel and
tourism.
9. To introduce merit scholarships and incentives for education and research in tourism.
10. To promote Code of Ethics in Tourism developed by United Nations World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO).
11. To support women those who want to involve themselves in tourism development
activities and business also.
Review Question
2. What do you know about Bangladesh Tourism Board (BTB)? Briefly "discuss it major
functions. 2017 (4); 2019 (4)
2.19 Tour Operators Association of Bangladesh (TOAB)

evsjv‡`‡ki Uÿi Acv‡iUim A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb
Tour Operators Association of Bangladesh (TOAB), was formed in the year of 1992. This was
the time when a handful of agencies operating tours inside Bangladesh, felt the need of such an
association or trade body to overcome immense problems and difficulties being faced by them
regularly. Besides this, the other main objective or aim of the organization was to develop and
nourish tourism in Bangladesh and to promote tourism products of Bangladesh in the international
arena.
After long wait and completion of different formalities, the association was recognized as a trade
organization by the Ministry of Commerce, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
in 2002.
In tourism, all over the world tourist's expectations are very high for a hazardless traveling,
secured food & lodging, efficient spot-visits, economically cost-effective transaction in every step
whether it is a business or a personal recreational tour. To fulfill these demands of an individual
or group of tourists the tour operators come into picture and provide all the services they need.
They are like one-stop service provider starting from their arrival to departure in case of the
overseas tourists and from your house back to your house in case of local tourist either it is inside
the country or to a foreign land. In Bangladesh where the infrastructure of this industry is not well
developed it is always recommended that a tourist should arrange his travel here through a
member of TOAB, which will be more safe and authentic.
It is a fact that due to different limitations prevailing in the field, TOAB failed to perform to its
full capacity in the past years. However, they still hold meeting to exchange views with the
Aviation and Tourism Journalist Forum, observed World Tourism day and organized seminar in
collaboration with Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation. It also organized seminar in association with
Federation of Bangladesh Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI). It is expected that,
with the change in the whole atmosphere in Bangladesh including the executive body of TOAB,
they will do much more in the coming years. TOAB is the Premium Partner of Dhaka Travel Mart
since its inception.
TOAB maintains excellent relationship with Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism, Bangladesh
Parjatan Corporation, Bangladesh Hotel Owner Association of Travel Agents of Bangladesh,
PATA Bangladesh Chapter and other trade bodies.
Since the beginning of TOAB, its members have been actively participating in different
international trade fairs like ITB - Berlin, WTM - London, BITE - Beijing, ATA Travel Mart -
Bangkok, TTF - Kolkata, SATTE - Delhi etc. in collaboration with the Ministry and BPC from
to time.
Review Question
1. Write short notes on TOAB. 2019 (14.c.); 2018 (13 (f)
2.20 Association of Travel Agents of Bangladesh (ATAB)

evsjv‡`k U«v‡fj G‡R›Um G‡mvwmqkb
Association of Travel Agents of Bangladesh (ATAB) is a renowned travel agency in Bangladesh.
It is one of the leading travel agency in our country. ATAB mostly arranged indound tours.
ATAB’s travel packages are Dhaka to Chittagong, Dhaka to Sylhet, Dhaka to Cox’s Bazar, Dhaka
to Shundarban, Dhaka to ST.Martin, Dhaka to Bandarban, Dhaka to Kuyakata, Dhaka to kaptai,
Dhaka to Rangamati and so on. They arrange some beautiful trip on some extraordinary places in
Bangladesh. In the demand of the time, we have increased our inbound tour any places of our
country destination. They show us the beautiful sites of our beautiful country. ATAB were
registered and “incorporated” as an Association with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies on
28th February, 1980.
Review Question
1. Write short notes on ATAB. 2019 (14.c.); 2018 (13 (f)
2.21 Early Tourist Attraction

cªviw¤¢K ch©Ub AvKl©Y
Sightseeing has always been a major activity of tourists; this has been true since ancient times.
Most of us have heard of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but few could win a trivia
contest by naming them:
1. The Great Pyramids of Egypt, including the Sphinx
2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, sometimes including the Walls of Babylon and the Palace,
in what is now Iraq
3. The Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus, in what is now Turkey
4. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia in Greece
5. The Colossus of Rhodes in the Harbor at Rhodes, an island belonging to Greece
6. The Great Lighthouse (Pharos) in Alexandria, Egypt
7. The Temple of Artemis (also called the Temple of Diana) at Ephesus, at the time part of
Greece, now in Turkey
The Great Pyramids of Egypt are the sole remaining wonder. Just as tourists in ancient times
traveled to see these wonders, modern tourists travel to see such natural wonders as the Grand
Canyon, Yosemite National Park, Yellowstone, Niagara Falls, the oceans, the Great Lakes, and
human - built wonders such as great cities, museums, dams, and monuments.
Spas, Baths, Seaside Resorts: Another interesting aspect in the history of tourism was the
development of spas, after their original use by the Romans, which took place in Britain and on
the Continent. In the eighteenth century, spas became very fashionable among members of high
society, not only for their curative aspects but also for the social events, games, dancing, and
gambling that they offered. The spa at Bath, England, was one such successful health and social
resort.
The Great Pyramids of Egypt are the sole remaining wonder of

the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Sea bathing also became popular, and some believed that saltwater treatment was more benefi
cial than that at the inland spas. Well known in Britain were Brighton, Margate, Ramsgate,
Worthing, Hastings, Weymouth, Blackpool, and Scarborough. By 1861, the success of these
seaside resorts indicated that there was a pent - up demand for vacation travel. Most visitors did
not stay overnight but made one - day excursions to the seaside. Patronage of the hotels at these
resorts was still limited to those with considerable means.
Thus, tourism owes a debt to medical practitioners who advocated the medicinal value of mineral
waters and sent their patients to places where mineral springs were known to exist. Later,
physicians also recommended sea bathing for its therapeutic value. While spas and seaside resorts
were fi rst visited for reasons of health, they soon became centers of entertainment, recreation,
and gambling, attracting the rich and fashionable with or without ailments. This era of tourism
illustrates that usually a combination of factors rather than one element spells the success or
failure of an enterprise. Today, hot springs, although they are not high on travelers ’ priority lists,
are still tourist attractions. Examples in the United States are Hot Springs, Arkansas; French Lick,
Indiana; and Glenwood Springs, Colorado. The sea, particularly in the Sun Belt, continues to have
a powerful attraction and is one of the leading forces in tourism development, which is evident
from the number of travelers to Hawaii, Florida, the Caribbean, and Mexico.
Review Question
1. Explain the interesting aspect in the history of Tourism?
2. Explain briefly about the early tourist attraction.
3. Write an essay on Early Tourist attractions. 2019 (10a)
4. List out early tourist attractions of the ancient world. 2018 (5a)
2.22 Early Economic References

cªviw¤¢K A_©‰bwZK Z_¨m~Î
As tourists traveled to see pyramids, visit seaside resorts, and attend festivals and athletic events,
they needed food and lodging, and they spent money for these services. Traders did the same.
Then, as now, the economic impact of these expenditures was diffi cult to measure, as evidenced
by the following quotation from Thomas Mun, who in 1620 wrote in England ’ s Treasure by
Foreign Trade : “ There are yet some other petty things which seem to have a reference to this
balance of which the said offi cers of His Majesty ’ s Customs can take no notice to bring them
into the account; as mainly, the expenses of the travelers. ”
Review Question
1. What is Early Economic References?
2.23 The First Travel Agents

cª_g ågY G‡R›Um
Travel Agents help individuals, groups, and business travellers plan and organize their travel
schedules, from purchasing tour packages to booking flights and hotels. Travel Agent is a person
whose job it is to arrange travel for end clients (individuals, groups, corporations) on behalf of
suppliers (hotels, airlines, car rentals, cruise lines, railways, travel insurance, package tours). His
task is to simplify the travel planning process for their customers in addition to providing
consultation services and entire travel packages.
In 1822, Robert Smart of Bristol, England, announced himself as the first steamship agent. He
began booking passengers on steamers to various Bristol Channel ports and to Dublin, Ireland.
In 1841, Thomas Cook began running a special excursion train from Leicester to Loughborough
(in England), a trip of 12 miles. On July 5 of that year, Cook ’ s train carried 570 passengers at a
round - trip price of 1 shilling per passenger. This is believed to be the first publicly advertised
excursion train. Thus, Cook can rightfully be recognized as the first rail excursion agent; his
pioneering efforts were eventually copied widely in all parts of the world. Cook ’ s company grew
rapidly, providing escorted tours to the Continent and later to the United States and around the
world. The company continues to be one of the world ’ s largest travel organizations.
The first specialist in individual inclusive travel (the basic function of travel agents) was probably
Thomas Bennett (1814 – 1898), an Englishman who served as secretary to the British consul
general in Oslo, Norway. In this position, Bennett frequently arranged individual scenic tours in
Norway for visiting British notables. Finally, in 1850, he set up a business as a “ trip organizer ”
and provided individual tourists with itineraries, carriages, provisions, and a “ traveling kit. ” He
routinely made advance arrangements for horses and hotel rooms for his clients.
Review Question
1. What do you know abut the First Travel Agents?
2. Who are the Travel Agents? 2017 (5)
3. Who was the first travel agent? 2018 (5.b)
2.24 Major Components of the Tourism and Travel Industry

ch©Ub Ges ågY wk‡íi c«avb Dcv`vb
Tourism, then, is the business of attracting visitors and catering to their needs and expectations.
The following is an overview of the major components of the tourism and travel industry.
I. Tourist Destinations:
(a) Government promotion offices
(b) Regional promotion offices
(c) Resort areas, convention centers.
II. Transportation:
(a) Airlines.
(i) Major
(ii) National
(iii) Regional
(iv) Nonscheduled /charter.
(b) Ground Transporter
(i) Rent-a-car
(ii) Motor/coach
(iii) Railroad.
III. Accommodation:
(a) Hotels
(b) Motels
(c) Resorts
(d) Cruise lines.
IV. Tourist Attractions:
(a) Attractions
(b) Theme parks
(c) Museums.
V. Travel Brokers:
(a) Travel agents
(b) Travel wholesalers
(c) Tour and charter operators

(d) Ground operators
(e) Travel incentive companies.
Review Question
1. What are the vital components of operating sectors of the tourism industry? Explain 2019
(7)
2.25 Tour Operators

Tour operator is an organization, firm or company who buys individual travel components,
separately from their suppliers and combines them into a package tour, which is sold with their
own price tag to the public directly or through middlemen, is called a Tour Operator.
Poyther (1993) defines, “tour operator is one who has the responsibility of putting the tour
ingredients together, marketing it, making reservations and handling actual operation.”
Holloway (1992) stated that tour operations undertake a distinct function in the tourism industry,
they purchase separate elements of tourism products/services and combine them into a package
tour which they sell directly or indirectly to the tourists.
Today, tour operators have become highly competitive. They endeavor to achieve a high volume
of turnover, and maximum International and domestic market share by effectively operating.
Moreover, the success of many developed and developing nations as tourists destinations depend
heavily on a tour operator’s ability to attract tourists, development and promotion of tourism plant,
diversification of tourism product and their social responsibilities to develop a remote and
backward area.
Review Question
(7)
2.26 Types of Tour Operators

Tour operators are basically categories into four types. These are categories on the basis of their
nature of the business and their operations.
1. Inbound Tour Operators

2. Outbound Tour Operators

3. Domestic Tour Operators
4. Ground Operators
1. Inbound (AšÍg©yLx) Tour Operators: These are also known as incoming tour operators.
Technically, the operators who receive guests, clients/tourists and handle arrangements in the
host country are called inbound tour operators. For example, a group of American Tourists is
coming through TCI Ltd. to India and the company makes arrangements and handles the
group in India then TCI is called an inbound tour operator.
Incidentally, the inbound traffic to the country for the last two decades has been decreasing.
Essentially the tour operators need to adopt innovative marketing strategies and should
introduce a special interest tour to cater the special needs of Japanese, Americans, French and
British people.
2. Outbound (we‡`kMvgx) Tour Operators: Tour operator who promote tours for foreign
destinations, maybe business tour or leisure tour is called outbound tour operators. For
example a group of American tourists going to a trip of India and Thomas Cook handle
arrangement in America like as ticket reservation, hotel booking etc. then Thomas Cook is
called Outbound Tour operators in the context of America.
3. Domestic Tour Operators (N‡ivqv): Domestic tour operators are those who assemble,
combine tourist components into inclusive tours and sell it to the domestic travelers. In
general, these tour operators provide travel services within the tourist’s native country.
The domestic tour operators operate within the boundary of the home country and offer
package tour to the travelers viz. Domestic inclusive tours or independent tours.
4. Ground (¯’j) Operators/ Destination Management Companies (MšÍe¨ cwiPvjbv ms¯’v): These
are commonly known as handling agencies and their main function is to organize tour
arrangements for incoming tourists on the behalf of overseas operators. Let us take the case
of India as a destination that – has a varied culture.
When a tour operator himself promotes beach holidays, wildlife holidays, adventure tours,
heritage tours at the different places, the difficulty arises. It is the ground operator then who
by handling the incoming travelers in the same season but at different places ensures that the
entire operation is according to the package tours or agreements.
Review Question
1. Explain different types of tour operators.
2.27 Functions of Tour Operator

Uÿi Acv‡iU‡ii Kvh©vejx
A tour operator is an organization, firms or a person who is responsible for the actual arrangement
of transport and accommodation facilities in any tour or vacations. They are also responsible for
operating and providing vacation through contracting, booking and packaging together of the
various components of the tour such as hotel, transportation, meals, guides, optional tours and
sometimes flights.
A tour operator is like a service provider, providing the most convenient option for tourists to
stay, visit, as well as leave from the city. A tour operator owns a high volume of travel services
across carriers, services, and accommodation. Some most important functions of the tour
operators are following as:
1. Planning a Tour (åg‡Yi cwiKíbv Kiv): The most important functions of the tour operators are
planning a tour. Tour operators plan a tour and make tour itinerary which contains the
identification of the origin, destination and all the stopping point in a traveler’s tours. A
prospective tour operator also gives advice to intending tourists in various types of tour
programmes, which they may choose for their leisure or commercial travel.
2. Making Tour Package (ågY c¨v‡KR ˆZwi Kiv): Tour operator buys individual travel
components, separately from there suppliers and combines them into a package tour. Tour
operators make tour package by assembling various travel components into a final product
that is called tour package which is sold to tourist with own price tag. Making tour packages
is also an important function of Tour Operator.
3. Arranging a Tour (åg‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv): Tour operators make tour package and also arrange a
tour according to tourist demands. Tour operators arrange the tour package and various
tourists activities to provide the best experience to tourists/traveler.
4. Travel Information (ågY Z_¨): Whatever the size of tour operators, it has provided necessary
travel information to the tourists. This task is utterly difficult and very complicated. A tour
operator must give up-to-date, accurate and timely information regarding destinations, modes
of travel, accommodation, sightseeing, immigration, health and security rules about various
permits required to travel in a particular area etc.
5. Reservation (Avmb msi¶Y): It is a very important function of all type tour operators and travel
agencies. Tour operator makes all the reservation by making linkages with accommodation
sector, transport sector and other entertainment organizations to reserve rooms, and seats in
cultural programmes and transportation.
6. Travel Management (ågY eë¯’vcbv): Tour operators manage tour from beginning to the end
of the tour. A tour operator has the responsibility to look after the finer details of a vacation
or tour such as hotel, accommodation, meals, conveyance etc. Tour operators provide travel
guide, escorting services and arrange all travel related needs and wants.
7. Evaluate the Option Available (g~j¨wba©viY weKí Dcjä): Tour operators evaluate all available
options to provide a unique or unforgettable travel experience to tourists during their journey.
Tour operators evaluate the various options available for a tour package and provide best of
them to tourists.
8. Promotion (c‡`vbœwZ): Tour Operators makes tour packages and promote them into various
tourists markets at domestic as well international level. Tour operators promote a travel
destination to attract a large group of tourists at domestic as well as international level. In the
promotion of tourist destination, tour operators play a key role. Travel agencies or tour
operators are called as image builder of a country.
9. Sales and Marketing (weµh় I wecYb): Tour operators do sales and marketing of tourist
products. Tour operators buy individual travel components, separately and combine them into
a tour package, which is sold with their own price tag to the public directly. Tour operators
do marketing of tourist destinations and tourism product to attracts the attention of the
tourists/travelers.
10. Taking Care of Glitch (mvgvb¨ ÎywU hZœ †bIh়v): Tours operators are also called handling agencies
which handles tour package and take care of all the glitches and problems arises during a tour
package. Tour operators fix the glitches and provide the best available alternative to tourists
during their journey.
Review Question
1. Briefly discuss their major functions of tours operators. 2017 (5)
2.28 Tourism Transport / Historic Transportation

ch©Ub cwienb / HwZnvwmK cwienb
Tourism Transport: Tourism industry needs transports in other to take tourists from one place
to another because the aim of the tourist is to reach the destination. So in tourism industry we find
different modes of transports which consist of air, rail, road and water. Hence tourists have a
choice to choose which one of the transports it is suitable for them. There are many reasons to
choose modes of transport; tourists might look at the following -speed, safety, price and
convenience. So basically these different kinds of transports have positive and negative side
effects.
The early tourists traveled on foot, on beasts of burden, by boat, and on wheeled vehicles.
1. Stagecoach Travel: Coaches were invented in Hungary in the fi fteenth century and provided
regular service there on prescribed routes. By the nineteenth century, stagecoach travel had
become quite popular, especially in Great Britain. The development of the famous English
tavern was brought about by the need for overnight lodging by stagecoach passengers.
2. Water Travel: Market boats picked up passengers as well as goods on ship canals in England
as early as 1772. The Duke of Bridgewater began such service between Manchester and
London Bridge (near Warrington). Each boat had a coffee room from which refreshments
were sold by the captain ’ s wife. By 1815, steamboats were plying the Clyde, the Avon, and
the Thames. A poster in 1833 announced steamboat excursion trips from London. By 1841,
steamship excursions on the Thames were so well established that a publisher was bringing
out a weekly Steamboat Excursion Guide.
3. Rail Travel: Railways were fi rst built in England in 1825 and carried passengers beginning
in 1830. The newly completed railway between Liverpool and Manchester featured special
provisions for passengers. The railroad ’ s directors did not expect much passenger business,
but time proved them wrong. The typical charge of only 1 penny per mile created a sizable
demand for rail travel — much to the delight of the rail companies. Because these fares were
much lower than stagecoach fares, rail travel became widely accepted even for those with
low incomes.
Early rail travel in Britain was not without its detractors, however. Writers in the most
powerful organs of public opinion of that day seemed to consider the new form of rail
locomotion a device of Satan. When a rail line was proposed from London to Woolrich to
carry passengers at a speed of 18 miles per hour, one aghast contributor to the Quarterly
Review wrote, “ We should as soon expect the people of Woolrich to be fi red off upon one
of Congreve ’ s ricochet rockets as trust themselves to the mercy of such a machine going at
such a rate. ” Another writer deemed the railroads for passenger transportation “ visionary
schemes unworthy of notice. ” Between 1826 and 1840, the first railroads were built in the
United States.
4. Automobile and Motorcoach Travel: Automobiles entered the travel scene in the United
States when Henry Ford introduced his famous Model T in 1908. The relatively cheap “ tin
lizzie ” revolutionized travel in the country, creating a demand for better roads. By 1920, a
road network became available, leading to the automobile ’ s current dominance of the travel
industry. Today, the automobile accounts for about 84 percent of intercity miles traveled and
is the mode of travel for approximately 80 percent of all trips. The auto traveler brought about
the early tourist courts in the 1920s and 1930s, which have evolved into the motels and motor
hotels of today. Motorcoaches also came into use soon after the popularization of the
automobile and remain a major mode of transportation.
5. Air Travel: Nearly 16 years after the airplane ’ s fi rst fl ight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina,
in 1903, regularly scheduled air service began in Germany. This was a Berlin – Leipzig –
Weimar route, and the carrier later became known as Deutsche Lufthansa. Today, Lufthansa
is a major international airline. The fi rst transatlantic passenger was Charles A. Levine, who
flew with Clarence Chamberlin nonstop from New York to Germany. The plane made a
forced landing 118 miles from Berlin, their destination, which they reached on June 7, 1927.
This was shortly after Charles Lindbergh ’ s historic solo flight from New York to Paris.
The fi rst U.S. airline, Varney Airlines, was launched in 1926 and provided scheduled airmail
service. However, this airline was formed only 11 days before Western Airlines, which began
service on April 17, 1926. Varney Airlines later merged with three other lines to form United
Air Lines. On April 1, 1987, Western merged with Delta Air Lines.
At fi rst, only one passenger was carried in addition to the mail, if the weight limitations
permitted. The fi rst international mail route was fl own by Pan American Airways from
Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba, on October 28, 1927. Pan Am fl ew the fi rst passengers
on the same route on January 16, 1928. The trip took 1 hour 10 minutes, and the fare was $50
each way.
May 31, 2003. Thus, after thirty - four years, a chapter in supersonic aviation ended. This marked
the fi rst time in aviation history that a major innovation was retired without a more advanced
technological product replacing it.
British Airways has its fl eet of Concordes on display. They are to be found in the United States
at the Museum of Flight in Seattle and the Intrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum in New York; in
Britain at Airbus UK in Filton, near Bristol, at Manchester Airport, at Heathrow Airport, and at
the Museum of Flight near Edinburgh; and in Barbados, at Grantely Adams Airport in
Bridgetown.
Because of its speed, comfort, and safety, air travel is the leading mode of public transportation
today, as measured in revenue passenger miles (one fare - paying passenger transported one mile).
Review Question
1. Write notes on the following:
a) Air Travel
b) Water Travel
c) Rail Travel
d) Automobile and Motorcoach Travel
e) Stagecoach Travel
f) Tourism Transport 2019 (14.e.)
2.29 Accommodations
Avevmb
The earliest guest rooms were parts of private dwellings, and travelers were hosted almost like
members of the family. In the Middle East and in the Orient, caravansaries and inns date back to
antiquity. In more modern times, fi rst the stagecoach and then railroads, steamships, the
automobile, motorcoach, and airplane expanded the need for adequate accommodations. The
railroad brought the downtown city hotel, the automobile and motorcoach brought the motel, and
the airplane led to the boom in accommodations within or near airports. Housing, feeding, and
entertaining travelers is one of the world ’ s most important industries.
2.30 Chronologies of Travel

ågY Gi KvjcwÄ
Herein are two chronologies of travel: (1) a chronology of ancient migrations, early explorers,
and great travelers, and (2) a chronology of travel arrangers of their business and their suppliers.
The selected travelers and explorers not only made remarkably long and arduous journeys to little
- known (and often mistaken) places, but also wrote vivid descriptions or had scribes write for
them. They faced sometimes unbelievably diffi cult, often dangerous, and occasionally fatal
hardships.
The comfortable and pleasant (even sometimes inspiring) traveling facilities of today are truly a
tribute to the development of modern technology, design, and engineering.
CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT MIGRATIONS, EARLY

EXPLORERS, AND GREAT TRAVELERS
1 million years ago Homo erectus originates in eastern and southern Africa; makes
extensive migrations north to the Middle East and to Asia.
350,000 years ago Early Homo sapiens evolves from H. erectus ; dwells in Africa,
Europe, and Asia.
50,000 – 30,000 years ago Anatomically modern man, H. sapiens, evolves and expands into
Australia from southeastern Asia and into northeastern Asia.
15,000 years ago Upper Paleolithic people cross into northern latitudes of the New
World from northeast Asia on a land bridge.
B.C.E.
4000 Sumerians (Mesopotamia, Babylonia) invent money, cuneiform
writing, and the wheel; also, the concept of a tour guide.
2000 – 332 Phoenicians begin maritime trading and navigating over the entire
Mediterranean Sea area. They may possibly have sailed as far as the
British Isles and probably along the coast of western Africa and to
the Azores.
1501 – 1481 Queen Hatshepsut makes the journey from Egypt to the land of Punt,
believed to be an area along the eastern coast of Africa.
336 – 323 Alexander the Great leads his army from Greece into Asia, crossing
the Hindu Kush mountains (Afghanistan– Kashmir area), and to the
Indus River.
C.E.
500 Polynesians from the Society Islands sail to Hawaii, a distance of
over 2000 miles.
800 – 1100 Vikings establish trade and explore Iceland, Greenland, and the coast
of North America.
1271 – 1295 Marco Polo, a Venetian merchant, travels to Persia, Tibet, the Gobi
Desert, Burma, Siam, Java, Sumatra, India, Ceylon, the Siberian
Arctic, and other places.
1325 – 1354 Ibn Battuwtah, the “ Marco Polo of Islam, ” a Moroccan, makes six
pilgrimages to Mecca; also visits India, China, Spain, and Timbuktu
in Africa.
1492 – 1502 Christopher Columbus explores the New World, including the
Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Central America, and the northern coast
of South America.
1497 John Cabot, an Italian navigator, sailing from Bristol, England,
discovers North America at a point now known as Nova Scotia.
1513 Vasco N ú ñ ez de Balboa, a Spanish explorer, discovers the Pacifi c
Ocean.
1519 Ferdinand Magellan sails west from Spain to circumnavigate the
globe. He is killed in the Philippines, but some of his crew complete
the circumnavigation.
1540 – 1541 Francisco V á squezde Coronado, a Spanish explorer, seeks gold,
silver, and precious jewels (without success) in what is now Arizona,
New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and other areas of the American
Southwest.
1602 Bartholomew Gosnold, English explorer and colonizer, navigates
the eastern coast of the (now) United States from Maine to
Narragansett Bay; discovers and names Cape Cod. In 1606, his ship
carries some of the fi rst settlers to Virginia.
1768 – 1780 James Cook, an English naval officer, explores the northeastern
coast of North America, and in the Pacifi c discovers New
Caledonia, New Zealand, Australia, and Hawaii. He is killed in
Hawaii.
1784 – 1808 Alexander Mackenzie, a Scot, makes the fi rst overland exploration
across North America north of Mexico; discovers the river now
named for him, which flows into the Arctic Ocean, and the Fraser
River, which discharges into the Pacific.
1804 – 1806 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, Americans, lead an
expedition that opens the American West, discovering the Columbia
River and traveling to the Pacific coast.
1860 – 1863 John H. Speke, an Englishman, discovers the source of the Nile
River to be the Victoria Nile fl owing out of Ripon Falls, issuing
from the north shore of Lake Victoria.
1925 – 1934 William Beebe, American underwater explorer and inventor,
develops the bathysphere and dives to 3034 feet offshore Bermuda.
1951 – 1955 Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, an American, explores the Kalahari

Desert in central Africa.
1969 Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins, American
astronauts, make their pioneering journey to the moon in the Saturn
V space vehicle. First Armstrong and then Aldrin step out of the
lunar module onto the moon ’ s surface. Collins continues to pilot
the command and service module, which later joins with the lunar
module for their return to Earth.
CHRONOLOGY OF TRAVEL ARRANGERS, THEIR

BUSINESSES, FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND
SUPPLIERS
B.C.E.
2000 Caravansaries (inns) are established in the Near East and the Orient
in ancient times. Located on caravan routes, they provide overnight
rest needs for travelers and traders and for their donkeys and camels.
These people travel in groups for mutual assistance and defense.
776 Greeks begin travels to the Olympic Games. Subsequently, the
games are held every four years.
C.E.
500 – 1450 During Europe ’ s Middle Ages, a royal party in unfamiliar territory
sends out a harbinger to scout the best route, fi nd accommodations
and food, then return to the group as a guide.
1605 The hackney coach is introduced in London.
1801 Richard Trevithick, in England, perfects a steam locomotive capable
of pulling heavy railcars.
1815 John L. McAdam and Thomas Telford, Britishers, invent all -
weather roads, subsequently with a bituminous top.
1822 Robert Smart of Bristol, England, starts booking passengers on
steamships sailing to Ireland.
1826 – 1840 Railroads begin service in the United States, fi rst hauling minerals
such as coal and, later, passengers.
1829 The Tremont House opens in Boston, the fi rst “ modern ” hotel.
1830 The first passengers are carried by rail in England.
1838 Stendhal, the pseudonym of Marie - Henri Beyle of France, writes

M é moirés d ’ un touriste, believed to be the fi rst disseminated
printed use of the French word tourist.
1841 Thomas Cook organizes a special excursion train carrying 570
passengers from Leicester to Loughborough, England, a trip of 12
miles.
1850 Thomas Bennett, secretary to the British consul general in Oslo,
Norway, sets up a “ trip organizer ” business as a sideline. He
provides individual pleasure travel itineraries and other services.
1873 The American Express Company is created by joining the original
American Express Company formed in 1850 with the Wells Fargo
Company, founded in 1852.
1902 The American Automobile Association (AAA) is founded in
Chicago.
1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first successful gasoline –
powered airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
1908 Henry Ford introduces the famous Model T automobile.
1918 Deutsche Lufthansa provides the fi rst scheduled air passenger
service from Berlin to Leipzig and Weimar.
1920 The U.S. road system begins great improvement.
1926 Varney Airlines and Western Airlines become the fi rst airlines in
the United States.
1927 Charles A. Lindbergh flies solo from New York to Paris nonstop.
1927 Charles A. Levine becomes the fi rst transatlantic passenger, flying
from New York to within 118 miles of Berlin, his destination,
because of a forced landing.
1927 Pan American Airways flies first international commercial mail
flight from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba.
1928 Pan Am flies first passenger flight on the same route.
1931 The American Society of Steamship Agents is founded in New York.
1936 The Air Transport Association (ATA) is formed in Chicago.
1939 Frank Whittle, an Englishman, develops the fi rst jet engine capable
of powering a full - size airplane.
1944 The American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA) is founded from the
American Society of Steamship Agents.
1945 End of World War II and the beginning of the era of mass tourism.
1951 Founding of Pacifi c Asia Travel Association (PATA) in Honolulu,
Hawaii.
1952 The U.S. Congress creates the National System of Interstate
Highways.
1954 Great Britain produces the Comet, the fi rst passenger jet plane.
1958 The Boeing Commercial Airplane Company produces the B - 707,
the first commercial jet plane built in the United States.
1959 American Airlines flies the first transcontinental B - 707 flight from
Los Angeles to New York.
1961 The U.S. Congress creates the U.S. Travel Service.
1964 American Airlines inaugurates the SABRE computerized
reservation system (CRS).
1970 Pan American World Airways flies the first Boeing 747 “ jumbo jet
” plane with 352 passengers from New York to London.
1978 British Airways and Air France begin passenger service on the
supersonic Concorde airplane. The U.S. Airline Deregulation Act is
passed.
1990 Fall of the Berlin Wall.
1994 The “ age of travel, ” wherein the most complex trip can be planned
and arranged by a single phone call from the traveler; might involve
numerous airlines, a cruise ship, sightseeing tours, a local rental car,
other ground services, and entertainment — all reserved by amazing
computerized reservation systems worldwide, the entire trip, except
for incidentals, paid for by a single credit card.
1994 The “ Chunnel ” undersea railway opens, providing rail travel under
the English Channel between England and France.
1995 Delta Air Lines introduces commission caps, putting a ceiling on
payments to travel agents for domestic tickets. Denver International
Airport (DIA) opens as the fi rst new U.S. airport in 20 years. The
first White House Conference on Travel and Tourism is held.
1996 Alaska Airlines becomes the fi rst carrier to accept online bookings
and take payment through a Web site on the Internet.
1998 Hong Kong opens new $20 billion airport.
2001 Dennis Tito takes the world ’ s fi rst paid space vacation.
2003 The Concorde is retired.
2006 Anousheh Ansari is the fi rst woman to take a paid space trip.
2007 Singapore Airlines launched the Airbus A380 in commercial service.
Exercise: Part A & B

1. Briefly explain – what do you mean by tourism through the ages?
2. Briefly explain about the early beginning of tourism.
3. Write an essay on the evolution of Tourism. 2017 (3)
a) Early Roads
b) The Silk Road
c) Stagecoach Travel
d) Water Travel
e) Rail Travel
f) Automobile and Motor Coach Travel
g) Air Travel
h) The Classical World
i) Tourism in Europe
j) Tourism in America
k) Pre-Modern Tourism
l) Tourism in Egypt and the Indus Valley
m) Tourism in Ancient Greece
n) Tourism in Ancient Rome
5. Write an essay on Early Tourist attractions. 2019 (10.a)1.
6. What do you know about ancient tourist attraction of Bangladesh? 2016 (2.a.)
7. What do you know about Tourism in Middle Ages (1100 1500 AD)?
8. What do you know about Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)?
a) The Grand Tour
b) Spas, Baths, Seaside Resorts
c) The Post-Cook Period Tourism (1880-1950)
d) Modern Mass Tourism (1950 onwards)
e) The First Travel Agents
f) Accommodations in Tourism
g) Early Economic References of Tourism
10. Who was the first travel agent?
11. Briefly mention his services for the tourists. 2018 (5.b.)
12. What is grand tour? 2019 (1.b)1.
13. Give a general overview of the Organization of Tourism
14. Give a general overview of Tourism in Global Scenario
15. Give a general overview of World Tourism Organization
16. Give a general overview of the structure of the World Tourism Organization.
a) General Assembly of UNWTO.
b) Executive Council of UNWTO.
18. Regional Commissions of UNWTO.
19. What are the fundamental tasks of the World Tourism Organization?
20. Explain the role of World Tourism Organization.
21. Give a general overview of the UNWTO Tourism Labor Market Observatory..
22. What is Global Code of Ethics for Tourism?
23. What are the activities in which World Tourism Organization?
25. What do you know about Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC)? Briefly "discuss it
major functions. 2017 (4), 2019 (4)
27. What do you know about Bangladesh Tourism Board (BTB)? Briefly "discuss it major
functions. 2017 (4); 2019 (4)
28. Write short notes on TOAB. 2019 (14.c.); 2018 (13 (f)
29. Write short notes on ATAB. 2019 (14.c.); 2018 (13 (f)
30. Explain the interesting aspect in the history of Tourism?
31. Explain briefly about the early tourist attraction.
32. Write an essay on Early Tourist attractions. 2019 (10a)
33. List out early tourist attractions of the ancient world. 2018 (5a)1.
34. What is Early Economic References?
35. What do you know abut the First Travel Agents?
36. Who are the Travel Agents? 2017 (5)

37. Who was the first travel agent? 2018 (5.b)1.
(7)
(7)
40. Explain different types of tour operators.
41. Briefly discuss their major functions of tours operators. 2017 (5)
42. Write notes on the following:
a) Air Travel
b) Water Travel
c) Rail Travel
d) Automobile and Motorcoach Travel
e) Stagecoach Travel
f) Tourism Transport 2019 (14.e.)

02 Tourism Through The Ages

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

02 Tourism Through The Ages

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

02 Tourism Through The Ages

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2

Tourism through the Ages

Figure 2.1 Tourism through the Ages

2.2 Early Beginnings

2.3 Evolution of Tourism

2.4 Tourism in Ancient period (4000 B C to 1100)

The Acropolis of Athens, the site of four of the greatest masterpieces of

In Asia Minor, beginning with the installation of a democratic Government in Ephesus by

Nowhere in the United States can visitors experience so extensively

2.5 Ancient Tourist Attraction of Bangladesh

2.6 Tourism in Middle Ages (1100 - 1500 AD)

2.7 Early Modern Tourism (1500-1950)

2.8 Organization of Tourism

2.9 Tourism in Global Scenario

2.10 World Tourism Organization

2.11 Structure of the World Tourism Organization

2.12 The Fundamental Tasks of the World Tourism Organization

2.13 Role of World Tourism Organization

2.14 UNWTO Tourism Labor Market Observatory

UNWTO ch©Ub kªg evRvi ch©‡e¶Y-M…n

2.15 Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

2.16 Activities and Goals of the World Tourism Organization

2.17 Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC)

7) To create a tourism friendly environment in Bangladesh and to market its tourism

2.18 Bangladesh Tourism Board (BTB)

2.19 Tour Operators Association of Bangladesh (TOAB)

1. Write short notes on TOAB. 2019 (14.c.); 2018 (13 (f)

2.20 Association of Travel Agents of Bangladesh (ATAB)

2.21 Early Tourist Attraction

The Great Pyramids of Egypt are the sole remaining wonder of

2.22 Early Economic References

2.23 The First Travel Agents

2.24 Major Components of the Tourism and Travel Industry

(c) Tour and charter operators

2.25 Tour Operators

2.26 Types of Tour Operators

1. Inbound Tour Operators

2. Outbound Tour Operators

2.27 Functions of Tour Operator

2.28 Tourism Transport / Historic Transportation

2.30 Chronologies of Travel

CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT MIGRATIONS, EARLY

1951 – 1955 Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, an American, explores the Kalahari

CHRONOLOGY OF TRAVEL ARRANGERS, THEIR

1838 Stendhal, the pseudonym of Marie - Henri Beyle of France, writes

Exercise: Part A & B

36. Who are the Travel Agents? 2017 (5)

You might also like