New Approach in Time Domain For Evaluation of Electric and Magnetic Fields Near The Lightning Channel
New Approach in Time Domain For Evaluation of Electric and Magnetic Fields Near The Lightning Channel
New Approach in Time Domain For Evaluation of Electric and Magnetic Fields Near The Lightning Channel
Centre of Excellence on Lightning Protection (CELP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MALAYSIA.
email: [email protected] and [email protected]
1013-1
4
x 10
2
case A
1.8 case B
1.6
1.4
re tu rn s tro k e c u rre n t(A )
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t(s) -5
x 10
where χ (6)
β
v is the lightning return stroke wave-front velocity,
z' is the vertical space variable,
is the decay constant which allows the current to reduce A1 βct z (7)
χ
its amplitude with height.
A2 βct z (8)
χ
3 EVALUATION OF ELECTRIC AND
MAGNETIC FIELDS
z′ H βχ βz ct A1 (9)
In this study, dipole method is used for evaluation of z" H βχ βz ct A2 (10)
magnetic fields. This method is presented by equations
(4) to (10) [4, 10-12] while geometry of the problem is On the other hand, according to Maxwell’s equations the
exhibited in Fig. 2. Note that, estimation of electric fields relation between electric field and magnetic field is
by realistic wave shape of current as in equation (1) is presented by equations (11) to (13) [2-3, 7].
very complex and therefore often the Fourier transfer is
used for evaluation of electric fields. E
H σE ε (11)
E Hφ
σE ε (12)
E Hφ
σE ε (13)
1013-2
E i ,j lim
µ
∞f s
ε
(21)
ε σ∆ ∆
E i ,j Hφ i ,j µ
ε σ∆ ε σ∆ ∆ f s g s (22)
ε
Hφn 12i 12,j−12 (14) µ µ
g s (23)
ε
σ ε
E i, j
So by converting into time domain, equation (19) can be
ε σ∆ ∆
E i, j r Hφ i ,j
ε σ∆ ε σ∆ ∆
written as per equation (24) [14].
12−ri−12Hφn 12i−12,j 12
E F r, y, t Hφ r, 0, τ S t τ dτ E P r, y, t
(15)
µ
Also, by replacing ε and σ to ε and 0, respectively in Hφ r, 0, t (24)
ε
equations (14) and (15) for perfect ground conductivity
case they can be expressed by equations (16) and (17)
[2]. S
∆ µ σ
σ σ σ
E i ,j E i ,j Hφ i ,j e ε I t I t dt (25)
ε ∆ ε ε ε ε
∆ Hφ r, 0, τ S t τ dτ ∑ h S (26)
E i, j E i, j r Hφ i
ε ∆
So
12,j 12−ri−12Hφn 12i−12,j 12 E F r, z, k∆t ∑ h S E P r, z, k∆t
µ
(17) Hφ r, 0, k∆t (27)
ε
For evaluation of horizontal electric fields in time domain By replacing equation (27) into equation (16), the
it is necessary that the equation (18) is converted to horizontal electric field equation for ground conductivity
Laplace domain which is presented by equation (19) to case is proposed by equation (28).
(23) [14].
E i ,j ∑ Hφ i ,0 S
E F r, z, s Hφ r, z 0, s . f s E r, z, s (19)
µ
ii 1k′ nHφii i 12,0 Sk′ 1−ii Erni 12,j
f s (20)
ε σ/
1013-3
∆
Hφ i ,j Hφ i ,j
ε ∆
µ µ
Hφ i ,0 Hφ i ,0 (28)
ε ε
-7
x 10
3
case A
case B
2.5
2
m a g n e tic flu x d e n s ity
1.5
90
Figure 3.The magnetic flux density for two observation case A
case B
points 80
70
v e rtic a l e le c tric fie ld (v /m )
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t(s) x 10
-5
1013-4
height and 100m in distance from lightning channel
(ε 10, σ 0.001
5000
4000
h o r iz o n ta l e le c t r ic fie ld ( v / m )
3000
2000
1000
0
Perfect ground counductivity
non-perfect ground counductivity
-1000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
t(s) x 10
-6
2500
Furthermore, with the capability to provide the direct
2000 solution in time domain, the processing time and memory
1500 consumption will greatly reduce.
1000
500 5 REFERENCES
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-500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 12, pp. 315-324, 1997.
t(s) x 10
-6
[2] C. Yang and B. Zhou, "Calculation methods of
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1013-5
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1013-6