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    API 571 2nd 2011 Unlocked - 051

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    nguyen
    Creep is the slow, continuous deformation of metals under stress at high temperatures below the yield stress, leading to damage over time and potential rupture. All metals and alloys are susceptible to creep damage above certain threshold temperatures. The rate of creep deformation depends on material properties, load, and temperature, with higher temperatures and stresses greatly reducing a component's lifetime. Components operating in high-temperature processes like fired heaters, furnaces, reactors and piping are especially at risk of creep damage.

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    API 571 2nd 2011 Unlocked - 051

    Uploaded by

    nguyen
    92 views1 page
    Creep is the slow, continuous deformation of metals under stress at high temperatures below the yield stress, leading to damage over time and potential rupture. All metals and alloys are susceptible to creep damage above certain threshold temperatures. The rate of creep deformation depends on material properties, load, and temperature, with higher temperatures and stresses greatly reducing a component's lifetime. Components operating in high-temperature processes like fired heaters, furnaces, reactors and piping are especially at risk of creep damage.

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    API 571 2nd 2011 Unlocked_051

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    Creep is the slow, continuous deformation of metals under stress at high temperatures below the yield stress, leading to damage over time and potential rupture. All metals and alloys are susceptible to creep damage above certain threshold temperatures. The rate of creep deformation depends on material properties, load, and temperature, with higher temperatures and stresses greatly reducing a component's lifetime. Components operating in high-temperature processes like fired heaters, furnaces, reactors and piping are especially at risk of creep damage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    92 views1 page

    API 571 2nd 2011 Unlocked - 051

    Uploaded by

    nguyen
    Creep is the slow, continuous deformation of metals under stress at high temperatures below the yield stress, leading to damage over time and potential rupture. All metals and alloys are susceptible to creep damage above certain threshold temperatures. The rate of creep deformation depends on material properties, load, and temperature, with higher temperatures and stresses greatly reducing a component's lifetime. Components operating in high-temperature processes like fired heaters, furnaces, reactors and piping are especially at risk of creep damage.

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    of 1

    4-32 API Recommended Practice 571

    _____________________________________________________________________________________________

    4.2.8 Creep and Stress Rupture

    4.2.8.1 Description of Damage


    a) At high temperatures, metal components can slowly and continuously deform under load below the
    yield stress. This time dependent deformation of stressed components is known as creep.
    b) Deformation leads to damage that may eventually lead to a rupture.

    4.2.8.2 Affected Materials


    All metals and alloys.

    4.2.8.3 Critical Factors


    a) The rate of creep deformation is a function of the material, load, and temperature. The rate of
    damage (strain rate) is sensitive to both load and temperature. Generally, an increase of about 25°F
    (12°C) or an increase of 15% on stress can cut the remaining life in half or more, depending on the
    alloy.
    b) Table 4-3 lists threshold temperatures above which creep damage is a concern. If the metal
    temperature exceeds these values, then creep damage and creep cracking can occur.
    c) The level of creep damage is a function of the material and the coincident temperature/stress level at
    which the creep deformation occurs.
    d) The life of metal components becomes nearly infinite at temperatures below the threshold limit
    (Table 4-3) even at the high stresses near a crack tip.
    e) The appearance of creep damage with little or no apparent deformation is often mistakenly referred
    to as creep embrittlement, but usually indicates that the material has low creep ductility.
    f) Low creep ductility is:
    1) More severe for higher tensile strength materials and welds.
    2) More prevalent at the lower temperatures in the creep range, or low stresses in the upper creep
    range.
    3) More likely in a coarse-grained material than a fine-grained material.
    4) Not evidenced by a deterioration of ambient temperature properties.
    5) Promoted by certain carbide types in some CrMo steels.
    g) Increased stress due to loss in thickness from corrosion will reduce time to failure.

    4.2.8.4 Affected Units or Equipment


    a) Creep damage is found in high temperature equipment operating above the creep range. Heater
    tubes in fired heaters are especially susceptible as well as tube supports, hangers and other furnace
    internals.
    b) Piping and equipment, such as hot-wall catalytic reforming reactors and furnace tubes, hydrogen
    reforming furnace tubes, hot wall FCC reactors, FCC main fractionator and regenerator internals all
    operate in or near the creep range.
    c) Low creep ductility failures have occurred in weld heat-affected zones (HAZ) at nozzles and other
    high stress areas on catalytic reformer reactors. Cracking has also been found at long seam welds in
    some high temperature piping and in reactors on catalytic reformers.
    d) Welds joining dissimilar materials (ferritic to austenitic welds) may suffer creep related damage at
    high temperatures due to differential thermal expansion stresses.

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