Mid term

Fall_2009_STA630_Research Methods (Session - 4) 

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( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

On which of the following, Scientific knowledge mostly relies?
► Identification of events
► Logical understanding
► Prior knowledge
► All of the given options

Question No: 2 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

What does an empiricist believe?
All the knowledge that we have of life after death can be used in research.
Knowledge in the form of ‘facts’ should be gained through sensory experience.
Research conducted within the British Empire was biased and unreliable.
Research should not always necessarily rely on the scientific methods.

How do we actually know the things we know? People told us some of them, we read
about some of them and others we saw, or felt for ourselves. This is at the heart of
empiricism - we acquire knowledge through our sensory perceptions. It follows that the
empiricist approach to research is to gather information through observation of the 'real'
world and let theory emerge as a kind of conclusion. We should not start out with a
theory, an empiricist might say, and find facts which seem to suit. Now, although this
discussion might seem a bit too philosophical for some and consequently, a bit esoteric,
most social research depends on 'empirical' data. What this means is that most research
studies include quite a bit of primary data gathering and are not just limited to musing
about what others have said.
Question No: 3 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
All of the following are true about theories, except:
They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic.
They are tentative until the facts prove them true.
They provide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.
They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction.

Question No: 4 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements it TRUE for operational definition?
It is one that bears no relation to the underlying concept. 
It is an abstract, theoretical definition of a concept
A definition of a concept in terms of specific and empirical measures. 
It is one that refers to opera singers and their work.

Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements is false about variables?
Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of
measurement.
Discrete variables can only have whole number values.
Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.
Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number values.

Question No: 6 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:
Discontinuous variable
Dependent variable
Independent variable 
Intervening variable

Question No: 7 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable? 
Age
Annual income
Grade point average
Religion 

Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

‘There is no relationship between higher motivation level and higher efficiency’ is an
example of which type of hypothesis? 
Alternative
Correlational
Null 
Research

Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

“The higher the level of job satisfaction of the officers the lower the rate of turnover in an
organization”, is a:
Descriptive hypothesis
Relational hypothesis
Relational and directional hypothesis 
Relational and non directional hypothesis

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Question No: 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literature review: 
1. Constructing intertextual coherence, 2. Deconstruction of textual coherence,
3. Problematizing the situation, 4. Resolving discovered problems?
1 and 2 
2 and 3 
1 and 3 
2 and 4 

constructing inter-textual coherence (as synthesized, progressive, or non-coherence); an

attempt to find commonality in a range of expressed opinion; and problematizing the
situation, an attempt to reveal a gap in the literature of concept, method or perspective,
are ways to think about providing a review framework.

Question No: 11 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following refers to "A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an
area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of
review"?
Integrative review
Theoretical review
Self-study review
Historical review

Handoutes Page No.26

Question No: 12 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?
Context review
Integrated review
Methodological review
Theoretical review

Handoutes Page NO.37

Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following functions is performed by theoretical framework?
Elaborates the relationship among the variables.
Explains the logic underlying these relationships.
Describes the nature, and direction of the relationships. 
All of the given options.

Handoutes Page No.30

Question No: 14 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

When embarking upon a research project, which of the following issues should be
considered?
That the data from the study will be treated anonymously and confidentially.
Coherent research question, pilot work and confidentially.
Pilot work should be carried out to assess the practical issues and feasibility of the
research.
That the research should be based upon a coherent research question.

Question No: 15 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronic
research?
Privacy could be invaded.
People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
Debriefing could be avoided.
Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.

Logic:Rest of the 3 are the main  problems occur in electronic research

Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Mr. Ali has decided to use the tests given at the end of each chapter of the textbook to
measure the achievement levels of the students in his study. Which of the following
BEST describes the end of chapter test?
Operationalized variable
Independent variable
Variable
Construct

Question No: 17 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which type of measurement scale describes the typical test scores that range from 0 to
100? 
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Mr. Hasan’s son has applied to a high school in Florida, but the application was denied
solely on his low score on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS). His son wants to attend
this school and contends his current grades and other standardized test scores speak well
to both his past work and future academic capability. Which of the following
characteristics of the ITBS is being questioned by this student? 
Construct validity
Content validity
Predictive validity
Concurrent validity

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is the appropriate way in which to view the reliability of
observational data?
Test-retest
Parallel forms
Internal consistency
Interobserver reliability

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Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following BEST describes an assessment that examines students' ability to
conduct a chemistry experiment in the lab? 
Performance assessment
Interest inventory
Aptitude
Standardized test

Question No: 21 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following functions is performed by the Odinal scale?
Categorize
Distance
Order
Unique origin

Handoutes Page No.53

Question No: 22 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement?
It implies the existence of an absolute zero value.
It measures larger or smaller scores on some underlying dimension.
It requires the mutual exclusivity of all cases.
It requires that exhaustiveness is applied to all observations.

Question No: 23 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT the implication of Ordinal scale?
Characteristics of nominal scale
Rank the object
Does not provide magnitude of object
Provide rate 

Question No: 24 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements is correct about validity and reliability?
When internal validity is high, external validity is low
When internal validity is high, there is no change in external validity
When internal validity is high, external validity is also high
All of the given options

Question No: 25 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of an experimental design? 
Maturation
Interaction of setting and treatment
Interaction effects of pre-testing
Reactive effects of experimental arrangements

Maturation is the term given to the impact that natural changes in the participants may
have on the dependent variable. b, c and d are threats to the external validity of an
experimental research design.

Question No: 26 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements relates to concurrent validity? 
The measure apparently reflects the content of the concept in question. 
A criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ. 
A future criterion is employed on which cases are known to differ.
A measure is gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept developed through
other methods.

An example of concurrent validity is the use of the criterion of absenteeism to measure

job satisfaction.

Question No: 27 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

A measure has high internal consistency reliability when:
Multiple observers make the same ratings using the measure.
Participants score at the high end of the scale every time they complete the measure.
Multiple observers obtain the same score every time they use the measure.
Each of the items correlates with other items on the measure.

This form of reliability is used to judge the consistency of results across items on the
same test. Essentially, you are comparing test items that measure the same construct to
determine the tests internal consistency. When you see a question that seems very similar
to another test question, it may indicate that the two questions are being used to gauge
reliability. Because the two questions are similar and designed to measure the same thing,
the test taker should answer both questions the same, which would indicate that the test
has internal consistency.

Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied
to this statement?

º The type of data collected.

º The data-collection technique.
º The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
º All of the given options.

Question No: 29 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statement refers to cross-sectional design?
► A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time 
► The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time 
► One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
► A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes

Question No: 30 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is a legitimate purpose of a research plan?
► It forces you to think through every aspect of a study.
► It provides detailed procedures to guide the conduct of the study.
► It provides clear roadmap of the study.
► Writing a plan facilitates the evaluation of it.

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Question No: 31 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
A study design in which the researcher might create_______ to establish cause-and-effect
relationship is called Experimental Design.
► An artificial setting, control some variables and manipulates the independent
variable
► A natural setting, control some variables and manipulates the dependent variables
► An artificial setting, control some variables and manipulates the dependent variable
► All of the given options

An experiment involves the creation of a contrived situation in order that the researcher
can manipulate one or more variables whilst controlling all of the others and measuring
the resultant effects

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following kinds of survey research gathers data through questionnaires
administered once to the sample?
► Longitudinal, observation
► Cross-sectional, observation
► Longitudinal, self-report
► Cross-sectional, self-report

Answer Required

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT an example of a problem with using survey research to
investigate behaviour?
► Respondents tend to answer by giving the most socially desirable answer.
► Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.
► Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening question. 
► Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they believe they are
likely to be identified. 

An advantage of social survey research is that the researcher can ensure that the
anonymity of the respondent is maintained by administering the same questions to each
individual.

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following statements might assist response rates?
► Please photocopy the questionnaire five times and pass on to your work colleagues.
► Please make sure that the questionnaire is completed with a fountain pen. 
► Please read the attached journal article on the ontological foundations of positivism
prior to completing the questionnaire. 
► Please put the completed questionnaire in the enclosed stamped addressed
envelope and place in the mail out tray. 

Enclosing a stamped addressed envelope is very important if the researcher wishes to

achieve an acceptable response rate.

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is NOT a source of literature review?
► Scholarly Books
► Dissertations
► Policy Reports and Presented Papers
► Story book

Question No: 36 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The most critical area of an article to read is;
► Introduction
► Abstract
► Results section
► Limitations

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

The Introduction section of the research plan; 
► Gives an overview of prior relevant studies. 
► Contains a statement of the purpose of the study. 
► Relates previous studies, denote purpose and research questions.
► Concludes with a statement of the research questions and, for quantitative research, it
includes the research hypothesis. 

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Time consumed in mall intercept interview is representing which of the following type?

► High
► Moderate
► Low
► Nill

Question No: 39 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is True for survey research?
► Survey research is a subset of experimental research.
► Survey research is often used in experimental research.
► Survey research is never used in experimental research.
► Survey research is always used in experimental research.

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one

Which of the following is to convince reviewers that the researcher is capable of
successfully conducting the proposed research project?
► Literature review
► Research question
► Research proposal
► Research project
Question No: 41 ( Marks: 10 ) 
What are various type of variables that can be identified during research. Explain with
suitable example.