Question List

1. What is research problem? How does a research problem differ from a non-research
problem? Illustrate with examples.
2.A problem will be regarded as research problem when three condition exists-what are
these? Explicate.
3.What are the major considerations in justifying a problem?
4.What are the components that need to address while writing a research problem?
5. Sampling error vs non-sampling error

6. What is research question? Explain the concept of

how question; with relevant examples
7. What is research objective? What are its different types?
8. How to write research objective in research report?
9. What are the action verbs that usually being used in writing research
objective? Also mention some action verb that should not be used in
objective of research.
10. Does it always necessary to have research hypothesis in study? What
are the different forms of research hypothesis?

11. Explain the following terms:

population
sample
sampling unit
target population
12. What is sample design? What are the desirable qualities of a good sample design?
13. Distinguish between probability and non-probability sampling
14. What are the pitfalls of non-probability sampling? State the pros and cons of
probability and non-probability sampling.
15. How to determine the sample size for a finite population?
16. What are the factors that influence in determining the sample size for a study?
17. What is PPS sampling? Mention the likely situations where the PPS sampling could
provide good representation of population.

18. How to write hypothesis in a report.

19.Why literature review is important for conducting a successful study?
20. What are the common sources of literatures for review?
21. How does literature review helps the researchers to way forward the study?
22. To write a good review of literature, what are the components need to address and
how to organize those?
23. How to read a research paper effectively to bring out the information for writing the
review?
24. Mention the process of writing references inside the report for;
single author
double author
more that two author
25. What are the common styles of writing references? Mention the process of writing
reference for
book
journal article
26. What are the commonly used tools for writing references?

27. What is data? While planning for data collection, what are the basic questions we
need to address?
28. Distinguish between primary and secondary data. Discuss the main sources of
primary and secondary data
29. What are the strategies to be followed in motivating a respondent for truthful answers?
30. Enumerate the guidelines that lead to successful interview.
31. What are the different method of collecting quantitative and qualitative data?
32. What is personal interview? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of personal
interview.
33. What is FGD? How it is organized? Discuss its different phases starting from its
preparatory stage to report writing.
34. What is questionnaire?
35. Discuss the following types of questions with examples:
open-ended question
closed question
contingency question
matrix question
pre code and post code questions
36. What are the things need to remember while preparing a questionnaire
1. What is research problem? How does a research problem differ from a non-research
problem? Illustrate with examples.
Ans: A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved, a
difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in
practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
2. A problem will be regarded as research problem when three condition exists-what are
these? Explicate.
Ans: According to Fisher et al. (1993), a problem will qualify as a research problem if it exists
following three conditions;

• 1.There should be a perceived discrepancy between “what it is” and “what it should be”.
• 2.A question about “why” this discrepancy exists. This implies that the reason for the
discrepancy is unclear to the researcher
• 3.There should be at least two possible answers or solution to the questions or the
problems.

3. What are the major considerations in justifying a problem?

Ans:
Is it relevant?
Avoided duplication?
Is it feasible?
Has it political acceptability?
Is it applicable?
Are the data available and measurable?
Is it ethically acceptable?

4. What are the components that need to address while writing a research problem?
Ans: According to Islam (2015) , the following components must have a research problem;

• A brief description of socio-economic characteristics

• A brief description of the nature of the problem
• Size, distribution, severity
• An analysis of major factors that influence the problem
• An argument that available knowledge is insufficient to solve the problem
• Brief Description of past attempt and outcome thereof, and why further research is needed
• Type of information expected and how this will be used to solve the problem
5. Sampling Error and Non Sampling Error
6. What is research question? Explain the concept of a.what question b.why question and
c.how question; with relevant examples.
Ans: A research question is a specific inquiry which the research seeks to provide a response to.
It resides at the core of systematic investigation and it helps you to clearly define a path for the
research process.
(Why what how pai nai)

7. What is research objective? What are its different types?

Ans: Research objectives describe concisely what the research is trying to achieve. They
summarize the accomplishments a researcher wishes to achieve through the project and provides
direction to the study.
8. How to write research objective in research report?
Ans: guidelines that should be observed when developing research objectives :
1. They should be presented briefly and concisely
2. They should be presented in logical sequence
3. They should be realistic (e.g., achieved within the expected timeframe, achieved within the
available resources)
4. They should be phrased in operational terms (i.e., in a way that brings the organization
closer to its business objectives)
5. They should use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated or measured (e.g.,
assess, determine, compare, verify, calculate, describe).
6. They should be static once the study work begins (i.e., objectives should not be moving
targets)

9. What are the action verbs that usually being used in writing research objective? Also
mention some action verb that should not be used in objective of research.
Ans:
10. Does it always necessary to have research hypothesis in study? What are the different
forms of research hypothesis?
Ans:

Types of Hypothesis:
Simple Hypothesis
It shows a relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent variable. For
example – If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster. Here, eating more vegetables
is an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable.
Complex Hypothesis
It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more
independent variables. Eating more vegetables and fruits leads to weight loss, glowing skin,
reduces the risk of many diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure and some
cancers.
Directional Hypothesis
It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. The
relationship between the variables can also predict its nature. For example- children aged four
years eating proper food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than children not
having a proper meal. This shows the effect and direction of effect.
Non-directional Hypothesis
It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists between
two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.

Null Hypothesis
It provides the statement which is contrary to the hypothesis. It’s a negative statement, and
there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables. The symbol is denoted
by “HO”.

Associative and Causal Hypothesis

Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in
the other variable. Whereas , causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction
between two or more variables

11. Explain the following terms:

• Population: The population is the entire group of objects or individuals under study from
which the results are generalized.

• Sample: One or more sampling units selected from a population according to some
specified procedure are said to constitute a sample.

• sampling unit: The smallest unit (an element or a group of elements) from which sample
can be selected.

• target population: The target population for a survey is the entire set of units for which the
survey data are to be used to make inferences. Thus, the target population defines those
units for which the findings of the survey are meant to generalize.
12. What is sample design? What are the desirable qualities of a good sample design?
Ans: A sample design is the framework, or road map, that serves as the basis for the selection
of a survey sample and affects many other important aspects of a survey as well.
The following are the characteristic features of a good sample design:

1. The sample design should yield a truly representative sample;

2. The sample design should be such that it results in small sampling error;
3. The sample design should be viable in the context of budgetary constraints of the research
study;
4. The sample design should be such that the systematic bias can be controlled; and
5. The sample must be such that the results of the sample study would be applicable, in general,
to the universe at a reasonable level of confidence.
13. Distinguish between probability and non-probability sampling
14. State the pros and cons of probability and non-probability sampling.
Ans:
Pros and Cons of Probability Sampling:
There are four probability sampling methods. These are simple random sampling, stratified
sampling, systematic sampling and cluster sampling. Each method has its own pros and cons.

• Simple random sampling: In this method, samples are highly representative of the
population, but can be tedious and time consuming.
• Cluster sampling: This method is convenient and easy to use but may be ineffective if
members of the units are unique.
• Stratified sampling: Layers and subsections of the samples are highly representative of
layers and subsections of the population. This method, however, can be tedious and time
consuming.
• Systematic sampling: Samples drawn in this systematic manner are also highly
representative of the population. This method, however, is not exactly random, which limits
selection opportunity for some participants.
Pros and Cons of Non-probability Sampling:
There are four non-probability sampling methods. These are convenience sampling, purposive
sampling, referral sampling, quota sampling. Each method has its own pros and cons.

• Convenience sampling: This method is inexpensive, relatively easy and participants are
readily available. However, there is a high risk of under-representation and over-
representation of the population.
• Purposive sampling: With this method, it is relatively easier to make statistical
generalizations about the population. Which, unfortunately, makes it prone to selection
bias.
• Referral (snowball) sampling: This method makes hard-to-reach participants accessible,
but also runs a high risk of selection bias, making it difficult to make inferences on a
population.
• Quota sampling: This method is relatively fast, easy to administer, cost effective, and
considers population proportions. It can, however, result in an inaccurate representation
of the population due to selection bias.
15. How to determine the sample size for a finite population?
Ans:

( Math nai bujhar jonno disi na bujhle matha ghamais na)

16. What are the factors that influence in determining the sample size for a study?
Ans:
Qualitative Factors

• The importance of the decision

• The nature of the study
• Resource availability
Quantitative Factors

• Desire level of precision, termed as d

• desire confidence level of estimate , termed as z
• incidence rate, termed as p in proportion and in mean estimation

17. What is PPS sampling? Mention the likely situations where the PPS sampling could
provide good representation of population.
Ans:
A probability proportional to size sampling (PPS) procedure is a variation on multi-stage sampling
in which the probability of selecting a PSU is proportional to its size, and an equal number of
elements is sampled within each PSU. If one PSU has twice as large a population as another, it
is given twice the chance of being selected.
If the same number of persons is then selected from each of the selected PSU’s, the overall
probability of selection of any person will be the same. Exact PPS sampling of PSU’s thus
achieves complete control over sample size.
The PPS method of selection is useful when the PSU’s vary greatly in size.
The inherent difference between simple random sampling and PPS sampling is that in the former
method, the probability of drawing any specified unit at any given draw is the same. In contrast,
in the latter method, the probability differs from draw to draw. As a result, the theory of PPS
sampling is more complex than simple random sampling.
For example, if one sample had 20,000 members, the probability of a member being selected
would be 1/20000 or .005 percent. If another sample had 10,000 members, the chance of a
member being selected would be 1/10000 or .01 percent.
18. How to write hypothesis in a report.
Ans:
1. Research on the question(s) you asked
2. Create a hypothesis that gives the possible answer to the question(s) you formulated
3. Collect data and check your hypothesis
19. Why literature review is important for conducting a successful study?
Literature Review are essential for the facilitation and assistance in formulating a successful
study. It provides us with a diversified people’s perception and justifies the methodology and
findings in the ongoing study.(USE Example) Duplication of any kind can actually destroy the time
invested as it will not be acknowledged and will not create any value which directly hits the
fundamental notion of research. It helps us to set forward our hypothesis along with the conceptual
framework. The research gap and other limitation from prior studies gives us the scope to include
unique variables. It also provides a comparison of prior studies which help us in our work. In the
course of preparing the lit review, we have to go through a lot of articles which helps us to generate
a clear idea about the topic and also helps to synthesize the information. As matter of fact it
eventually equip us with quality and accepted information which remain as a catalyst for a
successful study. (SLIDE:5,6)
20. What are the common sources of literatures for review?
The common sources of lit reviews are
Primary Sources
 Unpublished research
 Company literature
Secondary Sources
 Published books
 Published articles
 Peer reviewed content
Tertiary Sources
 Encyclopedias
 Dictionaries
 Web-based portals
 21. How does literature review helps the researchers to way forward the study?
Literature review facilitate to
✓ avoid the duplication of work
✓ helps to know others people thinking
✓ help to justify the methodology and findings
Refer back to question 1 as well
22. To write a good review of literature, what are the components need to address and
how to organize those?
The components that are need to be addressed are:
compare and contrast different authors' views on an issue
group authors who draw similar conclusions
criticize aspects of methodology
note areas in which authors are in disagreement
highlight exemplary studies
highlight gaps in research
show how your study relates to previous studies
show how your study relates to the literature in general
conclude by summarizing what the literature says
After collecting and anlysing all the components, we can create a lit review by the following:
1. Collect the Relevant and Authentic Literatures
2. Write the Summary of each of the Research Paper
3. Rearrange the Summary
4. Add introductory and concluding sentences, paragraphs hooks and short transition
paragraphs to help the flow the idea
5. Overview the findings and make a conclusion
23. How to read a research paper effectively to bring out the information for writing the
review?
Following steps helps to read the research paper effectively
1. Read the Abstract
2. Identify the research problem and underling questions
3. Read the Introduction and Discussion / Conclusion
4. Read about the Method and Methodology
5. Read about the Results and Analysis
6. Review the References

24. Mention the process of writing references inside the report for;
a. single author
b. double author
c. more that two author

For Single Author

 Last part of the name of the Author and year of publication within the parenthesis
e.g. Shaikh Moniruzzaman published article in 2015 then it should be written as;
(Moniruzzaman , 2015) or Moniruzzaman (2015)
For Two Authors
 Last part of the names of both the Authors and year of publicatione.g. Shaikh
Moniruzzaman and Richard Goldberg published the article in 2016;
(Moniruzzaman and Goldberg, 2016)
For more than Two Authors
 Last part of the name of the first Author with et al. and year of publicaiton
e.g. Richard Goldberg, Shaikh Moniruzzaman, Alex C. Ruane, David C. Major
published the article in 2017; (Goldberg et al., 2017)
25. What are the common styles of writing references? Mention the process of writing
reference for
book
journal article
Refer to Slide 23-28 (Huge Mama)
26. What are the commonly used tools for writing references?
It can be done in Microsoft word by clicking the references tab. Apart from that one of the most
common platform is to use the end note which is popular among the researchers.
27.What is data? While planning for data collection, what are the basic questions we need
to address?
Data
Data are characteristics or information, usually numerical, that are collected through observation.
In a more technical sense, data are a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about
one or more persons or objects.
28. Distinguish between primary and secondary data. Discuss the main sources of primary
and secondary data

Primary source
Survey: Survey method is one of the primary sources of data which is used to collect
quantitative information about items in a population. Surveys are used in different areas for
collecting the data even in public and private sectors. A survey may be conducted in the field
by the researcher. The respondents are contacted by the research person personally,
telephonically or through mail. This method takes a lot of time, efforts and money but the
data collected are of high accuracy, current and relevant to the topic. When the questions are
administered by a researcher, the survey is called a structured interview or a
researcheradministered
survey.
Observations: Observation as one of the primary sources of data. Observation is a technique
for obtaining information involves measuring variables or gathering of data necessary for
measuring the variable under investigation. Observation is defined as accurate watching and
noting of phenomena as they occur in nature with regards to cause and effect relation.
Interview: Interviewing is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the
underlying reasons and motivations for people’s attitudes, preferences or behavior. Interviews
can be undertaken on a personal one-to-one basis or in a group.
Questionnaires: Questionnaire as one of the primary sources of data is an observational
technique which comprises series of items presented to a respondent in a written form, in
which the individual is expected to respond in writing. Here the respondents are given list of
written items which he responds to by ticking the one he considers appropriate.

While secondary sources means data collected by someone else earlier. Secondary
data are the data collected by a party not related to the research study but
collected these data for some other purpose and at different time in the past. If the researcher
uses these data then these become secondary data for the current users. Sources of secondary
data are government publications websites, books, journal articles, internal records.
29. What are the strategies to be followed in motivating a respondent for truthful
answers?

there are 5 tactics you can take to keep respondents happy:

1. Go online. How to get people to take a survey starts by making it accessible to them.
2. Keep your survey short. If respondents see that your questionnaire consists of multiple
pages, they’ll be more inclined to leave several questions unanswered.
3. Use survey incentives to motivate respondents to take your survey.
4. Be clear and direct. Respondents won’t know how to fill out a survey if they don’t
understand what’s being asked of them.
5. Follow up with respondents. If respondents don’t think that you read through their
feedback and took into account, the question of how to get people to take a survey will become
all the more challenging in the future.
30. Enumerate the guidelines that lead to successful interview
Ans:
1. Define a clear, attainable goal for your survey
2. Keep the more personal questions to the end.
3. Don’t let your survey get too long
4. Focus on using closed-ended questions
5. Consider including a survey incentive
6. Don’t ask leading questions
7. Keep your answer choices balanced.
8. Stay away from asking double-barreled questions
31. What are the different methods of collecting quantitative and qualitative data?

32. what is personal interview? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of personal
interview.
Personal Interviews:
Personal interviews are one of the most used types of interviews, where the questions are
asked personally directly to the respondent. For this, a researcher can have a guide online
surveys to take note of the answers. A researcher can design his/her survey in such a way that
they take notes of the comments or points of view that stands out from the interviewee.
Advantage:
• Higher response rate.
• When the interviewees and respondents are face-to-face, there is a way to adapt the
questions if this is not understood.
• More complete answers can be obtained if there is doubt on both sides or a particular
information is detected that is remarkable.
• The researcher has an opportunity to detect and analyze the interviewee’s body
language at the time of asking the questions and taking notes about it.
Disadvantages:

• They are time-consuming and extremely expensive.

• They can generate distrust on the part of the interviewee, since they may be self-
conscious and not answer truthfully.
• Contacting the interviewees can be a real headache, either scheduling an appointment
in workplaces or going from house to house and not finding anyone.
33. What is FGD? How it is organized? Discuss its different phases starting from its
preparatory stage to report writing.
Ans: sample design and data collection slide: 15-18
34. What is questionnaire?
Ans: A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions or other types
of prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent. A research questionnaire is
typically a mix of close-ended questions and open-ended questions. Open-ended, long-form
questions offer the respondent the ability to elaborate on their thoughts. Research
questionnaires were developed in 1838 by the Statistical Society of London.
35. Discuss the following types of questions with examples:

• open-ended question: Open-ended questions are ones that require more than one word
answers. The answers could come in the form of a list, a few sentences or something
longer such as a speech, paragraph or essay.
• closed question: A closed question is simply one that the participant can answer 'yes' or
'no' to. An open question requires far more detail, and invites the person responding to
provide information into how they feel and what they think about a subject. Or in
layman's terms – multiple choice
• contingency question: A question that is answered only if the respondent gives a
particular response to a previous question. This avoids asking questions of people that
do not apply to them (for example, asking men if they have ever been pregnant).
• matrix question: A matrix question is a group of multiple-choice questions displayed in a
grid of rows and columns. The rows present the questions to the respondents, and the
columns offer a set of predefined answer choices that apply to each question in the row.
Very often the answer choices are offered in a scale.
• pre code : The term precoded also refers to a type of question that is asked by
interviewers as though it is an open-ended question, but it has precoded responses that
interviewers are to use to match (code) respondents' answers rather than copy down the
verbatim given by the respondent.
36. What are the things need to remember while preparing a questionnaire