Final Print
Final Print
Final Print
Title:
electromagnetic network (or, more broadly any planets electrical system in its layer of gases).
(www.wikipedia.com). Experiments shown that there is always free electricity in the air and the
(www.greendiary.com). There are some phenomenon that as of today are considered a waste, a
hazard or just natural occurrence that balances the nature, however by intuition there must be a
vast energy that triggers it, that when utilized maybe made as another source of electrical power.
Scientist said that the cloud and the surface of the earth can be considered as the two
plates of the huge condenser, because of atmospheric electricity this condenser is slowly charge
up to a certain potential above ground. If the potential of the cloud above ground becomes high
enough a lightning flash will occur. A lightning flash therefore is the short circuit upon the
condenser formed by the cloud and the earth. It has been estimated that lightning strikes power
lines an average of 10 strokes per square mile of the United States every year (Tarboux,
1979).This property of the lightning that strikes conductors suspended above the ground have
been established in 18th century by Benjamin Franklin. It has been proved that charges are
induced in the conductors due to the charges present in the cloud through the principles of
electrostatics. When charges are induced in the conductors, and conductors assumes potential
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Researchers will attempt to investigate and observe if this energy can be capture upon
using assembly of copper plates subjected to exposure in the atmosphere. Knowing that
atmosphere is infinite storeroom of energy and supported by the knowledge of electrostatics, due
2.) Is there any significance on the voltage output (if there is any) in different time
2.3 Hypotheses
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2.4 Significance of the Study
The study of measuring voltage output from the conductor plates arranged as capacitor
atmospheric energy in Earth. Even if this project play in small scale voltage and power, in future
consideration this is a helpful idea in harnessing Earth’s atmospheric energy and use it as an
alternative source of power for larger scale purposes. The output of this study will prove that
laws and principles about electric field and capacitance are useful in capturing this form of
energy.
The study will focus on the way of capturing the atmospheric electricity using copper
plates, the factors that affects, and the laws and principles it obeys. Thus, it will limited on the
output that factors and arrangement will result such as voltage in response to the time setting
upon measuring. For the simplicity of the study, researchers consider only two assembly of
plates with different areas for data accumulation. In relation to the time of measure, outputs will
measured in 6 different time settings. Outputs are measured using digital multimeter and analyze
through statistical methods. This study will only show the possibility of generating voltage
across plates or not. The conduct of the study will be at Purok Upper London, Brgy. Bawing,
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2.7 Definition of Key Terms
electromagnetic network (or, more broadly any planets electrical system in its layer of gases).
by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a
static electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force
Electric charge -is a physical quantity of matter which causes it to experience a force
when near other electrically charged matter. Classically, electric charge comes in two types,
Electric field - surrounds electrically charged particles and time-varying magnetic fields.
Electrical insulation - the use of material is to resist the flow of electric current and
magnetism.
Electrostatics - is the branch of science that deals with the phenomena arising from
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Grounding- may be the reference point in an electrical circuit from which other voltages
are measured, or a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the
Earth.
occur when the electric field formed by the cloud and the ground become strong enough that
Parallel plate capacitor- the simplest capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates
Potential difference- in the case of static electric fields, the voltage between two points
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CHAPTER III
electrostatic induction. The charges developed on the conductor are called induced charges and
the charges present on the inducing body are called inducing charges.
Charges cannot be induced on insulators. But when an insulator is placed in an electric field, it
gets strained. A glass sheet may break, when it is placed in a suitable electric field.
The conductor contains free electrons. The charge on the body A repels the free electrons
in the conductor B. The free electrons drift slightly to the end C. These electrons cannot escape
from the conductor B. Thus an excess negative charge accumulates at the end C. At the end D,
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there is a deficiency of negative charge or an excess of positive charge. These excess charges are
The induced charges will remain on the surface of the conductor, as long as the rod is nearby. If
the rod is removed, the electrons move to the left and the initial neutral condition is attained.
Charges can be separated by induction. In Fig. 1.5 (a), A and B are two uncharged metal spheres
in contact, both kept on insulating stands. Bring a positively charged rod near one of the spheres
By electrostatic induction, the sphere B gets positively charged and A negatiyely charged.
In the presence of the charged rod, the spheres are separated. The induced charges attract each
other, as shown in Fig, 1.5 (d). If the spheres are separated by a great distance, the charges on A
and B get distributed uniformly over the surface, as shown in Fig. 1.5 (e).
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3.1.b Benjamin Franklin’s Work
The person behind the conservation of charge and identified them as positive and
negative is no other than, Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin’s experiment (June 1952) on
the kite with sharp pointed wire attract the electric charges easily. He attached a key to the end of
the kite string, near his holding hand, but held the kite with a silk ribbon also tied to the key for
insulation security reasons. A thin metal wire, connected also to the key, was inserted into a
Leyden jar, a container for storing electrical charges. Then, on a thunderstorm he let the kite fly.
The kite was struck by lightning and cloud sparks (electrical charges / static electricity) flew
through the wet kite and string to the key and inside the Leyden jar. After he noticed that loose
fibers of the string were bristling outward because the string was charged with static electricity,
he intentionally reached out his knuckle to touch the key and he felt an electrical shock.
Franklin's electrical experiments led to his invention of the lightning rod. He noted that
conductors with a sharp rather than a smooth point were capable of discharging silently, and at a
far greater distance. He surmised that this knowledge could be of use in protecting buildings
from lightning, by attaching upright rods of iron, made sharp and gilt to prevent rusting, and
from the foot of those rods a wire down to the outside of the Building into the Ground.
Following a series of experiments on Franklin's own house, lightning rods were installed on the
Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State
House in 1752.
This work is supported by laws and principle of electrostatics, especially all about charging. In
relation to this study, it obeys what stated and the actual happening in charging conductors
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3.2 Related Literature:
From Electric Power 1979 by J.J. Tarboux, the conductor of a transmission line located
directly under the cloud can be considered as a secondary plate of the condenser formed by the
cloud and the earth. If the potential of the cloud is slowly raised, it follows that the conductor on
the transmission line must also be charged to certain potential. The principle behind this charging
process is illustrated in figure 2 and 3, these charging by induction does not only happen in
transmission lines but on all conductors between the cloud and ground.
particles depends strongly on their size and on the density of the medium. The mobility of small
ions in the lower atmosphere corresponds to a (terminal) speed of about 1 cm/s in an electric
field of 100 V/m. Dust particles are slower by a few orders of magnitude, so that the electric
conductivity of air is practically that due to the small ions. In the stratosphere and mesosphere
(10 - 90 km) air becomes thinner and cosmic radiation intensifies so that the conductivity
increases exponentially with height: while the electric conductivity of air near the ground is of
the order of 20 fS/m (femtosiemens/metre), in the ionosphere it is already as high as that of the
ground. (In the ionosphere, the electric conductivity becomes also anisotropic: the geomagnetic
field has an increasing influence on the ion motion.) The thundercloud charge centres,
accumulating tens of coulombs of electricity, are discharged mainly by lightning: cloud flashes
(most abundant) cause mutual neutralization of the centres; the lower centre is also discharged to
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the ground - by negative ground flashes - and charges up the earth (the positive centre is
discharged similarly, but by a smaller amount). An excess charge will be left in the upper
positive centre, and it leaks by conduction to the surrounding air, about one ampere per
thunderstrom cell. Because of the exponentially increasing conductivity, most of this leak current
is guided to the ionosphere, where it is distributed over the globe and charges the upper
atmosphere to a potential of about 250-300 kV with respect to the ground. This "ionospheric
potential" maintains the so-called fair-weather current, whose density is about 2 pA/m 2
(picoamperes per square metre). According to Ohm's law, the fair-weather current density and
the electric conductivity are associated with a downward electric field, about 100 V/m near the
ground. The number of simultaneously active thunder cells ("thunderstorms") over the globe is
about 1000-2000, so the whole circuit carries a current of about 1000 amperes. Fair-weather
atmospheric electricity has been measured in Finland in the 1970's and 1980's.
One of the method in the electric field detection is by using field mill. According to
www.missioninstruments.com, this field mill is designed to determine the relative strength of the
electric field by comparing the level of the electric field on a known, stable, uncharged reference
object. The object used in a field mill is known as the sensor plate. When an uncharged sensor
plate is exposed to an electric field it becomes charged. The rate and level of this activity is what
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CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
Overview
parallel plate assembly, and whether the time condition it will be test will have a significant role
in the increase or decrease of the voltage generated. In order to achieve these research goals, the
researchers opted to measure and observe the conductors behaviour under the influence of the
electric field formed by the clouds and the ground. Specifically, there are two (2) prototypes will
be constructed, the first is for voltage measured in plate A and B, second is for voltage measure
in plate B and C this is made in order to differentiate the output in relation to the area subjected.
The Complete randomized experimental design of research will be used for this study.
This is best for this study because researchers are controlling variables and interpreting outputs.
The aim of this kind design is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present situation
to elucidate it. The complete randomized design is scientific and exact. It will best illustrate the
means of a value. This method will clearly describe the effect of the factor to the dependent
variable (voltage).
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4.2 Materials
Here are the materials that will be used in constructing the prototype.
Digital Multimeter
The device will be exposed in the atmosphere for several hours. Two ways to measure the
potential, first is across the smaller plate and the ground (for the first prototype) and the second is
by activating the disconnecting rod then measure the voltage across the upper and smaller plate
(second prototype). Researchers take note not to disturb the air between the small plates and
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Ready the
apparatus for
testing
High insulation
NO Reisolate
resistance?
YES
Is there any
deflection in the
voltmeter?
YES
Record data
Data will be measure during 7:00AM, 9:00AM, 11:00AM, 1:00PM, 3:00PM and 5PM
every weekend for 8 weeks from January 1, 2011 to February 26, 2011. Data from different
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prototypes will be gathered separately, since voltage every prototype will be measured in
different plates.
The Complete Randomized Design of experimental Technique will be used in this study.
M M M
Data from the prototype will undergo statistical treatment, the relationship of the
voltage output (dependent variable) and the time it will be measured (dependent variable) will be
observed. Data in every time (e.g. 7:00 AM) will have a mean and standard deviation test. These
values will then be compared and analyze to support or to reject our null hypotheses that the
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES
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Activities Time Frame
(Weeks)
1. Planning Stage
1.2 Brainstorming 1
Total: 4
2. Preparing Stage
Total: 4
Total: 8
15
4.2 Computation of results 1/2
Total: 1 1/2
5. Writing Stage
Total: 3 3/4
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6.5 Binding the Thesis 1/2
Total: 3 1/4
` Months
1. Planning Stage
1.2 Brainstorming
resources
5. Writing Stage
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5.1 Chapter 1 (The Problem and Its Background)
Recommendations)
Examiners
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:
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Maton Hopkins, “Exploring Physical Science” 3rd edition, chapter 19 pp. 484 – 491, Prentice
Hall.
Paul A. Tripler and Gene Mosca,“ Physics for Scientist and Engineers” 5th edition, chapter 23 pp.
736 – 737.
Giambattista, Richardson, and Richardson “College Physics” standard edition, chapter 17 pp.
610- 611, Mc Graw Hill.
Wilson and Buffa, “College Physics” 4th edition, chapter 15 pp. 482 – 489, Prentice Hall.
J.G. Tarboux, “Electric Power Equipment” 3rd edition, chapter 18 pp. 400 – 402, McGraw- Hill
Book Company
Internet Sources:
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
19
Name: William F. Floro
Spouse: None
Children: None
Honorata F. Floro
Educational Qualification
Honors/Awards Received
20
Regional Quiz Show Champion (2009)
Seminar on Leadership
21
Leadership Seminar (Sangguniang Kabataan Seminars)
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
22
Birth date: December 2, 1988
Spouse: None
Children: None
Educational Qualification
Experiences
23
Year employed: 2010(April- May)
Honors/Awards Received
24
Seminar on Philippine Electrical Code (PEC)
Seminar on Leadership
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
25
Birth date: August 4, 1988
Spouse: None
Children: None
Rosalina A. Pableo
Educational Qualification
Experiences
Honors/Awards Received
26
Honors: None
2007-2010: Paying
(Member)
Seminar on Leadership
27
Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers Convention (ADDU)
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Information
28
Birth date: March 13, 1985
Spouse: None
Children: None
Amelita P. Mojica
Educational Qualification
Experiences
Agency: SOCOTECO
Honors/Awards Received
29
Honors: None
2007-2010: Paying
(Member)
(Member)
Seminar on Leadership
30
Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers Convention (ADDU)
31