Unit I

RHYTHMIC ACTIVITIES

The basic of music and dance is rhythm. Rhythm

in dance is simply expressive movement made
with or without music. Most movements that
take place in Physical Education class contain
elements of rhythm and space concepts. Rhythm
can arouse a higher intensity of movements,
longer participation and interest, and possibly
increased enjoyment.
1 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002
When performing rhythmic activities, one should
move with good posture, keeping aimless and
excessive movements of body parts to a
minimum. Rhythmic activities also provide a
vehicle for expressive movements, which
eventually become an art from-dance.
 Lesson One

Movement and Rhythm

SET YOUR

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 Explain the vision, mission and core values of
the school
 Discuss and follow the rules and regulations of

Expand your Knowledge

The basic of music and dance is rhythm. Rhythm in dance is simply expressive
movement made with or without music. Most movements that take place in Physical Education
class contain elements of rhythm and space concepts. Rhythm can arouse a higher intensity of
2 movements, longer participation and interest, and possibly increased enjoyment.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002

When performing rhythmic activities, one should move with good posture, keeping
aimless and excessive movements of body parts to a minimum. Rhythmic activities also provide
a vehicle for expressive movements, which eventually become an art from-dance.

Concept of Movement
Movement as practically defined is a change of position in space. Whenever there is no
change of position, there is no movement. The most basic element of learning experience in
physical education is learning how to move. Movement is foundational structure portion of
physical education. Individuals improve their capacity to move simply by moving. Their need to
move makes their ability to move. The use of person’s body or any body parts is important in all
movements.

Movement Concept

They are ideas used to modify or enrich the range and effectiveness of skill employment.
They describe how the skill is to be performed. Movement concepts are employed to embellish,
enhance, or expand the quality of movements. Concepts modify skills.
 Movement Skills

They are fundamental movements that can be modified into specialized patterns. One
basic skills are learned to a certain degree of proficiency, they can be combined with other skills
used in more complex settings, such as those in sports, dance, games, and gymnastics.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Rhythm- is measured motion or flow, characterized regular recurrence of elements and

features as beats, sounds and accents.

Rhythmic movements or rhythms- when an individual moves in response to a particular

rhythm or music. It is a term which denotes an aspect of a quality of movement which is
sometimes thought of dance.

Dancing- this word means “to stretch. This is a means of expressing one’s emotions
through movement disciplined rhythm. It is an act of moving rhythmically and expressively to
an accompaniment. All dancing is made up of stretching and relaxing.

3 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002

 Lesson Two

Dance

SET YOUR

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 Explain the vision, mission and core values of
the school
 Discuss and follow the rules and regulations of

Expand your Knowledge

Dance is movement set to music where there emerge organization, structure and
pattern. The word Dance comes from the greek word “danson” which means to stretch. All
dancing is made up of stretching and relaxing. Thus, a simple analysis of term “sayaw” easily
4 lead one to say that it must have derived from the word “saya” whichPHYSICAL
means happy. If a happy
EDUCATION 002
person is in rhythmical movement, he/she show an outward expression of his feeling.

The present emphasis on the present preservation and revival of our culture makes it
imperative for us to study our folkdances as essential part of our Filipino soul and identity of
the Filipino character.
Today, we are aware that of all ages find the dance for pleasure. People dance for social
purpose.

MEANING OF DANCE

 Dance of many types is the physical expression of rhythm and music

 It is a pure expression of the dancer’s thoughts and feelings
 It is the union of movement, rhythm and arts of life
 It is the union of minds and body expressing the intangible through the medium of time
and space.
 It is man’s primitive and natural way of self-expression.
 Phases of Dance
Folk Dance

The traditional dance of an indigenous society that depicts the cultural characteristics of
a specific people of a given time and place.
Folk dance deals with the usual traditions of the past by which a multitude of national
characteristic in music steps, and costumes are preserved.

Ethnic Dance

These dances reflect the peculiar characteristics of specific tribes especially their
cultural, racial, religious and traditional similarities. Although the movement patterns are not
specific this dance is seldom classified as folkdance.

National Dance

This refers to the folk dance found most widely done in specific country. Some examples
are England’s Virginia Reel, Italy’s Tarantella, Scotland’s Highland Fling, or Philippine Tinikling
and Carinosa.

Natural Dance

5 PHYSICAL
This refers to a type of dance which make use of the basic EDUCATION
locomotor and 002
axial
movements.

Creative Dance

The highest form of dance for the purpose of entertainment. It is the end product of
exploration and improvisation of movements as the dancer and choreographer expresses
feelings or emotions, ideas and interpretations. It has a defined form, beginning and ending.

Gymnastic Dance

This form of dance appears to the more skillful performers especially the boys, because
of the stunt elements present. Interest is maintained by vigorous movements. Participants
experience tremendous satisfaction.

Social/Ballroom Dance

This includes the wholesome and artistic form of dancing used for recreation purposes.
Fundamental steps are given as preparation for ballroom dancing.
Examples of social dance and ballroom dance are cha-cha-cha, foxtrot, waltz, and
pazodoble.
 Modern Dance

This is a deviation from the traditional ballet by young American dancers like Isadora
Duncan who gradually introduced whole technique of dance movement based on ideas that
such movements begin at the center of the body and follow sequentially out to the limbs. This
is a contrast to the classical and traditional ballet.

Recreational Dance

This includes dance mixers, square and round or couple. Many of these dances have
simple dance patterns based on combinations of walking steps.

Singing Dance

Valuable activities depict the early years of the life of a child. The dance step requires
simple technique skills but give a lot of training in developing the sense of rhythm. They
combine movement and singing done in rhythm.

Lesson Three

Philippine Folk Dance

6 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002
SET YOUR

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 Explain the vision, mission and core values of
the school
 Discuss and follow the rules and regulations of

Expand your Knowledge

FOLK DANCE DEFINITIONS

 The traditional recreational dance of an indigenous society showing the cultural

characteristics of a specific people at a given time and place.
 Traditional, social expression through movements with rhythmic accompaniment which
are characteristics of the community life of the people of different nationalities.
 The vivid intimate bond of customs, ideals, and traditions of the past through which a
multitude of national characteristics in music, steps, and costumes are preserved.
  A dance developed spontaneously and naturally by a specific folk, usually handed down
from generation to generation and following a fixed basic pattern.

Origin
ORIGIN OF DANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES ACCORDING TO FILIPINO LEGEND

According to Philippine legend, the first man and the first woman went up to the hill to
make their first home. They begot many children and later became the ancestors of diverse
tribes.

Several beliefs influenced their way of life. When death struck, when lightning flashed in
the sky, and when thunder rumbled, the tribe were struck with fear. They thought that the gods
were hungry. To place their deities, they offered sacrificial rites by way of fire and smoke in the
belief that smoke from fires they kindled carried their invocation heavenwards.

When illness and pestilence befell the tribes, the people wailed and chanted and danced
long into night, so that the evil spell might be broken. When the earth caked from drought, they
performed dance of propitiation so that the divine entities might take pity on them and send
rain to their parched fields. And when the rains came and drenched the soil to assure a
bountiful harvest, these children of the gods danced in the moonlight in joy and thanksgiving.
In the acts of imploring, conciliating and giving thanks to the gods, the people these islands
created to live forever in themselves, in their children and their children’s children.
7 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002
ETHNIC DANCES

The ethnic dances of the Philippines are classified into two major categories:
 The dances of the Non-Christian Filipinos.
a) Dances of the Traditionalists or “pagan” groups
b) Dances of Muslim Groups
 The dances of the Christian and Lowland Filipinos or Western-influenced.
a) Dances are savage, vigorous and mimetic in character.
b) Some are light-hearted and mimetic.
c) Some are performed without music or melodic accompaniment.

Primitive indigenous, or ethnic are the dances of the traditional groups. They require
such abilities as agility, nimbleness, and stamina.

 Dances of the Aetas or Negritos

 They are focused on the feet.
 The arm movement are simple and free.
 Musical instruments include bamboo and wooden sticks, clappers, shields and
native lutes (kudyapi, kettle drums, mass metal drums, bronze gongs).
 Dances are:
1. Rituals
2. Flirtation
3. Courtship
 4. Game dances
5. Animal dances
6. Duel or war dances
 Dances of the Muslims
 Have cultural influences from Hindu, Japanese, Chinese and Arab-Persian
civilizations.
 Are oriental, exotic, and stylized
 The musical instruments are agongs, kulintangan, bamboo xylophones and
drums

The Philippine Dance

Dance in the Philippines influences the diversity of our cultural beginnings and the
drama of our everyday lives. It blends the exotic customs and cultures of many coutries and
races-Indonesians, Malay, Chinese, indian, Spanish and American.

The Philippine archipelago was inhabited by three different racial groups even before
the coming of Magellan in 1521. They were the Pygmies, the Indonesians, and the Malays. The
Negritos and Proto-Malays were the descendant of the Pygmies. Dancing among the Negritos
was mostly pantomimic performed to depict the events of daily chores.

Filipinos possess natural grace, an inborn love for music and dance. Dancing is
considered a religious activity for them. They dance at many occasions-birth, love, courtship,
8 PHYSICAL
thanksgiving, wedding war, victory, marriage, planting and harvesting, EDUCATION
prosperous 002
voyage,
recovery from sickness and to heal the sick.

In places where life is easy, the dances are gay and frolicsome. Dances in places where
life is hard are sad, slow and even mournful.

Filipinos are also lovers of rituals as shown in ceremonial dances during town fiestas,
Christmas, Easter, Ash Wednesday. There are dances performed by the priests and priestesses
in the thanksgiving for a plentiful harvest, a victorious battle, a prosperous voyage or recovery
from sickness, to drive away evil spirits and invoking their gods and anitos.

THE PHILIPPINE FOLK DANCES ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:

1. Geographical Location

National Dances- traditional dances throughout the Philippines with a common basic
movement or pattern but with slight variations
Examples:
Carinosa Kuratsa Balitaw
Rigodon Pandango Surtido

Local or Regional Dances- dances found in certain localities or regions only

Examples:
Alcamfor (Leyte)
 Maglalatik (San Pablo, Laguna)
Basulto (Pampanga)
2. Nature of the Dance

Occupational Dances- dances that depicts actions, characteristics, occupations,

industries, and phases of human labor.
Examples:
Rice Festivals- the largest number of dances
Pagtatanim Paggapas Paggiik
Paglulugas Paghangin Pagbabayo
Pabirik- depicts the different stages of gold panning.
Mananguete- tuba gatherer

Religious or Ceremonial Dances- performed in connection with religious vows,

practices, and ceremonies. A religious dance may be performed to drive away evil
spirits, ask for a favour to have child, give thanks for having recovered from sickness,
favors granted and vows fulfilled.
Examples:
Obando Dugso Sinurong

Courtship Dances- dances that depict love-making or the love theme.

Examples:
Rogelia Lulay Hele-HeleBagoQuiere
9 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002
Wedding Dances- performed by newly weds, by friends and relatives of the bride and
groom, or by the father of the bride and the mother of the groom.
Examples:
Pantomina (bride and groom)
Pandang-Pandang (bride and groom and friends or relatives of each side)
Soryano (dance by the parents of the future groom, the visit of the parents of
the bride)

Festival Dances- performed in connection with celebrations, a feast, a barrio fiesta,

good harvest and good fortune.
Examples:
Kuratsa La Jota Putong

War Dances- intended to show imaginary combat or duel with the use of fighting
implement like bolo, kris or spear.
Examples:
Inabaknon Sagayan

Comic Dances- dances with funny and humorous movements mainly intended for
entertainment.
Examples:
Makonggo (movements of a monkey)
Kinoton (movements of person bitten by ants)
 Game Dances- dances that have some pay elements and are for recreational purposes.
Examples:
Lubi-Lubi Gayong-Gayong Pabo
Social Daces- dances performed during social gathering.
Examples:
Rigodon Lanceros

GROUP CLASSIFICATION OF DANCES FOUND IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Dances of the Cordillera Group

BIBAKIIG – acronym for Bontocs, Ifugaos, Benguets, Apayao, Kalinga, Itneg, ilonggot,
and Gaddang.

PESHITS & KANYAO – occasions for the presentation of Cordillera dances.

Classification: ceremonial, courtship, war, festival; imitative in nature.

Some of the Dances

Takik – flirtation, love or wedding dance from Western Bontoc

Pattong – dances by one or two warriors
10 Dinuyya – from Lagaweifugao, it is a dance festival performed by men
PHYSICAL and women
EDUCATION 002
during a major feast.
Tarektek – among the Benguets, dance imitating the “woodpeckers”
Bendian – victory dance
Turayen – among the Apayaos, dance imitating a high flying bird.
Tadeck – a Kalingga word for dance
Ragragsakan – a work dance of Kalingga women where they carry baskets on their heads
or sometimes layered claypots.
Takiling – a victory dance performed after a head-hunting spree.

2. Dances of the Mindanao Groups

Dances have touches of Hindu, Javanese, Chinese, and Arab-Persian culture.

Some of the Dances

Kinakulangan – among Maranao, is danced with the use of beautifully decorated
umbrella.
Sagayan – is a war dance which dramatizes the hero-warrior prince.
Asik – is a doll dance for girls
SilongsaGanding – shows traces of Hindu-Vedic influence, where the five dancers
represent the sounds of the gandingan
Pang-alay – from Jolo Sulu, portrays the varied life activities of the people
Maglangka – is dance class of noble Samal women
Burongtalo – is a martial arts dance in the Langka tradition of Mindanao dances
 Pindulas – depicts the movements of the fish
Binanog – is a Manobo hawk dance

3. Spanish/European/Western Influenced Dances

The Westernization of Filipino culture brought changes in the style of dancing

among Filipinos.
Introduction of Pandango, Habanera, Jota, Valse, Mazurka, Paseo, Rigodon, Lanceros,
etc.

Some of the dances include:

Habanera Botolena is a dance of married couples in Botolan, Zambales

PandangoRincoada is a festival dance from the province of Bicol depicting the happy and
contented life of the people

4. Dances of the Countryside

If there were dances for the so-called “bourgoise” during the Spanish period,
there were also dances for the poor, farmers, and people in the rural areas.
Dances were light and more informal.
Frequently, the dances requires skills and character which depict their kind of
work.
11 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002
Some of the dances are:
Binasuan – is a dance that requires a balancing skill with glass of wine
Bati – is a dance performed during Easter Sunday
Gayong – gayong is a game dance
Binislakan – which means sticks, is a Pangasinan dance that bears the Chinese influence.

5. Dances of the Less-Known Groups

KadalBlelah – is a T’boli dance with mythical bindings imitative of the movements of the
birds.
Karasaguyon – is a courtship dance
Kadal Tajo – is a dance that depicts the movement of a bird in the middle of the forest.
 Lesson Four

Fundamental Positions of
Arms and Feet

SET YOUR

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 Explain the vision, mission and core values of
the school
 Discuss and follow the rules and regulations of

Expand your Knowledge

12 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002
Positions of Arms
 Positions of Feet

13 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002

Lesson Five

Dance Terms
 SET YOUR

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 Explain the vision, mission and core values of
the school
 Discuss and follow the rules and regulations of

Expand your Knowledge

DANCE TERMS

1. “Abrasete” – girl at the right side, holds R arm of partner with her L hand, free hands
down at the sides. This term is so Spanish origin and is used in Rigodon and other
dances.
2. Arms in Lateral Position – both arms are at one side, either sideward right or left. This
may be done at shoulder, chest, or waist level.
14 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002
3. Bilao – to turn palms of hands up and down alternately, hands at waist level in front
elbows close to waist.
4. Brush – weight on one foot, hit the floor with the ball or heel of the other foot (the free
foot) after which that foot is lifted from the floor to any direction.
5. “Cabeceras” – when dancers are in square formation, the couples occupying the width
of the hall are called “cabeceras” or head couples. This is of Spanish origin.
6. Clockwise – like the motion of the hands of the clock. R shoulder is toward the center of
an imaginary circle. When facing center, the movement is toward the left.
7. Counterclockwise – the reverse direction of clockwise. L shoulder is toward the center of
an imaginary circle. When facing center, the movement is toward the right.
8. “Costados” – when dancers are in square formation, the couples occupying the length of
the hall are called “costados” or side pairs. This is of Spanish origin.
9. Cut – to displace quickly one foot with the other, thus completely taking off the weight
of the body from the displaced foot.
10. Do-si-do (“Dos-A-Dos”) – the vis-à-vis (opposite) both advance forward, pass each
other’s right (or left) side, step across t the right (or left), move backward without
turning around pass each other’s left (or right) side to other places. This is of foreign
origin and is used in many Philippine dances.
11. Free Foot – the foot not bearing the weight of the body.
12. Free Hand – the hand not placed anywhere or not doing anything.
13. “Hapay” – to flourish or offer a handkerchief, hat or glass of wine to somebody as a sign
of invitation.
14. “Hayon-Hayon” – to place one forearm in front and the other at the back of the waist.
This is a Visayan term.
 15. Inside Foot – the foot nearest one partner, when partners stand side by side.
16. Inside Hand – the hand’s nearest one partner, when partners stand side by side
17. “Jaleo” – partners turn once around clockwise (with R elbows almost touching) or
counterclockwise (with L elbows almost touching) using walking or any kind of
dance step.
18. “Kumintang” – moving the hand from the wrist either in a clockwise or counterclockwise
direction. This is an Ilocano term.
19. “Masiwak” – to turn the hand from the wrist halfway clockwise, then raise and lower
20. Outside Foot – the foot away from one’s partner, when partners stand by side.
21. Outside Hand – the hand away from one’s partner, when partners stand side by side.
22. Pivot – to turn with the ball, heel or whole foot on a fixed place or point.
23. Polka – Spanish-introduced dance from Germany.
24. Rigodon – Spanish rigodon, a walk dance usually performed for opening important social
gatherings featuring the who’s who in town.
25. “Salok” – to swing the arm downward-upward passing in front of the body as if
scooping, the trunk is bent forward following the movement of the arm doing the
“salok”. This is a Tagalog term.
26. “Saludo” – partners bow to each other, to the audience, opposite dancers, or to the
neighbors with feet together. This term of Spanish origin and is used in almost all
Philippine dances.
27. “Saroc” – cross the R (or L) foot in front of the L (or R), bend the body slightly forward
and cross the hands (forearm) down in front with the R (or L) hand (forearm) over the L
(or R). This is a Visayan term.
15 28. Stamp – to bring down the feet forcibly and noisily on the floorPHYSICAL
(like doing a heavy step)
EDUCATION 002
with or without transfer of weight.
29. Supporting Foot – the foot that bears the weight of the body.
30. Valse – waltz, earlist Spanish-introduced step.

Lesson Six

Basic Dance Steps in the Common Time Signature

 SET YOUR

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 Explain the vision, mission and core values of
the school
 Discuss and follow the rules and regulations of

Expand your Knowledge

COMMON DANCE STEPS

STEPS COUNT NO. OF STEP PATTERN

MEASURE
A. 2/4 Time Signature 1,2 or 1 and 2 0 or 2 Heel-plae, close or spring and heel
1. Bleking step place (changing step)
2. Close step 1,2 or 1 and 2 1 Step, close
3. Touch step 1,2 or 1 and 2 1 Touch, close or spring and touch
16 4. Change step 1&2 1 Step, EDUCATION
PHYSICAL close, step 002
5. Polka series:
5.1 Plain polka 1&2 1 Step, close, step (pause)
5.2 Hop polka Ah, 1 & 2 & 1 Hop, step, close, step (pause)
5.3 heel and toe polka 1,2 1 & 2 & 2 Heel-place, toe-point
Step, close, step (pause)
5.4 slide polka 1 & 2, 1 & 2 & 2 Slide, close, slide, close; step close,
step (pause)
B. ¾ Time Signature
1. Native waltz 1, 2, 3 1 Step, close, step
2. Waltz balance 1, 2, 3 1 Step, close and raise, heels up and
down
3. Cross waltz 1, 2, 3 1 Cross-step, close, step
4. Brush step 1, 2, 3 1 Step, brush, close
5. Step swing hop 1, 2, 3 1 Step, swing, hop
6. Sway balance series:
6.1 with a point 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2 Step, cross, step, point
6.2 with a hop 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2 Step, cross, step, hop
6.3 with a raise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2 Step, cross, step, raise
6.4 with a brush 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2 Ste, cross, step, brush
6.5 with a close 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2 Step, cross, step, close
6.6 with a waltz 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2 Step, cross, step, close, step
6.7 double 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 4 Step,cross,step,point; cross-step,
step.point
 Prepared by:

Mam Vivian

17 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 002