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    Work and Heat

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    Jannine
    This document defines work and heat from both a mechanical and thermodynamic perspective. It discusses different types of work including work to stretch a wire, rotate a shaft, move against friction, cause current flow, and charge a capacitor. Power is defined as the rate of doing work. Several examples are provided to illustrate calculating work done by gases and on pistons in different scenarios using the relationship between work, pressure, and volume. Heat is defined as energy transferred due to a temperature difference. An adiabatic process with no heat transfer is also discussed.

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    Work and Heat

    Uploaded by

    Jannine
    49 views17 pages
    This document defines work and heat from both a mechanical and thermodynamic perspective. It discusses different types of work including work to stretch a wire, rotate a shaft, move against friction, cause current flow, and charge a capacitor. Power is defined as the rate of doing work. Several examples are provided to illustrate calculating work done by gases and on pistons in different scenarios using the relationship between work, pressure, and volume. Heat is defined as energy transferred due to a temperature difference. An adiabatic process with no heat transfer is also discussed.

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    This document defines work and heat from both a mechanical and thermodynamic perspective. It discusses different types of work including work to stretch a wire, rotate a shaft, move against friction, cause current flow, and charge a capacitor. Power is defined as the rate of doing work. Several examples are provided to illustrate calculating work done by gases and on pistons in different scenarios using the relationship between work, pressure, and volume. Heat is defined as energy transferred due to a temperature difference. An adiabatic process with no heat transfer is also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views17 pages

    Work and Heat

    Uploaded by

    Jannine
    This document defines work and heat from both a mechanical and thermodynamic perspective. It discusses different types of work including work to stretch a wire, rotate a shaft, move against friction, cause current flow, and charge a capacitor. Power is defined as the rate of doing work. Several examples are provided to illustrate calculating work done by gases and on pistons in different scenarios using the relationship between work, pressure, and volume. Heat is defined as energy transferred due to a temperature difference. An adiabatic process with no heat transfer is also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    Work and Heat

    Prepared by
    Engr. Joseph R. Ortenero
    Mapua Institute of Technology at Laguna
    Malayan Colleges at Laguna
    Work
    o Work is defined as the product of a force and the distance
    moved in the direction of the force. This is a mechanical
    definition of work.
    o Thermodynamically, work is defined as an interaction
    between a system and its surroundings, is done by a system if
    the sole external effect on the surroundings could be the
    raising of a weight.
    POWER
    The rate of doing work.
    Conversion factors:
    1 hp = 0.746 kW = 550 ft-lbf/s
    Work modes that occur in various engineering situations:
    o Work to stretch a wire
    o Work to rotate a shaft
    o Work to move against friction
    o Work to cause a current to flow through a resistor
    o Work to charge a capacitor
    W = -PA dl
    W = -P dV
    The work is the area under the P-V curve.

    The differential of a path function is an inexact differential


    while the differential of a point function is an exact
    differential.
    Example:
    2.2 kg of steam with a quality of 35% is heated at a constant
    pressure of 225 kPa until the temperature reaches 450C.
    Calculate the work done by the steam.

    Example:
    An 80-mm-diameter cylinder contains 160 cm3 of water at
    60C. A 60-kg piston sits on top of the water. If heat is added
    until the temperature is 180C find the work done.
    Example:
    Energy is added to a piston-cylinder arrangement, and the
    piston is withdrawn in such a way that the quantity PVk
    remains constant. K=1.4. The initial pressure and volume are
    250 kPa and 3.2 m3, respectively. If the final pressure is 10
    kPa, calculate the work done by the gas on the piston.
    Non-Equilibrium Work
     The area in a P-V diagram represents the work for a quasi-
    equilibrium process only. For non-equilibrium processes the
    work cannot be calculated using W=-PdV.

    *Two examples of a non-equilibrium work process.


    Example:
    A 150-kg mass drops 6.5 m, resulting in an increased volume in
    the cylinder of 0.012 m3. The weight and the piston maintain
    a constant gage pressure of 120 kPa. Determine the net work
    done by the gas on the surroundings. Neglect all friction.
    Other Work Modes
    WORK TRANSFERRED BY A ROTATING SHAFT
    the work results from the shearing forces due to shearing
    stress,τ , which varies linearly with the radius over the cross
    sectional area, moving with angular velocity, ω, as the shaft
    rotates.
    WORK TO STRETCH A LINEAR SPRING
    ELECTRICAL WORK
     The potential difference V across the battery terminals is the
    force that drives the charge q through the resistor during the
    time increment dt.
    Example:
    The drive shaft in an automobile delivers 140 N-m of torque as
    it rotates at 3250 rpm. Calculate the horsepower delivered.

    Example:
    The air in a circular cylinder is heated until the spring is
    compressed 70 mm. Find the work done by the air on the
    frictionless piston. The spring is initially unstretched.
    HEAT
    o Heat is the energy transferred across the boundary of a
    system due to a difference in temperature between the
    system and the surroundings of the system.
    *A system does not contain heat, it contains energy, and heat
    is energy in transit.

    Adiabatic Process
    a process in which there is zero heat transfer.
    *The burner illustrates heat being added to the system and the
    rotating shaft illustrates work being done on the system.
    END OF MODULE

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