PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering
and Technology
Department of Mechanical
Engineering

Report Name:
material science

Submitted by:
Students name ID number
anas rebhi yousef 201311108

Submitted to :
Dr. Hasan aldabbas

Definition
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of
matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering.
It includes elements of applied physics and chemistry, as well as
chemical, mechanical, civil and electrical engineering.

History
The material of choice of a given era is often a defining point. Phrases
such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Steel Age are historic, if
arbitrary examples. Originally deriving from the manufacture of
ceramics and its putative derivative metallurgy, materials science is one
of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science. Modern materials
science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved from
mining and (likely) ceramics and earlier from the use of fire. A major
breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th
century, when the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs demonstrated
that the thermodynamic properties related to atomic structure in various
phases are related to the physical properties of a material. Important
elements of modern materials science were products of the Space Race:
the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and
carbon materials, used in building space vehicles enabling the
exploration of space. Materials science has driven, and been driven by,
the development of revolutionary technologies such as rubbers, plastics,
semiconductors, and biomaterials.

Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many eventual
materials science departments were metallurgy or ceramics engineering
departments, reflecting the 19th and early 20th century emphasis on
metals and ceramics. The growth of materials science in the United
States was catalyzed in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency,
which funded a series of university-hosted laboratories in the early
1960s "to expand the national program of basic research and training in
the materials sciences."[6] The field has since broadened to include
every class of materials, including ceramics, polymers, semiconductors,
magnetic materials, biomaterials, and nanomaterials, generally classified
into three distinct groups: ceramics, metals, and polymers. The
prominent change in materials science during the recent decades is
active usage of computer simulations to find new materials, predict
properties, and understand phenomena.

Fundamentals
A material is defined as a substance (most often a solid, but other
condensed phases can be included) that is intended to be used for certain
applications.[7] There are a myriad of materials around us—they can be
found in anything from buildings to spacecraft. Materials can generally
be further divided into two classes: crystalline and non-crystalline. The
traditional examples of materials are metals, semiconductors, ceramics
and polymers.[8] New and advanced materials that are being developed
include nanomaterials, biomaterials,[9] and energy materials to name a
few.
The basis of materials science involves studying the structure of
materials, and relating them to their properties. Once a materials
scientist knows about this structure-property correlation, they can then
go on to study the relative performance of a material in a given
application. The major determinants of the structure of a material and
thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way
in which it has been processed into its final form. These characteristics,
taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics and
kinetics, govern a material's microstructure, and thus its properties.

Structure
As mentioned above, structure is one of the most important components
of the field of materials science. Materials science examines the
structure of materials from the atomic scale, all the way up to the macro
scale. Characterization is the way materials scientists examine the
structure of a material. This involves methods such as diffraction with
X-rays, electrons, or neutrons, and various forms of spectroscopy and
chemical analysis such as Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive
spectroscopy (EDS), chromatography, thermal analysis, electron
microscope analysis, etc. Structure is studied at various levels, as
detailed below.

Atomic structure
This deals with the atoms of the materials, and how they are arranged to
give molecules, crystals, etc. Much of the electrical, magnetic and
chemical properties of materials arise from this level of structure. The
length scales involved are in angstroms(Å). The chemical bonding and
atomic arrangement (crystallography) are fundamental to studying the
properties and behavior of any material.

Bonding
To obtain a full understanding of the material structure and how it relates
to its properties, the materials scientist must study how the different
atoms, ions and molecules are arranged and bonded to each other. This
involves the study and use of quantum chemistry or quantum physics.
Solid-state physics, solid-state chemistry and physical chemistry are also
involved in the study of bonding and structure.
Crystallography
Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms
in crystalline solids. Crystallography is a useful tool for materials
scientists. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of
atoms is often easy to see macroscopically, because the natural shapes of
crystals reflect the atomic structure. Further, physical properties are
often controlled by crystalline defects. The understanding of crystal
structures is an important prerequisite for understanding crystallographic
defects. Mostly, materials do not occur as a single crystal, but in
polycrystalline form, i.e., as an aggregate of small crystals with different
orientations. Because of this, the powder diffraction method, which uses
diffraction patterns of polycrystalline samples with a large number of
crystals, plays an important role in structural determination. Most
materials have a crystalline structure, but some important materials do
not exhibit regular crystal structure. Polymers display varying degrees of
crystallinity, and many are completely noncrystalline. Glass, some
ceramics, and many natural materials are amorphous, not possessing any
long-range order in their atomic arrangements. The study of polymers
combines elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give
thermodynamic and mechanical, descriptions of physical properties.

Properties
Mechanical properties, see Strength of materials
 Chemical properties, see Chemistry
Electrical properties, see Electricity
Thermal properties, see Thermodynamics
Optical properties, see Optics and Photonics
Magnetic properties, see Magnetism

Processing
processing involves the creation of a material with the desired micro-
nanostructure. From an engineering standpoint, a material cannot be
used in industry if no economical production method for it has been
developed. Thus, the processing of materials is vital to the field of
materials science.

In industry
casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin-film
deposition, sintering, glassblowing

Reference
Burns, G.; Glazer, A.M. (1990). Space Groups for Scientists and Engineers (2nd ed.). Boston: Academic

Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-145761-7.

Cullity, B.D. (1978). Elements of X-Ray Diffraction (2nd ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley

Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-534-55396-8.