Fall 2019

ECEN 460

Power System
Operation and Control

Dr. Won Jang

Announcement
Join the course webpage in Piazza
o Select the school (Texas A&M) and the course (ECEN 460)
o Or directly enroll: piazza.com/tamu/spring2020/ecen460

Attendance test on eCampus by 1 pm

ECEN 460 - Spring 2020 2

ECEN 460 Motivation:
A Vision for a Long-Term Sustainable Electric Future
In2000, the US National Academy of Engineering
(NAE) named Electrification as the greatest
engineering achievements of the 20th century
o Afterelectrification:
automobiles (2), airplanes (3),
water system (4), electronics (5)
o Electricity has changed the world!

For the 21th century, the winner

could be “Development of a
sustainable and resilient electric http://www.greatachievements.org/

infrastructure for the entire world”

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Simple Power System
Generation
o Source of power
o Ideally with a specified voltage and frequency

Load
o Consumes power
o Ideally with a constant resistive value

Transmission system
o Transmits power
o Ideally as a perfect conductor

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Electricity System Overview by DOE 2017 ECEN 460 - Spring 2020 5
Power System Examples
Electricutilities range from quite small, such as an island, to one
covering half the continent
Four major interconnected AC power systems in North American,
each operating at 60 Hz ac; 50 Hz is used in some other countries.
Microgrids can power smaller areas (like a campus) and can be
optionally connected to the main grid
Airplanes and Spaceships: reduction in weight is primary
consideration; frequency is 400 Hz.
And more: Ships, submarines, automobiles, battery operated
portable systems
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North America Interconnections
4 NA interconnections
8 NERC reliability regions

ECEN 460 - Spring 2020 Electricity System Overview by DOE7 2017

Electric Interconnections in Texas

Source: www.puc.texas.gov/industry/maps/maps/ERCOT.pdf

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Complications
No ideal voltage sources exist
Loads are seldom constant
Transmission system has resistance, inductance, capacitance and
flow limitations
Simple system has no redundancy so power system will not work if
any component fails

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Electric Systems in Energy Context
Class focuses on electric power systems, but we first need to put
the electric system in context of the total energy delivery system
Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation
• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into
another form of energy when used
About 40% of US energy is
transported in electric form
Concerns about need to reduce CO2
emissions and fossil fuel depletion are
becoming main drivers for change
in world energy infrastructure
Source: https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/assets/images/energy/us/Energy_US_2017.png
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Electric Systems in Energy Context
About 40% of our energy is consumed in the form of electricity, a
percentage that is gradually increasing. The vast majority on the non-
fossil fuel energy is electric! Biomass, 4.8 Wind, 1.9

Hydro, 2.5
In 2015 we got about 1.9% of Nuclear, 8.6

our energy from wind and 0.6% from solar Petroleum,

36.2
(PV and solar thermal), 0.2% from geothermal Natural Gas,
29

Coal, 16
Total of 97.5 Quad; 1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual), 1 Quad = 98
2015 US Energy Pie
billion kWh (used, taking into account Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, July 2016

efficiency)

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The World

Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2016

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Historical Perspective: Summary
Early 1900s saw increasing electricity usage and development of
large utilities companies
The 1970s were riddled with inflation and environmental concerns as
well as introduction of competition (to some extent)
Dramatic restructuring took place in 1990s/2000s, with many states
adopting competitive markets and “open access transmission” policy
Current efforts have been focused on smart and clean electricity

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History of Electric Power
Firstreal practical uses of electricity began with the telegraph
(1860's) and then arc lighting in the 1870’s
Early
1880’s – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc system in
Manhattan supplying 59 customers
1884 – Sprague produces practical dc motor
1885 – Invention of transformer
Mid 1880’s – Westinghouse/Tesla introduce rival ac system
Late 1880’s – Tesla invents ac induction motor
Chicago World’s fair in 1893 was key demonstration of electricity
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 The Current War

girouxelectric.com en.wikipedia.org

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History, cont’d
1893 – Three-phase transmission line at 2.3 kV
1896 – ac lines deliver electricity from hydro generation at Niagara
Falls to Buffalo, 20 miles away; also 30kV line in Germany
Early1900’s – Private utilities supply all customers in area (city);
recognized as a natural monopoly; states step in to begin regulation
By 1920’s – Large interstate holding companies control most
electricity systems

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History, cont’d
1935 – Congress passes Public Utility Holding Company Act
(PUHCA) to establish national regulation, breaking up large interstate
utilities (repealed 2005)
1935/6 – Rural Electrification Act brought electricity to rural areas
1930’s – Electric utilities established as vertical monopolies
Frequency standardized in the 1930’s

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Regulation and Large Utilities
Electric usage spread rapidly, particularly in urban areas. Samuel
Insull (originally Edison’s secretary, but later from Chicago) played a
major role in the development of large electric utilities and their
holding companies
o Insull was also instrumental in start of state regulation in 1890’s

Public Utilities Holding Company Act (PUHCA) of 1935

essentially broke up inter-state holding companies
o This
gave rise to electric utilities that only operated in one state
o PUHCA was repealed in 2005

Formost of the last century electric utilities operated as vertical

monopolies
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Vertical Monopolies
Within a particular geographic market, the
electric utility had an exclusive franchise
Generation
In return for this exclusive franchise, the utility
had the obligation to serve all existing and Transmission
future customers at rates determined jointly by
Distribution
utility and regulators
It was a “cost plus” business Customer Service

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Vertical Monopolies
Within its service territory each utility was the only game in town
Neighboring utilities functioned more as colleagues than competitors
Utilities
gradually interconnected their systems so by 1970
transmission lines crisscrossed North America, with voltages up to
765 kV
Economies of scale keep resulted in decreasing rates, so most every
one was happy

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History, cont’d -- 1970’s
1970’s brought inflation, increased fossil-fuel prices, calls for
conservation and growing environmental concerns
Increasing rates replaced decreasing ones
As a result, U.S. Congress passed Public Utilities Regulator Policies
Act (PURPA) in 1978, which mandated utilities must purchase power
from independent generators located in their service territory
(modified 2005)
PURPA introduced some competition

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History, cont’d – 1990’s & 2000’s
Major opening of industry to competition occurred as a result of
National Energy Policy Act of 1992
This act mandated that utilities provide “nondiscriminatory” access to
the high voltage transmission
Goal was to set up true competition in generation
Result over the last few years has been a dramatic restructuring of
electric utility industry (for better or worse!)
Energy Bill 2005 repealed PUHCA; modified PURPA

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Average Prices of Electricity

US EIA / Annual Energy Review 2011 Figure 8. 10

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Utility Restructuring
Driven by significant regional variations in electric rates
Goal of competition is to reduce rates through the introduction of
competition
Eventual goal is to allow consumers to choose their electricity supplier

Vertically integration Deregulation

Generation

Transmission

Distribution Distribution

Customer Service

utilities had an “obligation to serve”

“obligation to serve” is now a market function
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The Goal: Customer Choice
Electricity rates comparison in Champaign, IL

ECEN 460 - Spring 2020 https://www.ilenergyratings.com/electricity-rates 25

State Variation in Electric Rates

https://www.globalenergyinstitute.org/average-electricity-retail-prices-map
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Prices change with location …

*Source: www.midwestmarket.gov

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… and time

*Source: www.midwestmarket.gov

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Supply Demand Patterns
The BEFORE scenario The CURRENT scenario
MW thermal generation MW load

thermal
load
wind
time time

Additionalgeneration • Renewable generation

capacity maintained as patterns are harder to
reserves understand *Source: www.bpa.gov
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LOADS
 Can range in size from less than one watt to 10’s of MW
 Loads are usually aggregated for system analysis
 The aggregate load changes with time, with strong daily, weekly
and seasonal cycles
o Load variation is very location dependent

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Example: Daily Variation for CA

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Example: Weekly Variation

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Example: Annual System Load

25000

MW Load 20000

15000

10000

5000

0
1
518
1035
1552
2069
2586
3103
3620
4137
4654
5171
5688
6205
6722
7239
7756
8273
Hour of Year

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Load Duration Curve
A verycommon way of representing the annual load is to sort the
one hour values, from highest to lowest. This representation is
known as a “load duration curve.”
6000
5000
4000
DEMAND (MW)

3000
2000
1000
0

0 1000 HRS 7000 8760

Load duration curve tells how much generation is needed

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Monitoring is Crucial!
Large and complex hardware-software systems are used for real-
time operations and control
o Energy management system (EMS)
o Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

Frequency is closely monitored and maintained around 60 Hz

o Areacontrol error (ACE) is measure for frequency excursions as well as
deviations from scheduled interchanges – ideally, it should be zero
o Automatic generation control (AGC) implements PID control to keep ACE =
zero

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Operation and Control
Economics and reliability are the key drivers in power system
operations and control
Economics leads to large optimization problems for
o Resource scheduling via unit commitment
o Least-cost dispatch of available generation

Reliability
requirements typically entail no violations of physical limits
and voltages and frequencies within prescribed bounds
o Continuous monitoring
o Hierarchical control architecture

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Sequence of Operations
area
control
error

ON/OFF dispatch reference

decision signal set-point
unit economic automatic real-time
commit- dispatch: generation grid
ment: MIP SCOPF control dynamics

day- minutes- real-

ahead ahead time
forecast forecast data

days minutes seconds real-time

time scale for operations
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Frequency Regulation

Evolution of system frequency following loss of 2600 MW of generation

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The Result for California electricity crisis in 2000/2001

OFF

OFF

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August 14th, 2003 Blackout

Read the blackout report:

https://reports.energy.gov/

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The Smart Grid
The term “Smart Grid” dates officially to the 2007 “Energy
Independence and Security Act”, Title 13 (“Smart Grid”)
• Use of digital information and control techniques
• Dynamic grid optimization with cyber-security
• Deployment of distributed resources including
• Customer participation and smart appliances
• Integration of storage including PHEVs
• Development of interoperability standards

ECEN 460 - Spring 2020 41