Digital Transmission Via Carrier Modulation

Digital transmission via carrier
modulation
Digital modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying
In amplitude shift keying two binary values are represented by
two different amplitudes of the carrier frequency.
Commonly one of the amplitudes is zero and one is represented
by the presence of the carrier, on-off keying.
Acos(2πfct) ’1’
s(t)
0 ’0’
We know that this kind of modulation scheme has an error

probability of:
 Eb 
Pe = Q  
 2 N0 
Frequency Shift Keying
In a general frequency shift keying (FSK) system the signals are
defined by:
2 Es
s (t ) = cos(2π f i t ) i=1,2…….M
Ts
Where the distance between the frequencies is 1/2Ts Hz in order
to obtain orthogonality.
The number of frequencies is often chosen to be M=2K. Then,
every transmitted symbol corresponds to K data bits.
The symbol rate ,Rs , and the bit rate ,Rb ,are related by
Rs=Rb/K. The bit error probability for the general M-ary FSK with
coherent detection is given by: M  Eb log 2 M 
Pe = Q  
2  N0 
The power spectrum of M-ary FSK is complicated to
derive, for the case when M signal frequencies are
separated by 1/2Ts we can approximate the bandwidth
to:
Rb ( M + 3)
B=
2 log 2 M
Binary Phase Shift Keying
For a binary phase shift keying (BPSK) system, the phase of a
constant envelop is switched between two phase values
corresponding to binary symbols ‘0’ and ’1’ respectively. The
transmitted BPSK signal s0(t) and s1(t) are given by:
2 Eb
s0 (t ) = cos(2π f ct )
Tb
2 Eb 2 Eb
s1 (t ) = cos(2π f ct + π ) = − cos(2π f ct )
Tb Tb
The bit error probability of coherently detected BPSK is:

 2 Eb 
Pe = Q  
 N0 
BPSK is antipodal signaling.
The power spectral density of the baseband signal
can be expressed as:
2
 sin(2π fTb ) 
θ ( f ) = 2 Eb  
 (π fTb ) 
Q
o o
180 0
I
Detector
t rl
r(t) × ∫ dt Chose 1 if rl > 0 m(t)
o
Chose 0 if rl < 0
s0(t)
BPSK – BFSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
In quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) the phase of the carrier takes on one
of four equally spaced values such as 0, π/2, π, and 3π/2, where each value
of the phase corresponds to a unique pair of bits.
The QPSK signal may be written as:
2 Es  π
s(t ) = cos  2π f c t + (2i − 1)  where i=1,2,3,4. Observe that two bits
Ts  4 are transmitted in a single modulated
symbol.
Q π/2 (0,1)
2 Es
I π (1,1) 0 (0,0)
Es
3π/2 (1,0)
From the constellation diagram of the QPSK signal it can be seen
that the distance between adjacent point is √2Es. Since each
symbol corresponds to two bits, then Es=2Eb, thus the distance
between two neighboring points in the QPSK constellation is
equal to 2√Eb. Substituting this into the general definition of error
probability:
 di , j 
Pe ≤ ∑ Q  
 2 N 
j =1
j ≠ì
 0 
where di,j is Euclidean distance between ith and jth signal point in
the constellation gives an error probability for QSPK according to:
 2 Eb 
Pe = Q  
 N0 
The power spectral density of the QSPK baseband
signal can be expressed as:
2
 sin(2π fTs ) 
θ ( f ) = 4 Eb  
 (π fTs ) 
QPSK transmitter
QPSK receiver
M-ary Phase Shift Keying
In M-ary PSK, the carrier phase assigns one out of M
possible values, namely, θi = 2(i-1)π / M, where i = 1, 2
… M.
The number of phases are often chosen as M=2K. This
allows for the simultaneous transmission of K=log2M
bits.
The modulated signal can be written as:
2 Es  2π 
s(t ) = cos  2π f c t + (i − 1) 
Ts  M 
Where Es=EbK is the energy per symbol, and Ts=TbK
is the symbol period.
The signals points are equally
spaced on a circle with radius √Es.
From the geometry it is easy seen
that the distance between adjacent
symbols is equal to 2√Essin(π/M).
Hence, the average symbol error of
an M-ary PSK system is upper
bound by:
 2 Eb log 2 M  π 
Ps ≤ 2Q  sin   
 N 0  M 
The power spectral density of the M-ary PSK baseband
signal can be expressed as:
2
 sin(2π f log 2 M ) 
θ ( f ) = 2 Eb log 2 M  
 2π f log 2 M 

Digital Transmission Via Carrier Modulation

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Digital Transmission Via Carrier Modulation

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Digital transmission via carrier

We know that this kind of modulation scheme has an error

The bit error probability of coherently detected BPSK is:

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