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    CFSK and MSK

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    samgariyen2_84181027
    This document discusses two modulation techniques: 1) Continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) offers bandwidth efficiency like QPSK while decreasing the power spectral density faster than QPSK, reducing interference in nonlinear channels. CPFSK encodes information in frequency shifts while maintaining continuous phase. 2) Minimum shift keying (MSK) is a form of CPFSK where the minimum frequency separation between marks and spaces allows the signals to remain orthogonal over one bit interval. MSK can be interpreted as orthogonal QPSK with sinusoidal pulse weighting rather than rectangular pulses. MSK has the same probability of error and bandwidth efficiency as QPSK.

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    CFSK and MSK

    Uploaded by

    samgariyen2_84181027
    22 views3 pages
    This document discusses two modulation techniques: 1) Continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) offers bandwidth efficiency like QPSK while decreasing the power spectral density faster than QPSK, reducing interference in nonlinear channels. CPFSK encodes information in frequency shifts while maintaining continuous phase. 2) Minimum shift keying (MSK) is a form of CPFSK where the minimum frequency separation between marks and spaces allows the signals to remain orthogonal over one bit interval. MSK can be interpreted as orthogonal QPSK with sinusoidal pulse weighting rather than rectangular pulses. MSK has the same probability of error and bandwidth efficiency as QPSK.

    Original Description:

    FSK demod and modulation to go with MSK another version of FSK

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    This document discusses two modulation techniques: 1) Continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) offers bandwidth efficiency like QPSK while decreasing the power spectral density faster than QPSK, reducing interference in nonlinear channels. CPFSK encodes information in frequency shifts while maintaining continuous phase. 2) Minimum shift keying (MSK) is a form of CPFSK where the minimum frequency separation between marks and spaces allows the signals to remain orthogonal over one bit interval. MSK can be interpreted as orthogonal QPSK with sinusoidal pulse weighting rather than rectangular pulses. MSK has the same probability of error and bandwidth efficiency as QPSK.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views3 pages

    CFSK and MSK

    Uploaded by

    samgariyen2_84181027
    This document discusses two modulation techniques: 1) Continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) offers bandwidth efficiency like QPSK while decreasing the power spectral density faster than QPSK, reducing interference in nonlinear channels. CPFSK encodes information in frequency shifts while maintaining continuous phase. 2) Minimum shift keying (MSK) is a form of CPFSK where the minimum frequency separation between marks and spaces allows the signals to remain orthogonal over one bit interval. MSK can be interpreted as orthogonal QPSK with sinusoidal pulse weighting rather than rectangular pulses. MSK has the same probability of error and bandwidth efficiency as QPSK.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    CFSK and MSK

    QPSK signalling is efficient from a bandwidth efficiency perspective,


    achieving 2 bps per Hz of channel bandwidth. However, away from the carrier
    frequency the PSD falls off as ω−2 . This may not be fast enough, particularly
    in nonlinear channels.
    Continuous phase FSK (CPFSK) offers a solution to this problem without any
    compromise in efficiency. This type of modulation is based on FSK
    techniques, and a frequency shift is used to convey the information, but the
    phase is controlled to avoid any discontinuities in the signal. The PSD of
    CPFSK decreases as ω−4 away from the carrier frequency.
    A CPFSK signal takes the form

    φ(t) = A cos[ωc t + γ (t)],

    with the phase γ (t) a continuous function of time. Writing in terms of two
    frequencies ω1 and ω2 for marks and spaces we have

    φ(t) = A cos[ωc t ± 1ωt + γ (0)],

    with ωc = (ω1 + ω2 )/2 and 1ω = (ω1 − ω2 )/2. Thus on the interval


    0 < t ≤ Tb the phase is a linear function of time

    γ (t) = ±1ωt + γ (0).

    One form of minimum-shift keying (MSK) results if 1ω = π/2Tb . This is the


    minimum frequency spacing between ω1 and ω2 that allows the two FSK
    signals to be orthogonal to each other. This criterion means that the frequency
    separation between f 1 and f 2 must be such that there is a half cycle difference
    in one bit interval.
    Using this condition gives
    π
    γ (t) = ± t + γ (0), 0 < t ≤ Tb .
    2Tb

    1
    Choosing γ (0) = 0, the possible values of γ (t) for t > 0 can be shown as a
    phase trellis diagram. The phase at multiples of Tb can therefore only take on a
    discrete set of values. More specifically, over each bit interval the phase of the
    MSK waveform can only be advanced or retarded by exactly 90◦ — it ramps
    up by 90◦ when a 1 is transmitted, and down by 90◦ when a zero is transmitted.
    Let pk is a switching function taking on values of ±1 corresponding to the
    binary input data in the kth signalling interval. Additionally, let γk be the phase
    at the beginning of the kth interval — this is termed the excess phase. A
    recursive phase constraint can then be formulated, which has to be satisfied for
    the resulting waveform to be continuous:
    π
    γk = pk + γk−1 .
    2
    The MSK signal can be expressed as
     
    πt
    φMSK (t) = A cos ωc t + pk + γ k
    2Tb
         
    πt πt
    = A cos pk + γk cos ωc t − sin pk + γk sin ωc t .
    2Tb 2Tb
    In this last expression we have an in-phase and a quadrature component. Using
    trigonometric identities, this can be written as
     
    πt πt
    φMSK (t) = A cos γk cos cos ωc t − pk cos γk sin sin ωc t
    2Tb 2Tb
    = A[I (t) cos ωc t − Q(t) sin ωc t].

    In this form MSK can be interpreted as being composed of two quadrature data
    channels a I (t) and a Q (t) in an orthogonal QPSK signalling system
     
    πt πt
    φMSK (t) = A a I (t) cos cos ωc t − aq (t) cos γk sin sin ωc t .
    2Tb 2Tb
    However, in this case a sinusoidal pulse weighting, rather than a rectangular
    weighting, is used to represent the baseband pulses.

    2
    Because MSK signalling is essentially equivalent to orthogonal QPSK, the
    probability of error is the same. Additionally, the bandwidth efficiency is
    equal, namely 2 bps/Hz.

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