WIRELESS

COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY

A Case-Study Submitted for the requirement of

University of Mumbai

For the Practical work done during Semester-V

Digital Communication Laboratory

(Electronics Engineering)
by

Vaishnavi Bedre (17EE1110)

Suman Panigrahy (17EE2027)

Department of Electronics Engineering

Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology,
Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai
(Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
October 2018
 Abstract

Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of
electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in
television remote control) or long (thousands or millions of kilometers for radio
communications). Wireless communication is generally considered to be a branch of
telecommunications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable twoway
radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.
Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or
garage doors, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, satellite television and
cordless telephones.
Wireless operations permit services, such as long-range communications, that are
impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is commonly
used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications systems (e.g.
radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network
terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio frequency (RF), infrared light,
laser light, visible light, acoustic energy, etc.) to transfer information without the use of
wires. Information is transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.

2
List of Tables

6 3G Technology comparison ……………………………………………………………………8

List of Figures

3.1 Block diagram of wireless communication .......................................................... 4

3
 Contents

Abstract i

List of Tables ii

List of Figures iii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Problem 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Organization of Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Literature Survey 3

3 Details of technology 4

4 1G Technology and its features 5

4.1 Key features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.1 Disadvantages of 3gsystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6

5 2G Technology advancement’s 7

6 3G Technology 8

7 Conclusion 10

Bibliography 11

4
Chapter 1

Introduction
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and
delivered wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of
connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal
through wireless communication technologies and devices.

In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi opened the way for modern wireless communications by
transmitting the three-dot Morse code for the letter? S? over a distance of three
kilometers using electromagnetic waves. From this beginning, wireless communications
have developed into a key element of modern society. From satellite transmission, radio
and television broadcasting to the now ubiquitous mobile telephone, wireless
communications have revolutionized the way societies function.
Wireless communications and the economic goods and services that utilize it have some
special characteristics that have motivated specialized studies. First, wireless
communications rely on a scarce resource? namely, radio spectrum. Second, use of
spectrum for wireless communications required the development of key complementary
technologies; especially those that allowed higher frequencies to be utilized more
efficiently. Finally, because of its special nature, the efficient use of spectrum required
the coordinated development of standards. Those standards in turn played a critical role
in the diffusion of technologies that relied on spectrum use.

Wireless communication generally works through electromagnetic signals that are

broadcast by an enabled device within the air, physical environment or atmosphere. The
sending device can be a sender or an intermediate device with the ability to propagate
wireless signals. The communication between two devices occurs when the destination
or receiving intermediate device captures these signals, creating a wireless
communication bridge between the sender and receiver device. Wireless communication
has various forms, technology and delivery methods including:

● Satellite communication
● Mobile communication
● Wireless network communication
● Infrared communication
● Bluetooth communication

Although all of these communication technologies have different underlying

architecture, they all lack a physical or wired connection between their respective
devices to initiate and execute communication.

1.1 Problem Definition

5
 1.2 Problem 1
Wired technology is not portable. The units must be plugged into power outlets and
network ports in order to function. Moving units takes time, energy and, potentially,
information- technology personnel. These hard-wired requirements can make arranging
personnel, furniture and equipment difficult. Moves of equipment or employees may
require running additional network cabling, installing new electrical outlets and
reconfiguring network-port structures. Network configuration may limit the options for
employee and equipment placement.

1.2.1 Problem
Wired-technology products, such as desktop computers, take up more space than
equivalent wireless options. Wires, cables and multiple components require more
desktop space than their wireless counterparts. Office-furniture decisions and
employeespace allocation must account for the added space needs of wired computer
and technology products.

Wired units must have power to operate. Stormy weather, electrical problems or a
utility-wire cut can cause work to stop if the only options are wired-technology products.
Wireless units with batteries can continue to function for a period of time after being
disconnected from power. Work stoppage can hurt productivity and customer service.

Chapter 1
1.3 Organization of Report
Chapter 2 deals with literature survey of wireless technology. Chapter 3 contains
detailed working of wireless technology and its systems. In Chapter 4 1G Technology
is explained with nits advantages and features Chapter 5 explains the 2G network
system where as 3G system of network is disscussed in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7
concludes the work.

6
7
Chapter 2

Literature Survey
A number of wireless electrical signaling schemes including sending electric currents
through water and the ground using electrostatic and electromagnetic induction were
investigated for telegraphy in the late 19th century the source originates a message,
which could be a human voice, a television picture or data. The source is converted by an
input transducer into an electrical waveform referred to as the baseband signal or
message signal the transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission.
The transmitter generally consists of one or more of the following subsystems: a
preemphasizer, a sampler, a quantize, a coder and a modulator. The channel is a
medium through which the transmitter output is sent, which could be a wire, a coaxial
cable, an optical fiber, or a radio link, etc. Based on the channel type, modern
communication systems are divided into two categories: wireline communication
systems and wireless communication systems. The receiver reprocessed the signal
received from the channel by undoing the signal modifications made at the transmitter
and the channel. The task of the receiver is to extract the message from the distorted and
noisy signal at the channel output. The receiver may consist of a demodulator, a decoder,
a filter, and a deemphasizer.
Communication technologies have seen massive growth over the past few decades.
Though advanced features provided by contemporary 3G and 4G systems lead to
increased popularity among masses`, providing satisfactory services remain an issue
with user number and applications growing exponentially. Replacement approaches
have already been devised including the testing of fifth-generation systems which
promises to meet the ever-increasing demands of higher data rates with low latency and
uniform coverage with decreasing constraints related to power and quality of service.
 vi
i

Chapter 3

DETAILS OF TECHNOLOGY
Radio Transmission – Easily generated, Omni-directionally travel long distances, easily
penetrate buildings – Problems: Frequency-dependent • relative low bandwidth for data
communication • tightly licensed by the governments

Microwave Transmission – Widely used for long distance communication – Gives a high
S/N ratio, relatively inexpensive – Problems: don’t pass through buildings well • weather
and frequency-dependent

Infrared and Millimeter Waves – Widely used for short-range communication – Unable
to pass through solid objects – Used for indoor wireless LANs, not for outdoors.

Lightwave Transmission – Unguided optical signal, such as laser – Connect two LANs in
two buildings via laser mounted on their roof – Unidirectional, easy to install, don’t
require license – Problems: unable to penetrate rain or thick fog,
laser beam can be easily diverted by turbulent air
One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known
as a cellular phone, with more than 6.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide
as of the end of 2010.These wireless phones use radio waves from signal-transmission
towers to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide. They
can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used to house the equipment
required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.

Figure 3.1: block diagram of wireless communication

vi
ii

Chapter 4
1G TECHNOLOGY
1G refers to the first generation of wireless cellular technology (mobile
telecommunications). These are the analog telecommunications standards that were
introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital
telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile cellular systems (1G
and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G networks are
digital.
Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to
the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded
to digital signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150
MHz and up. The inherent advantages of digital technology over that of analog meant
that 2G networks eventually replaced them almost everywhere.
One such standard is Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), used in Nordic countries,
Switzerland, the Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include Advanced
Mobile Phone System (AMPS) used in North
America and Australia, TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United
Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom 2000 in
France, TMA in Spain, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were multiple systems. Three
standards, TZ-801, TZ-802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and
Telephone Corporation, while a competing system operated by Daini Denden Planning,
Inc. (DDI) used the Japan Total Access Communications System (JTACS) standard.

4.1 Key features

Frequency 800 MHz and 900 MHz
Bandwidth: 10 MHz (666 duplex channels with bandwidth of 30 KHz)
Technology: Analogue switching
Modulation: Frequency Modulation (FM)
Mode of service: voice only
Access technique: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

ix
Chapter 4
4.1.1 Disadvantages of 1G system
Poor voice quality due to interference
Poor battery life
Large sized mobile phones (not convenient to carry)
Less security (calls could be decoded using an FM demodulator)
Limited number of users and cell coverage
Roaming was not possible between similar systems

x
 Chapter 5

2G Technology Advancements
2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation cellular technology. 2G cellular networks
were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of
Elisa Oyj) in 1991.
Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that: phone
conversations were digitally encrypted. significantly more efficient use of the radio
frequency spectrum enabling more users per frequency band.
Data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
2G technologies enabled the various networks to provide the services such as text
messages, picture messages, and MMS (multimedia messages). All text messages sent
over 2G are digitally encrypted, allowing the transfer of data in such a way that only the
intended receiver can receive and read it.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile wireless network systems were retroactively
dubbed 1G. While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks
are digital. Both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to
the devices) to the rest of the mobile system.
With General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum transfer
speed of 40 kbit/s. With EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), there is a
theoretical maximum transfer speed of 384 kbit/s.

The most common 2G technology was the time division multiple access (TDMA)based
GSM, originally from Europe but used in most of the world outside North America. Over
60 GSM operators were also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band
(CDMA450) by 2010.

2.5G (GPRS)
2.5G ("second and a half generation is used to describe 2G-systems that have
implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It
doesn't necessarily provide faster service because bundling of timeslots is used for
circuit-switched data services as well.

xi
Chapter 5

Second generation wireless is a set of standards made for mobile telecommunication

which are maintained and described by the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU). This technology uses CODEC (compression-decompression) algorithms to
compress and multiplex voice data. Because of this technology, 2G can bundle more calls
per amount of bandwidth and it offers services like SMS and email. There is error
checking and voice quality can be improved by lowering the noise floor.

xi
i
 Chapter 6

3G Technology
3G, short for third generation, is the third generation of wireless mobile
telecommunications technology. It is the upgrade for 2G and 2.5G GPRS networks, for
faster data transfer speed. This is based on a set of standards used for mobile devices
and mobile telecommunications use services and networks that comply with the
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the
International Telecommunication Union. 3G finds application in wireless voice
telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile
TV.
3G telecommunication networks support services that provide an information transfer
rate of at least 144 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide
mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in
laptop computers. This ensures it can be applied to wireless voice telephony, mobile
Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV technologies.
3.5G
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of two mobile protocols, High
Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
(HSUPA), that extends and improves the performance of existing 3G mobile
telecommunication networks using the WCDMA protocols. A further improved 3GPP
standard, Evolved High Speed Packet Access (also known as HSPA+), was released late
in 2008 with subsequent worldwide adoption beginning in 2010. The newer standard
allows bit-rates to reach as high as 337 Mbit/s in the downlink and 34 Mbit/s in the
uplink. However, these speeds are rarely achieved in practice.

xi
ii
UMPTS EV-DO HSDPA
Peak data rate 2Mbps 3.1Mbps 4Mbps
Bandwidth 5MHz 1.5MHz 5MHz
Multiple access CDMA CDMA TDMA,CDMA
Duplex FDD FDD FDD
Mobility HIGH MEDIUM HIGH
Standardizations 3GPP 3.5GPP 4GPP
Coverage large large large

Table 6.1: 3G Technology comparison

xi
v

Chapter 7

Conclusion
In conclusion, wireless communications globally is something that people can expect as
technology advances. Wireless communications have a lot of benefits and can make the
world a lot more efficient. It does have concerns though as with every other new
advancement that is made in today’s world. The issues with security regarding access to
a person’s personal information or the negative impact that it may seem to have on
society are a few things that are holding back the progress that wireless technology could
be making. With more research and experiments conducted, the problems associated
with wireless communications can be reduced and make it a more significant part of the
world. Wireless technology will be very important in the near future where the need for
wires connecting individual devices seems to be coming to an end.
As the history of mobile communication shows, attempts have been made to reduce a
number of technologies to a single global standard Wireless device continue to change
rapidly while no one is quite sure what the ultimate wireless device(s) will be, there is
definitely a need to ensure that devices can function with one another. There is also the
need for a truly global wireless communication infrastructure with sufficient high
bandwidth to satisfy the need of wireless applications

x
v
Bibliography
[1] Chunxiao Jiang ; Haijun Zhang ; Yong Ren ; Zhu Han ; KwangCheng
Chen ; Lajos Hanzo Next-Generation Wireless Networks DOI:
10.1109/MWC.2016.1500356WC Date of Publication: 20 December
2016 Page no: 98 Okan Ozgonenel and Serap Karagol, “Transformer
differential protection using wavelet transform”, Electric Power
Systems Research, No. 114, pp. 60-67, 2014.
[2] IEEE 802.22: An Introduction to the First Wireless Standard based
on Cognitive Radios Carlos Cordeiro, Kiran Challapali, and
Dagnachew Birru Philips Research North America/Wireless
Communication and Networking Dept., Briarcliff Manor, USA
[3] Zhifeng Zhao; Xuan Zhou; Guoru Ding intelligent 5G: When Cellular
Networks Meet Artificial Intelligence IEEE
DOI: 10.1109/MWC.2017.1600304WC Date of Publication: 27 March
2017 Page(s): 175
[4] Jun Huang ; Yide Zhou ; Zhaolong Ning ; Hamid Gharavi Wireless
Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting: Current Status and Future
Prospects DOI: 10.1109/MWC.2019.1800378 Date of Publication: 15
May 2019 Page(s): 163 – 169
[5] Amitava Ghosh ; Rapeepat Ratasuk ; Bishwarup Mondal ; Nitin
Mangalvedhe ; Tim Thoma LTE-advanced: next-generation wireless
broadband technology DOI: 10.1109/MWC.2010.5490974 Date of
Publication: 24 June 2010
[6] Chiara Buratti ,Andrea Conti ,Davide Dardari andRoberto Verdone
An Overview on Wireless Sensor Networks Technology and Evolution
DOI: , 6869-6896;
[7] W. W. Lu, An Open Baseband Processing Architecture for Future
Mobile Terminals Design, IEEE Wireless Communications ,5G
Mobile Phone Concept, Consumer Communications and Networking
Conference, 6th IEEE [1-4244-2308-2], 2009

x
vi
Bibliography
[8] Mahmoud A. M. Albreem 5G wireless communication systems:
Vision and challenges DOI: 10.1109/I4CT.2015.7219627

x
vi
x
vi