2007 - Humor As Instructional Defibrillator
2007 - Humor As Instructional Defibrillator
2007 - Humor As Instructional Defibrillator
ARTICLES
In roduc ion
Sharon Buchbinder: Ron Berk retired last summer as professor emeritus
of biostatistics and measurement at The Johns Hopkins University after 30
years of teaching and research. He has won several teaching awards and
has served as assistant dean for teaching for five years.
Ron found that retired sports great Michael Jordan was right about re-
tirement. Ron says he has been able to spend a lot more time with Michael
Jordan’s family. (Laughter)
Ron’s publications and presentations now total over 365. According
to his bio, he says that all of this work reflects his lifelong commitment to
mediocrity, and his professional model is: “Go for the bronze!” (Laughter)
He has also published nine books, two of which are on humor: Professors are
from Mars; Students are from Snickers, and Humor as an Instructional Defibrillator.
In the last two years the Defib book has already sold more than 17 copies,
(Laughter) 10 of which were purchased by his mother who has cataracts.
Ron will be available at the AUPHA booth outside for a book signing
immediately after this keynote. His presentation in based on material from
both books. I’m not sure where Ron is right now, but I think he wants me
to show you this video.
[Video—EXTREME PROFESSOR MAKEOVER]
Please address correspondence to Ronald A. Berk, PhD, Professor, Biostatistics & Measurement,
Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins University, 10971 Swansfield Road, Columbia
MD 21044-2726, Phone: 410-730-9339, Email: [email protected].
98 The Journal of Health Administration Education Spring 2007
are done today, those of you in the low group and moderate group will have
some ideas that will raise you at least one category. You will not be on this
journey alone. I will be with you. For the next hour and a half I have four
words for you. [Music—“We Can Do It,” Nathan Lane, from The Producers]
This is a definition that was offered for what I do: “A statistician is
someone who doesn’t have the personality to be an accountant.” (Laughter)
I heard that accountants use it in exactly the reverse.
Definition of Teaching
Let’s talk about teaching. Basically it consists of two components. The
first is the content: what we teach. You are the experts in your respective
disciplines. That’s a given. That’s what we’re trained to know. The second
is the pedagogy: how we teach. The two biggest trends in the last decade
have been learner-centered teaching, on which more than a 1000 articles
and 119 studies were recently reviewed, and the use of technology, which
is increasing at an exponential rate.
We’re going to focus on the how. You know the what, so all we’re go-
ing to talk about today are hopefully some new ideas that you could take
back to your classroom.
So the trick is this: while teaching statistics, I tried to figure out how many
ways I could present material other than in quantitative form to keep ev-
erybody on the same page. It was possible to draw on verbal plus visual/
spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal or intrapersonal, which are your
emotional intelligences, and musical/rhythmic. The more intelligences
involved in learning, the greater the chances that everyone can succeed in
the classroom. That’s the concept, and that’s what I tried to do.
So what we’re going to do here is illustrate a lot of different forms of
humor with music and videos, as well as demonstrate how to create vi-
sual/spatial representations or demonstrations of statistics? If I can do it
with statistics content, there’s hope for all of you. That’s the challenge, and
we need to do that.
Now, that links directly with the students’ learning styles. They have
from three to seven different learning styles, which matches the strengths in
their intelligences. So if they are a kinesthetic, hands on, experiential-type
learner, that’s the type of learning style they have—they want to participate.
They don’t want to be spectators.
Here are other characteristics: technology savvy, and intuitive visual
communicators. They do not want textbook-based courses; they don’t want to
read. They are image-oriented. They crave interaction. They prefer to work
in teams using cooperative learning and collaborative learning techniques.
They learn through discovery, again, hands on, experiential learning. They
respond quickly and expect you to do the same. They can multi-task and
shift attention rapidly. And finally, they have the attention span of goat
cheese, which means that we cannot assume at any point that they’re paying
attention. They have so many other things going on in their lives.
But we missed something really important. Can anyone tell me the
meaning and significance of this number—525,600? What does this num-
ber mean?
Audience member: Number of minutes in a year.
Ron Berk: Number of minutes in a year, okay. Let’s take a look.
[Video with “Seasons of Love,” entire cast, from Rent]
Rent has been playing for more than a decade on Broadway. When the
movie version came out in 2005 in our area, the lines were very long, but,
interestingly, the people standing in those lines were high schoolers and
college students, not people who looked like us. That is the rock musical
of this generation of students.
My younger daughter told me that I need to see it so I will understand
her better, but she said: “Don’t let mommy see it.” This generation of stu-
dents thinks this is something new. We had Hair, which broke everything
Pattullo Lecture 101
wide open for many of us years ago. My wife and I went to Rent, and we
loved it. It was terrific.
But the notion of whether it’s Rent or something else, we need to get
into our students’ world. That is really important. If we don’t tap into their
world, we’re going to miss the connection, because this group is very dif-
ferent from previous generations.
Now let’s examine the ingredients in our students’ world. This is the Net
Generation. They’re called “digital natives,” according to Prensky, because
they grew up with the Internet. We are referred to as “digital immigrants,”
because we learned it on the fly. Take a look at these ingredients. [Music—“A
Whole New World,” Peabo Bryson, from Aladdin]
Starting with Sesame Street, MTV, and every form of technology they
are using, you can easily go on a campus and you can tell the students from
everyone else. They’re the ones with wires coming out of their bodies all
over the place, (Laughter) MP3 players, iPods, smart phones, and iPhones.
They’re listening to music and who knows what else. That’s what they
love to do.
This should make you, and it makes me, very nervous. This is what is at
the end of those wires: [Music—“What a Feeling,” Irene Cara, from Flashdance]
music, movies, music videos, PC and video games, and TV programs. All
of this produces “media over-stimulation.” How much? The 2006 estimates
are from 6.5 to 11 hours per day of multitasking with all of those forms of
media. How many hours are there in a day and how many hours are they
in class? That’s their world. We need to find a way to tap into it.
So, basically, if we think in these terms, my concept of effective teach-
ing is this: It’s all about the students. It’s about their characteristics, their
world, and their intelligences. It’s not about us. Most of the mistakes I have
made in teaching have occurred when I thought like a professor and not
like my students. If we haven’t already changed our perspective to think
like our students, we need to start changing. [Music—“I Am Changing,”
Jennifer Hudson, from Dreamgirls]
We need to view things through our students’ eye sockets, focusing on
their intelligences and their learning styles, and leveraging what’s in their
world so they will learn what’s in ours. That’s one way in which we can
bridge that difference.
the copyright law. You can use the music and the videos that I’ve been
using for teaching. I talked with Universal and Paramount Studios a year
ago about issues of copyright, and the rumor was there were restrictions
on the length of videos and music that we could use. First of all, we need
to acknowledge the sources we use, as you’ve seen with the first video
and every video I play as well as the music credits at the end. There are no
time restrictions, such as 30 seconds for music and 3 minutes for videos.
Instructors who teach courses on film, criticism, music appreciation, and
the like can’t have limits. So they said there’s no time restriction. We can
use all of the above.
ducted on stress, anxiety, and tension. The concept here is that when you
encounter a negative situation or aversive stimuli, if you’re able to joke,
you can detach yourself from that situation.
The best example that I can think of is in the classic TV series M*A*S*H.
How many of you remember the character of Hawkeye Pierce, played by
Alan Alda? That character joked constantly in the mess tent, the OR, ev-
erywhere, so he could separate himself from all that he hated around him
in the Korean War. The joking served as a coping mechanism to distance
Hawkeye from the negative situations.
Humor provides a way of coping. In several studies in the Emergency
Room, physicians and nurses use it to cope with all that they see. Clearly,
humor is one of the most effective coping strategies.. Furthermore, there’s
mounting evidence that humor decreases whining, howling, and body
piercing. So you might want to try it.
Okay, that’s based on what we know in terms of the studies. Here are
the warnings or myths. There are claims being made in all of these areas,
and the reason is because there’s research on every one of these topics.
The problem is that either there are conflicting results from the research,
or there are flaws in the experimental designs of the studies, such as small
n’s of five or eight graduate students, no control group, and violations of
protocol in gathering the saliva or blood assays to measure the physiological
effects. There have been a lot of problems, especially with the physiologi-
cal studies.
The mass media has blown this research way out of proportion. These
are claims that you will see all of the time. But, as researchers, you need to
know that we don’t have enough evidence to make those claims. There is a
lot more detail on the list of killer cell studies in your handout on Mirthium.
Again, there is mounting evidence here that laughter cures halitosis, gin-
givitis, and gangrene. Not true.
Offensi e Humor
The first issue we have to tackle if we’re going to do this in the classroom,
is what forms of humor can be offensive to our students. Consider for a
moment how you feel or react when you are offended. Try to remember the
last time you were offended by a friend or something you saw on television
or in a movie. What did you do?
Audience member: Withdraw.
Ron Berk: You withdraw. What else?
You can turn off the TV or walk out of a movie. Other feelings when you’re
offended?
104 The Journal of Health Administration Education Spring 2007
3. Ridicule.
4. Profanity.
5. Vulgarity.
So, the question is: “What else is there?” (Laughter) I thought this was
going to be fun. There’s nothing left.
First, there is positive humor. Use humor to build people up, not tear
them down. Next is what I call the big butt theory. The “butt” of the joke
should be so big that it focuses on those things that are bigger than life, such
as your institution and the policies and practices in your department. There
is material there, folks. Think about the things that we are asked to do and
those things that occur in your school, which students and you experience
together, such as standing in lines for coffee or food or the availability of
parking spots. These are all fair game. And they’re safe, because we all
experience those situations.
Finally, the most limitless source is self-downs, which is self-effacing
or self-deprecating humor. It is, without a doubt, the most effective way to
break down barriers in your classroom, and you’ve got tons of material.
How many of you use self-effacing humor?
Incongruity Formula
Definition of humor: “The ability to see three sides of one coin” (Ned
Roram). It’s one of my favorite definitions. Those of us who have a natu-
rally twisted mind see things normal people don’t see. What we’re going
to talk about for the remainder of this session is the incongruity formula.
That is the foundation of most all types of jokes. It is the juxtaposition of
the“ expected” with the “unexpected.” Since we expect everything to be
106 The Journal of Health Administration Education Spring 2007
serious, the unexpected twist or punch at the end is easy to do. Students
are trained seriously and so are we.
Let’s examine the format of humor that’s delivered orally. There are
three elements. First, the expected “serious set-up.” Second, the expected
“build-up of tension” as you are executing the material, and, finally, the
unexpected twist or the “punch.” I call this structure the humor trifecta. If
any of those elements don’t work, such as you don’t understand the premise,
then the punch is going to be meaningless. Here are some examples.
The last resort format is a shotgun approach: the top 10 list, popular-
ized by Letterman. We’re going to try one here.
In the exhibits, there are a variety of materials and books available.
What many of you may not know is that are several books that didn’t make
the cut. So I thought you might be interested in hearing the rejected titles.
Here are the top 10 teaching methods books rejected by the AUPHA Board
of Directors; the ones that didn’t make it to the exhibit tables:
10. Deeper Learning through Shallow Teaching.
2. Assisted Learning Communities for Senior Faculty. (We are all go-
ing to end up there, sooner or later.)
And, finally, the number one book rejected by the Board of Directors:
Video Humor
Okay, we’re going to shift gears. All of the previous examples were verbal.
Now we’re going to examine the humor and the formula for videos. What’s
the difference? When we see a movie, typically, the humor consists of only
two elements, not three. You have a serious element, and then you have the
punch. But those elements may be in a variety of formats: verbal, visual, or
audio. I am going to play a video clip for you, and I want you to identify
108 The Journal of Health Administration Education Spring 2007
the two elements first. What’s the set-up, what’s the punch, and then, what’s
the form of each?
This clip is from Meet the Parents. The character played by Ben Stiller
is trying to get a flight out late at night. He is at the gate about 11:30 p.m.,
and this is what happens. [Video—Meet the Parents] (Laughter)
Okay. (Laughter) Now, I’m going to play it again because you’re all busy
laughing, enjoying it. I’m going to play it again, this time to the end. But I
want you to think about the set-up, what form it is, and then the punch and
its form. Here it is again. [Video—repeat Meet the Parents] (Laughter)
In your packet, there is a slide titled “incongruity formula exercise one.”
Circle your answer to both of those parts right now.
For the serious element, what was the set-up?
Audience member: Verbal.
Ron Berk: Verbal. It was the interchange between Ben Stiller and the airline
agent. What was the punch?
Audience member: Visual.
Ron Berk: Visual. And my favorite was the add-on visual and sound of the
vacuum cleaner. I lost it when I first saw that scene.
Now we’re going to do another one. This time the clip’s from Runaway
Bride. In this segment, Julia Roberts is walking down the aisle to marry
Richard Gere. Take a look at what happens. Again, look for the two elements.
[Video—Runaway Bride] (Laughter)
I love that. May I ask you a question? When would you ever see a FedEx
truck outside of a church during a wedding? It was all for the joke. Now,
circle your answers for exercise two. What are the set-up and the punch?
Audience member: Visual.
Ron Berk: Visual. And if I were to replay this you would see the side of the
FedEx truck four different times. The director wanted to make sure that
you saw FedEx over and over again to set-up the punch. And, of course,
what was the punch?
Audience member: Verbal.
Ron Berk: Verbal. Hector Elizondo’s wonderful line, “She’ll be there by
10:30 tomorrow.” Okay.
for a problem exercise, have them do some kind of a joke first. It engages
the right hemisphere and makes the problem more fun.
one another, much less be seen together. When I walk to the front of the
class with Felice, the students start laughing, just as you did as Felix and I
walked to the front, because they don’t expect it.
This demonstration works much better with two professors than with
a professor and a student. Sometimes, when my Felice forgets to show up,
I have to go grab a student and scramble to do the skit. It just doesn’t work
as well. You could try that and see what happens.
Back to our demonstration. Oscar and Felix provide a visual metaphor
for relationships. I use it to introduce correlation instead of starting with
the big, ugly Pearson formula, which scares students out of their boots
when they see it. No, no, no, no. These are relationships, and they get the
whole concept.
I say: “Well, suppose we compute a correlation of, let’s just pick a number
like, .50. Maybe that would explain some of these characteristics, such as
what’s in common. If I were to just square the correlation of .50 and make
it a percentage by multiplying by 100, it would be 25% in common. What’s
leftover that’s unique to both Oscar and Felix is unexplained, which is 75%.
So we just talked about a correlation and explained and unexplained vari-
ance. The students don’t even know what hit them. Then we go into the
actual material step by step, but the demonstration really softens the blow
a lot. Felix, Steve, thank you, sir. (Laughter)
There are about a half a dozen safe characteristics. The task for the
students is to visually trace through the mathematical process of one of
the forms of regression against the criterion and then say, “Well, we picked
that variable. The next one I select should not have a lot in common with
the variable I already selected, but it has to explain some percentage of the
variance of the criterion.” That’s the whole idea. It changes the image of
regression analysis and any other equation-based topic.
Because they’re scared spit-less with these statistics, especially logistic
regression, the demonstration can turn them on to topics like odds and
ratios. So try to create visual images for your content topics. It really helps
get the concepts across.
Ladies and gentlemen, you may take your seats. Give these demonstra-
tors a hand. Thank you.
Humor in Games
Okay. We’re winding down here. Let’s try a Jeopardy!-type review and see
whether we’ve learned anything here. I know some of you are thinking:
[Music—“I Can Do That,” Wayne Cilento, from A Chorus Line]. I hope so.
The idea here is to first pick a category, which is “characteristics of
humor.” I will read the answer to which you will respond in perfect unison
with the question. Here we go.
Ron Berk: 1. This is the number of elements in most forms of humor deliv-
ered orally and also the number of bears who mauled Goldilocks.
Audience member: Three. What is three?
Ron Berk: 2. This type of humor is totally inappropriate in a teaching/learn-
ing context; also which you become when you don’t use deodorant.
Audience member: What is offensive?
Ron Berk: 3. This theory of humor focuses on bigger than life targets, such
as the institution, practices, and policies; also what can result from eating
too many Twinkies®.
Audience member: What is “big butt”?
Ron Berk: This is how I review statistics material to prepare my students for
all of the exams. You can get a lot of content covered very quickly, plus you
can add the humor to that punch at the end. Of course, the students want
to know whether you are going to do that on the test. I don't think so. But
it does help motivate them and provide clues to remember the content.
Final Jeopardy! The category is: “targets of humor.” You’ll have 30
seconds to think of your question to the following answer. When you’re
in doubt about any joke being offensive to your students, focus the joke on
this to be safe. Good luck. [Music—Theme from Jeopardy!, Merv Griffin]
Pattullo Lecture 115
How many of you need more time? Always be ready with more music
if they need more time. [Music—repeat theme from Jeopardy!] I usually pick a
problem for Final Jeopardy with which I know they have difficulty, often a
problem from previous tests. That’s the one with which you want to spend
a little bit more time.
Okay, on a count of three, shout out your question: one, two, three.
Whole Audience: What is yourself?
Ron Berk: Excellent!
Coup de Grâce
We’re coming down to the wire. I’m going to give you one more technique.
This one can only be used once. If you have an acronym, a term that’s four
or five letters, or four syllables that you don’t want your students to forget,
this technique will do it. Once you do this with your students, that term or
acronym will be embedded in their brains forever.
There is only one obvious choice: A U P HA. I combined H and A at the
end. The first thing you’re going to do is say the letters with me. Ready?
And A-U-P-HA. Okay, I think we’re ready.
[Music—“YMCA,” Villag People] Get ready. A-U-P-HA! A-U-P-HA!
(Laughter) You now know what’s coming. This is the aerobic portion of the
program and probably the conference. Everybody up.
Remember the letters.A-U-P-HA! Do not poke out the eyeballs of the
person next to you. All right, let’s try it one more time. Ready? A-U-P-HA.
Now with the music. [Music—“YMCA” continued] Ready, and A-U-P-HA!
A-U-P-HA! Give yourselves a hand.
Please be seated. We have a couple of things to do to bring this to a
close. [Music—“One,” John Williams, from A Chorus Line]
have done here this morning. Teaching is so much more than just standing
up and talking if we want to have a true connection with our students.
It involves the commitment we have made to be the best teachers that we
can be, the sacrifices that we have made to get to this point in our career, the
preparation that we have gone through, including attending conferences like
this one to get the latest ideas in terms of teaching techniques and research
evidence that you can take back to your classrooms for your students, and
the live performance that happens in that classroom. You don’t want your
students walking out of your class saying, “Just get the notes.” You have
the handout content from this morning’s presentation. If you were to hand
that to someone who wasn’t here this morning, I would hope that you would
tell them what happened in this room is not in the handout.
You want to use your class time to do those things that cannot be rep-
licated in any other venue, such as small-group exercises, whether they’re
cooperative learning or active learning techniques, dramatizations, impro-
visation activities, and the like. When my students leave class and tell a
student who missed class: “You’re not going to believe what we did today,
and there’s no way he can repeat that logistic regression demonstration;
you’re going to have to learn it on your own,” that changes everything.
Once the word is out, the students don’t know when the next demonstra-
tion is coming. The element of surprise is crucial. Intermittent reinforcement
really helps. But use your time wisely, because these students will find other
ways to get the material. They don’t need us anymore for a lot of this.
Finally, the satisfaction that you have done your absolute best. Here’s an
example of putting it on the line both literally and figuratively. [Video—“One”
finale from A Chorus Line]
What’s the point of the last hour and a half? This is the point: [Mu-
sic—“Looks Like We Made It,” Barry Manilow] Leverage the multimedia
elements in your students’ world: music, movies, TV programs, games,
with a variety of humor techniques in your teaching to tap their multiple
intelligences and learning styles so every student can succeed in your class
and can have fun learning in the process.
Thank you all for your responsiveness and your attention. I wish I could
take you back to Baltimore with me. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.