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    Counting: Twisted Relationships

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    Cesar Arango Gomez
    This document discusses generalized linear models (GLMs) and related statistical concepts: - GLMs allow modeling of relationships between variables without assuming a specific mathematical model by using link functions and specifying an error distribution family. - Common GLM families include binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. The link function transforms the response to deal with non-linearity or non-normal errors. - The odds ratio is an effect size measure used in GLMs to quantify the association between a predictor and binary/categorical response while accounting for the specified error distribution.

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    Counting: Twisted Relationships

    Uploaded by

    Cesar Arango Gomez
    66 views12 pages
    This document discusses generalized linear models (GLMs) and related statistical concepts: - GLMs allow modeling of relationships between variables without assuming a specific mathematical model by using link functions and specifying an error distribution family. - Common GLM families include binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. The link function transforms the response to deal with non-linearity or non-normal errors. - The odds ratio is an effect size measure used in GLMs to quantify the association between a predictor and binary/categorical response while accounting for the specified error distribution.

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    6b_glims(1).pdf

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    This document discusses generalized linear models (GLMs) and related statistical concepts: - GLMs allow modeling of relationships between variables without assuming a specific mathematical model by using link functions and specifying an error distribution family. - Common GLM families include binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. The link function transforms the response to deal with non-linearity or non-normal errors. - The odds ratio is an effect size measure used in GLMs to quantify the association between a predictor and binary/categorical response while accounting for the specified error distribution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    66 views12 pages

    Counting: Twisted Relationships

    Uploaded by

    Cesar Arango Gomez
    This document discusses generalized linear models (GLMs) and related statistical concepts: - GLMs allow modeling of relationships between variables without assuming a specific mathematical model by using link functions and specifying an error distribution family. - Common GLM families include binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. The link function transforms the response to deal with non-linearity or non-normal errors. - The odds ratio is an effect size measure used in GLMs to quantify the association between a predictor and binary/categorical response while accounting for the specified error distribution.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 12

    Twisted relationships

    Generalised linear models

    Adolfo Amézquita

    Departmento de Ciencias Biológicas

    Universidad de Los Andes

    Bogotá, Colombia

    http://gecoh.uniandes.edu.co

    [email protected]

    The topics

    • Logistic and Poisson regressions are particular cases of


    generalised models

    • Generalised models (GLM)

    • Distribution functions

    • How to model a relationship between two variables without


    assuming a specific mathematical model

    • What the hell is the odds ratio

    Counting
    Examples of count data

    • Número de Unidades Formadoras


    X1 Yn
    de Colonia

    • Número de aves avistadas en un


    transecto
    X1 Yn
    • Número de carros que pasan por X2
    una calle en un minuto

    • Número de plántulas en un
    cuadrante X1 Yn
    X2 (2)
    • Número de crías en la camada de
    cada hembra X1 * X2
    Count data
    need a different approach

    • “The linear model might lead to the X1 Yn


    prediction of negative counts. 


    • The variance of the response


    variable is likely to increase with the X1 Yn
    mean. 

    X2
    • The errors will not be normally
    distributed. 

    X1 Yn
    • Zeros are difficult to handle in
    transformations.” X2 (2)
    X1 * X2
    Crawley 2013

    X1 Yn
    On Poisson regression

    Y(n) 2 2
    non-linear

    1 1

    0 0
    X1(continuous) X1(continuous)

    X1 Yn
    On Poisson regression

    non-linear
    Increasing complexity of models

    Models that can Really non-linear


    Linear models
    be linearised models

    e.g. logistic regression,

    Poisson regression,

    Other Glims

    etc, etc, etc

    Two ways to deal with non-linear models that can


    be linearised

    me… lost

    I learn each I learn


    possible generalised
    statistical test models (GLM)

    Two kinds of models

    General linear Generalised


    models linear models
    lm glm

    > wdistModel <- lm (wDistance ~ glucolevel + preydensity)


    > summary (wdistModel)

    We must define family and link

    > SurvModel <- glm (Surv ~ glucolevel + age, family = binomial)


    > summary (wdistModel)
    Error distribution in a linear statistical model

    response = deterministic part + stochastic part

    wDistance = A*glucolevel + B*preydensity + C + ℇ

    normal uniform

    error will be platykurtic

    error is bounded within 0 and 1


    error leads only to positive values

    binomial Poisson

    Error distribution in a generalised statistical model

    response = deterministic part + stochastic part

    wDistance = A*glucolevel + B*preydensity + C + ℇ

    other distribution
    Link function in a generalised statistical model

    response = deterministic part + stochastic part

    wDistance = LINK [A*glucolevel + B*preydensity + C + ℇ]

    other distribution

    On distributions
    event space, probability functions, descriptors

    Event space of the variable Sex

    Binary
    Event space of the variable Size of egg clusters

    Frequency

    Count

    Probability distribution of sex

    Probability distribution of Size of egg clusters


    Cumulative distribution function (CDF) of Size of
    egg clusters

    Cómo sería la CDF de la variable Sexo?

    A continuous distribution such as ..normal

    Continuous

    work.thaslwanter.at
    Descriptors depend on the kind of distribution

    Sin palabras: distribución normal


    mean
    PDF standard deviation

    Continuous

    lower limit
    descriptors

    Uniform distribution upper limit

    PDF CDF

    Discrete

    Continuous
    Count of binary occurrences in a given
    number of trials: binomial distribution
    p of event occurrence
    PDF sample size (N)

    Discrete

    Number of occurrences in a unit of time or space:


    the Poisson distribution

    λ = mean average count


    PDF

    Discrete

    Two kinds of models

    General linear Generalised


    models linear models
    lm glm

    > wdistModel <- lm (wDistance ~ glucolevel + preydensity)


    > summary (wdistModel)

    > SurvModel <- glm (Surv ~ glucolevel + age, family = binomial)


    > summary (wdistModel)
    What family do I use
    depends on the type of variable and its distribution

    Error structure is defined by the family of the model

    type of data error default link

    continuous data family = normal link = identity

    count data family = poisson link = log

    binary, proportions family = binomial link = logit

    survival, time to event family = exponential link = ?

    And what the hell is OR


    The Odds Ratio
    What is an Odds Ratio (the effect size in GLM)
    Do sexually transmitted diseases increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy?

    Normal Ectopic Risk


    No STI 90 10 0.11
    STI 30 70 2.33

    OR = 2.33/0.11 = 21.12

    Cómo Oportunidad
    traducir OR? Relativa

    Is OR significant?
    El clímax:
    calcule el valor
    OR como
    magnitud del
    efecto de la
    variable
    continua Edad
    sobre el riesgo
    de padecer
    Onicomicosis

    We should know now

    • Non-normal response variables can be modelled by

    • ...explicitly stating the kind of error structure / probability distribution:


    (binomial, Poisson, exponential, others)

    • ...transforming them with a link non-linear function

    • ...testing a generalised linear model (GLM)

    • When response variables are not continuous, the effect size is additionally
    expressed as an Odds ratio

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