Social Studies 104

Social Studies 104 (Geography 2)
Course Facilitator: Aizel Castro
Graphic Representation of the Earth

MAPS
A graphical representation of all part of the earth on a flat surface.
Presents certain information about the world we live in.
Shows some patterns of distribution, such as population, rainfall, food production and
settlements.
Shows the sizes, shapes, directions and exact locations of countries. 
Shows how different features such as rivers, roads, cities and coastlines are arranged on
the Earth’s surface.
Shows how places differ from one another.
Geographers use the map more often because maps can easily be transported or carried. They
can easily be folded and stored and can easily be replicated using less expensive.
KINDS OF MAPS
ROAD MAPS – used by travelers to enable for them to arrive at their destination without getting
lost and wasting time.
WEATHER MAPS – important to meteorologists in preparing accurate weather forecasts.
DEMOGRAPHIC MAPS – show the countries that are densely or sparsely populated.
ECONOMIC MAPS – feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that dominates
an area.
PHYSICAL MAPS – illustrate the physical features of an area, such as the mountains, rivers
and lakes.
POLITICAL MAPS – do not show physical features. Instead, they indicate state and national
boundaries and capital and major cities.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS – include contour lines to show the shape and elevation of an area.
CARTOGRAPHY
(from Greek khartēs , "map"; and graphein , "write")
The study and practice of making maps.
Believed to have originated from the ancient Greeks
One of the earliest known maps was drawn on a clay tablet showing an area in
Mesopotamia dating back about 4,000 years ago.
Later, more maps were made available through the art of printing.
CARTOGRAPHERS – the people who make maps. In the preparation of maps , they consider
four basic aspects of the Earth’s surface:
A. distance
B. direction
C. Area
D. shape
Grid System
is a network of evenly spaced horizontal and vertical lines used to identify locations on a
map.
MAPS PROJECTION
An orderly arrangement of meridians and parallels on which one draws a map. The different
ways of portraying the Earth on a plane are through the different map projections.
a. Mercator Projection
b. Equal Area Projection
c. Gnomonic Projection
MERCATOR PROJECTION
Show the line of longitude and latitude as straight line.
Equal Area Projection

Shows the area of the place correctly. The proportion of an area is correctly showing this
kind of map.
This kind are used in showing certain features on Earth like the distribution of forest
areas, rainfall, population and the like.
GNOMONIC PROJECTION
Shows true direction. This the map used by pilot.
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS

A. GENERAL REFERENCE MAPS
Present important geographic features such as plains, mountains and rivers. - Give
cultural information about towns cities and boundaries - Show locations of countries,
cities, road networks and boundaries
B. SPECIAL PURPOSE OR THEMATIC MAPS
Show distributions or arrangements of things on the Earth’s surface.
1. Physical Thematic Maps – display the distribution of natural features such as
minerals, vegetation, soils and rainfall.
2. Cultural Thematic Maps – show the distribution of cultural phenomena like
religion, population, language, ethnic groups, transportation and communication
facilities.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF MAP
A. TITLE – suggests or tells what the map contains or what kind of map we are looking at.
B. LEGEND – explains the different symbols or signs used on the map.
C. SCALE – shows the relationship between the size or distances on the map and the
corresponding size or distances on the Earth.
(1) Graphic Scale – a bar scale; expressed in km or miles
(2) Verbal Scale- expressed in written form such as “an inch to a mile”
(3) Fractional Scale or Numerical Ratio
GLOBE
A small-scale model of earth
Man’s closest approximation of the Earth
Accurately shows the distances, locations, directions, shapes and sizes of areas over the
Earth’s surface
Shows the true proportions of continents and oceans
Makes the study of the relationships among continents, regions or countries much easier
ORIGIN OF THE GLOBE
The first globe was produced by the Greeks around 1,600 years ago.
ALBEIT CRUDE – the first globe that was actually made by Crates in Greece 150 B.C.
MARTIN BRHAIM – constructed the oldest globe in existence in 1492 in Germany.

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Social Studies 104 (Geography 2)

Course Facilitator: Aizel Castro

Graphic Representation of the Earth

WEATHER MAPS – important to meteorologists in preparing accurate weather forecasts.

Equal Area Projection

TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF MAPS

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