Multiple Accessing PDF

Multiple Access Techniques
The transmission from the BS in the downlink can be heard by each and every mobile user in
the cell, and is referred as broadcasting. Transmission from the mobile users in the uplink to
the BS is many-to- one, and is referred to as multiple access.
 Multiple access schemes to allow many users to share simultaneously a finite amount
of radio spectrum resources.
 Should not result in severe degradation in the performance of the system as compared
to a single user scenario.
 Approaches can be broadly grouped into two categories: narrowband and wideband.
 Multiple Accessing Techniques : with possible conflict and conflict- free
 Random access
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
 Time division multiple access (TDMA)
 Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) : an example is Code division multiple
access (CDMA)
 Space division multiple access (SDMA)
Duplexing
For voice or data communications, must assure two way communication (duplexing, it is
possible to talk and listen simultaneously). Duplexing may be done using frequency or
time domain techniques.
 Forward (downlink) band provides traffic from the BS to the mobile
 Reverse (uplink) band provides traffic from the mobile to the BS.
Frequency division duplexing (FDD):
 Provides two distinct bands of frequencies for every user, one for downlink and one
for uplink.
 A large interval between these frequency bands must be allowed so that interference
is minimized.
Time division duplexing (TDD):
In TDD communications, both directions of transmission use one contiguous frequency
allocation, but two separate time slots to provide both a forward and reverse link.
 Because transmission from mobile to BS and from BS to mobile alternates in time,
this scheme is also known as “ping pong”.
 As a consequence of the use of the same frequency band, the communication quality
in both directions is the same. This is different from FDD.
FDMA
In this type of multiple access, we assign each signal a different type of frequency band
(range). So, any two signals should not have same type of frequency range. Hence, there won’t
be any interference between them, even if we send those signals in one channel.
One perfect example of this type of access is our radio channels. We can see that each station
has been given a different frequency band in order to operate.
Let’s take three stations A, B and C. We want to access them through FDMA technique. So
we assigned them different frequency bands.
As shown in the figure, satellite station A has been kept under the frequency range of 0 to 20
HZ. Similarly, stations B and C have been assigned the frequency range of 30-60 Hz and 70-
90 Hz respectively. There is no interference between them.
The main disadvantage of this type of system is that it is very burst. This type of multiple
access is not recommended for the channels, which are of dynamic and uneven. Because, it
will make their data as inflexible and inefficient.
TDMA
As the name suggests, TDMA is a time based access. Here, we give certain time frame to each
channel. Within that time frame, the channel can access the entire spectrum bandwidth
Each station got a fixed length or slot. The slots, which are unused will remain in idle stage.
Suppose, we want to send five packets of data to a particular channel in TDMA technique. So,
we should assign them certain time slots or time frame within which it can access the entire
bandwidth.
In above figure, packets 1, 3 and 4 are active, which transmits data. Whereas, packets 2 and 5
are idle because of their non-participation. This format gets repeated every time we assign
bandwidth to that particular channel.
Although, we have assigned certain time slots to a particular channel but it can also be changed
depending upon the load bearing capacity. That means, if a channel is transmitting heavier
loads, then it can be assigned a bigger time slot than the channel which is transmitting lighter
loads. This is the biggest advantage of TDMA over FDMA. Another advantage of TDMA is
that the power consumption will be very low.
Note − In some applications, we use the combination of both TDMA and
FDMA techniques. In this case, each channel will be operated in a particular frequency band
for a particular time frame. In this case, the frequency selection is more robust and it has
greater capacity over time compression.
CDMA
CDMA technology is used in commercial cellular communications to make better use of radio
spectrum when compare to other technologies. This technology was used as a military
technology for first time in the World War II by the English associates to break the German
attempts of jamming transmissions.
CDMA technology is known as a spread-spectrum technique which allows many users to

occupy the same time and frequency allocations in a given band and space. Individual
conversations are encoded with the help of pseudo-random digital sequence.
Code Division Multiple Access is entirely a different approach from the Time Division
Multiple Access. CDMA, after digitizing the data, spreads out the date over the entire
available bandwidth. Multiple calls are overlapped to each other on a channel which is
assigned with a unique sequence code. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum technique, which
means data can be sent in small pieces over a number of frequencies available to use at any
time in the specified range.

All the users’ data can be transmitted in a similar way to that of wide band chunk of spectrum.
Users Signals are spread over the entire bandwidth by a unique spreading code. At the receiver
end, the same code is used to recover the signal. CDMA system requires accurate time stamp
on each piece of a signal. Eight and ten separate calls are carried out in the same channel space
as one analog call.

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Multiple Access Techniques

CDMA technology is known as a spread-spectrum technique which allows many users to

time in the specified range.

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