Alcatel Lucent Slides For WDM

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Section 1
WDM Technology - Fundamentals
Module 1
WDM Transmission Basics
3JK10358AAAAWBZZA Edition 01
Transmission Networks · WDM Technology - Fundamentals

All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007
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WDM Technology - Fundamentals · WDM Transmission Basics 1·1·2
Transmission Networks
Objectives
 Explain the reasons for deploying a WDM network.

 Describe the basic WDM technology and the operational
concepts.
 Describe the functions of the major components used in
WDM.
Objectives [cont.]
Table of Contents
Switch to notes view!
Table of Contents [cont.]
Switch to notes view!
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Network Hierarchy
Point-to-point
Long-haul
networks
Mesh Ring
Inter-metro
Inter-metro connections Inter-metro Metro-
connections connections politan
networks
Enterprise:
Residential networks: SDH/SONET: ISP POP: - Frame Relay
- DSL - POTS - IP services Access
- ESCON networks
- Cable modem - Wireless - Fiber Channel
- Gigabit Ethernet
1 Introduction
1.2 Bandwidth Demand
Traffic
volume
Data
250 Fiber-history-internet
200
150 Voice
100
50
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Voice-centric Data-centric
1 Introduction
1.3 Options for Increasing Carrier Bandwidth
WDM Technology - Fundamentals · WDM Transmission Basics 1 · 1 · 10
 Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)

 increasing the number of fibers
Complementary
Fiber-history-internet
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) solutions

 increasing the bit rate
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

 increasing the number of wavelengths
1.3.1 Time Division Multiplexing
Concept
Bits of information
Transmission link
TDM
1.3.1 Time Division Multiplexing
SDH Standard
Bit rate = 2.5Gbps
Link rate =
(2.5Gbps x 4 = 10Gbps)
Incoming Outgoing
streams stream
(T)
(T)
1.3.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Concept
TRANSMITTERS RECEIVERS
Combining Separating
signals
Fiber-history-internet signals
Optical fiber
1.3.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Input Format Independence
Fiber-history-internet
SDH
IP
ATM
Leased line
...
1.3.3 TDM versus WDM
Network Evolution
3R 3R 3R
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1
N terminals
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
N terminals 16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1 16 x STM-1
16 x STM-1
STM-16 STM-16 16 x STM-1
terminal terminal
REGENERATOR REGENERATOR REGENERATOR
STM-16 WDM STM-16

16 x STM-1 terminal terminal 16 x STM-1
1R 1R 1R 1R
N terminals N terminals
STM-16 STM-16
16 x STM-1 terminal terminal 16 x STM-1
N channels
Colored signals with specific wavelengths

1.3.3 TDM versus WDM
Unlimited Transmission Capacity
Global capacity
per fiber (Gbps)
WDM + TDM
1000 N x 10Gbps
40 x 10Gbps N x 2.5Gbps
200Gbps 128 x 2.5Gbps
16 x 10Gbps TDM
100Gbps 64 x 2.5Gbps
Single
100 8 x 10Gbps 32 x 2.5Gbps
Channel
16 x 25Gbps
40Gbps
8 x 25Gbps
10Gbps 4 x 25Gbps
10
10Gbps
2 x 25Gbps
2.5Gbps
1
565Mbps
140Mbps
0.1 Year
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2001 2004
2 Varieties of WDM
2 Varieties of WDM
2.1 WDM Evolution
Evolution of WDM
64 channels
Late 50GHz spacing
1990’s
64 channels 100-200GHz spacing
Dense WDM, integrated systems with
network management, add-drop
1996 functions
2-8 channels
Narrowband WDM
200-400Ghz spacing
Passive WDM components
Early 2 channels
1990’s Wideband WDM
1310nm, 1550nm
1980’s
2 Varieties of WDM
2.2 Conventional WDM Definition
Transmit
End system End system
(1310nm + 1550nm)
Receive
End system End system
(1310nm + 1550nm)
2.3 DWDM Definition
Absorption Spectrum of the Optical Fiber
Loss (dB/
km)
10
S C L
1
0.5
Wavelength
(nm)
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
2.3 DWDM Definition
C Band
BLUE BAND RED BAND
1528nm 1546nm 1564nm
C Band
2.3 DWDM Definition
ITU-T Standard for 100GHz Spacing in C Band
Nominal Frequencies Allocation Plan (Red Band) Nominal Frequencies Allocation Plan (Blue Band)
Channel Central Central frequency (THz) Channel Central Central frequency (THz)
number wavelength (nm) number wavelength (nm)
20 1561.42 192.000 42 1543.73 194.200

21 1560.61 192.100 43 1542.94 194.300
22 1559.79 192.200 44 1542.14 194.400
23 1558.98 192.300 45 1541.35 194.500
25 1557.36 192.500 47 1539.77 194.700

26 1556.55 192.600 48 1538.98 194.800
27 1555.75 192.700 49 1538.19 194.900
28 1554.94 192.800 50 1537.40 195.000
30 1553.33 193.000 52 1535.82 195.200

31 1552.52 193.100 53 1535.04 195.300
32 1551.72 193.200 54 1534.25 195.400
33 1550.92 193.300 55 1533.47 195.500
35 1549.32 193.500 57 1531.90 195.700

36 1548.51 193.600 58 1531.12 195.800
37 1547.72 193.700 59 1530.33 195.900
38 1546.92 193.800 60 1529.55 196.000
2 Varieties of WDM
2.4 CWDM Definition
Channel Wavelength Frequency Channel Wavelength Frequency
1 1470nm 203.94THz 5 1550nm 193.41THz
2 1490nm 201.20THz 6 1570nm 190.95THz
3 1510nm 198.54THz 7 1590nm 188.55THz
4 1530nm 195.94THz 8 1610nm 186.21THz
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3 DWDM Basic Components
3.1 DWDM Network
Terminal A Terminal B
Transponder Transponder
interfaces interfaces
… …
Post- In-line amplifiers Pre-
amplifier amplifier
Direct Direct
connections connections
3.2 Transponder
Client Interface DWDM Interface
Standard 3R Colored
Receiver Regeneration Interface
Optical Electrical Electrical Optical
Signal Signal Signal Signal
B&W 3R Optimized
Interface Regeneration Receiver
3.3 Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
 Multiplexing and demultiplexing in a bidirectional communication
Optical fiber
Optical fiber
3.4 Optical Amplifier
Applications
TRANSMITTER
Post-amplifier
In-line Amplifier
RECEIVER
Pre-amplifier
Types
EDFA
GS-EDFA
EDTFA
TDFA
GS-TDFA
RFA
S+ Band S Band C Band L Band
Wavelength
1420 1480 1530 1560 1575 1620 (nm)
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
ERBIUM-DOPED
FIBER AMPLIFIER
Signal in Signal out
Pump coupler
Active fiber
doped with
Erbium ions Excited state
Pump electron
laser diode Ground state
Energy supply
(pumping)
photon Signal in Stimulated

Spontaneous
emission emission
Noise Optical
generation amplification
Raman Amplification Principle
Optical fiber
Transmitter Receiver
1455nm Gain Gain spectrum

pump (relative) versus pump wavelength
0.30
0.25
@1455nm @1480nm
0.20
0.15
λ(gain)=λ(pump)+100nm
0.10
0.05
0.00
1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 1630 1650 (nm)
3.5 OADM Concept
OADM
Amplifier Amplifier
Optical fiber Optical fiber
Σλ - λ n
λ1 , λ2 , … , λn λ1 , λ2 , … , λn
λn λn
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4 Module Evaluation
Answer the Questions (1/8)
Is the following statement true or false?

WDM systems cost more than installing more fibers.
Select the correct answer.
True
False
What is the multiplexing concept used for SDH?
TDM
SDM
WDM

WDM systems are input format independent.
True
False
Which band is in the third optical window?
Associate each wavelength spacing to the correct

multiplexing technology.
To do this, draw a line between each wavelength spacing from the list
on the left and the appropriate technology from the list on the right.
400GHz
DWDM
100GHz
WDM
50GHz
CWDM
3000GHz
Fill in the blanks in the figure below to situate each

element that makes up a DWDM network.
The elements are:  Transmitter

 MUX (multiplexer)  DEMUX (demultiplexer)
 PreA (pre-amplifier)  PostA (post-amplifier)
 ILA (In-line amplifier)
 Receiver

The main function of the transponder is to convert the
B&W wavelength to a colored wavelength.
True
False
What is the amplification range for an EDFA?
1530-1610nm
1490-1530nm
1530-1565nm
Summary (1/2)
 Options for increasing carrier bandwidth:

 Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)
 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
 Varieties of WDM:
 Conventional WDM:
 2 wavelengths: 1310nm and 1550nm
 Or 400 GHz spacing around 1550nm
 Dense WDM (DWDM):
 Range: 1460nm-1565nm
 S, C, L bands
 Spacing: 200, 100, 50, 25GHz
 Coarse WDM (CWDM):
 Range: 1270nm-1610nm
 Spacing: 3000GHz
Summary (2/2)
 A DWDM network is made up of:

 a transmitter, also called transmit transponder,
 a multiplexer and a demultiplexer,
 amplifiers:
 a post-amplifier, also called booster,
 In-Line Amplifiers (ILAs), also called repeaters,
 a pre-amplifier,
 an optical fiber,
 an Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM) which is optional,
 a receiver, also called receive transponder.
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Self-Assessment on the Objectives
 Please be reminded to fill in the form

Self-Assessment on the Objectives
for this module
 The form can be found in the first part
of this course documentation
End of Module
WDM Transmission Basics

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1·1

Do not delete this graphic elements in here:

Transmission Networks · WDM Technology - Fundamentals

 Explain the reasons for deploying a WDM network.

Switch to notes view!

Switch to notes view!

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

 Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)

 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) solutions

 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

Bit rate = 2.5Gbps

STM-16 WDM STM-16

Colored signals with specific wavelengths

BLUE BAND RED BAND

1528nm 1546nm 1564nm

20 1561.42 192.000 42 1543.73 194.200

25 1557.36 192.500 47 1539.77 194.700

30 1553.33 193.000 52 1535.82 195.200

35 1549.32 193.500 57 1531.90 195.700

Channel Wavelength Frequency Channel Wavelength Frequency

1 1470nm 203.94THz 5 1550nm 193.41THz

2 1490nm 201.20THz 6 1570nm 190.95THz

3 1510nm 198.54THz 7 1590nm 188.55THz

4 1530nm 195.94THz 8 1610nm 186.21THz

3 DWDM Basic Components

Client Interface DWDM Interface

 Multiplexing and demultiplexing in a bidirectional communication

photon Signal in Stimulated

1455nm Gain Gain spectrum

Is the following statement true or false?

Select the correct answer.

What is the multiplexing concept used for SDH?

Select the correct answer.

Is the following statement true or false?

Select the correct answer.

Which band is in the third optical window?

Select the correct answer.

Associate each wavelength spacing to the correct

Fill in the blanks in the figure below to situate each

The elements are:  Transmitter

Is the following statement true or false?

Select the correct answer.

What is the amplification range for an EDFA?

Select the correct answer.

 Options for increasing carrier bandwidth:

 A DWDM network is made up of:

 Please be reminded to fill in the form

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