A PRESENTATION ON

“ORIFICE METER & PITIOT TUBE”

PRESENTED BY : GUIDED BY:

❖ORIFICE METER

➢ PRINCIPAL OF ORIFIC METER

❖PITOT TUBE

➢ TYPES OF PITOT TUBE

Furthermore, it causes little pressure loss.

For these reasons it is widely used, particularly for large-volume liquid and
gas flows.

However this meter is relatively complex to construct and hence expensive.

The principle of the orifice meter is identical with that of the venturimeter.
The reduction of the cross section of the flowing stream in passing through
the orifice increases the velocity head at the expense of the pressure head,
and the reduction in pressure between the taps is measured by a manometer
Bernoulli's equation provides a basis for correlating the increase in velocity
head with the decrease in pressure head.

One important complication appears in the orifice meter that is not found in
the venturi. Because of the sharpness of the orifice, the fluid stream separates
from the downstream side of the orifice plate and forms a free flowing jet in
the downstream fluid and vena contracta forms.
Diagram

= pipe
diameter
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It is also known as Pipe orifice & Orifice plate.
It may be installed in pipeline with a minimum of trouble and expense.
Pipe orifice is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid through
a pipe.
It consists of a thin, circular plate with a hole in it. The plate is held in the
pipeline between two flanges.
Pipe orifice is a cheaper device as compared to venturimeter.
The diameter of orifice is generally 0.5 times the diameter of the pipe (D),
although it may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times the pipe diameter.
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Orifice plates can be a surprisingly good way of measuring small gas flows.
To be able to use orifice plates of very small orifice diameter in ap existing
installation in a declining gas field may be much more economic than to
replace the metering or shut the field.

From the beginning of the flow measurement to its conclusion a 4" orifice
meter with different orifice plates (including those described in this appendix)
might measure a range of around in terms of mass flow rate.

The orifice fitting, which enables the operator to change or remove an orifice
plate easily.
APPLICATION
Orifice plates are most commonly used to measure flow rates in pipes, when
the fluid is single-phase (rather than being a mixture of gases and liquids,; o
of liquids and solids) and well-mixed, the flow is continuous rather than
pulsating, the fluid occupies the entire pipe (precluding silt or trapped gas),
the flow profile is even and well-developed and the fluid and flow rate meet
certain other conditions.
Under these circumstances and when the orifice plate is constructed and
installed according to appropriate standards, the flow rate can easily be
determined using published formulae based on substantial research and
published in industry, national and international standards.
Plates are commonly made with sharp-edged circular orifices and installed
concentric with the pipe and with pressure tapping's at one of three pairs of
distances upstream and downstream of the plate.
The edges may be rounded or conical, the plate may have an orifice the same
size as the pipe except for a segment at top or bottom which is obstructed, the
orifice may be installed eccentric to the pipe, and the pressure tapping's may
be at other positions. Variations on these possibilities are covered •in various
standards and handbooks. Each combination gives rise to different
coefficients of discharge which can be predicted so long as various conditions
are met, conditions which differ from one type to another

Once the orifice plate is designed and installed, the flow rate can often be
indicated with an acceptably low uncertainty simply by taking the square root
of the differential pressure across the orifice's pressure tapping's and applying
an appropriate constant. Even compressible flows of gases that vary in
pressure and temperature may be measured with acceptable uncertainty by
merely taking the square roots of the absolute pressure and/or temperature,
depending on the purpose of the measurement and the costs ancillary
instrumentation.
PITOT TUBE
A Pitot tube is a pressure measurement instrument used t measure fluid flow
velocity. The pitot tube was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in
the early 18th century and was modified to its modern form in the mid-19th
century by French scientist Hepry Darcy.
It is widely used to determine the airspeed of an aircraft, water speed of a
boat, and to measure liquid, air and gas velocities in industrial applications.
The pitot tube is used to measure the local velocity at a given point in the
flow stream and not the average velocity in the pipe or, conduit.
TYPES OF PITOT TUBE
Simple
Pitot
Tube

Static
Source

Pitot-Static
Tube
Working
The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow.
As this tube contains fluid, a pressure can be measured; the moving fluids
brought to rest (stagnates) as there is no outlet to allow flow to continue.
This pressure is the stagnation pressure of the fluid, also known as the tot I
pressure or (particularly in aviation) the pitot pressure.

The liquid flows up the tube and when equilibrium is attained, the liquid
reaches a height above the free surface of the water stream.
Measurement of static pressure in this case is made at the boundary of the
wall (Fig.-I). The axis of the tube measuring the static pressure must be
perpendicular to the boundary and free from burrs, so that the boundary 1
smooth and hence the streamlines adjacent to it are not curved. This is done
to sense the static pressure only without any part of the dynamic pressure.
A Pitot tube is also inserted as shown (Fig. -2) to sense the stagnation
pressure. The ends of the Pitot tube, measuring the stagnation pressure, and
the piezometric tube, measuring the static pressure, may be connected to a
suitable differential manometer for the determination of flow velocity and
hence the flow rate.
Operations
In industry, the velocities being measured are often those flowing in duct an
tubing where measurements by an anemometer would be difficult to obtain. In
these kinds of measurements, the most practical instrument to use is the Pitot
tube.
The pitot tube can be inserted through a small hole in the duct with the pitot
connected to a U-tube water gauge or some other differential pressure gauge for
determining the velocity inside the ducted wind tunnel. One use of this technique
is to determine the volume of air that is being delivered to a conditioned space.
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