Giao Trinh Cong Nghe Lo Hoi Va Mang Nhiet

PGS.TS. PHAM LE DZAN TS. NGUYEN CONG HAN CONG NGHE VA NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUATTRUONG DAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI PGS. TS PHAM LE DZAN TS. NGUYEN CONG HAN CONG NGHE LO HOI VA MANG NHIET (In lan thit 3 c6 bé sung va sita chita) a a, NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HA NOI - 2005LOI NOI DAU Nhu edu vé nang Jeong trong sin sual cing mhur doi sdng 1h rat lon va clng tang, Wong d6 ahigt nang chiéin ty Ie chu yeu. ‘Thi dy, nam 1989, nang Luong san xuat tren Lolln thé gidi Khong 358 x 10° kJ (339 x 10° Bru), trong do 39.2% Lir dau mo va khi hoa long: 27.4% tir than dé, 19,89 tir kh? thin nhién, 5.6% tiendng lugng nguyén 1, oh vay 14 92% nang lugng tren, tra cé mot ian thé hign duéi d nhict ming. ‘Trong qué winh san xuat va sit dung nang lugng dudi dang nhiét nang thi viec sinh hoi va dua dén hd tie ding c6 mot vai trd quan tong. san xuat va sit dung hoi da c6 tir rat lau. Néu khong ké dén chiée chong chong hot - aclopile - do nha todn hoe Hero agi Hy lap ché tgo ra ttt abimg nam 200 trude cong nguyen, chiée banh xe quay bang hoi nude cia mot ngUoL Yten la Branca ch€ Wo lirném 1600 thi nam 1680 Dr. Denis Papin ché tao 18 hai c6 4p suat duu g rong ché bign thyc phim, nam 1698, Thomas Savery duye cap bang sing ché vé he thong bom nude bang hoi, Nam 1690 méy hoi aude dau tien duec che tg0 theo ¥ tung cia Papin va duge hoan thign bai ‘Thomas Newcomen ya John Cowly vho nam 1711. Lic d6 ld hoi va may hoi di fién voi nhau. DEn 1769, mot cong nhan cokhi neuii Anh James Watt mdi ché tao 10 hoi Kiéu toa xe tach Khoi dong co; ur 1804, Trevithick df thie ké foal 10 hoi dang nhw hign nay: than hink tru day tron chiu ap suat cao. Citing dang chi ¥ 18 tirném 1730 Dr, John Allen di lan daw Gen tinh toan hiéu sual cla Ld hoi lam co sé dé khong ngtmg cai ign, hodn thigh. Den nay, da c6 han: irieu chiée 16 hoi ra déi vai hing tram kiéu ding va quy mo khde nhau. C6 nhim, Wo hai nhd, méi giv chi sin xudt duce may chye lit nude nong hoac hoi bio hoa 6 dp suat binh thudmg nlumg cing di ¢6 nhiing 1 hoi dé so. indi gids sin xual den ba bon n tan hei mde dp suat dén urén dudi 300 bar, mhi¢t dé ten dud 600°C eap hoi cho 16 may phat dign dé 1200 + 1300 MW. atv RO rang viee sin x sit dung nhiet cia hoi nude di gop phéin quan trong trong cude cach mang khoa hoe kY thudt, phat tin cda x4 hi vA nang cao 3di song nhung cling, can hua ¥ 1 hoi nuée Gap sud va nicl do hai, Khong chi eho 121 sin mc dén tinh me sich vé “Toi nuiée” xuat ban nam 1898 che bi 2 con nguii, Khong phai ¢ ma da tirrat lau; trong cud 1880 chi riéng nue Mf da 6 170 vy nd 18 hoi lam chét 250 ngudi va bi thyong 555 ngud Jin phai tim cach tiép tue phat huy tac dung tich cye eta vide sam xuat hoi, dong thdi han ché nguy hiém dén mic t6i thiéu. Cuén sich “Cong nghé 16 hoi va mang nhigt” mudn gigi thiéu vdi ban doc nhimng noi dung yé co ban vé qua trinh va thiét bi san xuat va van chuyén hoi nude, nude néng chi yéu tir nhién ligu hitu cd. Cusn séch duge chia thanh hai phan, gém 7 chong, 6 chuong dau git thiéu vyé cong nghé 1d hoi do PGS. TS Pham Le Dain bién soan v2 chuong 7 gidi thieu vé mang nhiét do TS Pham Cong Ian bién soan. Do pham vi han ché vé khdi lugng cudn sch, thdi gian bién soan, kin thite va pham vi kink nghi¢m cha tée gia chic 1a chua thod man duge yeu cdu cila ban doc va kho tranh kbdi sai s6t, nha Lin. Ching toi rat vui mimg néu duge ban doc quan tam sir dung va dong g6p ¥ ign. Xin chan thanh cam on. cAc TAC GIAChuong 1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG 1.1 NHIEM VU CUA THIET B] SINH HOI Thiét bi sinh hoi (TBSH) co hai nhi¢m vu chinh, d6 1a: 1. Chuyén hod cée dang nang lugng khdc thanh nhigt nang; trong cdc budng dot nhién ligu hiu co, chuyén hod nang cia nhién ligu httu co nhu than dé, déu md, khi dét, v.v.. thanh nhi¢t nang cia san phim chéy; trong céc 10 phan ting nguyén tir tién hAnh cdc phan tmg phan huy hoac téng hyp hat nhan nguyén tir phat ra nhiét; trong 1d hoi mat ui, cde bd thu hap thu nang lugng bie xa cla mat trol r6i chuyén hod thanh nhiét nang; trong 1 hoi dia nhiét chat tai nhiét hoae mdi chat hdp thu nhiét nang trong {ong qua dat; trong 18 dién chuyén dign nang thanh nhidt nang vv. 2. Truyén nhiét nang sinh ra cho chat tai nhiét hoa mdi chat dé dua ching tir thé lang c6 nhiét d6 théng thudng 1én nhiét 46 cao hode nhiét 46 sdi, bién thanh hoi bio hoa hode hot qué nhiét. 4.2 SO QUA VE CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY HOAT BONG CUA CAC LOAl TBSH DUNG NHIEN LIEU HUU CO G day gidi thigu ba loai TBSH (Ld hoi) dién finh: 10 hoi dot thi cong, 1d hoi ghi xich va 10 hoi dot phun, 1.2.4 Cdu tao a. Lo hoi dét thit cong (inh 1-1a). Day 18 loai 19 hoi don gidn nhét, lau dei nhat, dot nhién Jigu rin. Thong thudng loai 10 hoi nay gém céc bO phan chinh nhu sau: balong (bao hai) (1) chifa nude, hoi va ciing 1A bé mat truyén nhiét; van hoi chinh (2) dé ding més va diéu chinh lugng hoi cung edip ra; van nude ep (3) dé 5gong mé va digu chinh Iugng nude dua vo 18 hos zhi 10 4) due lip ed dinh, co mi vu di nbien Tigu khong cho rai lol, cho gi céip mot di qua dé dot chay nhiéo gu Va Uni mo xi; bung lita (S)ID khong giun dé chay ede chat khi va cde hai nh ligu nhé bay thee kh6i; hGp tro xi (6) cting 14 budng ep gid; ctta gid (7) cfing | lay tro xi; cla edp nhidn ligu (8) e6 thé dong mé clip nhién ligu vit Ong khoi (Y) tao thanh sie hut dé thai ra ngoai sin phim chdy cling mot fl tro xi bay theo. t FAERIE Hinh 4-1a. Lo hoi dét thii cong, b. Lo hot yhi xfch (hinh 1-1b). Day 1 loai 18 hoi thug ¢6 cong suit nih hoge rung binh, gém 06 cae b phan chi yéu sau: balOng (1) chita hoi, mot phiin nude va khong cda Ham nhigm vu bé mal sinh hoi chinh n@fa; van hoi chinh (2): dudng nude cap (3); ghi J (4) 06 dang mot edi xich Tam nim vu edip nhicn higu rin,cho aid cap mot di qua dé d6t chay nhien Tigu va thai iro xi ra ngodis buGng lia (5); bop tro xi (6) dé chtta nhign ligu va to xi Lot £6i thai ra ngoaiz hop gio C) dé cung cap gi6 cp Ol qua ghi cho 1dp nhien Jigu wen ghi; phéu than (8) dé de = vA rot nbién. Tigu xudng mot div eta ghi xich; ting khéi (9) dé Und sin phani «is y Fc ngoais bo sly khong khi (10) dé dot néng Khong khi trude Khi dua vao budrg Tita; quat ei6 (1D dé day gid vao; quat khdi (12) tgo thanh side huit dé undi sda pl dim chay ra; bd ham nude (13) dé dét néng nude trude khi duge bom nue (13a) dua yao 10; dan Ging nude xudng (14), Sng gop dud (15), dan ng muse ten (46), day pheston (17) cing. Voi baldng (ao thinh vong tudn hon we nhién cia nude va hoi; vib qué nhict (18) d8 dita hoi bio hoa chuyén thanh hoi qué nhigt cung ep cho ho Ueu dang. «Lhe dét phan (hinb Lie). Day 12 loai 1d boi duye sit dung voi cong sua wrung Binh vi Kin, ¢6 thé dOt nbién ligu rin aghién thanh bot, nhién ligu tong phun thinh hat hoe nhién ligu khi. LO hai dé phun thug gém eée bo phan chinh sau: baldng (1); van hoi chinh (2); dudmg nude eéip-); ¥8i phun nbién ligu (4); bud lita (5) 18 Khong gian dé dot chay tat cd nin Tigu phun vao 10; phéu tro lanh (6)ro xi tude khi than ra ngodi Wong trudmg hop thai xi kho, giéng, xi (7) de hime Ut ef xf Udi ra gods born nude ciip (8); Ong khdi (9); bd sily khong Khe (10); qual eid (11); quat khot (12)5 BO fam mide (13); dan Sng nude xudng (44); din ding nude Wen (15): day pheston (17) vi bd qua nbigt (18). lam ngudi cée hat t Hinh 4-1¢. Ld dét than phun.‘Tém Iai, edu tgo ca 18 hoi 14 nhim thyc hign hai ahigm vy chinb: mot sa chuyén hod ning cila nhién ligu thanh nhigt nang ota sin phdm chay, nghid J dot crea Wea thanh sin phim chy c6 nbigt dO cao; hai 1a dua nucie cap vio 18, tee han nhi¢t tu sin phim chdy, bién thinh nue nong, nude s6i, hui bio hoa hodic hoi ud nhist ¢6 ap sus va nhigt a thod man yeu edu eita NO sit dung: do vay cau tao Ip hoi gém ede he théng, chinh sau: 1. Hé thdng cung cap va dét chuiy mbién lieu: trong 1D hui thi cong, g6m eo cita cp nhien ligu (8), ghi 10 (4), budng lita (5); trong 1B ghi xich 6m e6 phéu than (8), phi xich (4), budng, Kia (5); trong 18 hoi d6t than phen gGm c6 vo} phun nihi¢n iieu va budng Wa (5), néu d6t than, trude 46 phil o6 he thong nghién than thanh bot. 2. 16 thétng cy khong Khi va thai sdn phdim chéy, bao g6m ct B10, Guat aid (14), ng khdi (9), quar khéi (12), nhiéu trudng hop cdn c6 bO say khong khf (10), hop tro xi, doi Khi oda 66 BO khit bui 4 gid mai min cdnh quat khot. 3. Hé théng cap nude, gm bom nute cap dé cap dis lu Lugng va dip sudt nude cho 1d hoi, nhiéu Khi cin c6 bo ham nude (13) dé gia nhigt mute true khi dua vio. 4. Hé thong san xudi nude ndng, née 861, hoi bdo hod hode hoi qud nities da 4p sudt va nhidt do, thod man yeu odu cia ho str dung, thuting, bao gdm cdc loa bé mat trayén ahiel nhu dan 6ng nude Jén (16), dan phest6n (1D, dan dng nude xudng, (14), dng gop dursi (15), balong (1) va nhiéu khi chr 6 ca bo qué nhiet (18). ‘Tren day 1 nhimg bo phan chi yu, ngodi ra cbn nhiéu trang bi phy nh hé thong do long, didu khién, hé th6ng an toaa, khung 15, tuding 10, c&ch nhict, v.v.- 4.2.2 $6 luge qua trinh van hanh 18 hoi: «at. Qui trih van hank 16 hoi tini cong: Logi 1 hoi nay chi dot duge nhien higu én, Nhien lieu duce dua vio qua cita cdp, x¢p thinh [6p lén ghi 12, han ohiet tir 6p nhien lieu dang chdy bing din nhiet, tr wong bung ha va nage 4 bing bit xa va trkehong khf néng va sin phdm chy tir }6p nhién Ley di 16n bang doi su. Sow khi nhan nhiét, nhign tigu duve sty néng, sy khO, tach chit bée va tao thanh ode, Mit Khéc, khong khf duge dng Kh6i, quat ei6, quat khoi dura va, c6 khi dn duge dua qua bd séy khong khi dé sdy nong inude, di qua ghi, ti¢p xtic vai 1p nhién lit va chy nbing thanh phan chay duge, to thanh sin phim chdy va tro xi. Tro xi duoc thai ra ngo’i qua ghi xudng hép tro xi hode qua cla cdp nhién héu; ca sén phdm chéy & thé khf tht hp thy nhigt cia phan tng chay, duge d6t néng dén nhigi dO khé cao, c6 thé dat dén khodng 800 + S00°C, di qua cdc bé mat truyén mhiét, trayén nhigt cho moi chat, ahiét dd cita san phim chéy gidm dan, cudi cing 6 thé gidm dén khoang 12C 350°C tude khi thai ra ngoai., Con moi chat 18 nude, duge born nude dom vao, 6 trudng hop con di qua bo ham nuse, qua cde bé matiruyén nhiét, nhan nbiét tit san phdm chdy c6 nhict dO cao, nhict do tang din thanh nude ndng, nude sOi hodc hoi bio hoa khé cung 4p cho hd sit dung. Loai |S hoi thi cong thudng sin xuat nde ndng, nude soi hode hei bao hoa kho & dp suat thap, khong qua [5 bur va cong suat cing nhd, thaong khong qué 2 17h. b. Qué wink vgn hénh ld hoi ghi xich: Nhién liu duge dua dén tap trung & phéu r6i rét lén phén iu cla ghi xfch, ghi xich quay v6i t6e 49 khé chim, Khoing lir 2 dén 30 wih, Ur tir dua nhién ligu vito trong buéng Jira. Nhién li i ur buéng Lita va sin phim chéy duge néng, sdy kho, thot gap khong khi cp mot dua tit dudi ghi lén thi chay, tao thanh san phdm chay va tro xi. Tro xi cOn Jai due cdi gat xi gat xudng phéu tro r6i thai ra ngodi. San phim chay di van budng lite, mang theo mot ft chat ht va hat nhien Lieu nihé chia chy 1000'C den TSO, khi di qua cde bé mat truyén nhiét, triyén bot nhiét cho mdi chit, nhiét dé giim xu6ng d&n khodng 120 dén 250°C trude khi thai ra ngoai. Mat khde, nude duge bom qua bé ham nuée, dua vio balong, trong khi chuyén dong tuan hodn qua din dng xudng, cng gdp dudi, din Gng ién ts ve baléng nhan nhiét bign dn thinh nuée néng nude si, hoi bao hod di cd thé di qua bo q nhiét rd thanh hoi qud nhiet. Ld hoi ghi xfch thudmg ding wong pham vi thong sé vA cong sual hip hoac trung binh, khodng tir4 dén 35 77h. ¢. Qué trink via hin ctia 16 hoi dét pinur: Day VA loai 1 hoi ding phd bién hién nay trong cde nha méy nhiét dién & nude ta, c6 thé dot nhien lieu kbi, nhien ligu Long phun thanh hat hoae nhicn ligu ran nghién think bot min cd dudng kfah khodng 40 i. BOL nbisn ligu duge gid cap mot th6i qua vdi phun dua vao buéng lita, nhan nhict tir buéng Ia va san phdin chdy, duge say néng, sily kho, tach chat bdc, lao ode va bat ddu chdy; mat khée, dudi t4c dung cla quat gid, quat khdi, khong kif duge dua vio diy diy, chay kigt cae chal boc va cdc, tao thanh, sin phém nhu khéng lim ngudi, ciing cé thé Yam ngudi trong phéu tro lanh, dong dic lai thai ra ngoai dudi dang xi kho; nhing hat tro xi nhé bi dong sin phdm chay cudn theo, ngudi dan do truyén nhiét cho moi chal qua cfc din Sng, déng dac lai trude khi ra khoi bung lira, r6i theo sn phdm chay di qua 66 khit bui bi tach ra hoac thai Ta ngoai qua Ong khdi, tuy ohién cing cd mot b@ phan bam lai tren cde bé mat truyén nhiet hoae ten cde dudng Ong din khéi. Sin phim chdy khi & trong budng Ita cling c6 mhigt do khé cao, Khowing 1200 den 1600°C, qua cic bé mat truyén nhigt truyén cho moi chat, nhi¢t do giaim xudng dén khoang 120 dén 180°C truce khi thai ra ngoai. Nude duc bom qua b6 ham nude, duoc d6t néng dén xdp x} nhiet dO bao hoa rai dua vao balong, st di xuéng theo dan Ong xudng, tite 14 nhting dan Sng nhan nhigt {t hoje Khong nhan nhigi, qua dng g6p dui ri di ién theo din Gng lén, tfc 1A nhimg dan éng duge nhan nhiét nhiéu, vi wong cdc dan Gng nay nude bée hoi nhiéu tao thanh hén hop nude va hoi c6 Khoi lung riéng nhd, réi lai trod ve 9balong. 6 day, hoi due tich ra, due dia ra ngodi sur dung hoiie dua qua bo qua nhigt dé tiép luc dot adng. con phan nude lai tip tuc tré vé Sng xudng cling VoL nurce jo (hanh vong tudn hoin w ahicn. Lo hoi dét than phun thudng cung cap hoi oud chay ete tua bin ed thong sO trung binh hode cao, 66. thé lon dan ap sua hai ba trim bur, nist dO xdip xi OUO"C, cdg suit Wung bink hoae Jem, eG the ten den tren duc S000 TAL 4.3 CAC DAC TINH CO BAN VA PHAN LOAI LO HOt 41.3.1 Cac dac tinh co ban cia ld hoi Thang thudng diing ede dae tinh sau: 1. Sdn krong hoi D: 1A lucng noi san xudi ra trong mot don vi thai gian, do bing 1/h, ke/fi hoae ky/s, Thudng chi ¥ ba logi san lugng: - Sdu lidmg hoi dink mee D, 1 sin lvong iin nat ma 1 hoi 6 thé 1am vice Jau dai wei thong sO hoi qui din, thudng ghi trén nhin higu eta thict bi 1d hot. « Sin trong hoi kink t' Dy, 1 sin hugng ma 1d hoi lim vide véi higu sual nhigt cau nhii, thudng bing khosing 75% dén 90%, san lugng dinh mie. - Sdn trong hoi cyte dai Dyyxy 1a san lugng hoi {én nhat cho pl {6 hoi Jam vide (uni thdi trong mot thei gian ngdn, vugt san luyng dinh mite khoang 10 dén 20%. 2. Thong so’ hat: Oi vi JD hot stn xual hoi qué nhict th bicu thi hing ép suit va nhiét do hoi sau bg qué nhidl. Voi id hoi sin xual hei bie he’, chi can biéu thi hoac Jp suit hoge nhiét do cla hci trong baldng. 3. HMigu sudt cia 10 hoi: Thuimg ding higu svat nbigt, n6 18 wy sO gitta phiin nhigt Lwyng ma moi chai hap thu duge voi tng nhiet ling cung cap vio. Ngudi ta con ding higu sudt execgi 18 Ly so gitta lugng exccgi cba hoi sin xudt ra voi Luong exeegi ca nhien Liéu edip vio. Neodi ba chi tiéu chinh noi tren, thutng cdn ding them mot sb chi tiéu khac nhu sau: 4. Nang sudt béc hoi ea bé mét truyén nhigt d, kyinth, xUAL ra trong mOt don vi thoi gian tng voi mot don vj dign tich be wr V6i cae loai IO hoi ct chi Khodng 12 kg/n?.A, vGi cde loai IS hoi moi 6 thé én tdi khodng 22 dén 45 kgfar, “hie 5. Sudt tiéu hao kim loai g, kg/h, tie khOi hong kim loai dong dé cht tag ting vai sin luymg hoi a1 T/A. : lugng hoi san 10.6. Nhiét thé thé tich ctia buéng hia qy la lugng nhi¢t tod ra trong mot dun vi thd! gian ve voi mot don vi thé veh cba budng Wea, don vi Win’. 7. Nhiét thé dién tich cua ghi 16 dp La nhict Juyng tod ca trong, mot don vi thei gian dng vol mgt dun vj dign tich mat ghi 1, don vf Vinr. 41.3.2 Phan loai 1 hoi Cé nhidu céch phan Joai khée nhau, dua theo nhing dac tinh khac nhau. 1. Dua vao sdn tong hoi, thiting chia thanh ba loa i - 16 hot cong sudt nho, sin lung thutmy quy ude dudi 2075 - Lo hoi cong sudi trang binh, thong qui ude sin lump boi ti¢20 don 75 17h. = Lo hoi cong snd 16n, thug, qui w6e sin lugng hoi tron 75 TH. 2. Dita vao thong s6 cha hoi, thuimg chia thinh bon loai: _ 16 hoi thong s6 thd, Thudng qui w6e dp sud p < 15 bar, nhigt dot < 350°C, thudmg ding 1a hut bio hoa. © LA hoi thong s6 tring bin, thing, qui wée ap sust tie 15 don 60 bar, ahigt > ir 350 den 450°C. - Le hot thang sé cao, tautsng qui use dp suit tren 60 bar, nhigt dQ tir 450 dea 540°C. _ 16 hoi thang x6 siéu cue, (hudng qui ude ap suat én 140 bar, trong loai nay 66 khi con ebia thinh 1} hoi duéi hodc trén thong sé Gi han 3, Dua theo ché dé chuyén dong cilia nude trong 16 hoi, c6 thé chia think bon loai: - Lo hoi doi har ut nhién: G day moi chat chi chuyén dong doi luu ty nhicn do su chénh léch vé mat do trong noi bo moi chat ma khong tao thank duge vong tudn hon tue nhidn, thong gp trong cdc loi 1d hol eng suat ahd. < 16 bot tudn hoan ue nhién: day 1 loai 1 hoi thudng gap, mat 1 trong phan vi cOng sual trung binh va Téa. Khi van hinh, mdi chat chuyén dong theo vong twin hon, nebia 1d theo mor qui dgo khép kin 1 rng, nhiy sue chenk lech mat dG trong noi bO moi chai. Cling chi co 15 hoi dudi vi han mat c6 thé c6 tudo hoan ty nhién. Ld hot tudn hoan cudng bite: ducti tac dung cia bom, moi ¢ chuyén dong then qui dgo khép kin, gap trong Id hui 66 thong s6 cao. Voi 10 hot thong sO sidu Wi han chi cd thé tudn hoan cudng bic. 16 hei doi lien cutding bite: day 1a Jogi 1d hoi tye Luu hoiie den lu; trong Joai ly hoi nay, duedi tée dung cds bom, mai chat chi di thing mot chiéu, nbn Abiet, Mbbién dan thin hoi dua ra sir dung ma khong c6 tudn hodn di lai. Nhiéy ngubi xp loai nay vao Logi tudn hoan cudng bette. 4. Dura theo cdch dét nhién lieu, cling 66 thd chia thanh may loai: - Lé hei dét theo tép: nhitn an (than, cili, bi mfa v.v..) duge xép thinh lap trén ghi dé dét. C6 loai ghi 6 dink, c6 loai ghi chuyén dong thuéng goi 1a ghi xich, 06 loai ghi xfch thudn chiéu, 06 Logi ehi xfeh nguge chiga. © Lo ho! dét phves: nbién liga khi, nbign Ligu I6ng phun thank byi,nbién Tigu rin nghién thanh bot duoc phun v8o busing lita, hén hop vi khong khf va tién hinh cée gia) doan cia qué tinh chdy trong khong gian budng Ira. _ 16 hoi dét dae biét, thudmg gap hai loai: budng Ita xody va buGng lira ting Budng Ita xody ¢6 thé dot duge than c4m nguyon Khai hoac nghién scr bd. Nhién ligu va khong khf duoc dua vao budng lita hinh tru theo chicu tigp tuy€n voi We do cao. Didi tac dung ciia Ive ly am, xi Jéng va cde hat nhien ligu 66 kich thade Jon bém sét thanh Idp vio tudng 1, 141 dén cdc 1ép c6 kich thutic nh hen, nhime Idp ny chéy hoin toan theo Jép, con ning hat Oran nhd cling voi chat béc chuyén dong 6 ving tung tim va chdy trong khong pian. Nhe vay c6 thé xem trong budng lita xody vita dét theo 16p vita dot trong khong gian. Con trong ld hoi budng lita ting soi (ang Ing), nhien Lig rin nguyen khal hoac nghién so 66 sau khi duge dua vo, dudi tée dng cila gid 06 te do dit cao, dao dGng lén xuGng trong mgt khofing khong gian nbét dioh cia budng lita va tén hanh tt ca eae giai doan cia qué winh chéy. C6 loai budng lita ting soi chdy & nhiét 46 cao, tro chdy thanh xi, két lai rot xu6ng ghi xich 16i thai ra ngodi nh 15 hoi O nha may gidy Bai bang; cd loai chéy & nhiét 6 thap, khoang 800°C, khong dé tro néng chay ma dé tro co xat_vdi nhau va co xét vdi eat tra vao bién thanh bui min, bay theo sin phim chay réi duge thu Adi & esic bo Khir bui, eda sin pham chdy va mot phn to bul rat min duge quat khéi dia qua Ong khdi thai ra ngodi, nhut truting hop 1d hoi & nha may det Nam din. 5. Cée edch phan Logi khée. Ngodi cfc céch tren edn 66 MOL s6 cach phan Toai khde nhu: Dua theo trang théi x1 thai ra, chia thinh logi 10 hoi thai xi kho va foal 19 hoi thai xi Iéng. - Dya theo dp suat cha khong khf va sin phdm chay Gong budng lita, 6 loai budng lita dp suat am, c6 loai budng lira dp sudt duong; trong loai dp suat duong cb Joai dot cao Sp, v6 loai dot dui ép sunt binh thudng. - Duta theo eéch ldp dat, 06 loai 10 hui di dong, 66 Logi 16 he tinh tai. - Dua theo cong dung, 6 loai {0 hoi cap ahigt, c6 Jogi 18 hoi dong lye. 12~ Dya theo dae didm bé mat truyén Ahict, 66 loai 18 hoi ng 18, 66 loai [3 hoi Ong Ya, o6 Loui 10 hol Gng nude; c6 loai 10 hoi nam, c6 loai 8 hoi ding, 1.4 NHIEN LIEU VA SAN PHAM CHAY CUA NHIEN LIEU Nhién ligu 1a nhiing vat c6 thé chéy duye (xy hod), khi chy tod ca nhidu nhi¢t va anh sing. Hign nay trén thé gidi, ngudn nhien lidu chi yeu 1 nhi¢n Ligu hiw co, ching o6 thé & thé rin nhy cui, 26, than bi, than adu, than dé v.v..., 66 thé & thé long nhir dau mé, dau xang, déu madiit v.v..., hode thé khi nhu khi thién nhien, khf 1 cao, khf 10 e6e vv. 1.4.1 Thanh phn ctia nhién ligu Thuemg phan tich nhién ligu theo thanh phdn ho hoe (thinh phin nguyén t6), thanh phan c6ng nghé, d0i khi cdn theo thanh phan vat Ly, A. Thanh phan hod hoc (nguyen 16) cla nhién liéu. C6 thé phan tich thanh nhing thanh phan chy ditgc nhur cachon (C), hydrd (H), mot phiin liu hugh (S), nity (N) va qui use ca Oxy (O) va nhing thinh phin khong chdy duge nh tro (A) va dm (W). 1. Ciie théinh phn chiy duoc: + Cacbon 1a thanh phdn vhdy chil yéu cia nhign ligu hitu cu, khi chdy cacbon lod ra khoding 34150 k//kg. Tuy theo tuéi hinh thinh cba nhién lige, cacbon 6 thé chiém tir 50% dén 95%; tudi hinh thanh cng cao thi think phin cachon ving nhidu, khi ch4y tod nhigu nhiét nhung hoi khé bat lira. + Hydro 1a thanh phin chéy quan trong, khi ch4y tod 1a nhiéu nhict hon, khodng 144500 iv/ke, nghia Ja giip hon 4 lin so véi cacbon va dé bat lita. Trong thanh phdn nbign ligu hiu co, hydro chiém khoting tir 2% dén 10%, trong dau ty Ie hydro nhiéu hon trong than. - Lau huynh thutmg tén tai dudi ba dang: dang hitu co, dan. khodng chit 1 hai dang chay duge va dang thit ba khong chdy duge JA dang sulfat nhur CaSO,, MgSO,, FeSO, v. tgo thanh tro xi, Luu huynb trong nhicn ligu khong nhiéu, nhiéu nhat cd thé dén 7 + 8% trong mot vai loai than nau; trong dau cé thé ed dén 3 4%, tong khi thiGn nhién héu nh khong c6. Luu huynh bi xép vio loai thanh phiin c6 hai, tuy ring khi chay 66 tod ra mot it hist, bang khodng 1/3 dén 1/3,5 cia cacbon, nhung tée hai chu yu khi dét nhién liéu ed nhidu $ 1a kyeh thich hign tugng dn mon dién hod cdc be mat Guyén nhigt c6 nhiét do thap nhir bo sdy khong 13khitbo him nude v.v..., hon nifa edn ¢6 tée hal AS vt mot truimg. Khi chay $ sinh fa 90, vA mot phan SO, chiing Lam tang mhigt dy dong suong ctia kha theo kinh ngbiér thing ké, Khi dt du voi he 86 khong khi tho 1,25 néu diiu khang 6 hu hugh shi nhigt dO dgng song Khong quai SO°C, neu 66 1% lun hunk thi Ling vot len deh Khixing 130°C. sau d6 cd ting 1% $ thi ahigt db dang sung tang khoang WC. Rhi he mat tnuyen nhidt 1i¢p xc wii Khéi 66 nigh do esp hen Mbict dong sucmg thi hoi nue (rong khéi ngutng ty Iai, KEL hyp YUH SOs 20 thanh acid sulturic, an mon kim loai rat ohanh. ~ Nite. Khi dot & ap sudt khi guyén va nhiét do khong that cao thi nite khong chay ma lan vio trong sin phd chéy dudi dang ty dos num, Gi nhiet do va dp suat quo, nite chay duge, to thanh oxyt nitré anh hu@ng xdu dn mdi trudng. Trong hide [igu hit cor nites chigim khoang 0,5% Aen 2.5%, - Oay cling qui use 1B thinh phin chiy duye, ohumy tye 7a khong nhimg KhOna chay mi con (Gn tai disdi dang Két hop vst hydro va cachon {chéiy ngam) lam eidm bit ohict lugng twa ra khi chdy- 2. Nhitny chat khong chdy diage: 6m two va dm. m In thtinh phda cé hai, khong nhiing khong chéy vo toa nhigt ma cdn teu Sa nhist dé lam bée hoi, Lam vang nbiét do dong stung cua Khel nhat 1 khi dot nhién jigu co nbiéu tau huynhs tay ohién 66 mot ft nude @ nhiet do cao cling c6 tie dung lam ting, We dd chéy do tac dung Khy hod bé mat than va tyo thém tung tam hoat tinh kéch thich qué lrinh chéy.Trong abién liga im 1dn tai duéi ba dang: do am im mao dan va dé 4m tinh thé. Thong thong qui dinh do am jam vi choi Iuang gidim di khi sdy & 105°C mau nbien figu can bang voi khong Am tucng di GO% va nhi¢t dé 20°C. khi ct Tro B ng, hyp nhiing think phiin Khong chdy duge o th rin, ihutng qui dinh 12 Wy 1¢ phn cdn lai Khi dot nhien figu rin & 8OU'C hose nhién ligu ling & 500°C. ‘Tro cing gdm ¢6 tro ngoai Va tte trong. Tro ngodé [A nig chit rin khong ehdy duge Vin vdo nhién figu trong qua tinh khai the, van chuyén va blo quan, an tro tiona 1 phan chat rin khong chiy duce 66 ngay trong qué tinh hinh thinh nhtan ficu. D® tro phu thage vao ching logi hign Tea, dieu kien Khai thac, van chuyén VA bdo quin, DO (to ela day madut_khodne 0.2 gen 0.4%, cilia cai 6 khoang 0,5 dén 2.5%, cla than dd khoang 15 dén 30% hoa hon ntra. Tro e6 te dung xu: Him gidim nbigt Ivong phat ra eika nhien Lieu, gay hign tuung bam ban, mai mon cde bé mat uuyén nhigt, cdc dutmg Sng din, quat khéi vv. Trong cong nghé déi, ta thutmg quan tam den ahigt dd bicn dang, nhigt dd mém va nhiét do néng chay cila so. 3. Cach bid thi rieink phan cia nhion Neu:Thanh phan cua mot cl nao dé trong uhién liu [a ty sO gitiu Khoi hegng cit riéng chat dé va (ng khOi Itong cua nhién liga khao sit; thudng ding think phan lam viée, thinh phan kho, thanh phiin chy, thanb phan hitw co, vv. Thi du ta [iy G ke whién lieu & digu kign Lam vie binh thutng dem phan tich duge Ge Ay cacbon, Gy ke hydro, Gy kg tou hgiah, G, ky 00, Gy durin viv... 166 dinh nghia: Thanh phan lam viée cita cacbon 1a: CY =(Gy G).L00%; ctia hydro 1k HY = (G,/G). 100% - (1-la) Thanh phan kho clta cacbon fi: Ch = [Ge G- Gy}. 100% (1-Ib} Thinh phan chay cita cacbon 1a: C= (Go(G - Gy - G3] 100% Cele} Khi cdin thidt, cd thé tin chuyé che hé sO cho Gi bing I-l. déi gidia cde thinh phin bing cfich aban then Bung 1-1. He x6 tinh cli vn 64 cde lout dhtialt plidu: whicn fin Thinih phim cau nia ‘Think phiin i bict - Thanh phan lami viee | Theuih phiin hk _Thhanby phan cinsy “rwinh phin Lim vige | 1 | to0jc1u9- wy JOU; WAM ‘Thiinh phin kho | cro —wy-t09 1 J oa wie a5 Thanh phan chiy j foo- we arylog | G00 Abrio0 i! Thi da 1-1. Lay 2 &y miu than dang Yam viée, phiia tieh Jue 90 gC. 60 gH TO, 20 GU g Strang dé ¢6 20 g $ sunfat, S80 g A, com bai TA Hay xe dinh than phan Him vite eta cic fe low! think phn cia eacbon tam Grai: Thanh phi cita ee na yon 16 Fin Lange Ya Ch = (GAG). LOD = (YOL/2000). 100% = 45%, HY = (GyfG), 100% = (G0/200U). 100% = 3% O* = (GIG). 10% = L2A/20KN. 1005 = OF se GYG).1U0% = {60 - 200/20001, 100% AS 3 (G,/G).1 DUS = [S80 + 207/200] LOE = 30% N° = (GIG).1QUS = (20/2000). 10% = Hees G0 {Ch 4+ HP 4 04 She NOE AN LOU TAS © 84642 +4430) = 13% Cae Jogi thinks phan ctis cacbom: thdub phidi ko Gis eachon ed the Linh theo: F [CicliG- Gail 100% = 52%,howe: [tna 100 - W')) = 52%. Thanh pli dy cla C06 thé tinh theo: CE RGM Gy - Gad] = 80.20%: hoae tinh Wee: C= CP LOC sO ~ wh - AN = SD3%, Neodi ra, doi khi dé tiga vide dainh eid téc hai cla mOt s6 thank phin nhién lidu dO voi IS hoi, ngudi ta cdn ding thaoh phan qui din nhu d6 tro qui din, d am qui din v.v.. D9 tro qui dan 1a do ro img wii 1000 AY nhigt ti cua nhién heu, Unk they cong thife: A® = 1000(A'Q."), ke HOYRE hoac %/1000 kiky (1-2a) Tuong ty, t2. e6 do dm qui din cia nhisn ligu diye tinh theo cong thite: W*! = 1000 0QW"/Q."), kg LOVEL hod %/1000 KK (1-2b) Trong cde cong thie trén Q)* 18 nhigt tri thép efia nhién Ligu lam vie. B. Thank phan cong aghé cita nhién lieu: Ditng vé gsc do sit dyng nbién ligu thtng ding them thanh phan cong aghe, trong dé thinh phan chéy duge gdm c6 chit bie vB 06 ec. 1. Chat boe Via hoi Lugng mat di Khi nung ndng nbign ligu wong digu kign hong co khong khi & ahigt dg 800"C uong 7 pad, phiin con [gi 1a edt: vA Uo. Niue vay chal bée Li abimg chat khi thodt ra khi nbién liga bi phan huy nbigt trong moi trutmg khong c6 oxy, think phéin chit yeu cha nd 18 hydro, cacbua hydro (Cyl), COV. Nhign $596, bat day thoat ra & mhigt dO Khodng 160°C; tong than bin chiém khodng 70%, iit ddu thodt ra khodng 100 dén 110°C: trong than nau chiém Kho’ng 40 dé wthodt ra & khoang 130 dén 170°C; trong than dé chic khodng 10 dé 4556, bit dau thoat ra $ khofing 170 dén 300'C; trong antraxit chiém khodng 2 dén 9% va bat diu thoat ra & khodng 400°C. cing non chét b6e cing nhigu: trong g6 cht boe chigm khong Nhin chung, nhién ligu o6 cing nhiéu chat be, cing d& bit lita, chéy 6a dinh va ngon lita dai. Nhicn ligu e6 chdt bée Gn 25% rit dé chéy, dash 17% Kho chy. & nude ta, phiin ion nhien liu 1a antraxit, nia antraxit va than gily, chat bée rt théip _ do vay dét chéy c6 higu qua than & nuGe ta la van dé rat dang quan tam nghién ctu. 162. Coe 1h phn chy durye cbn gi sau Khi cho thoat het chat bde. CBr c6 thé & dang thidu kot ctmg va x6p; d6 1 ede two ra tit ede lout than chita chit hoe Khong gua it ¢khong dud! 17%) cling Khong qué nbicu (khong (ren 42 dén 45%). Néu than chita chit bow qui ft hode qua nhiéu thi oe cha ehting khGng thiew ket ma co dang pot, mém, khong ding duge cho eae 1 Tuygn kim, Pda 16n (han nutte ta thude Logi nay. C. Ghi cht: + Gita thanls phain hod hee vi thinh phiin cOng nehg ¢6 thé toh di Ln nhau theo cae cong thie kink nghig¢m: C= 93,94, 55), damn vGi [V/ACV+C)] = 8% Aen 30% (1-3) HE = (V6.7) + 3.2, ding voi [VQV+O)] = 8% An 40% (1-3b) OF = (V8) + 2,2, dling vii [VV4O)) = 8% den 30% (1-36) Sf = (V/60), diing voi [VAV+C)] = 8% don 50% (1-3d) No = ¢V/50) + IL (i-3e) 2, Voi mot sé nbien lieu $ thé ding thinh phén vat ly (cia tao) dé bide thi, thi du nby voi ba mia cot an thinh: xo (X) chidm khoding 46 dén 53%, trung binh 66 thé ly bling 50%; chit hoa tan (D) chiém khoing 2 dén 4%, trong D con o6 thé chia thinh dutmg (d) va cdu bin (b), do Am (W) chidm kholing 45 dén 50%, lay trung binh 18 489. Nhu vay ta 6 thé viel: Wrath dhe bY s Wi 4 f" + Dh = 100% a4) 4. Véi nhién ligu khi eng o6 thé ding thinh phan edu tao (vat 1y) Ue la cde chat kht thinh phan nr CO, H,, CH, (metan), CH, @tan), CAs (propan), CHao (Butan), C.F, (etylen), CsAy (propylen) vv. Ja nhiing chat khi chay duge va nhimg chat khf khong chay duge nhu CO, Oy, Ny, SO. wv... Cling c6 thé tinh déi voi ihanh phan hod hoe theo ede cong thite sau: Ch =0,54[CO + CH, + CO,+ {C,H} / eat + a/1000}, % (1-5a) B= [0,09H, + 0,18CH, + 0,045 (C,H)! / Hac # (d+ 2/4000), % (1-Sb) Of = (07 1SCO + 1,44C0,+ 14280.) / Hy + (d+ 29/1000), % (Se) No = L2SING/ byw + (d+ a/J000), % (1-34) W'=0,1d / fy t Cd +a 1000), % (1-Se) A™2O,lal [ta t 6d +4 1000 |, % (Sg) G day: CO, CHy, COs, CoH, ¥-¥- 1a thanh phan thé tich ca cae chal Kf thanh phan, tinh theo %; 17d- d6 chita hoi ela ce chat khi, g/arte kkho; a- ndng dg bui trong cdc chat khi, gfi’tc Rend; ¥a- khdi Lugng riéng cla khi khé chay duge, tinh theo bidu thie: Yon = [(1,25C0 + 0,09H, + 0,716CH, + 1,342C,H;+ 1,967C,H, + 2,593C,H,,+ 1,251C,H,Y100] + (C,877C,Hs + 2,503C,H, + 1,52H,S + 1,4280, + 1,251N i+ 1,964CO, + 2,858S0,)/100], kg/ar'te (1-6a) Néu e6 ké den do dm va tro byi,khoi hrong rieng cia khi dot phai tinh theo: Pe = Yer + (d +2 /1000, kyle (1b) 1.4.2 Nhiét tri Nhict ti (nang suét tod nhiét) cia nhién ligu 18 nhiét luong tod ra khi dot chay hoin ton 1 kg hole | arte nhién ligu,don vi thudng ding 1a k/fke hoac Aflprte. Nhiét tri cla nhién ligu c6 thé xée dinh true tiép bing thuc nghiém trén mhiét lugng ké hode ding cdc cdng thtte kinh nghiém theo cdc thinh phan cia nhién ligu. C6 nhiéu loai nhiét tri: tuy thude vio cach dot chy nhién ligu, thudmg ding ba Joai: nhiét tri bom nhiét lwong ké, nhigt (ri cao va nhiét tri thiip; tuy theo mdu nhién Jigu chon lam thi nghiém, ta thudng ding ba loai: nhiét tri lam viée, nhiét tri kho va nhiét i ch4y. Trong c4c bai tinh thong thutmg ding nhiét wi thap Jam viee Q.”, ute Ja nhigt Lugng toa ra Khi dot chay hoan toan 1 kg hoge 1 are mu nhien liu & diéu kign lam vige binh thudng ma H,O rong sin phdm ch4y & dang boi; néu H,O & dang nude ngung ta duge nhiét tri cae 1am viec Q.”. Khi lam thf nghi¢m, o6 thé do true tiép nhiét tri cad’ bom nhiét Luong ké Q.", te Ja nhigt lugng thu duge khi d6. ch4y hoan toan 1 kg nhién ligu trong bom nhiée lugng ké. & day phan ting chéy tign hinh dudi digu kign giau Oxy, Ap sudt va nhigt 0 cao trong bom nhiet luong ké dé wong nude nén ca Oxy va nito cing chéy thanh SO,va NO, réi két hop véi H,O ngumg ty, tao thanh acid sulfuric va acid nitric 18 nhiny phan Ging toa nhiét, TH nhiét tri cao bom nhiét lugng ké 66 thé tinh ra céc nhitt tri khée nhu sau: QE = QP. 94S + aQ.”, ike (17a) QS = QS - 225K? , Ki/kg (1-7b) QM= Q1C100 - AY - W100), Kikg (1-7e) Irong dé: 94 S* la nhiét Luong tod ra khi chéy S$ va tao ra acid sulfuric;aQ." 1a nhiet lugmg to ra khi N, chéy va tao thinh acid nitric, trong 86 ala he SO ihe nehigm, bang 0,001 v6 antraxit v2. than géy, Bang 0,001 vi than dé va dé dau. Nhigt tri cding ¢6 thé tinh theo ede cong thie thye nghiém khée nhau, thudng ging cong thie cila Mendéleep khi Diet duye cAe thanh phan hod hoe: Qh = Qe - 25H" + W"), Wikg (1-8) QL” = LQ (100 - AY = WP 100), Ki/ky (1-86) Qs =240C + 1250HS + 11008 - O'), Ay (1-8e} Déi voi ba mia c6 thé tinh theo cong thie thye nghigm won co sé biét thanh phan edu tao: | QP = 46E- 39,550 + 1b - 25W —-350, keallkeg (1-9a) hoac gan ding: Qh = 4226 - 48,50W", keallkg (1-9b) D6i voi ddu madut cé thé ding cOng thue thyc nghiém sau: Q, = Q.- 50,45H, kealiky (1-10a) Q. = 12400 - 21000, Aealikg (1-10b) trong a6; H = 26 - 15d, 18 shanh phén hydro trong dau, %, d JA ty trong cla dau & GO'F (xilp xi 15,5°C), bing Kholing 0,8152 dén 1,0285. Oi voi nhign Jigu khi, 06 thé tinh theo nhigt (ri ella ede chat khf thanh phan. Whiot tr) kho cla nhién figu khi cd thé tinh theo cong thite: QF =0,01(0,..CO + Qe H+ Qs AS + QevtinCatla)s Mint d-tD trong do: CO, Ha, HS, CH, 18 thinh phn thé tfeh ode chat kht , %; : Qeor Qier Que enna A ABIEL tH kho cita céc chat khf thanh phan, cd thé lay theo sO Héu thyc nghiém sauz Qu: = 10800 + Qco= 12150; Quas# 23400; Qeur= sg 2 63800; Qesyee = 914005 Qeaino= 1188005 Qeans = 59300; Qraie= ung = 116000 Ki/mi'te- 1.4.3 Phan loai nhién ligu C6 nhigu céch phan foai tuy theo tiéu chudn Iya chon. Dua theo trang théi tén tai, cd thé chia thinh nhién ligu ran, nhién ligu long va nhién ligu khi. Dua theo c4ch hinh thinh, ¢6 nhién ligu thién nhién nhu than dé, ddu mé, khi thién nhien 19vv... Va nhien | st khao sat mot s u eh bign nbu than coe, than hoa, diu madut, khi 18 ga vv... Ta G nhién tigu thuding gap: 1, Cai, ¢ va phy pham nong lam san: day 18 loai nbi¢n licu bitu co tré nba, C&i 26 kho e6 ihanh phin khd Gn dinh, dai thé bang: C* bang khoding 50%, H® bang khuxing 6%, O° biing khoding 43%, N° bang khodng 0,5 dén 1%, A* bang khoing 0,5 din 2%, ebsit bow V" bing khoJng 85%. Cha do dm thay di kha nhidu, efi kho 6 W" khoding 20 dén 30%, chi woi khoding 50%, c6 khi len tdi 80 den 70%. Che loai nhign ligu nay c6 nhiéu chat boc men dé chy nhumg nhigr uj khong cac, thudng hay ding dé nhdim 1, nbigt i Kho Q& khong 19000 ANky, nhigt tri hip Q) khong qua 12000 kl/Kg, trie mot vai loai dic bigt hw filao cb do am hip hon khong 5 dén 10% so véi 26 thong thudmg, nén nhigt tri cling cao hon, Q' 6 thé dal dén 13608 K/kg. mia thutng ding Lun nbier ligu cho chinh bin than nha may dudng, khong chi dit dé cung cap nting Iveng cho ton nba may ma nhidu khi cdn’c6 thir. Thanh phan cita ba mia cfing khé on dinh, C® khoang 44 don 49%, lay trung binh bing 47%: HY khoiny 6 dén 7.4%, lay trang binh hive 6,5%; OF khoang 41,8 dén 48%, lay trung binh bing 44%; A‘ kholing | dé 2,7%, ly ung binh bing 2,5%5 4 dm W" khadng 45 dén 50%, ldy teung binh bing 139 Ba mia cfing dd chdy, f ro, hung vi kAGi lugng riéng nhd, nén chat bang Khoting 240 kyin7', chat ddng kholing 200 kgln', dé ri khoaing 120 kefm* nen rat dé bay theo khoi, bm bin ede bé mat tuyén nhigt va kbd téch ra bing ede bo khir bui co khi thong thutmg, gay 0 nhiém moi truémg. BE mfa kh6 c6 nhict tr Q* khodng 4250 kealiky, voi ba mia tuoi thi ty huge vao do am, o6 thé inh theo cong thite: Qi" = 4226 - 48,50W" , keallky (1-12) 2. Than biin: 1 dang ban dau eda thye vat chuyén hoé think than dé, 66 do am rat Im, W" dao dong Long khoiing 30 dén 90%, chit bGe cao, VE bing khoang 70%, tr khOng nhiéu, khoing 7 dén 15%, dé chay nung nhiét tri cling khong cao, Q.” khoing 8500 dén 12000 kffke. Than bin duye xép vio loai nhion ligu dia phuong, 6 nui edn diing lium phtin bon. 3. Than nau: 18 dang ti¢p theo ciia than bin, cdc dic tinh dao dong trong pham vi rong: dQ fim =W" Khoang tir 18 dén 60%, do tro A® khoiing tir 10 dén 50%, chat tc VW khoung 30 dén 55%, Than niu dé chéy nhung thanh phd cacbon ft nén tq] van chua cao, Q.” bing khodng 12000 dén 16000 Ad/kg, thudmg vin duye x€p vio loai nhién ligu dia phuong. 4. Than di: 18 loai than 6 tuéi hink think wong déi cao, ede dae tinh cling dao dong wong pham vi khd rong, chat bdc thay doi tir 2 dén 55%, cd the chia thinh may loai sau: ~ Taan 6 ngon Itta dai véi chal bée V‘ én 42%, dé chdy, cho ngon lita dai vA xanh; 20- Than khi (gas) cd chat boie V6 tir 35 dt 42%; ~ Than mé (luyén eS) at bde V' ir 18 dén 26%, ehdiy o6 ngon lita sing va ngdin, thurang dimg dé laygn c@ cho ngaah luyén kim; - Than gay, c6 chit boc VE dudi 174, khd chdy, ngon lita ngdn va ving, eGe khong thicu ket. - Than antraxit (nhiéu tac gid xép thinh mot loai 2 ngoai than dA), c6 tudi hinh thanh cao nha, chit bde rit it, Vo chi khoing 2 dén 9%, thanh phan cacbon rit cau, © od thé i 95 dén 98%, khi chéy cho ngon lua xanh nhat, khong 66 khoi nén con goi 1a than khong khoi. Tuy thank phén C cao nhung H ft nén nhiét tri khong cao bang than mé mA nhigt do bat Tita lai cao nén rat khG dét chy. Day 1a loai than 66 rat nhidu & nuéy ta. 5. Dit madut: 18 sin phim chiém khong 40% khoi lung khi ché bién déu mé, thanh phin C” tir 80 din 85%, H” tir 8 dén 10%, nhist tri Q” Khoang tér 39000 dén 40000 Addy. Trong cong nghé dot, 1a thudng cho ¥ ba loai nhiét do cle diu: nhiét do chdp lira, nhigt do bit Ita va mhigt do lr chdy. Nhist dd chép lira cha dau madut thong thutng bing khodng 60 dén 110°C, day 1a nhiet do 161 thigu ma hoi dau Uren bé mat cd thé bat chay rdi Lit ngay nhu tia chdp, khi gia nhigt dau phi chon thafp hon nhiet dO chép Ita khong ft bon 4°C; nhung loai déu c6 nhigt do chép lita cao lai kh chdy, thirdng fl ding loai dau e6 nhi¢t do chép lira tren 140°C. Nhiét do bat lita thudng én hon nhiét nhiét do (Gi thigu ma khi dé gain lira ddu o6 the chip lita khoang 10 dén 30°C, day 1a le chiy. ju madut bing Khoiing 530 dén $80°C, 12 nhict 43 (0i bée chéy ma khong céin 6 lita, Nhigt dd trong budng lira phai dim bio shone thap hon nhidt dO ndy, néu khong Lita dd bi tat. _, Tone ong | ngh¢ an chayen dau, cba phai chd ¥ dén nhiét do tw chay, tie 1a chay duge. Tuy theo loai déu nhist do te chay bing khong tir -30 den nse. Phai cach nhiét hoi gia nhiét dé dam bao nhiét dQ cua dau ludn Idn hon nhiét do nay. Khi dem pha chil § dn su co din vé nhigt cha dav, do vay thutmg th chain @& Nhat chon 15%C, & My chon 60, xfp xi = 7% + 0,00086( -1,) (1-13a) (1-136) hos rong dé: 0,00066 Lit hi hi¢u chinh vé Ly trong va k la thé lay theo cong thie kinh nghiém sau: 6 higu chinh vé thé tich co 21< 4 y= | = 0,996 6 k = 1,000 - 0,0006%¢ - 15) véi1 = 15 + 50°C k = 0,9779 - 0,0006(t - 50) vi t = 50 + 100°C VGi 7 = 0,965 + 0,851 6 k = 1,000 - 0000701 - 15) voit = 15 + 50°C va k = 0,9754 - 0,00067(t - 50) vii t= 50 + 100°C. 7 JA Ly yng utc 12 ty 1é gitta khoi Ivong riéng oa dau va cla nude nguyén chat 6 diéu kign chudn. G Nhat chan dau & 15°C va nuse 6 4°C, & MY chon dau va nude déu 6 60°F. Noi chung, déu 1a logi nhién ligu quy, dé bit Lira, dé chéy, nhiet 66 nggn tia dai va kha nang bite xa lin, it tro (khong qué 0.1%) nen sa phai chi y phdng chdy nd. 6. Khy dot: g6m 6 khi thién nhign va khi ché bién (nhan tao). Trong kbi thien nhién chi: ycu Ik métan (CH,), ¢6 thé chiém dén 95%, nhiét ti Q." khosing 35000 Ain't. Thanh phdn khf ché bién khée nhau nbiéu. Khf 18 cdc chita khodng 58% Hy, 22% CH,, nhigt wi Q”” Khodng 16000 k/nrte. Khi 18 cao cha you 1a CO, chiém Khoiing 28%, nhigt tr) Q.” kho3ng 4000 Aline. Khi 10 gaz. chifa khoang 27% CO, 13% H,, nhi¢t wi khoang $000 kfm'tc. Khi d6t 1a loai nhién ligu c6 nhiéu uu digm: dé van chuyén, dé dot, dé diéu chinh qué trinh chdy, rit it tro nén sach, khong mai mon, it bam ban v.v.. ‘ao, Chay , uy nhién 1.4.4 Cac phan ung chay, lugng khong khi can thiét va san pham chay Chay 1A qua trinh phan tng hod hge dign ra gitta ede thanh phéia ehdy duge ob trong nhién ligu vi Oxy, tod ra nhiéu nhict va 4nh s4ng. Trong phong thi nghiém cd. thé ding Oxy nguyén chat, nhung trong thyc t€ san xuat thudng ldy oxy trong khong khi. Musn ehay dye nhigt do cla nhién lieu con phdi dat dén mot pid tri t6i thigu nao do: cti, g6 khodng 300°C, than hoa 360°C, than bin 225°C, than nau 300°C, than a 300 dén 350°C, antraxit ti 650 dén 700°C, Jiu ind 580°C, H, khong 600°C, CO Khoiing 60°C, CH, khodng 650 dén 700°C v.v... Nhien ligu sau khi chdy sé tao thnh san phdm chay. Ta edn vict duge céc phin tmg chdy dé Iam co sé tinh ton Iuong khong khf edn thiét va lugng sin phdm chdy sinh ra di véi timg thanh phan ch4y cing nhu timg loai nhién liéu. A. Doi véi nhién liéu rdn va tong: 1, Cac phein ing chdy: Trong nhién litu rén va Ing, nhtng thank phén chay duge g6ém 06 cacbon, hydrd va tu huynh. Phan img chy eda chiing nhu sau: a. Phdn ing chdy cita cachow. Cacbon chdy hoan to’n theo phin img: 22C+0, > CO, + Q. (1-14a) Khi chay khéng hoan toan: C+0,50, > CO + Q.; (1-14b) CO hinh thanh ¢6 thé chdy tiép theo phin Ung: CO +.0,50, > CO, + Qe (1-14c) Nhigt long tod ra ed quan he: Qo = Qu + Qes. b. Phan ting chav ctia hydrd: Hydro chéy theo phan Umg sau: H, + 0,50, > H,0 + Q,, (1-15) © Phan ing chay eda bine hasnt: Law huynh chéy theo phan ting sau: S+ 0; >S0,+Q, (1-16) 2. Luong khong kh edn shiét: Tir cde phan tmg chéy tren, ta o6 thé tinh duge Luong Oxy, ti d6 suy ra tinh duge khéng khf can thiet, DGi vai cacbon, khi viét phan tng chéy: C+0,>C0, 6 nghia La: ldsnol C+ 1 kmol O, > 1 kmol CO, hoae 12 kg C+ 32 kg O, + 44 kg CO, hoae 12 kg C 422.4 arte O, > 22,4 mic CO, h cacbon cling nhu cde chat khée & thé rn va Ing Ja rét nho so vGi thé khi, o6 thé bd qua khong can tinh deén, cOn d6i voi tat cd cdc chat kbf 8 didu Kien Uiéu chuan (p = 760 aundfg, t = 0°C) thi thé tich cia m6t Amol déu bing 22,4 nete, Te phan (mg trén ta thay, dé dot ke C ein 32: 12 = 2,67 kg hoac 22,4; 12 = 1,866 nr'ie Oxy. ‘Theo cAch suy luan tuong tu, ta thay: dé dot chay | kg H, cfn 16: 2 = 8 ky hole 11,2: 2 = 5,6 wi'tc Oxy va dé dot chdy 1 kg S cain Lke C hode 0,7 ar'tc Oxy Nhu vay, dé dot chay 1 kg nhién ligu cé thinh phin 1a Cc, HY, s¥ nghia 1a phai dot chay (C'/100) ke C, (H"/100) ke Ho, (S"/100) kg $ thi cfin [(C°100).1,866 + (A°/100).5,6 + (S°/100).0,7) mite Oxy ma trong | kz nhién ligu di cd san (07100) 23ky hoae (O"7100).(22,4/32) = 0,7(0'/ 100) msc, nen Iugng Oxy céin dua vao dé dé chéy | ky ohien ligu Bi: Woy 1,866(C*/100) + 5,6(H */100) + 0,7(S°/ 100) - 0,7C0"'/ 100), arte ‘Trong khong khi oxy chiém 21% theo thé tich, nén Igng khong khf vita dd dé 61 chy hotin ton | ky mien Lig Td: Vs Vn 00/21) = 0,0889(C" + 0,278S,") + 0,265H" - 003330", m’tefkgnt G-l7) 2 6 nhtnug cong thie kink nghi¢m dé (oh, nhu: V"Gs (Qh + WEY 1000, nrefkent (48a) trong dé a Ii hé s@ xde dinh theo kinh nghiém, véi than va dau bang 1,07 dén 1,10; v6i dé dau va nhién licu kat bang 1,15 dén 1,20. Doi vGi ddu,c6 thé ding cong thie kinh nghi¢m cua Rosin: Vin= 08(QY/1000 ) + 2, na'tclkgat (1-18b) V< gyi 14 luong khong khf ly thuyct, nghia Ih voi gia thict it cd Khong kf déu duge tham gia phan tg va vita di dé chéy hodn toan. Nhung trong thuc 1€, vi nhigu iy do khae nhau, lun c6 mét bd phan khéng khi khong tiép xtic dutge voi cée thinh phiin chéy nén lugng khong kaf thuc 1¢ V,. khée vGi luymg khong khi ly thuyét, they 1a nhicu hon nén ty 36 Vy/V'L, goi 1a hé sé khéng khi thita, thuemg ky higu bing o. Hé sO khong khf thira thudng due chon thea kinh nghiem: dot nhién ligu king va kh¢ ly khodng 1,05 dén 1,10; dot than phun ly tir 1,15 den 1,25: tren ghi xich, dot than don lay khodng 1,3; dét than cam ty Khoang 1,5; ren ghi thu céng ly khoang, 1,4 dén 1,5. Vi khong khi cé thé Igt vae hé thong nén hé $6 khong khi thira 6 thé thay d6i Wen dudng din khdi. 3. Thank phen, thé tick va entanpi ctia sin phe chy. a. Thanh phan cia sén phdin chéy: Khi nbitn ligu chdy hoin ton véi luyng khong khi vita di (ie Ja a = 1), trong sin phim ehdy bao gdm eae thinh phen sau: CO; do chay C, SO, do chay $ HO mot phin do chay hydro, do 4m ela nhien ligu boc hoi, mot phin do hoi nude'es trong khong khf, doi khi cn do ding hoi nude dé phun ohién ligu vao budng dét va N; mt phan do khong khi mang vao, mot phin do c6 san trong ahign liu. Khi chay hodn todn voi hé sé khong khf thita kon hon 1 thi cbn cé oxy do khong khi thita mang vio. Néu chay khong hodn toin cdn c6 CO va mot it chat khi khong chay het nhu Hy, CHy, Cab. v-v-. b. Thé tick eta sin pidnr chiy: 24bel, Khi chay hodn todn voi a = | eV aa Suy tir cde phin ting chay & én, ta thay khi dét hay hon toan | ky C cho 44 112 = 3,6 ky hots 22,4 12 = 1,860 n7'ee CO, va khi dot chay hod toan 1 kg abten ligu cd thinh phan C*, cho mot thé teh khi CO, bang: Vi gg = 1 860(C8/1 00), aitetkgut khi chdy thinh phan $* cho mot thé tich: Vson = O7S"/100), natcikgt Vi CO, vi SO, c6 nhitag die tinh vé whist giGing ahaul, Lal kh6 tdch ta hi phan lich Khoi nén crong tinh todn thudng ghép lam mot, dting ky higu 1a RO; do vay khi dot chay hodn todn | Ag nbién hgu te duge thé tich khi RO, bing: Van = Weng # V soa = 1866(C°/ 100) + 0,7(8°/ 100} = 0,01866(C™ + 0,375 SY), ar'teikgal (1-198) oN Thanh phan N. do khong khf mang vio bang 0,79V"4., do 66 sin trong nhi¢n figu bing (N°/100) ky howe (N */100).22.4/28) = 0.008" nate. Nit vay thé tech khi N; trong san pham chdy bing: Vg: = U,TOV'. + O008N™, aiitetkynt (1-19b) 2 Vaso Thé ich H.0, do chay (H°/100) kg Hy duge (H"/$00).(22,4/2) = 0,L12H" mircikgt, do a6 dm boc hoi due: (W"/100).22,4/18) = 0,0124W" neicikgal, do ho! nude ding dé phun nhign figu, ett 1 ky nbien Tigu can G, kg hoi nude thi duge G, QO2,A4/18) = 1,246, ar'te/kent, cdn do khong khi im voi dg chdu hot d Igy bing 10 gikg mang dues (Vy. pap ee 1000) = O,DIGIV, areclkyed. Tom tai thd tich hoi nude 6 trong san pham chay 1a: Vouag= O,L12H* + 0,0124W "+ 1,246, + O,OIOIV? yp eerkgal (1-19) Nha vay, khi chéy hodn toin | Ag mhiéa ligu voto. = 1, duge thé tich sin phdm chdy bing: = Vga t Wet Wine nticdkgat (1-20) Nou khéng tinh dén phin hoi nude, ta duge khdi kid voi the tich: V" yuo = Vxu + V'une nr'telkgnl (1-20b) b.2. Khi chay hoa toin vei a > 1. So v6i khi chdy hoiin toan a = 1, ta thay c6 su khac nhatt nh sau: iy a- Thé tich RO, khong thay déi, vi do thiinh phan C va S trong nhién Jigu quyét dinh, nén Vacs = Von - Cé thém thanh phan khi O, do khong khi thita mang vao ¢6 thé tich bing: Vo = 0,21( a - Vy. wtctkgal (i-2!a) -N, tang thém do kh6ng khf thita mang vio, bing: AV a3 = 0,79 Vc, a telkgnt (1-21b) - HO ciing tang thém do ¢6 khong khi thira mang vio: AVyaq = 0,016 Lat - DV, attreikgnt (1-22) Nhu vay, khi chay hoan toan vdi a>1, ta duge thé tich san phém chiy: Vi = Vexcn tt Vout AV ys t Vent Winot AVino Prtcikgnd — (1-23a) = Vang t -DV ct Vino mtelkgat (1-246) = Viana + Vino, nriteékgnd (J-23e) trong dO: Vio 18 thé tich khdi khO, Vyzo 1a thé tich hoi mude trong khéi va V, 1a thé tich khéi dm. b.3. Khi chy khong hoan toan. Chay khong hon toin c6 thé do khong c6 di khong khi (a < 1) hoac do khong khi khong cé diéu ki¢n ti¢p xtc duge véi nhi¢n ligu, ké ca khi @ > 1. Lie dé trong khéi con 6 cA nhig chat khi chéy duge, nhi¢u nhat 18 CO, v6 thé ¢6 cd H, CH. Thinh phan thé tich eda sin phdm chdy Lic d6 1a: RO, + O,+ N,+ H,0 + CO + H,+ CHat ... = 100%. &. Kae dink hé 86 khang khi tute que thauh phdn ctu sén phdm chdy: Khi van hinh 1d hai, can phan tich duge thanh phan cita sin phd chéy dé lam co sé dénh gid bigu qua cia qué uinh chdy va x4c dinh hé sti khdng khi thir. C6 thé ding cdc thiét bi phan tich khéi dya theo nhiing nguyén tc vat ly nh eo, dign hode (ir v.v..., hung trong sin xuat thuéng ding thiét bi phan tich khéi dura theo nguyén tic hod hoc, nghia 1a dua tren tinh h4p thy chon Igc cia mot sé hod e thanh phan cila sin phém ch4y. Khi di xéc dinh due thinh phén cha sin phim chay, ta e6 thé xée dinh he so khOng khi thita. Tir dinh nghia, ta c6: = Vad c= Vial (Vere AV) = ULE (AV/V)] (1-24a) trong d6, thé lich khOng khi thu t@ Vy, c6 thé tinh gin dung theo thé tich nito co trong sin phiim chy, tite 18 bd qua lugng nit 6 rat it trong nhién ligu: Vy. & Vygg( 100/79) = ViauaNy/79) (1-24b) 26Con thé tich khong khi thita AV c6 thé tinh theo thanh phdn thé tich cia Oxy. tacé: AV = Vo :(100/21) = Vis f21) (1-24c) trong cde cong thée tn, N, va ©, 18 thanh phan thé tich cha nig va Oxy Lrong khdi kho, tinh theo: (Ve ef ian) 100% (Vos! ans) 100%. Thay vao ta duge: va 1 1 =—— = 1-240) oO ome Va 21 Ne Khi chy hoan toan, ta c6: RO; + No + O, = 100% nén Ny = 100 - (RO, + 0:)%. Thay vao ta duge: 1 - __ 1-24 * nw Or ) 21° 100- (RO, +05) Khi chéy khong hoa toan: RO, +N, + 0,4 CO+ Hy + CH,+-. = 100% tacé: N,=100 - (RO, + QO, + CO + H, + CHs+ we} Chi gy Ja lugng Oxy thira thye su bang fugng xy c6 trong khdi trit bot phan. oxy dang ra phdi dot hét cde chat Khf ebn trong khoi nhu CO, H, CH, va thee phan mg chy suy ra luong oxy 46 bing 0.5CO + 0,5H, + 2CH,+ ... Do vay khi khong chay hoan toin, ta 66: TT 25 &=— Fay = (0,500 + 0.5, + 2CH, + (1-250) 31100 - (RO, +O, +H, #CH, +CO+ 3 Doi véi ohién ligu rin va long, thanh phan khi khong chdy hét cha yeu 18 CO, cde thanh phan khéc it khong déng ké, nén o6 thé viet gin ding: 1 - rrr 1-25b 2 0, - 0,500 (25h) “217100 (RO, +0, + CO) 27Tit edie cong thife tren, ed the tinh dues & khi phan tich due ede think phan trong Khoi, uhuag dé thudn tiga khi theo ddi vin hanh, ta cd thé tiép tue rit gon hen. Tir thanh phiin khoi Kho, qua mot sof bude high adi, tinh due: co -2ZIEROLU+P)—O, 21 - BRO, (RO, +04) - 0,605 +B - 0,605 +B 1% (1-26) G day B - he sO die vin nbign lige, chi phy thugs vio thanh phin, doi véi ahicn ligu rdn va long od: Hy- p=247--_3 _ (1-272) Ch 40,3758" DOi vi nhién lieu khit — 0,162(0" — 0,302N" p=2,37 Ha = 040200" 03028") 2m) C™ 40,3758" hode 3,01N p=02120N (1-27) Voi nhicn figu ran va long B 1a mot sé duong wong ddi nhd, vii nhign Lieu khi B thay doi tong d6i nbicu, voi Kh thign nhien B = 0,7 + 0,8; khi 18 gaz bing P= 0,04 + 0,06; Kai 1 cao B c6 thé 1a arn, Khi chay hon toan voi a > 1, trang sin phim chéy khong ed CO, non: 21-0, 1+B Khi chiy hon toln véi a. = | thi luyng oxy trong khong khf khong con nén ta duge RO, Hi lin nba, 1a e6: RO, = (1-282) 21 ROY" = —. 1-28b) 2 es) ¢ Thay gid ur ela O, va RO; vao (1-25b) ta duge: 21 _ ROY gs (1-294) RO, (+B) ROYhode thay (1-28a) va (1-28b) duge: - 2 Oy geek. (1-29b) « 21-0, 0, =21 Voi ba mia, thanh phan Gn din, khong cd ku hugnh, 66 thé tinh thee bid thie: 9 as 1958 +0,0126 (1-29¢) co Thi dy voi CO, = 17%, tinh ra a =1,16; v6i CO, = 12%, tinh ra @ = 1,64. Nhut vay, khi do duge RO; $a ed thé tinh duge a theo vdng thife hoas dé thi (hinh 1-2a) vi RO," chi phu thude vao die tinh nhign ficu, 66 thé Uinh truce déi voi moi lout nhien Higu . ©On khi biét due O, thi cing thudn lui, v6 thé (fab ngay duye a theo cong thife hoae dé thi (hinh 1-26) d. Entanpi ctu sdu phim chdy va khong khé. C&c qué wink wuyén nhigt trong 1d hoi déu ticn hanh trong diéu kién gan nhie dang 4p nén luemg ahist trao ddi bing lugng thay déi entanpi cla chiing. Entanpi cita siin phim chéy do dot 1 kg choge 1 pit) ahién liga: lye EI, = yh + (a Dg, Role (1-30) trong dé: I, 2 entanpi cita Khoi khi dot chy hodn ton 1 ky nhién ligu voi a = 1: 1 =P Ma t Piso = VS co(CDaaz + Val Oes + V ncC Wins kyr 3) I, 1a entanpi cia khong khf khi det chay hodn ton vdi a = 1: Bs = CDas (1-32) 6 day Cross CinssCirser Cau - nhidt dung thé tich ding dp tung bink wong pham vi nhict do Os UC. Trung hyp dot nhien ligu nhidu tro (A% > 1,5) va tre hay cadéu, ein tinh thém entanpi cia tro: a® 100 Cot, Ailkaul trong dSA™lad Jinh phan lm viée ciia tro; a, 1a ty [é tro bay theo khoi; Gla nhigt dung rieng cia to cho trong bing. ROz 8 Zon [ 18 g Be 76 7 Ye 4 288 rz 2456 4 2 L fo 4f 42 43 S448 16 40 tf 42 43 44 45 16 HE 86 khang Ahi Tha HE S68 hing khi'thda x Hinh 1-22. Quan hé ciia RO, Véi a Hinh 1-2b. Quan hé cilia O, vdi a Nhicu khi ngudi ta tinh entanpi tuong tng vdi cdc nhitt dO tir 100°C dén khoding 2000°C ri lap thanh bing hoae d6 thi lign cho vie sir dung B. Déi vii nhién liéu khi. Phuong phdp tinh ton tong tu nhu v6i nhién Jigu rin nhung & day, thé tich nhiing chat chay duge & thé khi tinh theo nr'te, cu thé La: Phin img chdy H. H, + 1/20, > H,0 + Q, Ute la: 22,4 nttc Hy + 22,4/2 tc O, > 22,4 nic H,O nghia la dé dot chy 1 vr'te H, can 0,5 mre O, va sau phan img thu duge 1 nr'te H,O 6 thé hoi. 30Phan ting chdy CO: CO + 1/20, > CO, od nghia Ja dé dét chéy | nr'tc CO can 0,5 m7te O, va sau phan ung thu duge 1 nbte CO). Phin ting chdy S: $+0,—> SO, suy ra khi det chdy 1 wt'te § odin Vnr'te O, thu duge | mic $O,. Phan tng chy H,S: H,S + 3/20, — SO, + H,O suy ra khi dot chay 1 mic H,S edn 1,5 atc O,, thu duge | arte SO, va 1 néte HO. Phan ting chdy CH,: CH, + 20; + CO; + 2H,0 suy ra khi dot chy 1 pte CH, cdn 2 mite Os, thu duge 1 ate CO, va 2 nr'tc HO. Phan tmg chay cacbua hydré: CoH, + (m+ 7 > m0, + 5 #0 suy ta khi dé chéy 1 atc C,H, cn (m+ Sy ate 0, tha duge m mie CO, va $ mic HO Cling suy Juan tuong wr nhu phan tren, ta tim durge thé tich khng khi ly thuyct (chy hon todn véi a = 1) 48 dot chy 1 m’tc nhien ligu khi: V eq = 0,0476[0,5CO + 0,5H: + 2CH, + 1,5H8 +O(m+ JOGH, - O4) , atte/nrte (1-33) Thé tich cdc thanh phan cia san phdm chéy |Y thuyét: Vo veg = 0,01(CO, + CO + 2CH, + HS + EmC,H,}, nvtefar'te — (1-33a) Vouy =0,79V% xq + O,0IN” , nr tcintic (1-33b) Vovaq = Q.0M(Hy + 2CHy + HS + ES CoH) + 0,012d, + COLEIV xq, av tcint'te {(1-33c) 31troag do: CO,, CO, CH., Hy nhién ligu khi, %; CyH,, Hy N,- thanh phan thé tich ede chat khé dé wong d, - do chita hoi (rong nhién figu khi, glare. OV ig £06 the chon lit 1.05 - 6 them: Trong thue 18, long khong khi edin thigt Vex 1.15. va hrong sdin phéim chay thyc 1& so v6i khi d6t hodn toan voi a= AV: + Ver = > DV ax lung hai ude ¢6 thém: AV ing = (0016100 = DY cx con Vigy khong thay d6i Thi du 1-2 Cho mot loai than e6 think phn C = 45.834. HP = 3,139, N* = 085%, OF = S500, $= 050, We = 106%, AM = 34,106. Thur tint 1, Nhigt ti cua than Q" 2, Thé tich khong khi ein thidt dé dat chay | ke nbn ligu voice = Tes 14 3. Ted tich va entanpi eita sia phaim chdy 6 $)00°C khi dit 1 dy nhicn figu Gil 1. Nhigt ti ca nbign Tigu tinh theo cdng thite kink nghigm etia Mendeleep Qh, = ISH, + W), Liky 190 - AN - WW" 10 3400 + 1250 + 1S - OO} wrong ds 10s gs.y3 — sg log = AN = we 100 = 34.1 -10 Ho = 5.6%; S = 0.9%; O = 10% Qi, = UBT + 125U.5.6 + 110.10,9 - 101 = 33879 Like BYBX — 25.09.5139 + 1) = 17984 Ag Qt = 2. The tich khong khf can thiet dé d5t chay hoiia toan 1 ky mbign liga vol a = Weg = OURS” + 0.3758") +. 265H! - 0.03330" = OUSKYCESB + 0,375.0,5) + 0.265.3,13 -U,0333.5,59 = 4,73 mreikynl Voi 6 = 14, lugng Khong kif cin thidt Wg = 144,73 = 6.625 neteikgnt 3. Thé tich xin phim ehdy voi a =: Wk = Maas tN + MaoVpn = QOLRGO(C” + 0.3758") = 0.01 80845,8 + 0.37. Vp = O.79V% 4x + O,008N" = Vines = OL LTE + O,G124W" + 0.0161 V8 0.859 m'tcthgnt .7G.ATS + 0,008.08: 315 mttetkyat LU 23 + 0,0124.10 + O01 014.73 = 0.548 mlecikged Vora = |, thé tich khds Kho bang’ V8ccno & Wane + V qq = 0.8.59 + 3,75 = AGL aeltetkgnd va (ang the tich khGi bang: Vi = 4,61 + 054 S16 ar'terkgnh Voi = 1.4 wong Kh6i C6 them: AVyo + Ven 24 “1x =U a 1A,73 = 1,892 nrtetkgat va: Whoo = 0.0161 V8 xq = 0.030 mrlterkgae ‘Téng thé tich khdi luc dé bang: y, 5.16 + 1,892 + 0.030 = 7.082 aric/kgnt npr cia san phan ehdy & 1600: Kin w= 1 cé: Py Vacoo(CDaoe + Vt yya + WtC Dro. = 0,859.2203.5 + 3.75.1391,7 + 0,548,1722,90 = 8056 Aifkgal Khia =14 06 Be HOt Dg = Be 1 DVS GD: = 8056 + (14 - 1)4,735.1408,7 = 10721 Kiskgnt 4.5 CAN BANG NHIET VA HIEU SUAT CUA THIET BI SINH HOI 4.5.1 Phuong trinh cdn bang nbiét, nhiét lugng ¢6 ich va suat tiéu hao nhianiigu 4. Phuong trinh cdn bang nhigt. Khi doi chay 4 kg (ho’e | mete) nbién ligu, nhigt toa ra trong 18 hoi duge cin bing theo phuong tinh: Qay = Q + Qs $ Qs + QW + Qs + Q Klkgnt (1-34a) hod viet theo phan tram, bing cach chia cd 2 vé cho Qu100% = a + G2 + Gs + Qut qs +e (4-34) 6 day Qu, 1a nhiét lugng cp cho 1d hoi khi dot | kg nhienligu, c6 thé tinh theo: Qu = QM" + da + bas + Qp- Qe kent (1-35) trong d6: © Q" - nhigt tri thap cita nhien tigu lam vige, A//ke: * Ty nbiét vat 1¥ ciia nhién ligu tinh theo L=Cyt,, Kikg; trong 45 Cy Fa nhiet dung riéng trung binh cla nhién lige & nhiet do nhien lieu ty. Voi nhién ligu ran va lng ¢6: 100- Ww w* = CS, + 4,184 at Gu 59 100 8 CS, 1a nhigt dung rigng trung binh cia nhien ligu kho, v6i antraxit vA than ay 06 thé Idy bing 0,92; vdi than dé ly bing 1,08; vdi than nau idy bing 1,13 ke.d6. VGi madut: C81 £174 + 0,0025t, ki/ke.ds Vi nhién lieu khi cd thé tinh: Cu = 0,01(Cco0O + Cyyia-He + Crou-CHy +...) , Alinttent Thong thutng I, rt nhé, chi can tinh Khi nhién ligu duge sy ndng trude khi dua vio 1, # Ina - lugng nhiét do khong khi duge sy néng bing ngu6n nhiét ngoai: Ton = UV (CDan- (CDul ke (1-36) O's ~ hé 86 KhOng khf thita 6 dau vao bo sdy khong khi, bing hé s6 khéng khi thia trong budng Itta trir di h¢ si khong khf lot vao bo sly khong khi va buéng lira, *Q,- long nhigt do hoi ding dé phun nhién lsu vao, c6 thé tinh: Q = G,(i,- 2500), Akg (37) G, - kh6i luong hoi ding dé phun 1 kg nhién ligu hoae 1 fit du, o6 thé Idy theo kinh nghiem, thutmg cAn khodng 0,2 + 0,5 dghaillit dau; iy - entanpi cla hoi ding dé phun nhién li¢u; 2500 La cntanpi cia hoi nuée trong khdi. 34» Q, - nhi¢t long cda ding dé phan huy mudi cachonat khi dét dé du, o6 thé tinh theo céng thite: bv Q, = 4060k Atos pike 100” 8 trong dé: A® ops - ham hing mudi cacbonat trong 46 déu; k 1a hé s6 phan huy mudi cacbonat, khi dét tang Idy bang 0,7, khi dot phun lay bing 15 4060 1a nbigt Jugng cain thidt dé phan hu} 1 &g¢ mudi eacbonat. Trong phin 16n truémg hgp thuting gap, 06 thé ldy gin ding Qu, * Q", vi che thanh phiin hic, howe khdng 6, hodc tit nh6 so voi Q," nén c6 thé khong edn tinh dén. Q, - nhigt Iugng ¢6 feh, tc 18 phan niet di trayén cho moi chat. Q, + Q,- ede loai (én that nhiet, xae dinh bang thuc nghi¢m. 2. Nhiét Luong c6 ich, higu sudt nhiét va sudt tiéu hao nhien Hea: ~ Nhiér tugng cé ich Q, c6 thé tinh theo: Qs EEDA (4-38) Be suit tidu hao nbién lieu, tdc 18 lugng nbién liga da dot trong, 1 gid, Kgl D, - sin luong méi chit di sin xudt ra rong | gid, 06 thé 14 nue ndng, nude soi, hoi bio hod kho, hoi qué nhigt, hoi qu nhigt tung gian, edn ké cd lugng nude x8 10 (tinh khi ty 16 x4 10 vugt qué 2% san lwomg), kel, Ai, - byung tang entanpi clia moi chal khi nude cdp bién than moi chat: Ai= Gi, ~ ine) KS trong d6 i, 1a entanpi cha mOi chat VA ine 1a entanpi cia nude cap, 06 thé tra bing theo ap suat va nhiet 6. | Hig stadt nhige cud 15 hot 141 le gitta niet 06 ich voi niet dura vao: me Gr Om = ah (1-39) dy ¢6 thé tinh theo can bing thuan:(1-39a) BQn hoae can bang nguge: n= 100- Gt tai + ds +40), % (1-39b) Tinb theo cong thie trén duye hiéu sudt thé, néu utr bot phiin nang lugng ding cho bin than thiét bi sinh hoi ta duge bieu swat tinh. Tir c&c cOng thie Uren, 14 06 thé tinh duge sui tiéw hao nhién Hi = SO) kgth (1-40) Ta thay suit tieu hao nhien litu ty 1é nghjch voi higu sudt, nu vay Ming higu sual, hoae gid (én thal nhiét sé tiét kiém nhien Leu, Thi de 1-3. Trong mt gid 18 hoi sin xu sua 8 bar tir aus ra 400 £g hoi bio hoa khO va 100 fr nude: s6i 5 ap stip 20°C, dong bet 100 kg whidn Ligu c6 nlige tri 10248 kivkg a, Tinh tiéu suat nbigt cha 1d hoi, b. N@u cho bit gy = 13%, gy = 3%, qa =12% th gs bang bao nhieu? c, Néu dimg Jo hut dé dd sa wen? xudt 500 ky hai bdo koa kno thi cain bao nhiéu kg loai nhiéa liga Gidi: a) Higu sudt abiat cha lo hei: n= Biét 4p sudt cba aude va hei trong J hoi bling 8 bor, Ur bing hei nude ta c6: ig = 84,5 Mkge 20 Aik: , i" = 2769 Klikg: thay vao ta duge: _ 400(2769 ~ 84,5) + 100720 - RAS) ” 100.16248 LOS = 70% bh. Ta cd gg = W00- mes qy- Qg- 44 = LOD - 79-13 - 3 = 12 = 2% Duis ey1.5.2 Cac loai tn that nhiét 1. Fén that nhiét do chay khong hodn toan vé co hoe Qu. qs. Day 1a ton that do sau khi chdy con sat lai mot sé chat rin chay duge, duce biéu thi bing Q,, ki/kent! hoe qs = (Q/Q,.).100%, Dot nhién ligu khf, q. coi nhu bang 0, d6t nhién ligu léng vin 06 q, vi lie d6 06 cde cachua hydr niing phan hay thanh cacbon ty do dudi dang md hong, ahung, nho dudi 0,5% nén cing khong dang quan 1am; nhung khi dot nhién ligu rin thi q, khé én, cén Um bién phép gidm xudng abat lA khi dot wen ghi. Phiin chat ran chay duge con sét lai thutng do 3 nguyén nhan: bay then khdi, Jn vaio wong cro xi VA lot qua ghi; ¢6 thé tinh theo: Q=Q2+ 4+ OL. Akgul (41a) Trong 6 phan tén that do bay theo khdi: K, GA. Q= la > Oy. Mikgut (1-42a) phan dn vao tro xi: K,G *. —* QS, iKgnl 1-42b) Qu= 100 B —*Q gn ( ) va phan lot qua ghi: KG = klik 1-42¢ Qe 100 B ON Kslegi (1-42c) trong dé: G,, G,, G, - khOi Lugng chat rin gém ca phiin chéy duye va tro xi bay theo khoi, thai tro xi va lot qua ghi trong 1 gid, kelly B La lugng ohién ligu ding trong | gid, kgih; K,, Ky K, - ty 1¢ phin chay duge trong chit rn bay theo khii, thai tro xi va Jot qua ghi, % ; thudng xd¢ dink bang thue nghiem, dot kict, do luong tro xi cdn Lai di tinh theo cdc cong thtte: K,= 100- A, K,= 100 - A, K,= 100-A, vOi Ay, A,, A, 1a ty I¢ tro xi trong chat rin bay theo khéi, dn vao tro xi hode lot qua ghi, %; 37QS, Qe, Qf - ohiét tri chay cia chat chdy duge trong tro xi, ching xdp xi bing nhau, thutmg lay bing 32600 A//ke. Nhu vay: 32600 K = 22600 Ky gy Keg 4 1G), eathgnt R= FE G00 % * G00 Too 0 ARs (1-416) C6 thé tinh theo céch khdc: phén chéy kh6ng duoc trong chat rin thai ra chinh bing téng luong tro xi cha nhian lidu cp vio 16, tite 18: _ _ w 10-Ks 4, 1O-K. g , 0-Kig A 100 100 100 Chia ca hai vé cho sR duge: at a,t a= 1 trong d6 a,, a,, a 1a ty 1é tra bay, Jin vao tro xi hode Jot qua ghi: = (Ke GAR = B)]-100% 100 100-K An a =[C 100 0 80 9 BU 400% 100-K, = oy 0 100% a= (——— 100 Me ). Thay vao (1-42a, b, c) duac: K, A‘ P, =a, —— 2 2 _ OY , ki/kgnl es "100-K. 10 Oe g K i= 2 A Qe kifkegnl Oe TOA, ane e K, Aw 12a s kutkend Qe= 769, 00 Ch Cudi cing duge: “= R100 100 32600 ,100- A, G+ 100-A, G+ wo G), kslkgnt hoae: oP” keh (1-43a) (1-43b) (-44a) (1-44b) (1-44e) (1-45a) (1-45b) (1-48) (1-41e)Q= 22000 ie + ee + aa Ay Hae (41d) Tri s6a,, 4,, 4 phu thude vao loai nhien ligu va cch dot, theo kinh nghiém: d6t than phun thai xi KO: a,=0,95 a,=0,1 dot than phun thai xi long: a= 0,3 = 0,4; a, = 0,6 = 0, d0t ghi: a, =0,2; (a, + a) = 0,8. Q,, qa phy thuge vo rit nhidu yéu t6 nhu: tinh cht cba nhién ligu, phuong phép dot, cau tao cla budng Ira va cich van hanh v.v. Kich thude hat nhién ligu cé anh huéng rat 16n; dét phun cdn hat min dé chdy kigt vao trong; dét ghi ofin kich thuée urong déi Ién va déng déu dé gid bot lot va bay. Nhién ligu cé nhiéu chat b&c va céc thitu két dé chdy ma giam duoc qs néu nhiét do néng chay cila tro xi thap, c6c lai khong thiéu két, xi chay lang boc lay than e6 thé lim ting q,. Cach d6t cing c6 anh hung In: dét phun bay nhiéu, nhung néi chung q,nhd; d6t ghi lot nhiéu va cfing 06 1hé bay nhiéu, nhat 1 khi dot than cdm, q, dang ké, cdn duge nghién cit khée phuc. Ding ghi cé khe he nhé thi khéng di khéng khf, ding khe hé J6n thi dé bi lot. Buéng lita kich thue nho, nhiét do cao, dé chy kigt, nhung néu qué nhé, thoi gian hat than lw lai trong buéng liza qué ngan chwa kip chdy hét da bay ra ngo’i; budng lita kich thuGe lén qué, tuy tho: gian Lun lai dai nhung nhiét 46 khong di cao, vin c6 thé lam tang q,. He s6 khong khi thita ceding o6 anh hudng, « nhd khong dl oxy dé chéy kiet, nhung néu o lon qué, nhiet do budng lita thdp, t6c do hat than Idn, ¢6 thé Jam tang q,. Thi da 4-4. Trong mot ca van hanh dOt het 25400 Ag than dé c6 Q)”= 21352 Like, dd tro AY = 18.43%, can phan chat rn [ot qua ghi duge 237 kg, thai theo Uo xi due 4020 ke: phfn tich thank pha tro duoc A, = 67.1%, A, = 88,75%, A= 79.3%, Tinh ay Gidi Tacé: uz St x & s00%: Qe ON 22600 K, kK, K, uong dé Q” = 21352 kiike va Qy = (2 G, + SEG, + SEG), Likgat rong dS Q, kg va Q. B Ooo + To9 Too i). KSikga p= 25400 8 23175 keh. Ky= 100 - Ay= 100 - 67,15 32.9%: K,= 100 - A, = 100 - 88,75 - 11,25%; K,= 100 - Ay = 100 - 79,3 = 20,7% 39G, tinh theo can bing tro BAY -(G,A, +GiAy} = 7" 3175.18.45 — (502,5.38,8 + 29,625.79,3) = 175.1845 - ¢ 2 + 29,625.79, ) ios hgh 67, Thuy vio ta duge: 32600 32,9 WS s+ Qs 502, + 222 9.625) = 1235 Adtkgul = 5 (SU2,S + = 29,625) = 1235 Miku 3175 * 100 100) 100 $ va 235 ge St = 1285 00% = $,78% Qh © 21352 2. Tén thdt nhiét do chdy khong hoan toan vé hod hoc Qs. a3 Day 12 phin tdn thal do cdn sét lai trong khéi mot s6 chat kif chdy duge phu CO, H,, CH, vv... ; duge biéu thi bing Q,, A//kgul hoge qy = (Qy/Qu,)- 100%. gy khong Ion, d6t than phun khong qui 0,59: dét theo Iép In hon mot ft, bing Khoing | = 4% vi thigu Oxy & phfa Wren va ed phan ting holn nguyen sink ra co: dot nhién ligu long va khi khong 1 + 3%; trong d6 dot nbién ligu khi e6 In hon do (rong uhién ligu khi thudng c6 nhing chit khé chéy nhu CH, os nhiéu trong khi thién nhién va N2, COs trong khi nhan tgo. CS thé tinh duge Q, va q; tran co so xde dinh thinh phén va thé tich cla Khoi: Vane 126.CO + 108.H, + 358.CH, + +E Qevene Hall = FY kvnt 46a G diy: Vises Ja the tich khdi kho khi dot I Ag (hode | nr'te) ohién liga, CO, Hy, CH vv. - than phan thé tich ede chat khi trong Khoi, 12600; 10800; 35800. Qos VY ~ nbiét Ui cila cae thanh phan khi chay duge cé tong khoi. Khi dt nhien lieu rin va Ing, chit khi ehdy duge con sot lai trong khot cho a CO, nén c6 thé Unh gan ding Q, theo biéu thitc:Q4 = Visne( 126.60). - ae Alkan (1-465) Tay Vo. tort Yeo _ Cc +0,375S" ny See Oe CO 0540RO, + CO) vio, ta due 234(C"+ 0375S" CO 100 —q . 4 kikgnt (1-46¢° RO,+EO 100 6 ? COing ¢6 thé dang cong thie kinh nghi¢m sau: q=3,.2.0.CO,& (1-46) trong dd CO la thank phiin thé tich ctla oxyt cacbon, % va a 1a hé sé khang khi thira. Qs. 4) phy thude vio khé nhiéu yeu 1 nhu: hd s6 khong khi thita, ahién Ligu vi phuong thre hon hop nhiga liu, hinh dang, kich thude budng lita va nhigt do trong budng Itra. Hé s6 Khong kh( thita & dil bn, do oxy dé chdy i + qs gdm, nhung ndu a qué én lam gid nhiét do budng Ifa thi qs lai ting len Néu phuong phip dua khong khf vio budng lira e thé x40 tr6n e&e cht khi, tuo didu kidn tigp xite tt voi Oxy thi nhign figu dé ding chéy hoan toan va qs iim. Nhién liéu rin, dot phun, q; nhé vi CO sinh ra ft hon, lai dé usp xtic voi Oxy nen dé chy Kigr; cd khi dot theo ting khé trénh kho! phin tmp hoan nguyen wo thhak CO vi hien trang thi Oxy & ten lop ahién ligu nén Gn that q, kin hon. Nhiéi do trong budag lim hip [am tang qy, thi du khi van hanh & phy li thép, nhdt 1a doi vei budng Ida Ion, xung quanh c6 bé mat vicp xtic vei nude tht qs kén, luy nhién néu kich thie buéng Ita qué bé thi niet do budng tia 6G cao hon, nhimg thoi gian tu Lai trong budng lira qué ngén, chua kip chdy hét da phai thai ca thi fing lam ting qs. Thi du 1.5. Vhi nglvém ddi voi mol 18 bot duge think plein abién ligu: Co 3.12%; OM 10.28%, NY = O.9K%, S* 9%, AN = 18ARH, Wh = 1%, QP = 21353 S,78%; phan tich khici duge Unanh phin thé teh RO,= 11.4%, O,= 8.3%. SO, 1 Kithy: ay Ly sac dinh tén that do chay khéng hoan toan vé hod toc Qy. dy. Gata 23ACM4 O37SS" ICO 100 -qy RO, + CO 7100 «Kei trong dé: 4Co = ZIE PRO, = (RO, +05) 0,605 +f H™ ~ 01260" ma p=2375 . Ch 403758" Thay cic gid ti di cho vio ta duge. 3,72 - 0,126 .10,38 B= 2.372 Loy 55,5 + 0,375 .0,99 va CcO= 21 — 0102.11,4- (114 +83) = 0.184% 6.605 + 0102 233(85,5 + 0.375.0,99)0,184 100 ~ S87 oe 184826 ei a 114+ 0784 100 © Atk Con a= & 100% = 194.826 ye, 4.9% Q° 21353 3. Ton that nhiét do kh6i thdi mang ra ngodi Qa, qs. Day la phin ahiat Iueng do kh6i thai ra 06 nhigt dé cao mang ra ngodi, c6 thé tinh theo : = Cla Bad- B), ertngnd (1-474) va a= 2 100% (1-476) es 1, - entanpi cita khdi thai, tinh nhu phan trén, tte Bs T= Ta + (> DT Qt] Su, ~ hé sO khong khi thita trong khdi thai ra ngoai, cdn cdc entanpi ly, Pu log phai tinh theo nhiét do khéi thai. Tyr- entanpi clia khéng khi lanh dura vao 1d hoi, Asikgai. Phan tich, ta thay hai yéu t6 anh huéng dén Q,, qr 1A nhiét 6 va hé sé khong khi thita cua khdi thai. He so khong khi thita cang 16n thi Q., qs cdng kin, thé nhung & nhd qué, anh huéng den qué trinh chay, lam ting tén that qy va qy, nén ta phai chon @ sao cho tng tn that (q. + gy + qe) dat gid tri nho nhat. 42Theo kinh nghiem, khi 7% dot nhién ligu khi va long, 66 thé chon hé so khong khi thira cudi buéng lita a = 1,05 = 6 115: khi dt nhien lieu rén Soin trong buéng fia phun chon ce a 1,15 = 1.25, dot trong budng lita ghia = 1,34 1,5, 7% cing cin chi y khong dé khong khi lot vao doc theo 10 1 dutng khdi. wa } | Nhiét dQ khdi thai c6 anh G ! hutmg 16 ret dén Q,, q.- Kinh i | nghigm van hanh eding nhu ¢ tinh todn cho thdy, cif tang nhiét do khdi thai lén khodng 12 + 16°C thi q; ting khoang | 1%. Nhu vay dimg vé mat ' @) higu sudt, cing we 1a tet é Kigm nhien lieu, abide dé khéi thai cang thap cang wt, 2 nhumg digu dé kéo theo nhimg 77 wae ald 14 kho khan khéc niu t6n thera Hé sd'khiing Khi tinda nhiéu kim logi vi phai them Hinh 4-3. Chon « toi uu bé mat truyén nhist voi dQ . chénh nhiet do nhd, dic biet nguy hiém 1a dé gay nén hién tuong an mdn dién hoa & cde bé mat trayén nhigt phn cudi h¢ thong 16, nhét 1a xhi dot nhién figu cd nhiéu luu huynh vidi do im cao hoae thanh phn H, lén, Khi d6t nhién ligu khong c6 ls hugh thi nhi¢t d6 dong suong cila khéi khong qué 50°C, niumg néu nhién lieu ¢6 19% tua huynh thi niet 49 dong sung tang, ‘dén khoang 130°C, cit thém 1% lu hugmh thi tang thém khodag 10°C. RG rang TA khi d6t nhién ligu c6 lua huynh thi hoi nude trong khéi ngumg wy, lai gap SO, khi Tu huynh chéy, sé tao ra acid sulfuric, an mon cfc bé mat kim loai. Do vay, tren co s¥ phan tich so sénh vé kinh é va ky thudt, thug chon nhigt dQ khéi thai khoang 110 + 150°C cho 1 hoi ton va 1 200 + 300°C cho 1 hui nho, tuang img tn that ds bing khoing 4 + 8%; d6i khi voi moi so méu 1 hei cong sudt nhd phai chap nhan nhiét 49 khéi thai ten 400°C, tén that q, eS thé len din 15 + 20%. Cing cdn hum ¥ 18, qua thoi gian van banh, do bam wo xi va céu cin sé lam nhiet tre tang, niet 49 khoi thai tang va t6n that q, tang. 43ae dinh nhiét do Khi tinh todn so bé, oo thé ding cong thie kinh nghi¢m dé khoi thiti 1; nhue sau: = vi 1 hoi Gng lita: Da er tot 10.0858 ~54,5°C (48a) = voi 1d hoi ng nude dat nim: Dy ei b= 6658 +5°C (1-48b) = vGi 1d hoi Sng nude dit dime: ote 5st e = 45°C (1-48e) 6 day: Dy - sn lugng dinh mttc cita 1d hoi, ke/h; H - dién tich bé mat truyén nhiét, a7" 1, -nhict dO tinh todn cha moi chét, v6i 1d hui hing nhist do bio hod cha nude ba ya IN hot vit ae ne tla « > abiar ah nud 6 ap suat 16 hoi, vai 1 nude néng t, = 3 =4 trong dé t,, 18 nhiét do nude fanh cap vao va ty, La nhiét dO nude néng ly ra. Ta thay DJH cing én, thi t cing ln, q, cing 16n, nghia 18 ét kigém duye kim loai Eun bé mat truyén nhidt thi ting ta thot q,, gigm hiéu suat, wie 1a ton nhién figu. 4. Tn thal do tod nhiét ra méi truong xung quank Qs, ds Trong qud tinh van hanh, nhitt do bs mat ca hd thOng thict bi 1d hoi déu cao hon nhiét d6 cia moi trudng xung quanh, nén Juén lu6n cd nhiét tod ter cdc bé mat d&n moi trudng tao thinh tén that Q,, Af/Agal vi ys,%. qs khong lén, chi bing khoang 0,5 + 3,5% nhung gid tri tuyét ddi cia Q, nhiéu khi cling ding cha y. Tdn that qs phu thude vao cong sual, vao dign tich bé mat, do chenh nbist do aia bé mat chiéi bj voi moi trying, voi ho so rao Adi nice d6% Luu va bie xa gita bé mat véi moi wing xung quanh ma chd yu LA Wc dO gid xung quanh va miu side cla bé mat. C6 nhiéu cach dé xde dinh q;. CO thé theo phuong phap u6de tinh tren co sir phuong trinh truyén nhié g doi Luu Q = F.a.(t,. - ) 66 thé dang phyong phi dong nhiét din qua tuimg hode 16p cdch nhigt chon trude, te da bid chidu day va nné sO din nhiét cia val Ligu r6i tinh theo bidu thi 442 q=~@-t) 1 trong d& t, vat; a niet do 3 bai diém do chon trude ed kholing céch 1a |; cfing cb thé ding phuong phiip can bing nhiet wong gian 1b hoi ki¢u Kin; cling od tae pid tinh qs= 100 - (qi + q: + Gat Qst ,)- Thudng x4 dinh theo sé ligu thuc nghiém va kinh nghi¢m xay dimg thinh hing so hode dé thi bidu dién quan hé pitta q, = £,(D,) hode gs= £(BQ,) (inh 1-4 d6 thi thudng cho cong sudt hoi dink méc, vdi cong sual dudi dinh mie ho trén dé thi hoi phdi tinh theo céng thite kinh nghiém: Do 4s = dus % (49a) Dd 5% ' PA oo TN phy 40}-+> i > ee _|_ 20 | \ 5036 «10~«5'0 200 ORK a/y ” L 200 300 409 600 600 1000/4 — bape epee nn te 4 l - 1 @ | j a3 4a I_ 45 67990 203040 =F fug/s) Z i 4 F678 0 20 30° -4G«50 T0e 450 CTSA} Hinh 1-4a, Quan hé giila q¢ vdi san lugng hai D, kg/s hode WA. 5. Tén that do nhiét vat ly ctta tre xi Qa.96 Diy lA ton that nhiét do xi that ra ngoai con G nhidt dd cao, 1 thé thé léng néng chily. Noi chung Q,, qq khéng 16n, thirong chi edn tinh d U6i YOGI loai nhién liéu nhiéu tro xi A® > 1,5% hoae khi thai xi long, theo cong thite sau Q A " Too Ct. Milky (1-50a} hoae: de= & 100% (1-50b) ev trong dé:mat ghi v.v. % t, = nhidt d6 cita tro xi thai ra, d6i vdi 1d ghi hode 18 than phun thai xi kh6, ¢6 thd Idy Khong 600 + 700°C, néu thai xd long od the Lay cao hon nhict dQ nong chay cia tro xi khoang 100°C do ké dén nhi¢t én ndng chiy cita tro xi, bing khodng 1400 + 1500°C; C Ja ob ASikg.do; ot dung riéng cha tro xi, cho trong cae bang, bing khodng 0,8 + 1,2 a, -1Y (2 tro tai theo x3. Doi khi trong qe cOn tinh dén cA tén that nhiét do Jam mat hop tro xi, dam 1am ding nudc howe khong khi bén ngoti. % aa—— 4b - ar i 6 ’ 2 3458 870 20 3050 700 200 300 600800 so00 108 Kealfh ro 2 3 aS Ee) re 200 300 500 7000 MW Hinh 1-4b. Quan h@ gidta q, vdi nang sudt nhiat BQ,, kca//n hoge MW. 1.5.3 Thi nghiém can bang nhiét 18 hoi. Khi Lip rap hoae sia chita In xong thudng phai ign hinh thi nghiém can bing nhict, x4c dinh higu suat va cdc loai ton that nhist cia 1d hei b ede diéu kién khac nhau vé phu tai va hé sé khong khi thira, lim co s-dé xéc dinh ché do van ha thich hgp, tim bién phdp gidm bét tén tht, nang cao higu sual, ti¢l ki¢m nhién 46 nhThudng ding hai c4ch thf nghiém: can bang thuan (phutong php tryc tiép) vA can bling nghich (phuong phép gidn tip) ‘rong thi nghigm can bing thuan, cdn x4e dinh nhiét long 6 fch va nhist ]wang dura vao ri tinh hi¢u sual: pai nz 2.100% ~ 2 100% = Epa Quy Q BQ Vii 1d hoi céng sudt nhé thudng ding phuong phap nay vi c6 thé do duge cde dai lugng nhut san Ivong hoi hode nude néng, do tang entanpi, lugng nhién ligu tiéu hao va nhiét tri cla nd. 100% (l-Sla} V6i 18 hoi cong sudt 1én, thudng ding phuong phdp can bang nghich va xéc dinh hiéu suat nhiét theo biéu thite: 1, = 100 - (q; +3 + Ga + ds + G6). % (1-S1b) Nhu vay, phai xée dinh céc loai tn that nhi¢t réi tinh higu sudt. Phai chi ¢ tinh sai sd cuc bd va toan bé thi nghiém. Khi xdc dinh theo can bing thu§n thi sai 86 titong déi cia hi¢u suat: > (asi fan)? fag") cee D Ai, B Q trong d6 AD, A.4i, AB, AQ." - sai sO tuyét ddi cla sain hegng hoi hoje nuGc, cha higu entanpi, via lugng tieu hao nhitn liu va nhigi ti. Vii sai 56 tuyét doi cia higu sudt: (1-52a) An= dyn, % (1-52b) Khi xc dinh theo can bing nghich thi sai sd wrong d6i bing: owe [ ta) (Sage) [tte ge) (ge) (Sess) (1-53a) trong d6: Bs, Mdas Adu Adsy Ady J8 sai sO miyét dO cita cfc loai tn that, Sai sO tuyét déi cha higu suat An = AZq = 8Eq.2q% (1-530) Sau khi cd két qua thi nghiém, xdy dumg dudng quan hé gitra cdc loai hiéu sudt vA t6n that q vai cng sudt D Jam co s@ chon phu tdi kinh t¢, ding thisi xay dumg 47quan hé gifta long tn that Xq voi hanh hop ly. 3 khong kh thita dé x4e dinh ché do van 1.5.4 So qua vé hiéu sual exergi Trong can bang nhidt, ta iy ahiét [vung dai dién cho nang lung dé so séinh, cdnn gid. Day I phuong phap tuyén thing, hidn nay vin dang sif dung rong ri, Tuy nhi¢n, phuong phdp nay cé nhuoe diém 1A wrong 16n that phai ké dén cA phin nang lugng ma tong mi mudng thue 1 xung quanh khong thé khaj théc sir dung duige, tite 1 phiin ning Iugng cé tong nhing vat cé nhiét dO bing hede thép hen nhidt do moi tim@ng xung quanh, do dé cl cd thé rit ra nhimg ket luan khong that hop ly vé mit k¥ thuat. Thf dy khi phin tich cin bang nhiét trong nha méy hidt dign th) FO hoi c6 thé coi 18 thict bi hodn thign nha, higu sudt cd thé dat dtn 92 93%, trong khi dé binh ngumg c6 Sn that 16n nhit, v6 thd dén 30 + 40%. Tir ket qué. dé dé dua dea ket luan 1a can hodn thign hinh ngung; nhimg thyc ra ahiét lung do nude fim mat ra khdi binh ngung rat _khé tan dung wi nhiét do cia nuvic db Khong cao hon ahigt do moi trutng bap nhicu. Nhitag nim gin day, dé cai ditn cho ning lugny neuéi ta con dling mot thong sO khde, d6 12 exergi, te 18 phan ning lugng t0i da 6 thé sir dyng duge trong diéu kien moi trudng xung quanh. Di voi moi chil, exergi bing: = - iy) - Ts - 80), Rlkg @ Vii niet lugng q truyén tir val c6 nhigt dQ T, thi exergi ciia lying ohigt noy bing: o=(- oy, Kiky (b) 6 day i, 8, T 1A entanpi, entropi va nhigt do & trang théi khdo sat, chn 8,, Ty 12 enlanpi, entropi va nhigt dg ctia val G trang thai can bang véi mdi trudng. Higu sua exergi duge tinh nhuy sau: c. Ne = 100% = (c) e uong dé: ¢, Ry exergi ly ra duye tir he thong, trong 1d hui dé 1 exergi eta hoi hoge nude nding ly ra, tinh bang: &= Gy = hy) = ToS, = 805 48cxergi dua vao, bing exergi cla nude cap va exergi cla nhiét long uruyén tir khoi dén moi chat: . Ty, C= Cue + lg = (ine * tg) - TES - 80) + GUL - —*), AAG Ty Thi du véi mét 1d hoi cd ché d6 lam vide: nhiét dd trong budng tira 18 2000°C, nhiét do khong khi ngoai tei 18 10°C, 4p sudt khi quyén 0,98 bar, nude edp 1a nude bao hoa Gp suat 18 4 kPa, hoi qué nhidt sin xual ra c6 thong s6 1a p, = 166,70 har, T,=550°C, ta tinh duge : €, = (3472 - 42) - (273 + 10).(6,5029 - 0,1511) = 1631 Ai/ke 3 ©, = (139 - 42) - (273 + 10).(0,4241 - 0.1511) + 3633¢) - LO# 273 2000 +273 = 3225 Kikg 1631 << -100% = 50,6% 3225 Ta thay t6n that exergi trong 1d hai len dén khodng 50% va ngudi ta tinh duge 16n that trong tuabin chi khoding 4%, Voi két qua nay thi chinh 18 hui 1a thié bi ching duye quan tam cai tién ma khOng nén (6n thi gié Gm bién phdp tan dung nhiét thai ra tir binh ngung. 1.6 so QUA VE QUA TRINH SINH HO! VA NGUNG TU TRONG. LO HOI VA HE THONG CAP NHIET Nuc cing ohu nhiéu don chat thang gap déu cd thé tén tai G pha hoi (khi), pha lng va pha rn tu} theo didu kién 4 4p sudt va nhig do. Dudi tac dung cia nhigi thay ddi trang thai va e6 thé thay déi pha. Trong hé thding cap nhi¢t thutmg tiGn hanh trao di nhiét trong diéu kin gdn nhe dang 4 4p. Thyc ra, ta cO qua trinh dang dp khi 1d hoi va hé théng cp nhiét lam viée Sn dinh, nghia 1a hoi san xual vita bang lugng hoi tiéu thu. Néu lyong hoi san xuat ra phiéu hon lugng tigu thu thi 4p suat hé thong sé tang vii nguye lai, néu hei sin xual ra it hon Luong hoi view thy thi 4p sudt sé gidm xuéng Khi nhan nhiét dang dp thi thé lich riéng thudng tang hoe trong hong riéng gidm, entanpi va entropi luén lu6n ting cdn nhiet do chi ting khi tn tai mot pha Va khong thay déi khi chuyén pha hoac hai ba pha cing tn tai. Neu duy tf 4p sudt trong pham vi trang thai ba pha va trang théi tdi han thi khi nhan nhiét, nhiet do, pha ran wing dan, dn nhiet dO néng chy (hoac dong dac) thi khong thay déi cho dén khi pha rén chuyén hodntoin thanh pha ISng, sau d6 nhiét do lai wing dan cho én nhigt db bao hoa (hode mhidt 6 soi), nhigt do khong thay d6i cho dén khi pha 49léng chuyén hoan toan thinh pha hoi, sau dé nhiét do tigp tuc tang. Khi thai nhict thi nguye lai. Du6i pham vi (rang thai 3 pha, khi nhan nhiét pha rin chuyén thanh pha hoi, Khong qua pha lang, ta goi 1A thing hoa. Trén pham vi 4p sudt t6i han, khong con ranh yi gitta pha long vi pha hoi. Con trong pham vi giita p; vA p, (xem hinh 1-5) thutmg gap cing c6 mot so dac diém nhut sau: ~ Khi dp sua ting thi nhiét do bao hod tang, thf dy 4p suat 2 bar thi nhigt 69 bio hoa 1a 120,23°C, & 8 bar 18 170,42°C, & 20 bar 18 212,37°C, nhimg cao nhat ciing chi dat 374°C 4p suit rit cao 1a 225,22 bur; cho nén mudn gia nhiér & nhiet 46 cao thi ding hoi & Ap sufit cao. - Khi Ap suat tang thi nhiét an hod heii hoac ngumg ty gitim. Thi du 6 Ap sudt khi quyén khodng 1 bar thi nhiét an 1a 2258 Mike, &8 bar con 2048 Kike, & 20 bar edn 189] As/kg, va & 225,22 bar chi cdn 27,4 Ki/kg; cho nén khi khéng cin gia nhiét & nhigi do cao thi khong nén ding hoi & ap sudt cao. - Khi dp suat cao thi sy chénh léch mat do gira pha long va pha hoi giim, anh hutmg khong tot den tudn hoan ty nhién. Thi du ahu & ap sudt khf quyén p’ : p” = 1,694 : 0,0010432 = 1624 lan, & 8 bar Ia: 0,2403 : 0,0011149 = 215,5 lan; & 100 bar, Ya: 0,01803: 0,001452] = 12,4 lin. Tit trang thai téi han td lén, su p bor chénh Iéch nay khong con nita nén khong thé c6 tudin hodn wf ahién ma phai ding tudn hoan cudng bite. - Khi 4p suat thay déi thi su phan bs nhiat luyng cho céc giai doan ciia qua tfinh ho hoi cing thay déi. Thi du dua ude tt 20°C hod thanh hoi qué nhiet & 500°C, durdi Sp suat 1 bar thi nhiét lueng edn cho qué tink dun soi bling qy= i” - i, = 417,4 - 83,7 = 337 Adikg, nhiét cin cho qué trinh hod hoi bing q.; = r = 2258 Aik, nhidt cin cho qué trinh qué nhiét bing: gai = i - i" = 3488 - 2675 = 813 klkg, \6ng nhiét lugng bing 3479,3 Adikg. Néu 4p suat 12 100 bar thi qy = : : 1407,7 - 93,2 = 1314,5 Ké/kg, guy = 1317 “100 t007 200 AVKG, Quy = 3372 — 2725 = 647 Kiiky va 1éng nhiat lugng bing 3278,8 kfkg. Hinh 4-5. 86 thi p-t cla HO 50Ta thdy 10 1 hoi dp suai cng cuo, 1 1¢ bé mat dan sinh hoi cing gidm so voi ba mat bo ham nifuc VA DO qué nhigt. Né&a cho L kg hoi qué nhigt 6 500°C ui nhit, ngung thanh nude 20°C & cdc dp suat khdc nhau thi cing thai ra nhieét lugng tuong tng. - Ciing edin lau ¥ 18 khi chuyén pha, soi va ngung thi hé sO tod nhiét doi Tuu rat lon, nhidt do lai khong thay déi, nhigt lugng trao d6i nhiéu. Do vay trong he thong ep nhiet rat hay sit dung qué trinh soi vA ngung.Chuong If QUA TRINH CHAY VA THIET Bl BUONG LUA Nhu da ndi dén & chuong 1, thiét bj sinh hoi c6 hai nhigm vu chinh: nhiém vu thit nhat 1 chuyén hod nang cha nhién hiéu thinh nhiét nang mot each cd hisu qua nhat, We 1a Gn hanh qué tinh dét chdy nhién licu mot cich uiét dé, dé 1a noi dung chinh cia chuong hai nay. Nhi¢m vu chinh thit hai 1a wuyén nig t sin pham chéy cho mdi chat vGi hi¢u qua cao nhat dé bign moi chat tir thé léng & nhier do binh thiding thanh nude néng, nude s6i, hoi bao hod hoa hoi qué nhiét thea man nhu cau cha hé titn ding, dé sé 1a d6i tugng nghién ctu ctra chuong ba. 2.4 CO 86 LY THUYET CUA QUA TRINH CHAY TRONG BUONG LUA 2.1.1 Cac giai doan cia qua trinh dét chay nhién ligu trong budng Ira TU khi dita vio budng lira dén khi dét chy hét nhién ign da trai qua mot qué trinh thay déi vé vat ly va hod hoe rat phie tap xen ké lin nhau, ni chung cé thé chia thanh may giai doan chinh nhy sau: Déi V6i nhién ligu rin, qué trinh chéy gdm 4 giai doan: © Giai doan sity néng va siy khd ohign ligu. «© Giai doan thoat chat bd va tao ede. © Giai doan chay chat bie va ce. * — Giai doan tao (ro xi. 52Oi voi nhign ligu Ing khong 6 giai doan tao ce va aod. Voi nbién ligu Khi chi c6 giai doan say néng va chiy. Cfe giai doan vita qué tinh chay khong phai uén hanh wan ty, téch big ma thudng tidn hiinh edi dau nhau, xen ké ahau. Thdi gion tiéh hinh cfc giai doan dai hay ngdn phu thuge vao nhidu yeu 16 nhv dac tinh cua nhién ligu, edu tao cla budng lita va phuong phép van hinh. Dudi day sé khio sat ty mi hon timg giai doan cla qué rinh chdy. 2.1.2 Qua trinh say néng va say kh nhién ligu Khi nhien ligu duge dua vao budng lta dang van hanh, lap tte nhan duoc nhiét tir khong khi néng, tir sin phim chay, tir 1ép than dang chdy, ti vach tong ctla budng Ia v.v... Phuong thie truyén nhi¢t tir khong khi néng 18 doi Luu, tir san phim chéy 18 doi Luu va bac xa, tis 6p than dang chay 1a din nhiét va bie xa, th vach budng lua cing LA bie xa vey... Khi nhan due nhiét, nhign ligu duge sdy néng va sdy kh6. Nhigt do cia nhién ligu tang cin, lugng 4m trong nhién lig cling nhan duge nhiét, nhiét dO tang dan va boc hoi vi cugng d6 manh dan. Khi nhiét d@ ten déa khodng 100°C thi dm boc hoi manh ligt, cho dén khi bée hau het m bé mat thi nhict do tiép iuc tang va bude sang giai doan thoat chat bie. Nhién ligu 06 nhigt &@ ban dau cing thfp, dd dm cang cao thi nhigt lung can dé sdy cing nhidu, thot gian sdy cing dai, lvong khong khi odin cing nhigu. Nhung cain imu ¥ Hid giai doan nay can khong khf chi voi tu céch [A de nhan say, chit khong phai !a cung cdp Oxy cho qua trinh chdy. 2.1.3 Giai doan thoat chat béc va tao cée Nhién ligu da sy kho, néu tigp tue nhan nit thi niet do ting Jon, chat bée thoat ra dan va e6 thé bit diiu chay. M&i logi nhién liga bat dau thodi chat boc & nhiet dé) khite nhau, than nau bat du & nhiét do 130 dn 170°C, thar. dé bat ddu 210 dén 260°C, than gay va antraxit bat dau & 380 dén 400°C hode cao aon. Trong qué tinh dét néng nhién ligu, nhiéu hop chat cacbua hydro bi nhigt phan thinh nhimg nguyén td don gidn cacbon va hydro. Nhiing hyp chat hiu co adm nhiéu hydro thing dé thodt chat boc, dé phan huf va dé chéy nhung nhiét tir cde chat bode thudng khong cao va chéy voi ngon Tia khong sng. Khé nhiét phan nhat [a matan (CH); phai trén 600°C métan méi phan huy; nhung lai cho nhimg chat didm cau ran rat khé chéy goi 1a "mudi than"hoie "mé héng”. Nhtnethin nhiéu at "mudi than" néng di tao thanh ngon lite séng va tang kha nang truyén nhigt bie xa cha ngon lita. 2.1.4 Giai_ doan chay Chay 1a qué trinh phan tng hoa hoe giita Oxy va eée thanh phan chay duge cs tod nhiéu nhiét va 4nh sing. Tée do chay phy thude vao nhiét do va néng d6 chai chay due. & mot nhigt do ahst dinh, we a9 chay Phu thude vio néng do chat chay due trong hén hep nhién ligu va khong khi, Néng d6 thap, toc dQ chay cham; néng do Cao, 16e JQ chiy mhanh. Con & mét néag, dd nhét dinh, we do chay phu thude rét S nhi@t dQ bat lta thép nat, vao khodng 250°C, than dé vi thank phiin chat boc V" > 20% khodng 300 dén 350°C: than gay, anizaxit, than coc bat lita khodng 650 dén 800"C; ditt madat khoang 500 dén 600°C, khf tt cao khong 700 dén 800°C. Sau khi bit lira, t6c dg chéy cing manh ligt, tuy néng dé chat chéy gidm din; d6 1a do nhigt do buéng lita tang cao. Cho dén khi chay hét khodng 80 den 90% chat chay duge thi phan ting méi gidm din we d0. Ta khio sét ti mi hen giai doan chay chat boc, tie 18 cde chat khf chay duge nhu hydro, oxyt cacbon, v.v.. va Biai doan chay cdc. a. Phd ting chdy day chuyén cita chét khi: Trong giai doan sdy va thoat chat bc, nhiing chat khi chay duoc nh H,, CO, WXe< 8p Oxy ong khOng khf da cé phan ting Oxy hod, 108 mhigt nhumg bay dau 0 cdn thip, 1c d phan tng cham, nhiét phat ra chera di dot néng dé toa T4 anh sng. Nhigt do tang dan, khi nhi¢t d6 tng cao, phan (mg chay tang nhanh hon rat ohiéu, gdp hing tam hang ngan lén so véi cée phin img hos hoc thong thudng. D6 khOng chi 18 do anh hung ciia nhist dé cao ma chi yu 1a phan img chay day chuyén nhd cé nhing trung tam boat tinh nhu cdc nguyen tir ty do HO hodc gdc OH v.v..va trong qué tinh chay day chuyén lai ¢6 thé tao ra nhidu tung tam hoat tinh mdi nia, Dé lam thi du ta hay Khio sét phin img chdy day chuyén hai chat khf chii yeu wong chat béc 14 H, va CO. Phan tmg chéy day chuyén cla Hy, c6 thé winh bay nhw sau: khi phan tr Hy gap trung tam hoat tinh © ta cd: 5420 COWeH, CHO OnsH, & (TH, +0 COH+H, CHO) 7 OHFH, wok : SS H+O, H+O, O+H, N x O+H, NOH ‘ t . \el ee eee \ SO+H, Thr phan ting day chuyén tren, e6 thé tach dé viet ra cde phn tng sau: 3H, +0, +O 2H,0+2H4+0 (2-la) Ta cing 6 thé tach theo mot chu k} khde duge phn ung: 3H, +0, +OH > 2,0 +21 + OF (2-1b) hoac: 3H, +O, +H +2H,0+3H «2-le) Nhu vay, nho mot trung tam hoat tinh, howe O, hodc H ho’e OH 44 g6p phan chay Hy va sau mot chu ky chéy lai sinh ra 3 irung tam hoat tinh méi cing véi san phém cudi cting 1a H,O. Ta thdy 1A sin phém chéy H, cust chng vin 1a H,O, nhigt lugng tod ra cling khong nhiéu hon nhung tde dQ ch4y tang ahanh hon rét nhigu va tao them nhiéu tung tim hoat tinh méi, cng the diy qué trinh chy nhank hon. Phin ting chdy day chuyén cla CO 66 thé viét nhut sau: 4 co, co exety4 i0,. O+n,4H | 40, TO Seen EN OH+CO-H | tO.0 ‘Ta phan (mg day chuyén tren, o6 thé tach dé viet ra phan mg sau: 2C0 +0, + OH +H, > 200, +2H+0H (22) Ta eding thaly, chdéy CO cn6i cling van cho ra sin phdm 1a CO,, van duce lugng ahiét nhy thé, ahung lai tao thém duge 3 trung tam hoat tinh mdi, thie diy qué tinh chy manh ligt hon. wn aChi y them rang, cé nhimg phin img phan huy, nhan nhie: cing c6 thé fo thinh nhimg trung tam hoat tinh mdi, thc day qué tinh chay niu: 4053 H, +OH Do vay khi than chay, phun mot it nude hoa hoi nude vae sé lim cho qué tinh chdy miinh iict hon do cé thém trung tam hoat tinh, tay nbién nhiét Iveng Khong nhimg khong ting, ma sé giém khi phun nude vi isn nhiet lung dé nude hoa hoi. b. Qua trinh chdy cia chit rdn: Khi cue nbien gu dita vao budng Ita dang van hinh, xung quanh os khong khi, sin phdm chéy, wing ld 66 nhiéi do cao, sé nhan nhiét, Ivong &m bbe hoi din va chal bée eting thodt ra. Hoi nude va chat be thodt ra bao boc lay hat nhién Ligu, agan céch su tig xe giita Oxy cling tung tam hoat tinh véi bé mat than ede, Nhung 16: nbd sur khuéch tan cila hoi nude va chat boe tt mat Ahi thank ghia than ra ngodi va su khuéch tin set or % ca Oxy va vung tam hoat tinh tir . ngodi véo trong, Uép xde duge vii we oa bé mgt than (go thanh phin img % ue chéy. San phim chdy méi tao m ln? thinh cing ngan edch su tigp xtc |S giita Gxy vi bé mat, nhumg rdi = s cling nbd hitn tugng khuéeh tin 2 ‘Le ca hai phfa nen qué inh chéy c6 thé tiép mc. Vi mét mat c6 cdc & Is phin tng chéy tao thinh sin | & pharm chay, mat khdée oO sur } t t khudéch tn theo xu thé déng déu . hod néng d> cée chét khi, nen Aéing ke hinh thinh sy phan b6 c& chat khi xung quanh bé mat hat than Hinh 2-1. Su phan bé ec chat khi nhu sau; xung quanh hat than. Khf CO: & sét mat nhien ligu ¢6 néng dO lén nhit, cing ra xa chng pidm din CO tao thanh duge, vi mal cde ¢6 nhist. dé cao, gap Oxy déng thdi c6 hai phan tng tao thanh CO va CO, nhu sau: C420, 9 CO+Q, (2-day 56va C+0, 9CO,+Q (2-4b) T¥ le CO va CO, tao thinh phy thude vio nhigt d, 6 khodng 1200°C ching xp xi mhau, nhict do cang cao ty 1¢ CO cang Ldn. Mat khay khi C & tren mat cde nhidt do cag, thicu Oxy, gap CO, sé cd phan ving hodin nguyén thu nhict: CO, #C > 2C0-Q, (2-4) Ngoai ra, nu c6 hoi nude hoae nude tiép xte véi mat cde nhist do cao thi hoi nude sé 1am ede "khf hod" theo phan ting: C+H,0 + CO +H Q-5) ang xa mat cde ndng do CO cing pidm, mor» dn do phin ting chay CO khi gap O, theo phin ¢ Ia do su khuéch t4n, mat Co+l0, > CO, +Q; (2-6) # Khi CO, nhwrtrén dii noi, khi mat ede bi Oxy phan Ging sé tao thinhCO, cing CO, mat khic khi CO khuéch tén ra ngoti, gip xy cing sé chéy, lao thanh COs, nén & cach b mat cOc mOt khoiing ndo d6, ndng do dat gid ur} Lon nha COM, sau d6 do khudch tén néng do CO; gi xudng. ¢ Khi Q,. Trong ddng khong kh # cach xa mat céic cd néng dd O, 1én nhat, s khuéch tan din vao mat cdc. Tren dudng khuéch tén gap CO sé tién hanh phan ing chay nhur di neu tren, néng dO gi dan khi tigp xtic voi mat c6e, sé phn ting voi C dé tao thanh CO va CO, nén ébé mat c6c gid tri cha nGéng do O, 1 nhd nhs. Nhu vay dé nhién ligu co thé chay triet dé, cdn o6 cde didu kien sau: - Nhi&t 46 di cao, nhiét 46 cing cao qué trinh chdy cdng tt. 3 khong khi thita thich hep, qua nhé, khéng dil 6xy, qua 1én, lam cho nhist do gidm xudng. = Thdi gian luu lai trong buéng la cia nhign ligu di Tuy nhién céc digu kign ttn khong phai c6 tac dung riéng ré ma c6 anh budng [in nhau rat nhiéu. Néu nhiét do Wrong budng Ita thép thi phan dng chdy cham, doi hoi thoi gian luu jai trong buéng Ita dai thi hat nhién ligu mdi kip chdy het true khi ra Khoi budng lita, Néw mbiet do trong bung lira cing cao, phéin ting cang nhanh thi thoi gian lint lai trong buding Ira khong cén dai cing c6 thé chy hodn todn duye. Hon nfia khi phan ‘mg, chay didn ra clang nbanh, nhiéi lugng toa ra cang nhiéu, ahiet dO lai cing cao th) dd: héi thdi gian Luu Lai trong budng lita lai cang ngdn. 57He 86 khong Khi thita c6 anh huémg 14t lon dén qud tina chay, vi nd ¢é anh huding ral lem dn niigt a6 trong budng ita. Nhi¢t dO budng lita khong chi phy thuge vac sé lugng va chat Iveng nhién li¢u dua vio ma edn phy thud rat nhidu vio luemg khong khi va khd nang tip xic gita khong khi v6i nhign ligu. Néu khong khi dua vao vita dil, te he sv khong khf thita a = 1, 9, bI/kg bea hop déng thoi hén hyp tot thi nbiét lwgng tod ra (mg vi 1 kg hén hop nhién ligu va khong khf 13 16n nhat (hinh 2-2). Néu thigu khong khi, tic IA a <1 tht phin tng chdy khong g hoan toln, nhiét lugng » tod ra 1a it hon. Neu a. > 1 ti hén hop long, t we bw TE Jugng nhién ligu trong | &g hdn hop it, nén nhiét lugng phat ra it, nhiét dd trong budng Ita . thip, chay cham va dé Hinh 2-2. Quan ha gitia nhigt lugng tod ra véi hé so chdy khong hodn (oan. khéng khi thera. Viee chon hé s6 kh6ng khi thita thich hgp thiréng dua theo kinh nghiém va thuc nghiem, wy theo loai nhién ligu, ech dét cing nbu hinh dang va kich thude budng Ita. Khong khf e6 thé dua vao cing mot hic véi mhién ligu hoge di qua 6p ohién Ii fugng khOng khf nay thudng goi 1a gi6 cdp mt, cling cé thé dua riéng thém sau dé chay kiét nhien Hieu, cai thign qué trinh chay luong khong khf nay thuong goi_ IA giG ep hai. Ti le gis edfp mot va cap hai cling phu thude vao tinh chat cia nhién liu va céch dot. HE 36 khéng khithda Caing can nhic Tui Ja déi khi ¢6 thé cho thém hoi nude hoc nuée vio budng lita lam cho t6c d6 chy tang lén, cudng do chay tang lén, dé [8 ho te a6 lam coc “khi hod” cing nhu phan tmg phan huy tao thanh trung tam hoat tinh, nhung nhiét lugng thi khong nhing khong duge tang ien ma sé gitim xudng néu ding nude dé paun. 582.1.5 Giai_doan tao tre xi Sau qué trinh chiy, nhong chat rin khong chay duryc sé tao thanh tro x. Tro 1a rin khong chéy duce nhung kh6ng, bi néng chay cOn xi chinh 1a tro néng chay to thanh. Trong qué tnnh chéy, duéi téc dong cla nbigt, céc thinh phan cita nhién Ligu st thay ddi nhiéu vé tinh chat vat 1¥ cling nh hod hoc. Trude tién cdc tinh thé nude ngdm trong mot sé chat nhu thach cao (CaSQ,. 2H;0) hode Al,O;. 2Si0,. 2H,0 sé boc hoi J nhiét d6 khodng SOU'C. Néu nhi¢i do ti¢p tue nang cao, mot sO mudi khodng phan huy thanh c&c oxyt va CO, tu do thodt ra ngoai, thi du nhu: G nhiet do khoang 500°C, cé phan tng phan huy : MgCO, > Mg0+CO, 7 (2-Ta) @ nhigt d khoang 800 dén 950°C, 06 cdc phin img: FeCO, > FeO + CO, T (2-7) CaCO, > Cad + CO, T (2-7c) Néu nhict do tiép tuc nang cao, cdc thinh phan cila (10 Hn lugt néng chay, dé chily nha 1a cAc kim loai kiém va cdc hop chat cha chiing (K,O, Na,O néng chay & 800 dén 1000’C) va céc chlorua. Sulfua sé (FeS,), trong mdi urudng hoan nguyén 06 thé néng chay & nhigt do 800 dén 900 + 1070°C, cdn Uong moi udm oxy hod thi sé chuyén thinh Fe,0, vv... Khi mét sé thanh phdn nong chay, hod thanh thé idng, cé thé hoa tan mot sé thanh phén kh4c vGn khé chay, tao thinh nhimg chit cling tinh cé nhiét do néng chay thép hon. Thi dy néu trong tro ¢6 nhiéu thinh phan oxyt silic ur do (SiO,) thi dé cling véi cdc chat FeO, FeS, CaO, MgO, v.v... go thanh chat cing tinh dé néng chay va dé hod lan duge chat ALO, vGn rat khé néng chay. Do vay néu trong tro 66 nhiéu thanh phan SiQ, thi to d6 dé néng chay, néu ft SiO, thi to dé khé néng chay. Tuy theo tinh chat va céc nhier dQ bith dang, nhiet do mém va nhiét dQ néng chay cia tro, ta cé thé chon Phuong phap thai tro xi thich hgp: 6 thé thai tro 6 nhiét do khong qué 850°C, cé thé thai xi khé G nhiét dO cao hon hoae thai xi long & nhiet do cao hon nhiét do néng chay cua tro. 592.2 CAC YEU CAU VA PHAN LOAI BUONG LUA 2.2.1 Cac tléu chudn kinh té ky thuat déi vdi buéng tra Budng hia 1a hé thong thist bi VA khong gian dé tig hanh cée giai doan eita qué trinh ehdy nhign ligu. Khi thict ké edn chi ¥ ede titu chudn sau: 1. C6 kha ning dét chdy hodn toln nhicu Joai ohidn ligu khde nhau, voi he si khong khi thita nhé nhét, cde loai tén that nhiét it nhdt, trong pham vi thay dé: phu tai Lin nhal. 2. C6 kich thude nho, tit kidm duge nguyén vat ligu. MuGn vay phai nang cao dizge cutmg do chdy va curing dé truyén nhigt. Cudng do chily cao tute 1a nhigt the thé Lich cha budng Ita, nhiét thé dign tich ola ghi phai cao. Mudn ting cutng do truyén nhict, phi ing cudng ty 12 bé mat truyén nhiée bie xa, chon cdc chu, én dong ela moi chat thich hyp, tinh déng edu can, tra xl, va néu tro xi thi ed thé [am sach duge mot cach dé dang. Nhiét thé thé Lich cia buéng lua hode nbiée thé d tfch cha ghi thutmg xde dinh theo kinh nghiém hode thue nghiém (uy thude dic tinh cia nhién ligu, inh dung Kieh thie cla buéng tifa va ghi cing vi phuong thie van hanh. 6 déng cdu can va 4. Cau tay dun gidn, chée chan, ré tién, dé ché tao, dé theo d6i kigm ira, dé stra chifa, bao duding. 4. Van hanh don gidn, nhe nhang, én dinh ma lai c6 thé diéu chinh linh hoat, dé dang tr dong hoa. 2.2.2 Phan loai buéng Ita Qua qua trinh phat trién Wau dai, dén nay di c6 rit nhiéu loai buéng lita khée nhau. Dua theo céch dét, c6 thé chia 3 loai Ién, trong méi loai 1én lai o6 thé chia thanh nhiéu leat nhé. 6 1h: |. Budng ta dét theo ting (budng lita ghi). Nhi¢n liu duge x¢p theo ting, thuting 1a & tren ghi dé dét, Loai buéng ita nay chi dot duge mbién ligu ran. 2. Budag hia phun, trong loai budng Lita nay, nbién ligu duge phun vao cing khéng khi, hon hop véi nhau va tién hanh cfc giai doan cua qué trinh chay trong khong gian budng lira. Logi budng lira nay cd thé dét duge tat 4 ede dang nhién liGu: mhién lisu khi, nhién ligu lng phun thanh hat ode nhién Ticu rin nghién Thanh bot. 603. Budng fita hén hop: wong \oai budng lita nay nhién Ligu cé thé mot phan chay theo tang, mot phiin chy trong khong gian nhu buGng lita xody hole chéy lo itmg, bap bing trong mot khoing khOng gian buéng lia, khong xép han thanh idp mi cing khong bay hin theo sin phdm chay nhu trong budng lita ting long (ting soi). 2.3 BUONG LUA CHAY TANG La loai budng lira ding rt phd bien trong 1 hui cong sudt nhd va rung binh ma phan Idn ding vao muc dich cfip nhigt; day nbign Heu duge xép thanh timg ling dé tign hinh cdc gia’ doan ella qué tinh chay. Thict bi dé xép nhign ligu god 1 ghi 10, né ed céc nhigm va 1: d@ nhién i khong ki (gi6 ep 1) théi qua ghi va qua l6p nhién liga xép tn ghi va hi¢u khi con 1am ahiém va thai tro xi nit. C6 ral nhiéu loai ghi, ¢6 thé chia thinh ghi cé dinh vi ghi di dong. 6 dinb hoin ton, ¢6 loai ghi c6 thé chuyén dong bd phan nhu c6 thé lic a due. Ghi 6 thé Jam thanh ting thanh ghep lai ving oc thé 1am thanh time tim, Ghi cd thé xép tao thinh mat phang, c6 thé xep thanh mat nghiéng hode bac thang. Ghi di dong thutng ding 1A ghi xich, 6 loai ghi xich chuyén dong thudn chiéu, trude ra sau, cd Toai chuyén dong nguge chidu sau ra trade, tuy theo phuong phap edp nhien lieu. 2.3.4 Buéng Ita ghi cd dinh Day 1A loai budng lita ding trong 1 hoi cong suat nhd, sdn long hoi thudng khong qué 277h. 1. Qué trink chdy cha nhién liéu trén ghi e6 dinh Khi lép nhien ligu méi duge xép len trén Idp nhién ligu dang chdy tron ghi trong budng Lira, lap tie nhan duge nhigt, ri ign hanh cde giai doan ciia qué trinh chay. Lép nhiea licu mai, ahan nhiét ti hai phia: phia tren do bite xa tir ngon lta o6 ehtfa cdc chat khf 3 nguyén ti, nhing hut, tro, xi, than, mudi bd héng, vv... dang ndng d6, tt tuimg 10; phfa dudi lp than nhan nhigt do din nhici hi tigp xe vai Ip than dang chay, do déi ha tir khong kat ndng va sin phi chdy tir phia ghi thdi lén. Khi nhan nhiét, nhien ligu duge say nGng dan, dO dm bée hui, nhign Tigu kho din, ti¢p dén 1a chat bée thodt ra, gap Oxy trong khong khi sé chdy, mot phan chay ngay trong kip than, phan cdn lai sé ch4y wong khOng gian buéng lita néu duve gap Oxy. Nhién ligu ft chai bd nfur than géy, aniraxit thi ch4y chd yeu wen ghi, con 6nhiéu chat béc abu citi, g6, bi mfa, than nu, than bim vA mé6t s6 than dé thi chat bc chil yéu chéy trong bu6ng Ita. Phan ede thi chdy tren ghi. Khi khong khf ur dudi thdi len qua khe hé cia ghi, qua {6p tro da ch4y con ndng, ban thin khong khi durgc say ndng va cung cap mot phiin oxy rt nhé dé chdy kiét nhing phan cdc cdn lai trong tro xi. Khong khi liép tuc di lén, gap ede d& duge say néng, va lai ham lugng Oxy wrong khong khi cn nhiéu, nén chy rit manh, tao thinh ving xy hod: C+0, 3 CO, +Q, (2-82) hoae: e450, 3 CO+Qe va corto, > CO, +Q,. (2-8b) Trong d6: Qe = Qe + Qe Ty lg Oxy gidm, ty 12 CO, ting din. Dong khi tip tuc di lén, khi Oxy hom thicu, CO, gap C cua AO MD TR nhigt dO cao sé xdy ta Ql eae tN phan tmg hoin nguyén ie <6 2} thu niet 5 CO, +C-» 2CO-Q ngn nhidt dd trong ting nin ligu ehay e6 phn eee pe giam xudng, Iugng CO, wie dS cling piim con CO ting j {én, nn ving ndy gilt ving hoan ngayén. Fink Ahiing hb 2-3 biéu thi cdc ving trong 6p nhién ligu trén . eee cee ae co ghi vi su phan bo niet Hinh 2-3. Phan bé ving, nhiét d3 va dé cing véi thinh phén thanh phan khi trén ghi cd dinh, 10 20 «30 «40% ' Shih phéia kh’ % cdc chit khé tren ghi cd dinh. Ta thay, dui cing & lép sat ghi 18 tro xi, dén lép oxy hod, lop hoan nguyén va trén cdng 1a 1ép than tuoi. Ranh gidi gitta cdc ving c6 thé tam chia nhw sau: ranh gidi gitla l6p tro xi va lép Oxy hod o6 thé ldy bé mat giao nhau cia cde chim khong khf théi tit dudi Ién qua céc khe hé cia ghi, trong ving 62nay thanh phin xy cao nhdt con nhiét d6 hay cdn thi, CO va CO, rét ft, co thé coi 1A chua 6 vi qué tinh chéy con rai cham. Ranh gidi gitta ving oxy hod va ving hodin nguyén JA bé mat c6 néng do CO, t6i da CO?" va nhi¢t do 12 cao nhat. Theo thuc nghiom, chide day ving Oxy hod khong qué 3 dén 4 lin dudng kinh trung binh cha hat nhién ligu. Trong vang nay lucmg Oxy gidm rét nhanh, nhiét do tang nhiéu, dat gid tri cue dai khi bat dau di vio ving hoin nguyen, CO, cling dat mie cue dai. Chiéu day ving hodn nguyen thi phy thuge vao 1ép than tuoi cép vao va sé thay ddi ong chu ky cap than. Nhir vay 1a thily 1a qua iép hoan nguyén dén 16p than tuoi trén dé, bao gid cding ¢6 lwung khi CO chia chéy, do vay trong nhigu tinvéng hop ngudi ta efip them khong khi vdo phfa trén lip than ma thudng goi 1a gid ep hai dé chay hét CO ciing nhu chiit khi kde chy chua hét. Néu cap gid va nhi¢n tiGu vao budng lita mot cdch thutmg xuyén thi vi tri ede ving trén ghi sé e6 dinh, khong thay déi Ta ciing thay, qua l6p hoan nguyén, lugng CO tang lén, 6 nghia 1A t6n that nhiét do chéy khOng hoan ton vé mat hod hoe iang lén, do vay vé mat Ly thuyét lop hoan nguyén cing méng, tham chi khong cé th) cdng tot, nghia 1A trén mat ghi chi ¢6 lép tro xi, ving Oxy hod 1A t6t nhét. Nhung trong thuc 1¢, néu I6p nhian lieu qué méng, dé bi théj bay, nhl 1 khi kéch thude hit nhién Tigu khong déng déu, dé c6 hign titmg 6 ga rén lép than trén mat ghi, 6 noi gid di qua, th6i het nhién tieu vun thanh dong xung quanh, cing vun cao thi gio cing khong thé théi qua, nén su phan phdi khong khf cing khong dong déu, noi thita noi thidu Oxy, lam tang té6n that nhiet do chay khong hoan toan cA vé co hoe ca vé hod hoc, nhiing Itic dé can trang lai 16p chién ligu cho déng déu. Mat khde citing khong nén nghi ring ct 46 lép nhién Ligu cang day thi cudng do chay cdng manh, ma phai chon chiéu day lop ahién ligu thich hop tuy theo tinh chat va kich thade cita hat nhién li¢u. Theo kinh nghi¢m van hinh, c6 thé tham khdo chon chiéu diy 6p nhien ligu trong budne lita ghi ¢O inh nhu sau: vGi than cém antraxit, dung kinh hat trung binh 2 den 5 nw 6 thé chon chiéu day 1p nhién Ligu tir 60 mu dén 120 win; than don ¢6 thé chon dén 200 mi; than bin chon 300 wun dén 900 mim, 26; ba mia c6 thé chon ti 600 den 1500 war, Cung cap khong khf cho qué inh chay 1a mot van dé rit quen trong. Trong budng lta ghi cf dinh, nhién lieu thutng cp theo chu ky, khodne 5 dén 10 pit mt lan. Trong mt chu ky célp nhign liéu nhu vay, nha cau vé Saong khi cho qué tink chy thay déi ma hiong khong khf thu t¢ dua vio elinig thay déi, rat tiée sir thay di dé khong déng bo nén khé tanh khdi giai dean thicu giai doan thira KhOng khi. : Hinh 2-4 biéu dign sy thay déi lung khong Khf theo chu ky cép nhién ligu. 63Khi mécita ealp nhign figu, khong Khf trlin vao qua céta e”p than theo during 4. Khi dong cira khong khi duge dua qua ghi cho budng dot theo dutng 2. Duong nay cd xu hudmg tang theo thot gian do 16p nhién figu mong dan, trd lye giam dan, nen hang khong khi ep vao tang len, yong khi dutmg s6 | bieu thi nhu edu cla khong khi cho quid trinh chéy, giai doan dau chi cain mot ft khong khi vot tucdeh 1 Iée nhan say dé sdly néng, sdy kho va thoat chat boc. Sau dé, khi chat bie va c6e ay [i We nhu edu oxy nhiéu nhat, long khéng khf cap vio ddi hdl ldn phat, sau dé hong khong khf Khong khi dé chéy kigh Vi khong khié dua vao khong thé lap tte 1iép xtic hodin to&n vai | thanh phén chy duge cba nhién | liey nén dudng 3 bidu thi lugng | khong khi duge sir dung thuc | L cho qué tinh déi chay nhién ! | jigints ligu. Tuy nhicn ede dung bidu | merge dién chi mang tinh chat dinh | tinh, néu len guy luat thay di, thong thu’mg khé wénh koi giai doan thigu, giai doan thia khong khi. Thita thi¢u nhiéu hay it tuy thug logi nhi¢n — Hinh 2-4, Lugng khéng khi thay adi theo chu liga, ché dd vin hank, Theo ky cap nhian ligu: kinh nghigm voi budng Ite ghi 1. Lugng khéng khi yeu edu; 2. Khong khi c&p eS din Unimg chon hé sO thye te) 3. Lugng khéng khi duge sir dung; 4. khong khf thita trong khong Khi md etfa cap nhién lieu. Luong Khong khi King toda khong He 1,3 dé 1,5. Nhu vay vé danh nghia 1a thita ti 30 dén 50% nhumng thye t€ thi van khong chdy hét hoin todn nhing hat than cling nhy nhimg chat khf nhee CO, vv... ké ca timg hyp da dua thém gié cfip 2 vao phia trea 6p nhién li¢u. 2. Cau igo budng hia ghi 6 dinh va cdc uu nhuge diém ce Cait tuo eita budng lita ghi c6 duh (hink 2-5) pay 1A foi budng lia don gidn nhat, Iau di nt, thuimg gém hai b9 phar dvfnh 1h ghi lo (1) va busing Ha (2), ngodi ra cbn cb clta efip nhién liga G3), ella thong gid vi cita thai tro xi (4), doi Khi cdn o6 ed cub bb va ede 18 gid cap hai. La Cau tao budng lita: 64Budng Ita 1a khong gian dé chay kigt nbicn Ligu cha yéu Ia chy cde chat Khe va nhitng hat nhién ligu nhd bay theo khéi. Budng lita cdn 05 m6t kich thude thich hop. Thudng ngubi ta quan tam nhiéu dén vy IS gitta thé tich budng lita va nhi leong tod ra hi d5t nhiGn liu. Cling 06 ngudi con quan tam dén ty le gitta thé tich beng lta vii din tich bé mat truyén nhidt va cd ty Ie pitta thé ch cde budng ita twong (mg voi wang hol sn xudt ra trong mot dun vj thdi gian, v.v.. Nhimg dai lugng nay cing lity theo kinh nghiem va cfc tac gid ciing néu lén nhiing sO Tigu khae nhau. Nhi¢u tac gia cho so lieu vé nhict thé thé tich q, = Q/V,,. Wine bing khodng G00 + 350).10° Wer’ d6i voi than d& va bing khodag (200 + 300).10? Wind doi voi citi. Xung quanh budng lita 6 thé lt udng xay bang gach chiv Twa, ciing 6 thé 1a cde bé mat truyén nhict cho mdi chat, cling 6 thé la din Ong che tude tudng xdy. Xay bing gach cé uw di¢m 1a nbist 46 trong buéng Ia exo, qui tinh chéy tt, nhung (in gach va dé bi hing. Bung lita bao quanh bing bé mat truyén nhict hode din Ong cS uu diém 1a tin dung duge nhigt bie xu, gidm duge ding ké kim loai, cang gidim duge gach chiu Ia xay ong, Hinh 2-5, Cau tao bung tia ghi cd dinh. ludng iti hur hing nhung nhiet do wong budng lita thap, qué trinh chéy khd hon. Phia truée budng lira, c6 thé xay them cudn 1 dé phn xa nhidt, gitip cho qué trinh chy t6t hen. Doi khi cdn tr6 thém cde cita gid ep hai dé cap them Oxy chdy ktdt cde chat khi, nhét 1d CO va ede hat than nhd chua chéy hét bi khéi cudn theo, Clin cp than thydng 6 kich thutéc 350 x 450 wm, mop duéi mat céch mat bing phue vy khoding 500 d&n 700 mpi dé thuan tign cho viéc cp than. Boi khi trén badng lita cdn Lp them cde cita phong nd. 2.a Cflu tao cla ghi ld: Ghi 18 thi cong c6 cée nhiém vu: 43 16p nhién liéu trénh roi, ténh lot, tao dicu kign dé cap gid théi tir dust ghi qua lép nhién ligu va thai tro xi da chéy. Do vay ghi thi cong chia lam bai phan: phia do mien ligu khong lot, khong tol va phiin khe his dé thong gid va thii xi. TY 1¢ gita dien tich ede khe ho voi tng dién tich vba ghi goi I ty 1é tiét dign dong (hose tie di¢n song), ad tuy thude vao tinh chat cita nhign ligu va edu tao cila ghi, Téng dign tich cla ghi ciin dim bio mot nhiét ¢! in tich ghi q, = Q/R thich hyp, bing khoang (900 + 1050).10? Win? khi d6t than va khoang 600.10° W/nr’ khi dot 26. 65Thuéng ding hai loai ghi: ghi tam va ghi thanh. Ghi tm (hinh 2-6) thudng dic bing gang think timy tim chiéu rOng khodng 210 dén 250 pun, chiéu dai khong qué 2200 wm dé tien vide thdo lp qua cita 18, Ghi lim ed cde ciinh ghi dé fang stic tan nhiét, trén ghi cé c&c 18 hinh bau dye, tren nhé didi to Hinh 2-6. Ghi tam, dé trénh bit khe hd, chiéu rong 8/10 hofe 10/15 mun, chiéu dai 38/40 mur, 22 300~ 1000 ty le tit din song Khoing 8 din 16% TY thuding ding dé dot than cém. Ghi thanh (hinh 2-7) lA nhtmg thanh ghi ghép lai, gitta hai thanh tao thinh khe h’s khodng 5 , ; dén 1S mun, phia dui Hinh 2-7, Ghi thanh. cfing r6ng hon mot chit dé trinh bjt khe hé. Mai thanh ghi cé chiéu rong khodng 5 d&n 20 nm, phfa tren rong hon vai mm, chiéu dai khodng 300 dén 1000 sara, duGi 14 ghi cting od cénh dé dim bao sie bén va tn nhiér, 1 16 tict dign song khoting 25 din 60%. if Ya b. Us nluige didn cia budng iita ghi c6'dinh Budng Iti ghi e6 dinh ¢6 cdc uu nhuve diém chinh sau: ~ Cu tao rat don gidn, khong 06 céc chi tit chuyén dong, nen 1é - Van hanh dé dang, don gign, luOn ¢6 16p tro xi ngan céch ghi 1d véi kop than dang chéy nén it bi hu hing, - C6ng suat bj han ch¢ do dién tich ghi bi han ché. Dé dim bao rai nhién liéu déu trén ghi, chiéu sau ghi khong qué 2 dén 2,5 m, chide tong tng v6i méi cita cfp than kh6ng qué | dé 1,3 m, nén cong sud thuting kho vot 2 Tih. 66- Hide sudt khé nang cao, do tén that g, va q, thudng én. D6 1a do kho gidt quyét mau thudn gitta yéu ofu théng gi6 va thai xi tot ma khong 4é nhién ligu bi iot lam ting q, va q. 16n vi budag dot thd cong khé b6 trf bé mat trayén nhiét phu, nen khé giam nhiét d6 khdi thai . - Viée van hanh khé nang nhye di v6i cong nhan, nhdt 1a trong khdu cap nhicn ligu va thai tro xi. - Vige cap nhién liu theo chu ky, khong 5 dén 10 piuit mot lan, kh6 dap ting duge yéu cdu cia qué tinh chay, lam cho san lugng va thong s6 hoi dé dao dong. Hon nifa mai lan mé cia edp than, gid lanh tran vao Tam gidm nhi¢t do budng Kia, inh hudng qué tinh chay, gid lgnh cdn gay nén tng sudt nhist dot nage voi cde bé mat truyén nhiét xung quanh budng lita. ¢. Mot 96 bién phiip cdi tién Dva vio ee uu nhuge diém, ngudi ta da thir nghiém, cdi tién budng Itra ghi co inh theo ede hudng: efi ign cfu tao cita ghi, cdch b6 tri ghi, céch ep nhién lieu, thai tro xi va cA each dét. L.c Cai tao du tao cla ghi: C6 cde phuong én cdi tién sali: - Ding thanh ghi cS wét di¢n dac biét goi sa ghi khong Jot (hinh 2-8), du tao phite tap ma hiéu qué khong 16 nét, nén sit dyng chua nhiéu. - Ghi théi gid ngang (hinh 2-9). O day thanh ghi o6 phan tiét dign thing dimg, tren cé 16 hoc 1a khe hd dé gid théi ngang, gitta cdc thanh ghi ghép lai cing c6 khe hd. Nhd cdc 16 hoic khe hé tren tiét dien thing dimg pid théi ngang xuyén vio idp nhién ligu nén dam bdo cp dit pid cdi thign rO ret qué tinh chdy, gidm duge nhién ligu lot va bay giam dude qahdt 1a khi det cdc phu phdm n6éng 1am san, it tro ma lai nhe. Hinh 2-9. Ghi thai gié ngang. 67- Buéng lita “ghi 1uéng" 2 Lép, cdn goi La budag Ia Cook hoae budng lita hinh mong ngua, da ding dot ba mfa rat hieu qua. Budng lita hinh tru, tiét dign inh mong neu, twine phin dui Lam hai isp, gitta cd khe ho thong vsi quat gid, tren tudmg trong 66 18, mot hang & phia trén [am nhi¢m vu thong gid edp hai va mot so hang & dui lam nhiem vy thong gid cap mot. Nhién lieu ba mia rét tr trén xuGng, chat thanh dong cao, gid duge quat deta qua khe hé gitta hai ldp tudng, qua cae hing 16 thdi thing vao déng ba mia va tién hanh cde giai doan cia qué trinh chdy. Loai budng lita nay cd uu diém 1a: - Gid duge sdly néng nen qua trink chy kha tét. ~ Tudng cia budng lua duoc lam mét nén it bi hu héng. - Gi6 théi ngang, nén gidm duye nhign ligy va tro bi cudn theo khéi, gidm duge in that do chdy khong hodn toan. N6 cling 66 mot sé nbuge diém nhu: ~ Kho thai tro xi, chi phd hop voi loai nhiéa Li¢u fl tre nhu ba mia. ~ Kho chdy kiét vao uong déng nhién ligu, nén chi phir hgp voi loi 18 hoi cong sult nhé va dét cfc nhién ligu xGp nhu ba mia. 2. Gidm nhe cudng do cap nhién Li¢u va thai tro xi. Thudng ding cic - Ding ghi lat, ghi léc, hode shi quay. Muc dich 1a dé thai m6t phan hod toan b@ tro xi khi di chdy xong ma gidm nhg duge lao dong, cling cai thign duge phan nao qué trinh chdy vi di dénh toi duge 16p tro xi bam xung quanh hat nhién ligu. é day cdc tam ghi duge Lip them cic hé théng don bay, c6 thé Lic, Lat hoac quay dé thai tro xi di chily xong, Noi chung qué trinh chéy khong thay di nhiéu so voi ghi c6 dinh, 66 thé két hop vi cdc bign php ca nhién Hiéu khée dé gid bét cudmg dd lao dong. - Ghi aghiéng va ghi bac thang (hinh 2-10}. Muc dich ctia ghi nghiéng va ghi bac thang 12 giam bot lao dong cho viée cap than, doi khi c& viec thai tro xi, nhes vio trong Iugng cia ban than nhién ligu truot wén iim ghi dai nghiéng hoae nhimg. thanh ghi x¢p thanh bac thang véi mot te do kha cham, khoang 1 dén 2 m/f. Gbe nghiéng lay theo kinh nghiém, dét 25, than bitn, lay khong 32 + 36°, than da Lay 43 = 50°. in phdp sau: Con cé loai ghi nghiéng dén cap, mot Iép ghi dong sip xen ké vi mt Iép ghi cd dink dé hé uy thém qué tinh cap nhién ligu, nén géc nghiéng 6 thé ding dé hon, chi khoang 15 + 18°. 68Qué tinh chay tren ghi nghieng khong hodn todn gidng nhau. Tren ghi tam tut, qué trink chéy hdu nhu chi sign hAnh wr tren xudng, két hop voi chiéu trugt cua tim nhién ligu, nén dude ranh gid gitta eae ving chdy 1a mot mat nghicng. Con doi voi ghi bac thang, vi trén bac thang Tuén gitt mor lwong nhign lieu dang chéy, tai ¢6 thom khong khi nén qué trinh chéy edn tign anh cA ti dudi Hen, ctng theo mat nghicng vi két hgp vi chiéu invot cia nhién ligu. Dh Kring ens” "F Hinh 2-10. a. Ghi nghiéng; b. Ghi bac thang. Vige sit dung ghi nghiéng va ghi bac thang c6 cdc wu diém Ta: + Qué tinh chay trai dai theo ghi nen ed thé cung cap khong khi theo timg vung phi hyp hon vii nhu cdu cha qué trinh chay. ~ Viée cap nhien itu tong doi lién tue va nhe ohing hon. Nhung cing c6 khuyét diém Ja: edu tao va van hinh hoi phite tap, kh diéu china tang nhién ligu cap vio 48 phit hop véi nhu céu sit dung hoi. Loui ghi nghiéng hay bac thang thutmg ding dot 26, ba mfa va nhien ligu dm. 3.¢ Cac bie phap gidm nhe lao d6ng cp nhién licu Ngoai vide nhe lao dong nhu: tao 14 ghi con ding céc bien phap cap nhien ligu khée dé gidm ~ Cap than bing vit tai, thurdng ket hyp ghi nghieng hodc ghi bac thang cing Vor ghi lat thdi tro xi, Vit tai dat & vi ti thap, Khi quay sé din nhien ligu tir duéi len (hinh 2-11), qué trinh chay tién hanh tir tren xudng, khi chdy xong, tao thanh tro xi, dén ra hai phfa, ri ding ghi lat hoje ghi quay thai ra ngoai. Loai nay ¢6 uu diém 18 thist bi gon nhd, mute d9 og khi_-hod cao, chdy lign tue nhung od khuyét Giém Ia vit tai o6 thé bi thc, bi kot mht 1a khi d6t nbién figu am, nhiet 6 néng chay cla tro tha. 69Hét than bang co khi: 06 thé ding vGi ghi 6 dinh, ghi lat efing nhu ghi xfch, doi khi két hop voi bang tai, khf nén. Hat than bing eo khi 6 thé giip cde dang: ban diy, xéng hét, tay hat, viv... (hinh True vit fer 2-12). Ban day (a), cé dang nhu ban Hinh 2-11, Buéng fia cap than baing vit tal. cuéc chuyén dong qua Jai, nhan than 16i dy xuGng, thutng két hop voi ghi nghieng hoe ghi bac thang. Tay hat (b), dudi tac dung cla la xo vA baénh cam, xéng hat qua jai khoang 10. lin mét phit hat than vao buéng Itt, Tay hat gin trén truc quay vi We d§ kha lén, khoing 500 d&n 800 v/ph, od thé quay thuan chiéu hodc nguge chiéu dé hat than. Hinh 2-42. Hat than bang eg khi Naudi ta cé thé diéu chinh dg vang xa cia than bing céch diéu chinh tée do quay vi g6c hat cha tay quay. Dac diém chung cia hilt bing co khi 1a nhtng hat 6 eich thuée 16n thi vang xa hon, trong qué tinh bay trong buéng Nia, hat nhi¢n lieu nhan nhiet va tiép xc wi khong Khi, Lién hinh mot phin hay tét ca céc giai doan cba qué trinh chdy, cho nén chy t6t hon. Tuy nhién than nhé bi bay nhiéu hon, va than dm cé thé bj dinh. » Théi than bing khf nén, Ngudi ta cé thé ding khong khf nén, 4p suat loai thap khodng 200 dén 1200 Pa, hog cao tix 2500 dén 3000 Pa, hoae hoi nude cb ap sudt 0,06 dén 0,15 MPa qua Sng phun tang tGe 49 den khodng 30 dén 80 m/s dé 7théi than vao buéng Ita. G day phan bé hat than nguye véi hill oo khi, hat nhd bay xa, hat to roi gan. - Cling vi quy Iuat phan bo hat than nguoc nhaw, nén nhiéu khi ngudi ta két hop hat than bing co khf va khf nén, nhu vay phan bé hat than déng déu hon, chay sé tot hon. Mai may hat than kidu hdn hyp cé thé e&p tit 200 dén 1500 ke thanth theo chiéu sau tr 1,5 dén 5 m va.0,9 dén 1,1 az chiéu rong. Theo kinh nghiém, may hat than 1am viée (61 véi ct hat khong qué 19 nun, ef hat tit 0 dn 6 mm, 6 dé 12 nun, 12 dén 19 pum mj thit chiém khoang 1/3 1A thich hop, than nhiéu chit boc chay 161 hon, em antraxit vin khé chdy, tn that do chay khong hoan toan vé co hoe kha lén c6 thé t6i 16%, 4.¢ Cai tin cach dot Neoai phuong phép d6ng béinh than thanh nhiéu dang khde hau, ngudi ta dé va dang thir nghiém mot s6 cach d6t trong budng dét thi cOng nhu: phuong phép dot nguige, phuong php ding ghi kép, phurong phap khi hod than. © Phutong phép dét ngvoc 06 thé gidi thigu so luge nbut sau: tren mat ghi thong thutng, ta céip mot Idp nhign ligu khé day Khoding 300 dén 400 mim, nhém Wea tir mat én va nhién Heu chéy tir trén xuGng, céc ving Wen ghi ngucc véi binh thutme, trén cing 18 16p tro xi, tiép dén 1a ving chdy, ving sfy néng, sdy khé va thodt chat béc, dudi cing [a 1ép than woi. Chiéu day ldp tro xi ting dan, l6p than tei gidm dan edn cée ving khéc thi di chuyén tit tren xuGng dui, chéy én dink. g Trung Quée di thir nghigm ten 15 hoi LSGF 0,2 - 4 + A, c6 c6ng sudt dinh mic 200 kefh, ép suat du 0,4 MPa, nhiet thé thé tich buéng lua 1460 Mind h, nbigt the dién tich ghi 2430 Mit’, thé uch bung ddt 0,524 av’, diing quat gid dp sudt 880 nétcih, khong c6 gis cap hai. Khi thir nghigm, mi lan cdp 130 dén 150 kg than, nang sudt Khoing 210 kg hoi/h, wn het 38 kg, khi khong o6 bé mat truyén nhiet phy, khdi thai o6 nhi¢t do 378°C, néng do bui 48,7 mg/m'te, higu sudt bing 62,2%, lip them bé mat truyén nhigt phu, nhi¢t do khoi thai con 214°C, hiéu sudt ting them 5%. Tong két thy phuong ph4p dot nguye cd cac uu diém: chu k¥ c&p than dai hon nhiéu nén chéy 6n dinh, higu suat cao hon va diéu ki¢n moi trudng tt hon do khong ¢6 khoi den va it to bui hon. Nhung d6t nguge cing cdn nhiéu nhugc diém: mdi chu ky cap than cing chi kéo dai tir3 dén 4 gid sau d6 lai phai dinh 1d, nhom Ita, cOng viéc van khong lién tuc, vai va, ohdt 1a than dé dong xi. Lép than tuoi nhan nhiét chi yéu 1a do dain nnhit ti lop tr8n nén khé bat lira, nhat & khi thong gid manh, nén khé dot than xéu. Bs 1d dot nguyc [am viée duge litn tue, ngudi ta cing da dong may fp than tir dudi lén. 71- Buéng a6 ghi kép (hink 3). Ghi_gdm 2 ing, ting ten iim bing din dng nude, ting dudi 18 ghi thong thudng. Phia tude c6 3 cia: cita tren cing dit ten ghi dan ong dé cap gid va cap then. Cia tht hai nam gid hai tang ghi, doi dign voi né & tong sau cé cita thong Kh6i ra phia sau, ctra tht ba nim dudi ting ghi dud, Khi van hanh, ctta tn luén mo dé cap gid va than vao ghi dan phia Ucn, ghi din dng thuing ding dng cS duong Hinh 2-13, Buéng dét ghi kép. kinh 51 mm, gitia hai ong danh khe hé khong 20 dgn 30 mm, nén mt sO than sé roi xudng ranh dudi va chdy hat. Cl gid gitta won dong, chi mo hie chee than, tro xi, ctia gid dudi cing chi hé mé dé cap gid chéy Kiet than & ghi dudi. V1 gi6 vao te tren, Kh6i nit ra tir dusi ghi dan, nén qué trinh chéy chinh 6 tang trén cd dae diém nhu qué trink chdy ngugc, tr tren xudng, khéi den, it bui bay theo. - Budng d6t khi hod (hinh Gia cap 2 2-14). Gan day di thir nghiém budng dot kat hoa don gin, buéng khi hod (2) cling 1a buéng dot ghi co dinh binh thudng. Méi m? dign tich ghi oN tuong (mg véi nang sudt hot Giacaphy 500 ket, mai Jan cép than ¢6 thé dot duge 4 dén $ gig, top than thudng dé cao khodng - 0,6 dé Im, phfa wen phi Hinh 2-14. Budng dét khi hoa. danh khoang 0,3 dén 0,5 m dé iap trung khi than qua voi phun cap sang bung dét (6) v6i we d6 & miéng ra khoang 3 dén 5 pi/s. Téc dO cao hon, u tue ton, téc d6 thap hon 6 thé 66 hién wong hut lira vé buéng khi hod. Phia tren budng khi hod thutng 1p ctra phong nd, Ton bo chu KY d6t chy 06 thé chia thanh 3 giai de giai doan khi hod, chiém Kholng 30% thoi gian, giai doan qué do chiém khoang 50% thoi pian va sal Joan chy 06 ngon lisa chi¢im khodng 20% thei gian, 72Trony giai doan dau, lp than van chia ving, ti ie xudny diu tién 14 ving than tuoi, ving chudn bi sdy néng, sdy kho, ving hoarf nguycn, ving Gay hod va ving Uo xi 6 dudi cling. Ranh pidi cde ving dich , ving than tuoi hep ving tro xi tang Do chiéu day 1ép than ip gid khong hoan todn déng déu, non ed chd chéy nhanh hon, k6p than teri & tren het scm hom, J& hinh, thinh nhimg ngyn Ite cuc bd, ang giai doan qua d9 cho den khi ngon lita lan kin mat than uén ghi. Cudi cing IA giai dogn chdy o6 nygn lita nhue trén bung dot thong thuting cho din khi chdy kict, ket thic mét chu ky det. Budng d6t khi hod than c6é uu diém 1a higu suit cao hon, 66 thé dat khoing 70%, gidm duye G nhigm mi tudng, lao dong dé vat vi hon. Dé 1A do 86 lan célp than gidm, khong phaj ttang than, khi than dé chy kiét voi he cdc cling dé chay do xp hon sau khi thoat chat boo, gidm dure hat than b: Tuy nhien cfu tao cé phde tap hon, vin 1a edp than thee chu ky, dé gay n6 nhs La khi nhdm 1d, thuting phai dot trude tren ghi budng dt dé chty if tr budng khi hod sang Ih cd thé chdy duge, néu tro dé néng chay thi thao tae c6 vat va hon. 2.3.2 Buéng ltra ghi xich DE cai thign cOng viée cap nhién liéu va thai tro xi, ngudi ta ding loai ghi c6 cau {ao va chuyén dong nhu mét cdi xich goi IA ghi xich. Nhién ligu duye dé [én xich, cling xich di chuyén qua déy cla budéng Ita, ti¢n hinh tat cd cc giai doan cua ’ . Khi & trong budng lita, mat ghi chi con nhiém $ lot va cho gid cap 1 di qua. C5 hai loai ghi xich chuyén dong theo chigu khdc nhau: ghi xfch thuan chiéu gap nhiéu hon va phi xich nguge chiéu 6 khong ft uu diém. 1. Sod6 cdu tgo budng lia ghi xich thudn chiéu Budng Ifa ghi xfch gdm cde bo phan chinh sau: ghi xfeh (1), 6 edu tao cba cai xfch, chuyén dong tir trude ra sau véi We dQ kbd cham, khoang 2 dén 30 nh, nhtr cé dong co thudng dat phfa ude cling voi bd gidm ide. Budng lita (2) 1a khoang khong gian dé chay kigt cdc chat b0c va nhiing hat min chdy duye bay theo khoi; (3a), (35) 1a codn 18 tne va sau, thing thy trong budng lia khong ldn lim, muc dich 14 dé bite xa nhiét gitip cho viée chy nhanh va chay kiét tro xi. 6 cae cudn 18, nhigu khi cdn lip thém migng gis céfp hai Qc) & phfa tude hode cd hai phfa, véi muc dich effp them oxy, x40 Gn, kéo dai dudmg di eda khdi va han ché lung tro bui bay theo khéi ra ngoai. Clra phan phot gid (4) duye be ut phi hop vi yeu céu cia qua tinh chay. Cai gat tro xi (5) ding dé thai tro xi di ch4y xong xung hop tro xi (6), Phéu than (7) va lm diéu chinh chiéu day kip nhign ligu dua vio ghi.Hinh 2-45, Buéng lita ghi xich thuan chiéu. 2. Oud trinh chdy nhién liéu trén ghi xich Nhién Ligu tir xich rét len ghi voi mot chiéu day d& duve diéu chinh, cing ghi chuyén dong qua budng jira va én haah tat cd cdc giai doan cla qué trinh chay, rdi duge thai ra ngoai (hinh 2-16). Cu thé 1a, nhién Ligu tir phéu rét xudng, duge dua tir ty vo bung lita, nhan nhiét be xa ti ngon lita, vach Cuong, nhat 1a cudn 1d, phéin rat ft do din nhiét khi tiép xtc voi ghi vi l6p nhién liu c6 sin én ghi, va mot phin ciing rat nho do doi luu tit khong khi cap 1 di tit dudi ghi lén. Khi nhan nhiet, nhién Ligu duge say néng, khé dan 16i thodt chat béc, chdy chat bée va céc, tao thanh tro xi 16i nh& cdi gat xi duye thit ra ngoai. Vi ghi chuyén dong tf trdi sang phai, qué trinh nhén nhiét va chéy cht yéu ti trén xudng dudi, nén mat ranh gidi giita cdc ving 18 theo dudng chéo xién, chi cd & giai doan cudi, khi nhiét dO nhién ligu da di cao, gap khéng khi cdip 1, c6 thé chaytir dudi 18n, nén cé phan ranh gidi xién nguge chiéu Do vay, lop nhién ligu trén ghi c6 thé chia thanh cdc ving: (1) 1 ving nhien ligu tuoi, (2) 14 ving chudn bi, nhie¢n licu dugc s4y néng, sily kho va thodt chat bée, (3) 18 ving chay, chai yéu 18 chéy cc, trong dé 3a IA ving Oxy hod, 3b 1a ving hoan nguyén vi Q, da gidm nhiéu, CO, lai gap C nding dd, (4) Ia ving chdy kiét, tao thanh tro xi thai ra ngoai. Khi gitt khng doi tde do ghi, chiing loai va chiéu day l6p nhién }igu thi vj tr dudng ranh gidi gitta c&c ving cling khong déi. Khi téc do ghi qué cao, 1ép nhién ligu qué day thi dutng ranh gidi dich vé phia sau, nghia 1a nhién ligu chéy chua hét di phai thai ra, nguye lai, néu lop nhién ligu qui mong, 16e dO ghi qua cham thi dudng ranh gidi li vé phia trude, tro xi khéng duoc thai ngay ma xich phi ché mot doan vO ich. Do vay, tmg voi mdi toai nhién lieu phai 4chon mot chiéu day ldp nhién ligu va We do ghi thich hyp dé khi nhién ligu vita chay kidt thi duge thai ngay xuéng phéu tro xi, dura ra nguai. Kae LT ® 8 Sn ph at Thar ® ¢ ~ Zz a7 8 ride div ghi [ml Hinh 2-46, Qué trinh chay tran ghi xich. Duéi day giGi thigu mot sO gid tri dink huGng cho chiéu day lép nhién lieu ten phi. Antraxit don, c& hat 6 + 18 aun 120 = 180 nun Antraxit cim 150 = 200 nan ‘Than da 150 + 200 num ‘Than nau 200 + 300 mez ‘Than ban 700 = 1000 mut Chi, 28 400 + 600 aun Tuong tng véi cdc ving va giai doan cla qué trinh chay, thanh phiin cde chat khi duge phan bé nhu sau: Oxy cao nhat & hai du vi ving nhien ligu tuoi va tro xi 75chi can rit it nén thira Oxy, é gitta Oxy tha nhdt, c6 thé thigu, do gud tinh chdy chu yéu 1a 4 ving Oxy hod nay. Khi CO, va CO do qué trinh chdy C déng thdi tao Ta, Hing din rong ving dxy hod rd: CO, dat gid tri cuc dai khi bat dau cd phan img hodln aguyén CO, tao thinh CO, nén CO, giim xudng, CO tiép tue tang dén gid tr cue dai, sau a6 CO chay tgp tao thinh CO, nén CO piam xudng, con CO, Lai ting len dén gid wi eye dai thit hai, réi et CO, va CO déu gidm do thanh pan C trong ahién on lai ft dan. O ving thigu Oxy con 66 thé cé mot fi cde cht kht khong chdy het nhu Hy, CH,,... 3. Van dé cung cdp khong khi (hink 2-17) Tir vige phan tich cdc giai doan cha Ky LOU] qué Winh chdy trén ghi, ta thay lvgng khong khi i 0 thi theo duéng (1), nghia 1A khong khi dn rit nhiéu & ving chay chinh gitta, con ving dau va cudi cin rat it. Néu dua khong khf khong phan edp, th bidu dién thea dudng ditt bai cudi gié tang didn do lép nhién ligu chy, mong dan, 1d lye gidm, 6 ring 1a khong khf rat thita & hai diu ghi ma vd thé thidu & khoang giita phi. Do vay ngudi ta thudng chia thanh mot s& hoc cap gid & dudi ghi, cd thé didu chinh rieng 1@ thanh timg hdc, co gang phil hyp vi yéu cau cla timg giai doan cila qua tinh chéy, nén hrong gid cap vao duoe bigu thi bing dudng gdp khiic (3). SO hdc gid cing nbidu thi duong (3) chng gin vii dudng (1), nghia 1a cing gan cfu cha qua trinh chay, nhung lac d6 cfu tao qué phtte tap, thudng ding tir 3 dén § hoc gi suat khong khi dua vao dudéi gém ghi khoang 600 + 1000 Pa, 6c d6 khoang 5 m/s. Khong khi cé thé cap tit mot phia hoac hai phfa cia sudn ghi. Néu dua tr hai sun thi long khong khf phan ph6i ding déu hon nhung vin khong dong déu hoan ton, & gitta nhiéu gid hon (hinh 2-18), Néu esp mét ben thi phia bén kia lung gis nhigu hon, d6 ia do dp suat tinh cla khong khf & dé 1Gn hon. Hinh 2-17. So dé cung cp khéng khi. Ngoai lugng gid dua qua ghi va lép nhién ligu, ma thuting ggi Ki gid cap mor, thudng con dua thém khéng khi vao phia trén ldp nhién Ligu, goi 1& gid cp hai, nhdim may mue dich sau: * Dua them Khong khi vio dé chay kigt cdc chat khi, bui than, tro xi bay theo khdi. Th« Hin hop déu cae chal khi phia wen kop nhien lisu dé tao didu kien cho Oxy thira c6 thé tip xtc vGi cdc chat von chdy duvye. © Kéo dai thém dutng di va dé ngon fire xudng, han ch bé& byi than, 110, xd, bay thea khéi. Boi khi ngudi ta ding hoi nuée hay khoi thay cho gid vdp bai, yy EraisT nu Ide d5 cung ey oxy (4p fa) | | | cho qua trinh chay khong ! phai JA yeu edu ehinh. Luong gi6 cép hai co thé chiém khoang 8 + 15%, | , foi t6c d6 gid ra khdi vOi phun | CAi8Y réng gtr (m3 c6 thé dén 50 = 80 nis, 4p pot sual gid phai dat dén Sr Mheng kh IE khodng 2500 + 4000 Pa. Hinh 2-18. Phan phdi gid theo chidu rong ghi. Gid cap hai thutmg duge cdp qua cde miéng phun dat song song, ed thé dat ca hai phfa tnvGc sau hode chi phfa trude, tiét din od thé hin trdn ban kinh khoang 40 + 60 pm, hoge hin chit nhét, canh ngdn khodng 8 dén 20 mm, canh dai pip khodng 6 In canh ngdn, miéng voi phun thudmg dé dé xudng kholing 10 dén 25”. Khi vao budog lita, 1e do gid gidm din, den khodng 3,6 dén 7 a/s thi hd nhu mal te dung xi¢t va x40 (rn, vi trong buéng Jira, te do sin phim chay thutmg bang khoang 3 déa 4 m/s. Te 46 gid ra khai vdi_ plmun e6 thé tinh theo bisu thie: trong dé: sits Q-9a) Yo h- 4p suit khong khi, Pa p- Khoi luong riéng alia khong khi, kg/m’; k = sci 1d thiit cia he thong phun, hing khucing 0.8, Saa khi ra khéi vOi phun, t6c do gid gidm din, dén khoang cach x ndo dé, 66 thé tinh theo cong Lhtic kinh nghi¢m: 77Voi voi phun trdn c6: 0,48. oe ints (2-10a) 0,09~ +0,145. d Vi vdi phun hinh cha nhat: _ 048.05 0,09 ..* 40,205 atb 2 trong dé dla dung kinh trong: a, b 14 hai canh hinh chit nhat trong cia voi phun. Khoang c4ch gifla cdc vdi phun cfing phai chon hgp ly, néu qué gan sé anh hiding lin nhau, gay ra ton that dong ning, tac dung kém. Khoang cach pitta hai truc vOi phun thudng chon thee cong thite: stats (2-10b) Neu gic chi cap mot phfa: 9 8 XIg— Gib cdp2 ‘—T 7) ad Hinh 2-21. C4u tao e4c loai voi phun. Trong Jogi vdi phun trdn, oé logi gid thdi thing, gis cap mét di trong (hinh 2- 21a) hode di ngodi (hinh 2-21b). C4 hai loai nay hén hop cham, ndng do nhién phan bé khong déu, chdy khong nhanh, nhét i2 logi gié cap mot di ben trong, vi g: 84cap hai © nhigt dp khong cao bao ly xung quanh hén hop nhién lign nhan niet wr buéng lita khé khan hon, Loui vOi phun tron e6 migng loc (hinh 2-21e), & chinh gitta c6 hyp hinh non nen qué trinh chy tét hon, nhd hén hop t6t hon, lai 6 thé tao thanh ving chan khong 6 chinh gitta hit sin phdm chéy o6 niet do cao vio. Ngudi ta cing o6 thé tgo thanh xody cho ca gid dp mot va gid cp hai dé cai thign gua trinh chéy. Voi phun det (hinh 2-21d) c6 1i¢t di¢n hinh chit nhat, gi cap mot 66 thé & trong hoge ngodi, 66 thé quay Ién xuGng mot ge Lén nhat khoing 15° so véi mat phing ngang dé diéu chinh trung tam ngon lisa. TY Ié gio cap mot va cp hai tuy theo loai nhién ligu: voi antraxit B16 cap moi chiém khodng 11 + 20% than gdy kKhodng 15 + 20%, than da cdc Joai va than nau khong 20 = 454%. ‘Toe dQ gid cfing uy thude vao loai nhien liu va loai voi phun. Voi vOi phun Un, te dO gid cp mot khong 12 = 16 mis v6i antraxit, 16 + 20 mals voi than pay vii 20 + 26 mix voi than 44 va than nau. Tée dO gid cp hai cao hon, khong 18 = 22 m/s vii antraxil, 20 + 25 m/s vGi than edy va 20 = 30 ws vdi than dé va than nau. VGi vdi phun det, edn chon t6c dO cav hon, voi antraxit va than Bay, gi6 cfip mOt VA gid cap hai déu chon khoang 27 + 32 r/s, v6i than dé va than nau chon gi6 cip mot khodng 27 + 32 m/s va gi cap hai khodng 32 + 37 mis. b. Catch bé iri voi phim trong budne tia Trong buéng Ita dét than phun thudmg bé tri dan Gng sinh hui phia tride wong, vira dé blo vé wong wa dé tan dung nhiét bie xa, gidm duge dién tich bé mat truyén nhiét, nhumg nhién liu khé ch: Ay hon nén doi khi can e6 dai chay triit bang vita chju Ita dé dot loai nhian Liu khé chy nhu antraxit, vv. Thudng b6 tri voi phun vao trong buéng lifa theo bain céch (hinh 2-22), - Voi phun dat mdt phia (a): thudng dang vdi phun tdn dat trude ngue 1d, tir] + 3 hing, m&i hang tit 1 + 3 vdi phun. Cong suat cia 1d khodng 35 + 120 T/h, tam ngon lita dé bi Iéch, - Voi phun dat hai phfa, cling thudng ding vdi phun tn bé tf hai ben sudn (b). Loai nay 66 ngon Ita choan déu hon, céag sudt 1d o6 thé Ken dén 230 T/h. - Voi phun dat bon géc (c), thudng ding voi phun det cé truc dat tiép tuyén voi mo vong Irn wong tugng c6 dutng kinh bang Khoang 8% bé rong, khoang 1 + 2m, néu 16n qué c6 thé chia thinh hai tam. - Vdi phun dat tir trén xudng (d): thudng ding voi phun det, ngon Iita di tir tren xuding dy 16i gi quay len. Nhu vay duong di cia nién ligu dai nen dé chy kaGt, ding thai xi Iéng thi thuan tién hon, néu thai xi kho thi dé bi tae ddy 1d. 85Hinh 2-22. Cach bé tri véi phun trong budng Iita. Mi cdich 66 tri voi phun cd mot dac diém riéng, mot wa khuyét diém riéng, tuy thude vao cdc didu kign cu thé ma Iya chon nhu: tinh chit cia nhién liu, nang suat cla 1, edu tao cla budng Nira va cau tao cla voi phun, v.v... Khi bé i cde voi phun cin cha 9: khong dit qué sét tug va phéu tro lanh dé irdénh déng xi, khoang céch téi tong khong duéi 1,5 = 2 m, each phéu tro lunh hodng 1,2 = 2,2 m, hai hing voi phun Khong qué edn nhau, khodng 1,4 + 2,5 m dé hoi anh hudng Vin nhau, khong cach dén cita ra budng lita dit kin Ad chy kigt, khong dudi 7 + 10 1 doi véi 1 25 + 50 Tih, 11 + 12 m d6i voi 1d 75 + 120 T/A, 14 = 16.21 ddi voi 1b 130 + 250 T/A, viv... 3. Uu khuyét diém eda Id than phun Day 1A loal 18 hoi twong di hign dai, ding phd bién véi Logi 1d hoi cong sudt trung binh tro Aen, trong céc nha may nhigt dién, nd cd cdc uu nhuuge diém sau: * Un diém: 86- C6 higu sudt nhiet cao vi dét chdy khd hoan todn véi hé s6 khOng kht thite tuong ddi nhd. - C6 thé dot duge nhiéu loai nhién ligu ké cd loai nhién Ligu chal lugng thap. - C6 cong suat Ién, phi hop voi cdc nha may nhiet dign. - 6 thé ny dong hod cde qué trinh cap nhién liga, thai tro xi, gidm nhe lao dong, cong swat Gn dinh, digu chinh nhay bén. * Ninwe diéin: Bén eanh cdc uu diém wen, cing c6 nhiing nhuge diém nhuz - Can e6 thém hé théng nghién than nén thict bi cng kénh, t6n nang vgng, én do, bui bam, v.v... - Tro bui bay theo sén phdm chay rat nhiéu, nhat 1a khi thai xi khd, din dén mai mn va bam ban bé mat truyén nhiet, phai thém bo khit bui dé gidm 6 nhiém mi trutng. CO khi xi con lam tc day 10. - Quén (inh nhiét trong buéng lita khong 16n nen dé bi tat 16, thutng phai be tf voi phun dau dé hé tro. - Kho ding véi 18 hoi céng sual nhd vi budng tira khong aii lin dé chay Kiet ohién ligu. 4. So qua vé buéng lia phun than nhit tuong May chue nam lai day nhiéu nude di va dang nghién ctu dét than nhii tuong, ute 1a hdn hyp bot than v6i mot sO chat long nhir dau, nude cé thé thém mét s6 chat phu gia. a. Buéng tia phun hit tiong than dau Nhii tuong than déu 1a hén hyp giia bot than vdi dau, gol tit 18 COM ite Coal - Oil Mixture, d6i khi cdn thém mét i nude goi tit 1A COWM, tic 14 Coal - Oi] Water Mixture. G day than duoc nghién thinh bt, thé hon so vdi than phun, dudng kfnh trung binh khodng 74 jun, nghia 4 70 + 80% than lot qua sang 200. G Nhat dang nghién cifu ding bot tho hen, dudng kinh ¢6 thé lén dén cS aun, ty 1g bot than 6 thé chiém khoing 20 + 50%, chat phu gia o6 thé chiém khodng 0,5 + 5%, doi khi nguds ta them nude hole nude voi voi 1g khoang 4 + 10%. Than 6 thé duge nghién trong mdy nghién khO hay mdy nghién ust, cho tron voi du, cée cht pha gia, khudy déu ri ding bom qua Sng din dua dén noi sit dung r4i dua vao trong budng lita dé dét chay. Nhii tong duye phun bang co khi hoac hoi mde hay khéng khi nén qua cde voi phun cé c4u tao tuong ur nhu voi phun than, Qué trinh chéy c6 thé chia thinh hai phan, phn Kholing 1/3 19 trinh ban 87dau cht: yeu 1a chdy hat dau, cin 2/3 16 trinh sau 1a chdy bot than. Nhu vay 6 anh hung én den viéc bat Mra eda bgt than c6 anh hutng Id dén vite chay Dot nha tuemg than déu c6 vu diém nhet sau: ~ C6 thé ding than thay cho dau, néu thay bang 45 + 50% kb6i lugng than c6 thé tist Kiem chuge 25 + 30% du, diing d¥ dat khong chi trong 1d hai ma con ding trong ede 1 luyén kim, 18 6a0, ¥.¥.. - C6 thé van chuyén ohien ligu bing dutmg dnp. CO +H, lam cho qué tinh chdy kigt hon, nhung noi chung vin khong du bi nhiat hod hui 2.4.2 Buéng Ita phun d4u Ld hoi d6t dau cé nhidu & cde nude phuong tay, it diing & cde nut dung nhién liga theo ké hoach, vi dau 1a loai nguyén nhién ligu quy, cong nehé ua tién, con di voi 1d hoi "dt ngoai", dé 1d chite qué (rinh chdy nen cd thé d6t Joai nhién Kieu 1é tién hon. Nhu vay, dau cé thé coi 1a nbien figu chinh hoge 14 nhién ligu phu try, chi dang khi khéi dong hoac khi chay vdi cong suai thap tinh cho 1d Khoi bi a, 1. Qud trinh chdy cia nhién ligu long Dau duge phun vao trong budng Lira thinh nhiing hat bul nhd bing khoang 10 + 200 yun, dudng kinh hat duéi $0 zu chidm tren 80%, duci 20 jan chiém khoding 59 thi qué trinh chéy rt tt, Co ché qué trinh chay dau khé phite tap, cdch ly gidi chira thong nit, 6 thuyét “oxy hod" va thuyct “phan huy nhigt” nhung ket qué cudi cing thi nhwt nhau, d2u IA tao thinh khi CO, va HO va cling déu cho ring hiGu qua qué trinh chdy phy thude rt nhiéu vko dO min cla hat difu, hat cing min thi bat chdy cling nhanh va chdy cing ki¢t. Do vay viéc phun dau thanh bui la mgt qué trinh héi se quan tong. C6 thé phun déu bing bom co khi, cfing co thé phun bang khong khf nén hode hoi nude. Tuy eéch phun kh&c nhau, nhumg qué tinh chay co ban ging nhau. Khi hat dau duge phun vao trong buéng {tra dang van hanh, 6 nhi¢t do cao, st nhan nhiet, say néng réi boo hoi. Hui déu khudch tin tir trong hat div ra ngodi, trong khi d6 Un oxy khuéch t4n theo chigu nguye lai, ti ngoai dn mat hat khi ching gap nhau dén nhiét dd di cao, sé ch4y va tao thanh mit ngon lita (hinh 2- 23). Voi nhimg hat du Ién, do c6 We dO tugng d6i gida hat nhién 1igu va khong Khf nén mat nggn ira c6 hinh dang _ngdi bit long (hinh 2-23a). Voi nhimg, hat déu 89min, khong o6 te dd tuong di gitta hat ddu va khOng khi non mat ngon lira hau nhu Ia hinh cu déng tam voi hat dau, Néu phun ddu bang hoi nuée, vi hoi nine truyén ahiét nhanh nén hat déu bc hoi nhanh, dé han hop vai khong khf nén qué tinh chdy nhanh, tuong ty nhu qué trinh dot nhién lidu khf BE mai ngon tia Has dais Hgt dit i) Hal dia lan Hat dit nbo Phink phan Yo Hinh 2-23. Qua trinh chay hat dau Can lun ¥ 18 ddu cé cau tao phtte tap, hn hgp ca abidu logi cachua hydro nén qué uinh hod hoi khong don gian, khong dang nhiét nhy céc don chat. Khi hat ddu nhan ohiét, nhigt do tang din, nhimg thinh phiin c6 nhigt do bay hoi thilp sé bay tntéc, phan con lai béc hoi khé hon, Néu nhigt do khong di cao, én hop gilta nhién ligu va khong khf khong tét, qué tinh gia nhigt kéo dai, ¢6 thé din tdi hi¢n tuomg phan hug nhi¢t, tao thanh nhing hat cacbon rin c6 kich thusc rét_nhd khodng 0,006 + 0,16 jun, ching 6 thé ket Iai thanh hat o6 dutng kinh khodng, 0,1 + 0,3 zon goi IA mudi mé hong, rat khé chay Kiet. Tom lai, qué winh chéy hat dau ¢6 thé chia thanh céc giai doan: - Giai doan say nong, b6e hoi va oxy hod cham. - Giai doan béc hoi nhanh, Oxy hod nhanh va tgo thanh ngon lita. - Phan cdn lai cia céc hat lon bi phan huy nhiét, néu dd khong khi va nhi¢t do cay s& ch4y hoan toan, néu nhiét 46 khGng di cao thi van cdn lai mé héng, tao thanh (én that qu. Trong qué trinh chéy, nhi¢t sinh ra dét néng sin phim chay va truyén nhict cho moi chat qua cde bé mat truyén nhigt. Vi ludn cdn lai nhitng hat mugi mé héng khd chay. & nhigt dQ cao, mhiing hat mé béng néng dd, phat Anh sdng va bite xa 90nhigt, tao thinh ngon lita séng, Thee cdc tai Hi¢u, neu ngon lira e6 dutmg kinh 70 om, dai 4 1, nhigt d cao khong 1400 + 1500°C 66 do den bite xa kha 16n, bing Khoang 0,6 = 0,8 nén kha nang truyén nhiét bie xa cha budng lita dot dau rat cao, 46 1a mot uw vigt cla budng lira dot dau. 2. Cain tuo cia budng lia dét dau C6 nhiéu dang budng lia vii céc logi voi phun déu khée nhau, tuy thude vio loai dau, vao hinh dang, kich thude budng lita va bé mat tnayén nist cGng nhit phuong phép van hanh. Khi thigt kS budng lia phun dau cain ché § ede you edu sau ~ C6 thé phun dau thanh nhing hat min voi luong gié it abst, Ap sudt thdp nhat - Dé dang hén hyp byi dau vi khong khi nhanh nhat, triét dé nhat vot hé sé khong khj thiva nhé nhat. ; Dim flo nhigt do budng lta dit cao, ft nbét cong phai 1én hon nhiét d6 ba hia cla dau, khoding uén 580°C - Cau tao don gidn, d2 dang ché tao, sit dung, bdo duGng, sita chita, dé dang didu chinh va diéa chink duve trong pham vi cong suat ln. a, Cie tao voi phan Thuong ding céc Logi voi phun bing khong kat nén, bing hoi nue hode bom cao dp La Voi pln déu bang hoi nude hode khong khi c6 dp sudt cao (pink 2-24) Voi phun ¢6 bai Lop, bén trong din du, ben ngoai din khong khi nén hoae hoi nuse. C6 lai hén hop trong, c6 budng hén hop déu voi khong khi tude khi phun vio budng lira, ¢6 loai hon hop ngodi nghia 14 déu va khong khi cng phun vao bung lita ri méi hén hep. Ching mot vdi phun 6 thé ding hoi nude hoc khong khf c6 dp suat, thudng 1dn hon 4p suat déu khoiing 0,5 + | bur, ngu cao qué od thé cé hign tung “tu6t Ida", néu thip hon dp suat déu thi khi voi phun bi tac, dau ¢6 thé chdy sang Ong din khong khi. Thudny ding khong khf nén 4p sust khong 2 + 8 bar, ticu ton khodng 0,09 + 0,15 mm khong khif lit ddu. Néu ding hoi nude, dp sudt kholing 2,5 + 3 bar, 1c db hoi ra khoding 300 + 1000 ms, t6e dQ déu khodng | m/s, tidu hao khsing 0,2 + 0,6 ke hel ke dau. CS loai chn trang bi them nén dien v6i dign thé khoding 10000 V, o6 dang khan siting nén goi 1 sting phun dau. Loai nay ding dp sudt diu cao hon, khodng 6 + 8 bar phun thanh ding 6 t8e do cao khoding 20 mis, khong khf dua vao qua cénh hudng dé tao thanh xoay, hén hgp t6t hon, chdy tt hon, 91Loai voi phun d4u cao dp c6 cdc wu diém: ~ Cau go don gidin ma van chay (ot, higu suat cao. - Ding hoi, déu dé be nén c6 thé dét duge diu xdu. - Nyon lita nhd, dai, diing hop véi 1 v6 budng Lia sa, Bon canh ds, cing ¢6 nhuge diém 1a: - Khi van hanh phat ra tiéng 6n lén. Ton hoi dé phun, mat khoing 2% sin Lugng hui, thinh phiin hoi nude trong khdi cao, dé ngung tu, nat 1 khi dot dau c6 nhiéu Iuu huynh, do dé dé 1am i bé mat truyéa nhi¢t & phan duci. ~ Khi ding quat, tn thém digo nang va thidt bi Buéng Ada hep Ho't nic hose khéng khi an Hinh 2-24. Vai phun dau co 4p sudat cao. 2. Voi phun ddu bing khOng khi 6 dp susit thap (hinb 2-25) Khéng khi” Hinn 2-25. Voi phun déu bang khong khi. 92Dau cap vao cé thé ding bom hoae do trong luc cia dau trong thing lap cao tren 3 m. Gid cap mot dé phun dau c6 4p sudt khodng 2000 + 12000 Pa, gi cap hai cung cp riéng. Loai voi phun nay c6 cdc dic diém sau: - Thiét bi don gian, dé ché tao, dé van hanh, ré tién. - Giam duge ning lugng tu ding. - Ding gid dé théi, gay ting On. - Ngon lita ngn, ddi hdi chat Iugng du cao. - Kich thuée voi phun tuong d6i c6ng kénh. Loai voi phun nay thug diing cho 1 hoi cong suat nhd, khong 100 kg/h. 3.a Voi phun co khi (hinh 2-26) op Z “4 . AS 8 NYY Ni D9 phan phot Did rody Dia phun Hinh 2-26. Voi phun dau bang co khi. Ciing c6 loai 4p sudt thdp va dp sudt cao nhung cing mot nguyén tc 1a ding Ap suat dé ddy dau qua 16 nhd dé phun thanh bui, loai 4p suat cao thutmg ding bom cé dp suat tir 10 + 20 bar, loai Ap suat thap co thé ding luc ly tam. Lugng dau phun vao ty 1¢ thuan véi 4p suit cin bac hai. Sau day gidi thigu mot loai voi phun co khi c6 Ap suat cao. G ddu mie¢ng Sng phun (1), ngudi ta ding écu (5) dé lap thém dia phan phi (2), dia xody (3) va dia phun (4). Tren dia phan phdi c6 khoan 93nhiéu 16 nho, dutng kinh khodng 2 + 2,5 mum, noi lién voi nhau bing mot vinh sfu hinh vanh khan. Dia xody c6 3 16 nhé théng véi rlinh & dia phan phdi, 316 n6i tip tuyén vdi mor 16 trdn chinh gia, Dau tt migng phun, qua cdc 16 dua vao ranh cia dia phan phoi, vao ba 16 rdi di theo buting tiép tyén vio 1S chink pitta clta dia xody tao thanh dong xody cua 15 @ chinh gitta dia phun, phun vio buéng lita dusi dang bui dé tién hanh cde giai doan etia qué trinh chy. b. BE tri véi plum trong budng lita Voi phun ¢6 thé bé tri thinh mot vai day, phia wude hoae bai phia déi di¢n nhau. Nén bé uf nhiéu voi phun dé co thé diéu chinh cong suit bing s6 lyong voi phun, mAi voi phun déu nen dot het cng suat. Cin chu ¥ khodng céch gitta ede voi phun ciing hus tir vdi phun dén tudmg 14, kho’ng cach dén tong bén khodng 1,5 m, d6n tutmy sau khodng 3 + 4 ni. 3. MOt s6 diéu cdn chit ¥ déi véi lo hoi dot ddu Khi str dung 10 haj dot dau, cin chi ¥ dén hién tuong chéy, nd va hién tuung, an mon, An mon dign hod & nhigt do tha, nhat 18 khi dot dau ¢3 nhiéu lu hugnh; d5t_diu con cd an mon & nhiet do cao, vi tong tro diu ed V chay tao thanh V,O; cho nhiét d9 néng chay khodng 675°C, néu cing cé Na,SO, thi nhict do néng chay gidm dén 550 + 580°C. Thue nghig¢m cho thay khi V,0, bam lén bé i dd trén 550°C trong 2000 A c6 thé an mon sau dén Emm, do vay phil do bé mat trayén nhict khong cao hon 550°C. Chay 1a hign tugng nguy hicm, rét déng quan tam vi ddu rit dé chy va gay ra nd. Nhigt do bat lta cia dau rét thap, chi khodng 60 = 80°C, nhigt do ty chéy eding khong cao, chi khoiing $30 + 580°C, do vay khéng nén b6 tf thing chifa dau trong gian Jd, cing khong dgt & vj trf ma khi 10 ri dau ¢6 thé chiy vao gian Lo. Hign tung né c6 thé xdy ra & trong budng lita cling nhu tren dung din khéi, nhiil 12 6 nhémng goe chet dé tich tu cfc chat khi, nhat 1a khi nhém 1d. Truéc khi nh6m 18 phai cho quat chay dé thdj hét cdc chat khf chdy cdn sét Jai, néu nhém lan ddu khong think, hose dang van hanh bi tét phai ngime 19 thi née khi hom Lai cing phai thong gid. BuGng lita va doi khi cd tren dudng din khoi edn b6 ti nip phodng nd. 4. So qua vé dét déiu nha tuong Dau nhii tuong La hén hyp gira hai chét Jong khong ho’ Min nhau la déu va nurée. Thudng g&p hai logi i: dda boc nuée viet tdi 1a w/o, tie 1a hat nude bi ddu boc & ngoai va loai nude bye ddu, vidi tt 1a ofw. Dot nhii twong dau ngoai muc dich tét kigm dau con nhi¢u tranh cai, cd thé cai thi¢n duge diéu kien moi tute. Theo cée tai ligu nude ngodi, thu’mg ding do tham nude khodng 5 + 25%, Khi dét 946 thé tit kidm duge 2 + 10% ddu, gidm duge 10 + 70% khi NO, , 40 + 90% lugng tro bui trong khdi thai. CSch gidi thich chi yéu vé ti¢t kigm dau nhe sau: nude hdn hyp voi diu khong nhimg khong chay dé tod nhiat ma cdn cfin hap thy nhiet dé hoa hoi, nhung né lai cd we dung ch4y Kitt véi h¢ sd khong khi thiza nhé nén giam duge 16n that ahi¢t q, va gs. Theo két qua thye nghi¢m khi dét déu nba tong, cd thé chay kiet véi @ = 1,02 = 1,05, chm khi dot dau nguyén, cin @ = 1,8 méi chay kigt duge, do vay c6 thé dot nh6 tuong ddu vGi he sé Khong khf thtta nhd, gitm duge q, Mat khdc khi d6t abi trong dau, hat déu duge hai ln "hod sung”, Lan thi nhdt JA ur vdi phun vio, nhi tuong due phun thanh nhimg hat nh, tam goi 1a Min “hod suong” thé nhdt, day van 1A nhimg hat hdn hop dau va nude boc nhau, do nhiét d6 hod hoi cla ching kh4e nhau, nude hod hoi tude, thé tich dan n& rai manh, phé nhimg mang ddu thinh nbimg hat nhd hon, goi 18 “hod suong” an thit hai, ket qua [ hat dau min hon, di¢n tich bé mgt tang lén, tiép xtc vGi khong khi Wt hon, chay iét hon. Do vay néu van hanh t6t, lugng nhiét dn hod hoi nude nh’ hon Iuong gidm cde tén that q,, qs thi tiét kigm duge dau. Can lua ¥ 1A long khong khf cung ep vao phai tinh theo luong dau trong nhii tuong, thudng ding he s6 khong khf thira 1a 1,05, nhiéu hon thi van hanh khong Lt, khong tiét ki¢m duge dau. 2.4.3 Budng lira dét khi (gas) Nhign ligu khi ding cho 18 hoi 6 thé 1a khf thien nhién hoge khf che bién(ahan tao). Khi thign nhien chia rat it wp chat khodng, khi ché bign o6 thé 66 it bui, ahumg c6 1hé loc duge. Nhi¢n ligu khf c6 nhiéu thinh phén khée nhau, 6 thanh phén chy duoc, 6 thinh phin khong chay duye nén nhigt tj cba ching khdc nhau, ¢6 loai nhiét tr cao, 6 Jogi nhiét tri thap. L. Qué trinh chdy cua nhién liéu khit Qué tinh chy nhién ligu khi don gidn hon, thutng chi g6m 3 giai doan: giai doan hén hyp nbién tigu v6i khong khi, sy néng va giai doan chay. G day, giai doan hon hop nhién ligu vi khong khi 18 eit quan trong, nd quyct dinh te do va do hoan thi¢n ca qué trinh chdy, hinh dang ngon lira dai hay ngén, nhict dé nggn lita cao hay thap. Dua theo phiemg phdp hén hop, cé thé chia thinh ba cach dot: - Dét cé ngon lita sng cn goi 1a dot khuech tén. - Dot ngon hia khéng sang. = Doi khong cé ngon kita. Luong khong khf edp phy thude vao chit lung cila nhién li¢u khi, voi abién ign xdu dot Lorre cht cttn 0,78 nite khong kh{, dot 1 n'ie khi 1d e6e céin khodng 954 nete, dot 1 nr'te khi loai t6t thi du nh kh/ thien nbi¢n c6 khi cdn den khogng 10 i'r. Khong khi 06 thé cdp vao nbo site htit cla dng khoi, ste day cla quat gié howe hoae site hat cha dong nhién ligu c6 We do cao. @ Dét nyon lita sang G day nhien Ligu vi khong khi duge dua vao rigng 1, vio trong budng Ita vita hon hyp vGi nhau vita tin hanh tat cd cde giai doyn eda qué tfinh chiy, nén t6e dQ ehdy tong dei chém, inh thank ngon Kia chi ed thé dén 3 + 4m va séng, nhist do Khong cao chi khong 1000°C, Khdng Khi va ohiéa ligu ti¢p xe duge véi nhau 1a nhd tic dung khucch tén nen goi JA phuong thie dé khuéch tén va loai voi phun nay diye goi 1a vdi phun hn hyp ngodi hoge voi phun khuéeh Gin, Neon lita sdng eG thé chia , thanh ba viing ¢hinh 2-27): ving \ Ving ngon da CD) khong 66 mu sic 1a ving (3) rai da tro nhiet dO thap, ving thit (2) phat séng, do lic diu nhién litu khi di duyc say kha néng, mot sé thanh phan nhuy métan ede cacbua nang nhict phan thinh mudi bd hong, nhtng hat ndy duge dot nong dd, phat dnh sang va khi chay héi toa ra mau ving 0 ving thit ba cae chat khf da bi phan hu, ti¢p xtic voi khong khi Ving phat sang (D) Ving whit! a6 thab vi chdy, toi ra mau xanh da toi. Dé IA tudng hop chfiy binh thudng. Néu thigu khong kh khéng hoan toan, ngon Ita “6 mau dd sim, co ogdn lai va nhiéu khdi, nhung ncu khong khé qua nhiéu, nggn lita cé6 mau xanh nhat, cd thé phat ra titng Sn. NWhién liéu khi Hinh 2-27. Ngon lita sang. b. Dot ngon tia khong sing G céch d6t nay, nhién ligu duge hin hop vai mot phin khong khi goi Ia gid eip mot, chigm kholing 30 + 60%, sau dé moi them gid cap hai dé ho&n thanh qua trinh chéy. Ngon lita ngdn, mau xanh tim o6 10i hinh vien try mau xanh Lam, nhi¢t 6 dal khé cao, khoding 1500 + 1600°C. Ngon lita eding 06 thé chia thanh ba ving (hinh 2-28). Ving (1) cing LA ving sy néng khong mau sic, ving (2) e6 mau xanh lam, i ving chéy, nhumg vi khong di dxy nén con o CO va mot ft H., v.v.- chua chay het, ving (3) c6 mau xanh tim, 1 ving chéy Kiel ede chit Khf cdn Lai hd gid cap hai dira them vao, Néu khong dit khong khi, ngon Ita cé mau sim tin, 96ddu ngon hia vin phat séng, mau vang hoge do, ngon lita co ngin Iai, tham chi c6 thé "hit lita” vio mi¢ng voi phun, n €u khong khf qué nbicu, ngon Ita nho lai, mit mau, phat ra ting dn va e6 thé “dt lita’, ngon Ira roi Khoi migng phun. Mat non & ving thé hai 18 ving tanh gidi gidta ving chdy ben ngoai va ving chua chay ben trong, ngon lita Lan trayén vao trong theo chicu phép tuyén cila hinh nén vai mot te d nhs dinh tuy thuge vao thanh phén oa nhién ligu. Nggn la dét theo phuong thite nay thutmg khong duge that 6n dinh, c. Dét khéng cd ngon lita § cach dét nay, nhién ligu va tat ca khong khf duge hén hgp hoan toan voi hé s6 khong khf thita khodng 1,02 + 1,05, phun vao trong budng lita voi tée do khé cao, Khodng 10 + 30 nfs, 401 khi con ¢6 thé cao hon. Qué trinh chay tién inh rat nhanh, ngon lia ngén va hau nhu king oé méu sic, thudng cé them nhimg giai phdp dé gitt dn dinh ngon Kita nhut khe rnh, twong chan, tutng hoe, viv... bing gach chiu lita, Theo phuong php nay qué tinh chdy rit t6t Wing chay biet nén 6 thé dé duce nhién Ligu 6 nhiét i } t tri thdp nhu khi 1S cao, hode nhimg . Gib cap 7 nhién lidu chia nhiéu thank phan chéy cham niu métan trong khf thién nhién. Hinh 2-28, Ngon lita khong sang. 2. Céu tav buéng lita dét nhion ligu kht day thuting thiét ké cc loai voi phun va cdch bé te? vao buéng Mia Lam the nao dé dim bio nhieén Higu va khong khi hdn hgp voi ahau duoc tét, nhigt do bung Lira dit cao dé dim bao qué trinh chdy. G budng Ita dét khi thudng bé ti them cha phong nd. Vai phun o6 thé 6 uf & phfa trie, hai bén sin, tir phfa tren xuéng hode & ngay tren mat ghi. Dé dim bao qué trinh chy t01, thudng bd tri them thiét bi dn dinh ngay trude migng vdi phun hode trong budng lira nhu cdc tdm chin, cdc migng Sng hink non cut hoge hinh ty bing gach chiu ita, nhiéu khi chét gach vun chiu lta thanh déng trong budng lita (hinh 2-29). Duc day 1a cau tgo cla mot sO dang voi phun, w. Voi phun dot ugon lita sdng (hink 2-30) Loai vbi phun nay chi dua nhién Tigu kbé vo budng lita, 161 oho bien tyne khuéch tan ma nhién én tip xtic véi khong khi, tiga hanh qué tinh chay, vi vay edn got 1a vdi phun khuéeh tn, Cau tyo cla vdi phun khd don gidn, chi 18 nhimg oTOng réng. trén c6 khoan nhing 16 nhé riéng biét hodc bé ti thanh nhing hang. nhitng day. C6 loai Sng nhd udn thanh nhiéu hinh dang khéc nhau (hinh 2-30). Phia tren Ong c6 thé khoan mot hoac hai hang Iéch nhau 30° nhiing 16 nho co dudng § kinh tw 0,5 +5 mm, bude & 1 bing khoang dudng kinh. + qué I6n, ngon lia khong lan N truyén duoc, néu qua bé cdc SS be phases ngon lita can thiép lan DARREN nhau, han ché su khuéch tén va hén hop gitta nhién ligu va khong khi, anh AeA hudng khong tt ddi véi — qué trinh chéy. Khi chay trén cdc 15 hinh thinh céc ngon lira sing. Ap suat lam viéc thong thudng cia nhién liéu kh bang khoang 300 + 400 Pa, hé thong khong khi thita khoang 1.2 + 1,6, tén that. q, = (0.5 + 1,2)% méi voi phun co thé d6t duge khoang 1 + 10 m'tc khi déi/h, thudng ding trong 1d hoi cong suat nhd. Neudi ta cling cé thé Hinh 2-29 ding mé6t vai dng. 1én, Ce cach bé tri buéng Ifa dét nhién ligu khi. duéng kinh khoing SO mm dat nam wen ghi. Trén Ong co khoan hai hang 16 Idn, dudng kinh khoang 12 mm (hinh 2-30b). Khong khi thdi qua ghi véi dp suat khoang 600 + 1200 Pa. Hai bén Ong cé xay tudng gach én dinh dé gid nhiét 46 cao, cai thién qué trinh chay. Loai vdi phun nay ¢6 cde wu nhuce diém nhur sau: - Don giiin, vé cau tao ciing nhu van hanh, sira chita. - Qu trinh chay khé én dinh, ké cd khi cong suat thap. - Voi phun it bi héng, vi khong cé hién tong “hut Lira” 98- Nhiét do ngon lita khong duge cao. - Ngon lita dai ddi hdi kich thuéc, budng lira cé chiéu dai thich hgp. - Dét vi hé sé khong khi thita 16n qua, bang khoang 1.2 + 1.6. N (oP by IN _—aAbéng Hinh 2-30. Voi phun dét ngon lita sang. b. Voi phun dot ngon lita khéng sing Véi loai voi phun nay, mét phn khong khi hén hop véi nhien ligu tude khi phun vao budng lira tao thanh gid cap mot, gié cap hai duge dua thém dé chay ho’n toan tao thinh ngon lita Khong sang. Khong khi duge dura yao 66 thé nho sttc hit clia ding nhién ligu 6 t6e d6 cao goi 18 voi phun c6 ap suat thélp va c6 thé do quat day vio goi 1A vi phun c6 Ap suat cao, Voi phun cé ap suat thap (hinh 2-31a). Nhién ligu khi c6 4p suat Kho&ng 300 ~ 2000 Pa théi qua Gng tang t6c hinh thanh tc dd cao, tg thanh 4p suat tinh thap, c6 chan khong, hit khoang 30 + 60% nhu cdu khong khi (gié ctip mor). Néu ap suat thita cla nhién ligu khi lén dén khodng 99+ 0,5 bar, co thé hit toan bd khong khi yeu cau, bién thanh voi phun khong co ngon lita. Loai voi phun nay c6 téc dung tw diéu chinh, vi khi cong suat cao, nhién ligu cain nhigu, tc do dong cang Ién, hit khong khi cang nhiéu phi hop véi yéu cau cia qua trinh dot chdy nhién liu. Tuy nhién van can diéu chinh mot phan lugng gid cap vao phi hop véi chat lugng vi.ty diéu chinh chi phy thudc v6i khéi Luong nhien liéu dura vao. Loai voi phun ap Gid cap hat suat thap e6 ru diém tt la cdu tao don gian, van hanh khong phic tap. khong t6n nang lugng cho gid cap nhung hé so khong. khi thita vin Ién bang khoang oot 12415. Gid cép mét th gt Voi phun 6 quat gid cap mot véi ap suat tuong d6i cao (hinh 2-31), Khoang 500 + 3000 Pa cing véi nhién liéu khi cé ap sudt khoang 500 + 1500 Pa cing théi vao, tao thanh hén hop nhién li¢u v6i khong khi 6 t6c do khodng 10 + 30 m/s, Néu budrg hon hgp kéo dai va cd thém budng 6n dinh sé bién thanh voi phun khéng ¢6 ngon lira. Hinh 2-31. Voi phun dét ngon lita khéng sang. €.V6i plun khéng 06 nigon tita(hinh 2-32) Trong loai voi phun nay, nhién ligu va toan bo khong khi duge hén hop trude khi théi vao 10, thuéng co them vong én dinh bang gach chiu lira nén qué trinh chy hau nhu khong cé ngon lia. Vong dn dinh ddi hdi phai c6 dd chiéu dai, khoang | m dé chay hét. Néu budng lita 16n c6 thé rit ngdn vong 6n dinh vi dong nhién ligu van ti€p tuc nhan duoc bifc xa trong budng lita va dubng di cling di dai dé c6 thé chay hét. Hinh 2-32, Voi phun khéng 06 ngon Ka. 100Nguoi ia cling Khe dee ding voi phun cham, nhien ligu Khi duce dura yo mét chim 6 6ng ahd, Iéng trong mét ng Kin co Khong kht thér vito (hinh 2.33), hon hop véi nhicn lieu, dia vio wons budng lita tién hanh qué winh chay. Loai voi phun nay co uu diém: C6 thé nang cao heme nbién ; ; . ligu khi o ap sudt thi, Hinh 2-33. vei phun chom, 6 thé mé rong pham vi digu chinh céng suat 1 ma chéy van dn dink, cé thé d61 duoe hie loai nbién ligu khi voi hé s6 khong khi thita tuong déi nho, diéu chinh tucng doi dé dang. co thé say wude khong khi dé nang cao hiéu qua chéy. Nhung cé nhuoe diém 18 tiéu ton nang lwong cho gid cap mét. 2.5 SO QUA VE BUONG LUA BOT HON HOP wong khi di qua cd khong gien Tee lita. N6 vita 6 mot phn ddac digm 1g. mot phan dac diém chay trong khong gian 2.5.1 Buéng lira xoay (hinh 2-34) Loat budng lita nly ra dai tit nhimg nam 30 6 Nga. dén nhitng nam 40 6 My mot sé nude khde trong cdc 1d hoi cong suat lén, gin day & MY thoi phat trién, nhung & cée nuée khdc van con, nhu & Die moi thiét ke Ioai 18 hoi cong suai khodng 1000 T/r vei budng lita xody. Budng Wt xody cd thé dot than cém nghién tho hon budng lita phun. Budng Ita xoay c6 dang binh tru. mét 1 hei ¢6 thé bé tri mot hode vai ba buéng lita xoay. 6 thé dar nm ngang hoac thang dimg (hinh 2-34). Gid exp mot c6 thé dua t hoac theo chitu tiép tuyén v6i te do Khodng 20 = 30 mis, con gid céip hai ch Khodng 80 + 85%. dua vio theo chiéu tiép luyén voi van 1c cao hon, khong 60 + 65 mus v6i budng ding va khoang 120 m/s v6i budng nim agang, 96 xoaly Khi manh, hén hgp rat tt khong khi voi nhién Tigu va tien hank doan cia qué trinh chay wong budng lita, xi ra agoai & dane ling. Trong budng lira xedy inh ur 06 tri cde Isp hit sau: y sat 105véch 1a [6p xi chy long. réi dén nhting hat nhicn ligu c6 kich thud Idn, roi dén nhing kip co kich thuée nhd hon, chinh gitta Ta ahing Iép bot than min vi cic chat khi. Budng lia xoay co nbigt thé thé tich eat 1én, 06 thé dén 2.3 + 5.8 MWinw! voi buéng nim ngang, kho’ng j.1 + 1.4 Wine’ voi budng dat dttng. Nhict do trong budng {tra cling rat cao, c6 thé len den 1700 + 1800°C, xi bj néng chay nén thudng thai xi long. Gio chp t : Thai x” beta Wud roby ding That af long Buéing v3 roby ngang Hinh 2.34. Budng lia xoay, Bung lira xody cd cic uu diém: ~ Nhiét thé buéng lita cao. nén chay én dinh, chay Kiet. 6 thé déi duge nhién ligu xau. hat tong déi thé vdi ton that q3. q, tuong déi nho - Cé thé chay 161 véi hé 56 khéng khi thita nhd, bing khoing 1.05 = 1,15, do dé t6n that q; gidm. - Gidm du¢gc Song tro bui bay theo khéi. nén cé thé chon te do khdi cao; he s6 truyén nhiét lon, giam duge bé mat truyén nhiét, déng thdi cfing gidm nhe dupe 6 nhiém moi truémg. Buéng tita xody efing 6 nhing nhuge diém sau: - Cau tao buéng Itt phite tap, gid thanh cao. - Tén dien nang cho quat gid cap hai, wy 6 giam dién nang cho khau nghién than. _ + Dudi tic dung cha xi long 6 niet do cao, bé mat truyén nhiet dé t6n that gg cling tang. i an mon, - Dot chiy 6 nhiet do cao nén lugmg NO, trong khdi tang, 6 nhiém moi trudng. O nuéc ta chua sit dung 1d hoi cé budng lita xody. 1022.5.2 Buéng lita tang si (tang Iéng) huat tang soi khéng phai 12 mdi. ma phat minh dau tién va nam 1910 cia i Anh 1a Phillips va Bultec! ap dung vo cde cong nghe xtic tac \.v... mai dén nhitng nam 40 mdi bat dau sit dung vao qua uinh trong buéng la va phat trién manh tr nhiing nam 1970 + 1980 dén nay. thi da oT ung Quéc ten nam 1990 da cé khodng 3000 ‘la dot tang long. Day c6 thé coi 14 phuong phip dét qué dé. khong hoan ton theo tang chat trén ghi. nhién liéu khéng bay hodn toan trong budng lira ma chi dao déng lén xudng trong mét khodng khéng gian nhat dinh trong budng lita dé tién hinh cdc giai doan cita qué trinh chéy. Ta khdo st mot thi nghiém vé tang s6i (Kong) nby sau (hinh 2-35). Cho mot [6p hat nhién Tidu dat trén ghi. thdi gié tir dudi 1én, ta do va vé thank dé thi quan hé gitta t6c dé pid vdi higu dp trude va sau Lop ahién lieu wén ghi, Ta thay. ban dau téc do gid tang thi hiéu 4p cting ting. dén mot 160 dO Opn 140 46 thi Ap khong tang niia, chiéu day lop hat tang din, t6c d6 tang dan tht chiéu day lop hat cfing tang theo, hat dao déng trong mt pham vi nhat dinh. Ap vin khong di. nhung khi téc d@ tang dén o,,, thi Ap giam dot ngot va hat bay hét theo déng khéng khi. Hing ki” a *P théng bar 5} Lin Omer we Hinh 2-35. Thi ngniam vé tang sai. Khi am thi nghigm vii c hat d 0.3 pant TRY Ogi, = 6.8 CMS, Oyae = 224 emis V6i c& hat d © 3,5 nim thi On, = 156 cm/s va a,,,, = 1400 cm/s. Khio sat tng hat trong pham Vi gig + Onae thay cdc de diém gidng nhw chat long, cu thé ta: 103_ Cae hat chuvén dang han loan Wong UF nhu chuyén dong mbiet cua phan Ur Giga lp hat va khong khi tom tar mat phing ranb gigi nhur mat nude, Lat ke ban dau hat dage sip x¢p nur thé nao. éa dat mot vat nhe len Iép hat. vat chuyén dong béng bénh nit thuyén tren nuve. ei tes mot ming C4 thy 6p hat chay ra nbee nuéc. plan cba Tai van phan bo dou niu lop aunie, Neue ta date vao dge diém ndy dé cap than va hill xi tai mot vi ti ma [dp hat van déng du. = hi eg hat Khong déu abau. thi nbiing hgt nhd chiv tye diy Gn how wrens tue se thodt ra ho! bop fiat abu hei vit nhiing hat nude hd eich ra kht chat Long sbi. Vi ede dae didm tren nea ta goi ki d6t tang long (rude kia hay gor met cich khong chi sou). ‘Trong buéng lita ting loag (soi), abling hat nbién lieu kich thude khoang duci Lo mm dao dong lén xuéng tong mot pham vi khong gian budag Ita. ign hisnh cde iad dogn cba qua tinh chiy. cn vige thdi fro xi 66 Khe nhau, tuy theo cach dét. Den nay 6 ba cach dot nher sau: - Chay & ahiét dé cao vi Ap suat cao. khoing 3 + 4 bar. thydng ding khéi thar chay tua bin khi. Vi cau tao phife tap nén it ding. - Chay 6p suat Binh thuding vi Mbiét AB cao khong 1100°C dé tro chilly 15: thanh xi 16i thai ra ngoAi niu id hoi & nba may giay Bai Bang. ~ Qhiy & ap suai bank thaéng. mbigt 49 tuong dei thap. dudi nist do néng chay caatro, Khodng 800 + 50°C. nhu lo hol & nha may det Nam Dir Jiai loai budng dét trén thai xi Kho qua ghi, con cach dét tha ba, khong dé tro néag chay ma cho tro mai mon than byl nhd (nhiéu khi them cat c6 cd hat shoang Taam vao buéng 460). Khéi mang di, qua cée cho won cong va cdc bo khit yi thu éi lai, con mot phan tro bui rat rain bay theo khéi thai ra ngoai- vo tdi tain nay trén (oan The gidt da cd khoang mot ngan $6 hui leai ic 16 may 100 MWe daira dan tir Lurgi eta Dic. Foster Wheeler (FW) cla My. Alstrom cia Phan Lao. awa Thuy Pisn, Alsthom Sicin cha Phip .. Tir nam 1995 da ra d&i lo hoi tan tai tuain ho&n cho cde t6 may khoing 250 MWe nhw hang Provence eta FW cia Ba Lan, ABB cha Han quéc va dén dau nam 2002, nha ma Vai chue nam gin day. ngvdl ta dua ra lon badng Wa tang oan (inh 2-36). I _ Ti nam 1985 loai cong suat 270 Tih trong dign Tocksonville cua My d& sin xuit thitnghigm 10 hoi cho 16 mdy 300 Mie va dea nay mot so nue dang hodin th’mh thiet ké lo hoi cho 16 may, cong 5 60U MWe. at 300 MWe va tgo, ¢6 thé chia thinh hai nbom thigt bi. ahom ther abet hé thong podng dat ting ling ti vadn fon, gma budng dot eo dan Sng len (3). cyclon phan, 104¢ he thong tai tuan hodn than, con c6 thé thém b6 trao ddi nhiet Thom thd hai la dutdng dan: khoi phia sau.'thudng gm cO bo qué bo gia ahiet trung gian, bo ham aude, dG sty khong khf, bo khir bui va quat Neuyen iy lam vige clia 10 hoi téng long 66 sau; Nhién lieu nguyén Khai hoae s ché duac dura vao buéng lita, gid cap mot duge Guta vao tir phia dudi budng dot, gid cap hai duge dura vao & mot do cao nhiit dinh. Phan lén hat nhién liu dua.vao budng lira, vira dao dong len xudng vita chay. Mot bo phan, Khoi cudn di, qua bo phan ly, nhiing hat lon dude tai tuan hoan tro ve budng Lita, hod (rn. v6i nhien Ligu mdi dura yao, va Hep tue chay, nhiing hat ¢6 kich thuroe nhd lai bj khoi cudn di vio bo phn ly, Khi d6t nhien lig cé nhigu wu huynh ngudi ta c6 thé dura dé voi vio budng lira de Khir lu huynh ngay trong khi chay. fi tan hoan c6 thé tom tat nh Hinh 2-36. So dé nguyén ly 16 hai téng [dng 06 tal tuan hoan. 4, Bao hdi: 2. BS phan ly xi than; 3. Dan 6ng nuéc lan; 4. Hé thong cp than; 5. Bd trao di nhiet ben ngoai: 6. Déy chiu Ita cla buéng d6t; 7, Oudng Khoi phan dudi; 8. BO qua nhiét; Bo nam nue, 10. BO sy khong khi; 11. 89 Khir byl; 12, Quat kno Nhiet lugng toa ra khi chy duge dan ong én xung quanh hip thy mét phan, nhigt do trong budng lita duy tri khong 850 ~ 950°C; qua dung khoi phan dudi. tiép tuc truyén cho cde bé mat truyén nhiét phy nhu bo qua nhiét, bo ham nubc, bo 105sdy khong Khi, nbigr dg gid ten dui 200°C thi cho qua bo khit bui dé git lai tro Ni bay theo, con Khoi duge it qua quat khdi va éng khoi thai ra ngoai. Budng Wits ting Wong (s6i) 06 ede dae digm sau: ~ 6 thé dot Ki€e ahicu loat ohiéa lige ran co dac tinh khéc nhau, kich thide iutong déi thd (< 10 nun). ~ Catng dd chay rt 1én, nbist thé dign tick ghi so vdi 1 ghi xich ce thé tang 2 = 6 lan, bing kholng 1.5 MWin? cho budng lita ving long bink thuéne va 4 = 6 ‘Win’ cho budng 66 ti twén hota, ahiet thé thé tich budng lire cing rXl 16n, gtip kholing § = 11 Lin so wi budng lta phun, o6 we dé L5 +2 MWinr’. Do vay 06 thé gid duge kich thude cling nhu nguyen vat liga. - Cudng do truyén nbigt tong budng Ita rai kin, do 6 gidm duge dién ich bé mat truyén nist. he sé uuyén nbigt trong chat long 6 thé dat 161 230 + 330 Win? K. trong budng téi tudn hoan khodng 50 + 450 Wim?.K, 16n hon rat nhiéu so y6i budng éét than phun. - C6 thé gdm duge mie dQ 6 ohiém moi trudng, vi ed thé dt & mhigt do thap, han ché tao thank NO, cdn khoang 1/3 + 1/4 so vi buéng lita than phun, cling ¢6 thé thém plug gia khir lum huynh dé gid bot khi SO, den 90%. Nhung cing c6 mot sé nhuge diém: ~ Vin dé thai tro xi cdn khé khdin, chwa chit dong digu khién duge qué trinh to xi va thai x4, néu thai tro thi bui bay theo khéi qué nhiéu. _ Maj mon bé mat truyén nhigt 12 rt dang quan tim. Nhiéu uvdag hep thyc nghi¢m cho thay qua }00 ngiiy vin haab. ¢6 bé mat da bi mt mon én 0,8 +L mm. - Yeu cau gid cé dp sua cao, tn nang luong.. Niung nhin chung. 1 hoi dt téng long dang duge rét quan thm va 6 nhigu trién vong phat trign, that [8.461 nbting Jogi abién Lieu chat lung (hap. khé chay. 106Chuong HE QUA TRINH SINH HOI VA CAC BE MAT TRUYEN NHIET Nhiem vu cilia cdc bé mat trayén nhiét 14 trayén nhiét Ivong tt nhién Ligu va sin phém chay c6 nhiét do cao dén mdi chat 14 nude, hoi hoae khong khi. Xét vé phuong thife truyén nhiét dén bé mat, c6 thé chia thanh ba loai: bé mat truyén nhi¢t bang bute xa, bé mat truyén nhiét bang déi luu va bé mat truyén nhiet nita bitc xa (vita bitc xa vira d6i lun). Xét vé dac diém moi chat nhan nhiet, c6 thé chia thanh: bo sdy khong khi, bo ham nude, bé mat sinh hoi va bo qué nhiét. Véi 18 hoi cong sual nhé, nhiéu khi khong cé bo sy khong khi, khong c6 bd qué nhigt, con bo ham nude va bé mat sinh hoi ghép chung Lim mét. 3.4 BE MAT SINH HO! VA CACH 86 TRI Trong 16 hoi dong luc céng suat Idn, thong sO cao, bé mat sinh hoi cd nhiem wu dién nude ti bO ham nuée dura vao thanh hoi bao hoa gan kho dé dua sang bo qua nhiét, cdn trong 1d hoi cap nhiét, cong sudt nhd, thong sé thap thi the hién c4 nhiém vu ham nudc va cép hoi. 3.1.1 Muc tiéu thiét k& bé mat sinh hoi Khi thiét ké mot mau 13 hoi, cén chii ¥ dat duge cdc yéu cu sau: 1. C6 kha nang han ché cdc tén that, nang cao hi¢u suat, tiét kiém nhién lidu. C6 thé gidm qy nhey bd tri dit bé mat truyén nhiat dé gidm nhiat dd khdi thai. Gidm gs bang cach gidm nhiét dd bé mat Ligp xc v6i khong kbi xung quanh nhér bd tri cde vach nude holic din 6ng ngiin céch budng lita v6i méi trong. 1072. Cé kha ning gidm chi phi ché tao, vdi cdc bign phap: _ Gidm suat tiGu hao kim Joai, 06 nghid Fi edn gidm bét ohiing be mat khong que up tham gia truyén nhié va giam chidu cae bé mat truyén nhiét. Mot trong nhimg bién phap 06 higu qua [A tranh ding be mat phang vi gidm dung kinh cde dé mat truyén nhiet. Mgt bien phép khéc cling ¢6 higu qua 18 nang cao curing 40 dong nhiet, an dung truyén ahigt ping bite xa, tang hé sO wa nhiet doi tu, cho dong san phim chéy quét hét cde bé mat truyén nhiet véi téc dd cao, giam hign rung dong, chu can, bam tro xi, vv. Chon kim logi ré tién ma vin dim bdo an toan: ding gang hoge ihép cacbon thong thing, han ché ding, thép hop kim. ~ Chon ding cong ngh¢ ché tyo don gidn, thong dung, 8 en. 3. C6 kha nang dap tmg duge yeu ciu cha hé su dung, Véi 1d hoi dong luc, y cao hicu sudt ho sit dung. Ong suat, thong so va chat lugng hot nang, cao nhigt do va 4p suit dé nang va chu tinh, ¥6i 10 hoi cap nhigt thi ty theo yCu du cong nghé cla 4, Lam vige an toan: Diéu chin nhay bén ma én dink, gidm bét mg sudt nhict, winh qué day hode day méng khong d8u. Giém bot nhigt do bé mit truyén malet bang cae bign phép hur (6 chic t6t twin hodn, trénh hién tong ti ho, gidm bat céu cin bém trén be mat truyén nhidt, vv... §, Thuan tien trong viée lp rép, van hanh, xiém tra, bdo dutng sia chita. 3.1.2. Mét sd dang bé mat sinh hai chinh. C6 it nhiéu dang bé mat sinh hoi, nhung dai thé cé thé phan loai nhu sau. Dua theo su tigp xtic gitta bé mat truyén nhigt voi nuréc va san phim chay, c6 thé chia thinh loai 6ng nutéc va loai Ong lita hodc Sng 1. VG loai Sng nude, khdi a ngoai nude 3 rong, voi loat 1d hoi Ong Ita khéi & trong nude & ngoai. Ld hoi Sng 1d 1h loai Gng Ldn, 06 thé dot nhien ligu ngay trong 6ng, Dura theo kim loai ché tao 06 1d bat bang gang va 1 hoi bing thép. Ld hoi bing gang thudng cing dun nrc dng niet d6 khong qué 115°C hoge sinh hei voi dp swat khong qua 1,7 bar. Dua theo su chuyén dong cia nude trong bé mat sinh hoi, cé thé chia thinh loai d6i Luu tu ohién (a), tin hoan tw nhién (b), tudn hoan cusing brie (c) va déi tuu cudng bie (hinh 3-1). Du6i day gidi thigu mot sé loai bé mat sinh hoi thudng gap. 108doy uoy Bugieg °6 “ley ueA “@ “aU enb OF “Z idoB Bug '¢ 'buonx Bud 's ‘uel Bug ued “7 ‘oon weH '€ ‘SeNU Weg ‘2 ‘buowa 1 ‘yelyu UEANI] WW aq 999 enb ypyo 1p ens Budp upénua gp OS “b'é YUH 109L Lo hoi dang binh (hinh 3-2) Day 1 loai 1d hoi lau dd nhat, don gidn nhat, chi 1 mét baléne dang hinh tu,” doi Khi cdn Lam thém dém hoi dé téch bét hat nue bay theo lim tang dQ kho cha hoi. Bé mat truyén nhiét 1a phan dudi cua baléng, cd dién tich dn khong $0 + 120 ne. Loai 1d hoi dang - i. binh co wu diém: Neve cp - Cau tao don gian. - Dung lugng nude va hoi nhigu nén van anh én dinh, dién tich bé mat bay hoi Ién, nén chat Iuong hoi kha tt. ~ Dé lam sach céu can, dé dang co dan nhiet khi van hanh. Nhung né 6 khé nhiéu nhuge diém: - Cong sudt bi han ché, wi dudng kinh khong thé qué 2m, dién tich truyén nhiés khong 1én, hé sé truyén nhigt khong cao. - Kh6 thod min yéu céu vé thong s6 hoi cao vi dudng inh baléng 36n va khong ¢6 bO qué nhiét. Hinh 3-2. Lo hai dang binh. - Khong kinh té: t6n qua nhidu kim Logi ché tao, khong 10 T kim logi cho | Tih, lai kh nang cao higu suat khi van hanh. - Dung luong nude Idn, nuéc chi d6i lu ma khong c6 tudn hoan nen diéu chinh nang suit cham, tn that nhiét l6n khi nh6m 1d va t40 18. Vi c6 nhiing nhuge diém ten nén di tir lau ngudi ta khong co ché tao 1 hoi nay va da phat aign theo hudng ting chen tich bé mat truyén nhigt vao ben tong hoac bén ngoai baléng (hinh 3-3). 110Hinh 33, So dé phat trign bg mat sinh hoi. Wl2. La hoi phdt wién bé mat truyén nhiét vao bén trong Co thé bo uf bE mar tuyén nhist vio ben trong bal6ng lun, Neuti ta co thé diing Ong 1 1a Sng od ch’ng kink di lim dé e6 thé cho nhign lige trong dé. CO thé bé ui ahting Ong nhé hon dé déin khGi goi [A dng lita. C6 thé be tri nhitg Sng nue, chiti nude bén tong va bén ngoai EX Khoi. LO hei ud thé dae dtng hoac dat a, LO hoi ddt nda ngeng C6 thé gap toai bo uf mot hoge hai Ong 1 6 dang lion sé dé dé co dan nhigt, ddi khong 4 + 1t m, dutng kinh khong 605/580 + 1025/950 mum trong balong ton ¢6 duéng kinh khodng 1,5 + 2m, dign tich uruyén nhiét loai mot dng Wb khoang 30 + 50 ar’, loai hai Ong 1d khodng 80 = 100 m?. Trong Ong 1d cé thé bé tri ahi dé dét nhién ligu rn bode voi phun dé dot diu. Ong 1d va dudng kh6i cfin bs ut 4& tgo nén twin hon ty ahign efta nude. Tht du loai mot 6ng 18 thi BG tri Kech v8 mot phia va dung khoi tht nhdi cing vé phia dd, d6i vii load hai Ong 10, b6 tf hai Sng gan nbaw va dudng khéi thi nhdt di vio chinh giita réi méi r sang hai ben di ra Khoi Ong dhinh 3-4). Neuti ia e6 1hé thay mot phan hodc toan bd Ong 1d bing nhong dude ony 6 dudng kinh nhd hon goi 1A Sng lta, Loai 1d hoi nay 6 cde dac did sau: ~ DA tang them duoe dién lich bé mat trayén niet den khong 600 47, lai ting duge cudng do truyén nist, loai Sng 13 65 thé den 15 en 30 > 60 kg horén?.A, nén o6 thé ting diye cong susie O ky hotter h, loai Ong lira oO U - Cong suai va thong sé hoi van bj han ché do dutng kinh balong khong vuot qua 2m, khéng gian b6 tri Gng Bd, dng lita bi han ché. - Khe Tim sach céu can bam xung quanh dng lita. - Khong tao duye tudin hoan ty nhién cho nude ma chi c6 dé tuu tur nhién. ~ Thong gid ty nhien khé hon, dé dong wo byi ten bé mat trayén nhigi. ~ Dign tich nha {0 khé Jon. b. 1.6 hoi dat ding ‘Trong baléng 06 dubng kinh In khong. god 2 nz co thé dat Ong 1 (hinh 3-Sa), Ong 10 kél hyp vai Sng lita nim ngang (bh), Ging lita dat dimg (c), hoae dng 1d ket hop vGi hg nude nim ngang (d), howe ng nuts dit dita (e). So voi Id hoi dang binh thi 1 hoi dat dimg cé cde uu diém nhu ~ Da tang duge dign tich bé mat imyén nhiét, tang cudng truyén nhiét nga tang duge cong suit ma chiém dién tfch nh’ 1d ft hon. 112Hinh 3-4. La hoi dng 1d, éng Kia dat nam ngang. 113- C6 kha nang dé tao thanh tudn hoan tu ohién cia nude, nhu Joai 1d hoi Field ctla Phap, 10 hai LS cia Trang Quéc, v.v..., wy wn hoan chira thar trie dé. - DGi voi mot sé loai Sng nude, c6 thé 1m sach edu cin bing co khi. Tuy nhién cong sudt va thong so hoi vin bi han ché, viée Jam sach edu can ngoai dng Itra va Ong 1d rt khé khan. 3. Lo hoi phd trién bé mdt truyén nhiét ra ngodi Trude day ngudi ta ding nhiéu baléng néi vao nhau bing nhig Ong nude, ahung 16i giam dan s6 baldng tir 6 d&n 5, 4, 3, 2, tham chf chi cin m6t baléng néi vGi nhiéu Gng gép bing nhiing din Sng. Halu hét 18 hol loai nay déu 6 thé lam cho nude chuyén déng tudn hoan ty nhién hod cudng bite. Gng nude ding, twin hoan tu nhién tét hon 6ng nam nghiéng, 4p suat thép tot hon 4p suai cao, khi Ap suat dén gain téi han thuéng bé sung tudn hoan cudng bite. a. LO hoi diy nitéc ndin nghiéng (hinh 3-6 a) Dién hinh 1d loai 18 hoi BW. Céc Sng nude dat nim nghiéng moi ge khoding 12 + 25° so véi mat nim ngang rdi ndi voi hai hOp gép, hOp g6p ndi vei ba long trén. So véi cde loai tr€n, loai nay 06 - Dién tich bé mat trayén nhiét c6 thé tang dén 150 + 400 a’, nang suat boc hoi dat khoang 20 + 25 kg/n?.h, sin lung dat Kholing 10 + 15 T/d hoi véi ép suat khong qué 15 bar, nhiét do khong qué 350°C. - Ld hoi cing da tao duge tudn hoan ty nhitn, tuy chua manh. ~ C6 thé bé tri 16 vé sinh & ddu mdi Gng dé cé thé dénh sach c4u can. - Nhung do lam hop gép phang nén rat nang né va han ché kha nang tang nang suai va thong so hoi dc diém sau: - Tung 1d nging né, tn nhidu vat ligu chju lita ma kh6ng tan dung duye nhigt bite xa dé tiét_kiém bé mat truyén nhiét. Noi chung, hién nay loai 16 nay khong con duge ché tao mdi nite. b. Lé hoi Sng nude dig (hinh 3-6 b) Cae Ong nude duge néi truc iép voi mot sd balong, thf du hoi sterling adi voi 3 +5 balong, 1d hoi Gacbe voi 4 balong, gitia cdc balong ¢6 Sng lien thong dé bing nude va hoi. Ld hoi sterling 3 balong 6 dién tich bé mat truyén nhiet 200 + 500 nf, nang sudt 5 + 20 Tih hoi voi 4p suat khong qué 20 bar, nhiét do hoi qué nhiét cd thé dén 250 + 350°C, loai 5 baléng ¢6 cong suat 16m hon. Lo hoi Gache 4 halong c6 bé mat truyén nhiét dé 1250 or’, nang suat cd thé dén 45 + 55 T/h. 115Bupp ognu Bug lou 1 “q ge UAH 6ugi5u 29nu Bug toy 97 © 9 HUI 116Lo hoi KRS, DKV 1a loai hai baténg va mot vai Sng g6p ndi vdi nhau bing mar loat Gag nude 1B logi 1d hei ed nhigt ¢6 cong suat tte 2 + 10 T/A dp sudt khong qué 12 bar, nhigt do khong qui 350°C. Ua digm cita céc loai 1 hoi nay 1a 6 thé Ling dién tich bé mat truyén ohigt. King nang suat, tang thong sé hoi nh gidm dudng kinh balong va ding nhiéu Gng nude co dudng kinh nhé, di lp cdc ting ngan din khdi, tao due tudn hoan ue nhién kha hon, Nhimg c6 ohuge diém 1 vin ton nhiéu kim loai che ta0, (wan hoan ty nhicn chua that dn dinh. & Lb hoi cé 1,2 baléng va nhiéu dan dng néi v6i Ong. gép (Ninh 3-7) Day 1a Joai 1d hoi chil yeu ding véi nang sudt va thong, sO trung binh va cao. 6 day chi giit lai mot hode hai balong dé tap tung va phan ly hoi tt dong hén hop 3 hoi len te ede din Ong. Nang suat cia 1d hoi cd thé ndi 1a hdu nhu khong bi han chs, c6 thé len dén hang ngin T/A, tuy theo yeu edu eda sin xuat. Nou yeu edu nang suat nung bloh c6 thé dong két hop voi ghi wich, voi nang sadt lon 6 thé dot phun dau, bot than... hoge aét bing buGng lita xody, dot tang Jéng c6 tai tudn hoan, Wve udng kin balong khodng | + 1,5 ne, diing dng dutng kinh khodng 51 + 63 nan lam Ong nutéc 1én véi ede Sng ep dudng kioh khodng 79 + 130 mun, Ong g6p cdn duge noi vGi mot sO Sng c6 dudng kinh én hon, cd bee cach nhiét va dat ngoai tudng budng Ia Lam nbi¢m vu ng nue xudng cla vong tudn hoan tu nhién. Loui (0 hoi nay ¢6 cay uu diém: = C6 thé tang duge nang sudt vi thong sO hoi thod man yeu edu cia ho xit dung, nang sudt c6 thé wir vai ba chue dén mot vai ngan T/A, ap suat cling ¢6 thé Ur vai ba chuc dén vai ba trim bar, nhiét do thuGng 1a qué nhiét cé thé dén 600°C. - Gidm due kim loai ché tao, m6t mat do tin dung duge bic xa voi cudng do truyén nhiéi cag, mat khéc do gidm duge chiéu diy nhé ding it balong, du@ng kinh cing nhé hon va con héu hei li ding dan Ong c6 dutmg kinh nhd chiéu day tir 1,5 + 2,5 pun. - Higu sudt nhiét c6 thé dat kha cao, c6 thé dén trén 90%. - C6 thé t8 chite tudn hoan ty nhién kha tot nhat 12 khi 4p suat khong cao qué, lam cho nhiét dO bé mat (ruyén abigt gidm. Nhuoe diém cia oé 18 tun hoan ty nhién via chuya duge tin cay nhat 1a khi dp suat cag, [én 16) han thi khéng cdn kha ning twin hoan ty nhien ma phai ding tin hoan cudng bite, chat lugng nite yéu odu cao. li?Hinh 3-7. Lo hoi 1, 2 balng va nhiéu dan dng 118d. L6 hot cd tun hodn cudng ine G 4p svat cao gan tdi han, tudn hoan wy nhién kh6 khan nén 6 thé két hop them tudn hoan cudng bite, tc 1A phai nh bom dé tao dp suat day, thudng khong qué 3 bar lam cho nu6c tu‘in hoan di lai m@t s6 In, cling c6 thé di thang trong 15 hoi don luu hoae true luv. Trong 18 hai don Iuu hoac true luu, nude dug bom vao 1an luot di qua tit cA cdc mat trayén nhiet bién thanh hai qué nhiét. CS thé goi dé 1a tudn hoan cudng bic boi sé tudn ho’n bing mot, nhung the chét dé 1a déi hu cudng bite. Cfc loai 18 boi nay c6 uu diém 1a tn it kim loai, c6 thé Ian viée & Ap suat cao va si¢u cao, nhung ¢é nhuge diém 1a yéu cdu nuée c&p phai o6 chét lung cao va Lim vie khong that én dinh, thudng lam vige voi yéu cdu phu tai it thay ddi. Vai nét vé 16 hoi nha mdy dién nguyen ti (hinh 3-9) + Hor dén tuabin ' Mice cap Hinh 3-9. Lo hoi nha may dién nguyén ti 4. Lo phan Ung; 2. Lé nai den Luu, 3. Bom tan hoan chat tai nhiét; 4. Binh én ap. WdTrong nha may di¢n nguyen tr, 1 hoi duge gyi 1a 18 phan img, nhiét khong phac tir phan (mg chay ma tit phan tmg phan hach cia hat aban loai nguyén tr rat ming phu Uranium, Dé trinh lac hai ella tia phong xa thydng ding 1b phin img hai vong, dai khi eiing 6 1d phan img mdt vong. Trong 16 phan tng thong thudng, nhidt phat ra ti thanh nhién lieu truyén cho chat tdi nhict wong vong thi nhat, cl it thuong 1a nue Wrong, yong thd hai dé bién thanh hoi chay cde ma bin hoi. Chat Uli niet ¢6 the Wy thé ki ahur CO,, He, c6 thé 18 thé Jong. Moi chat thutng va 6 thé Lt hoi qué abigt hose hoi bio hoa. Chat tdi nhigt va moi chat cd thé wan hodn wy nhi@n heae cuGny: 3.1.3 Ché dd tuan hoan eda mdi chat trong 1d hai 1, Mue dich Ché do chuyén dong cla mdi chat v6 anh hutmyg khd on déa cudmg dO truyén nhigt, hign iwyng ddng edu can va mhicr do cde bé mat tuyén nhidt. NO ciing phy thude mot phiin khéng nhd vio céch bd ui cée bé mal Uuyén nhigt. Moi chat ioe fd hoi 66 thé chuyén dong dudi dang d6i Izu body tudn hoan ty nhién, doi leu hode tudn hoan cuing bite. Trong cde 10 hoi cap nhigt cong suat nhd, mdi chéit ihudny, doi luw We ohién do do chenh mat do trong noi bd moi chal nhung khéng thea mot quy dao 15 rang eo dinh, edn trong 16 hoi dong luc, thutmg 18 tuan hoan ur iducn. © 13 hoi dp sudt cao va siéu cao, thvdng ding twin hoan cutmg bite hoae doi liu cudng bee nh tae dong eta bom nude tudn hoan. 2. Bén chai cia tdn hean te nhien Tuan hoin tu nbién 1a su chuyén dong lap di lap Iai theo mot quy duo rS rang ctla moi chat tio nen bai su chénh léch pit do ong ndi bG moi Ta khdo sat hai Ong han nhiét voi mae 3 khée nhau cing noi v6i balong trén va Gng gdp dud {hinh 3-10}, mdi chat tong dé sé di lén trong ong nhan duge nhigt nbiéu hon va di xuéng Wong Ong nhan due nhie: ft hon hoac khong nhan. nhiét tao thinh vong tudn hon tyrohién. Su chénh léch mat dg trong ddng mot pha thuong 1b Hinh 3-10. Vong tuan hoan don gian. 120do suchénh kéch nhiét d6 tao néa, nhung trong ding hai pha Ja do 66 sy chénh [ech mat d3 1 {on pita pha léng va pha hoi. Luu ¥ ring, sip suit cling cao thi su chtnh Ich mat 6 vita hai pha gidm din, dén trang (hai i han thi mat han, nén bap suat bang va uen (i han khong thé c6 tadn hon wy nhicn. 3. Céc yéu t6 lién quan dén tudn hodn te nhion Ngoai cic yu 6 nbu ap sual, cach bo ui bé mat truyén ohigt, cn khde anh budmg dén tudn hodn ty nhién nh ché dd chuyén déng cla trong din Ong, te 46 tudn hoan, boi 86 tudn hoda, vv... fic you Ww we mdi chat a. Ché dé chuvén dng ve nhigt do hé 1 dt trayén nhiét Ta khao sdét ché do chuyén dong ctla dong nude di A tir duc lén wong mot dng dat , thing ding duge gia nhié dong déu, dong thdi khio s su thay doi nhidt dd cia mdi chal vit vich Ong (hinh 3-11). Ta thi, Odoan 0 - |, nuée tir chuta sdi dén trang thai soi bé mat, nhict do bé mat vach tang dén nhi¢ chat, doan 1 - 1 Bitte sai bd mat soi, nhict do nude ting déa nhist do si, doyn 1'- 21a giai doan sOi bot, nhing bot hoi sinh ra c6 thé hin hop déu trong dong, cfing eS thé Hinh 3-11 kat hyp thanh bot én od dang ddu dan hote 161 hoi chinh git dng, trong cde giai doan nay hé s6 tod ahiét ti Ong dén moi chat rat Idn, non nhiét do vaeh khong lin hon bao nhieu. Khi nude boc hai het khodng 30 + 40% thee khdi Luong tht 16p nude sat véch rét mang, ¢6 thé bj tach ra khoi at dudi ac dong ctia dong hoi 6 1% do kha cao, tao thank nhiing hat nude bay trong dong hoi duGi dang nhi tong, hic 36 bE mat Lruyén nhist khong tgp xtc voi nude ma voi hoi nen Ag s6 lod nist gidm nhiéu va nhidt dO bé mat vach Gng Lang dot ngol, cde bat nude bée hoi din cho dén 2° 1a trang thai hoi bo hod kho va sau d6 Ihanh hoi qué ahidr co nhiét dd cao. st o Ché 6 chuyén dong va nhiét 46 vach dng dat ding Trong ede din Ong 1d hoi, khong nén dé lam vige dén dang ahd wong vi khong dim bdo an tuin cho bé mé DOi vi Ong nam nghiéng, nam ngang thi phan bé nude va hoi trén ist dign Sng ia khong di xing, hui nm phfa trén ohiéu 121hon, d0i khi 6 hién tong phan ting, tite JA hoi téch nm nifa tren, nuGe nits duti (hinh 3-12). b. Lice Ltong va tée dé indn hoan Toc d6 tudn hoan 1a te do ctla nude duge coi 1A séi khi di vao din 6ng lén, duge tinh theo: ag= © p'2600, m/s 3-1) F trong do: G - Ive luong tudn hoan, 1a khOi luong nuGe di vio éng lén trong mot don vi thdi gian, kyle; Hinh 3-12. Phan bé nuée va hai trong éng nghiéng, 8 . oe ngang va cong. F,- 18 téng dign tich cila tat cA Ong lén, mm’; p'- khoi lugng riéng cla nude séi di vao ng len, kgf’. ¢. BOI sO iudin Roan La ty sO giita Luu lugng tudn hoan G véi khdi lugng hoi da bée ra trong mot don vi thai giun, Ag/s, thue chat la s6 lin tudn hoan cdn thiét dé lam cho nuée bée hoan todn thinh hot, cling bing gi iri nghich dio cla dé kho hén hop nue va hoi Khi ca koi Gng [én vao baléng, co thé bigu thi boi sé tudn hoan k = G/D = 1/x. 4. Céch tinh thus dong vong tudu hoan tw nhién Mue dich tinh thuy dong cia vong tudn hodn tr nhién 1a xde dinh tée do chuyén déng cha m6i chai trong dan Ong Jam co sé dé kiém tra mite do an toan cla vong tudn hoan. Nguyen téc co ban 1a Khi mdi chit chuyén dong 6n dinh trong vong tun hoan thi he chuyén déng tao nén do su chenh léch mat do bang téng 1 luc trong he théng dng len va Ong xudng cia vong twin ho’n, 06 thé bigu thi bang: P., = AP, + AP, (3-2a) hoae: Pay = Pig AP, = AP, (3-2b) 122trong dé P., 1 Ie chuyén dong, tao nén sy chuyén dong trong vong tudn hoin; AP, la tng tré Ive trong he thong ong len, Pa; AP, la tdng td [ye trong he théng Sng xudng, Pas P,, 1a lye od ich tinh bing P.,- AP, , Pa. Cae bute tinh thuy dong vong tudn ho&n ty ahign nhur sau: a. Xie dinh luv chuyén dong Py Luc chuyén dong ¢6 thé tinh theo cong thie: Par ABP, 8th Py thee P +H, Pin) Pa (33a) trong dé: h - chiéu cao véng tuan hoan, tte 1A khong céch thing dimg ti truc Gng pop duGi den mie nude trung binh trong bal6ng hoge déa cia vao balding cba cng len, ae, hy - chiéu cao doan khong duge nhan niet, 1a khodng cach thing dmg tir ruc Gng gdp duci dén tit dign bat diu duge dot noéng; h,,- chigu cao doan khong s6i, tdi khong céch thing ding tt ti¢t dign bit du duge dot néng dén List dién nude trong Sng bit du soi, Mm; & - gia 13c trong trutme, bing 9,81 iis’. P, - Khoi luong riéng vila nude tong dng xuding, Ky/nr’; P - khdi luong rieng cla nude 801 8 Ap suit trong balang, ke/nr'; Po» ~ Khoi lugng rigny cia hn hgp aude va hoi trong Ong lén, kg/m! Néu coi p, xap xi vdi p, ta cd thé viet thanh: Py =eh,(P'~py). Pa 3-3b) trong dé h,- chiéu cao dogn c6 hoi, bing khodng céch thing dumg tr itt dien bat dau soi dén mite nude trung binh trong batong, dire tinh theo: hy =h-(hy +h,J=h-H,, G4) HL, ~ khong cach thang ding tir truc Gag gép dudi dén tiét dion bat dan soi. Néu diém bit dau soi &doan thin cla Ong lén, ta 6 thé tinh: / air, e1Q, Ai,- Ai, + alee (hy ha) a] 5 Wy shyt Phy, + ° - = a Qu, Ay H,G Ap aot @-5Sa)Ai,- dQ chua sdi cha nude trong balong, thubing 6 thé tinh Ai, 5 tudn hedny G- uu tugng tuan hoan, Ag/s; Ai, - do lang entanpi cla nude khi di qua éng xuGng, néu Sng nhin duge mot nhiét lugng 12 Q, thi Ai, = os Alike; Ai woo . “ 5 1 go tang entanpi cla nude s6i khi tang 1 dun vi ap sudt, KPa; p at +h, - khang edeh thang dimg tir diém bit dtu dot ndng den diém bat dau 7 oun sdi, nu si & doan thi nhat thi bing 0; Q —S— - do tang entanpi khi mdi chat di qua mot don vi chiéu cao cha doan Ong len co chita diém soi, ki/kg.m Néu soi rngay doan thir nhat, thi cdng thtte don gidn hon bang: . ANT ~ Ai + [en = haa) 40, | Hy = hy 2-2 (3-5) Q, Ai Bet = apt H,G 4p Khoi luyng riéng cla hdn hop duge tinh theo: Pu = P+ (I O)p' Agia’ - (3-6) trong ds fc t dign do hai chigm. - ty sé tide dign hoi; f - dign tich tigt dign Ong; f - dign Uch phan ict Cong thite 3-6) duge ching minh nhu sau: lay mol doan Gng 1m, i& dién 184, thé tich Khoi hn hop wong dé bing V = 1 xf, a, thé tich phan hoi trong dé Vielxf=1«@f, thé tich phiin nude V's V- V" = 1x f= p). Khoi lugng ela hoi wong dé G"= V"p"=! «of « p", khéi lung nude trong dé 1a G' = Vip! = 1x (1-@)fp'. 124Khoi lugng riéng cla hén hop: Gi4G | xolx p'+[Ld- 9} vo Ixf Pro = Sau khi chinh ly digs cng, thite (3-6). X4e din p A noi dung quan trong trong tinh they dong yong tudn hoin. Cho dén nay chua 6 cong thite ly thuyét xac dinh chinh xae nén vin phai ket hop véi the nghi¢m dé dua ra nhimg cong thie the nghigm hage nhiing d6 thi. khong e6 tic do trong U6i git hoi vd nude thi p bing 6 kh tinh theo thé tich hén hi V"¢V, nhung trong the {é ludn cd su khde nhau gitta we dO nue vi hoi nén phii chinh ty thanh p= f{B). Nhidu tic gia ding cong thie: Hinh 343. Tinh ty 56 tiét dién hoi " (AD ae a" aT . . ~ 4 a 6 2 trong dé S = — goi IA he so trugt, co nhing cong thife thie nghigm khaéc nhau dé oO tinh, thi du: gai 28 p G8) fou \ Pd Go" trong 46,07 Ta tée dO thye cila hoi va nude, @" = —~ la t6c dO tudn hoan, nfs.Cling c6 thé xde dinh @ = oq. K,,, trong d6 @, = cB , hé s6 ¢ duge cho theo dé thi, k , {2 hg sO hiéu chinh theo géc nghieng cia ong vi h¢ so @, x4c dinh cho She dat thang dimg. Cling co tée gid xée dinh theo p= py-k,-k,, long dé y, xéc dinh theo digu xie s@ higu chinh véi do nghiéng va 4p suat kh4e nhau thi ngbigm ding Ong dat thang ding duci 4p sudt 32 aim, cdn ky va khe b, Xde dinh téng ira luc trong vong tidn hoda day bao gém wet {ye Lrong hg thong Sng xudng va hé thOng dng len, cing chi Unh den tré lye cuc bd va U3 luc ma sat, tuy nhién dong moi chat c6 hic 1a met pha 66 Mac 1a hai pha. Tr luc trong he thong Ong xudng duge tinh theo: Ap. =(E, tAddt Ey tE.pos. Pa 3-9) &, - he sd tr tue cue bo khi moi chat uy baldng vao Gng xudng; Ae he $6 try [ue ma sat doc dutng Gng xudng ed chiéu dai L (7); &..- tong td lue cue bd ctia Ong xudng; E,- he sé ud lyc cuc b6 khi ding ra khdi Gng xudng vao baléng hode Gng gdp dudi. p - Khoi Iuong rigng cla nite trong Ong xuding, o6 thé ly xap xi ca nude bio hoa G dp suat trong ba long, Agi’; @ ,- We dQ cia nude trong Gng xudng, m/s, 06 thé Linh theo: KD OG F..p.36 F,.p.3,6 ,mils (3-10) Ox G=kD -luu luong tudn hon, k - boi sd tudn hoan, D nang suat hoi, T/A, F, - tong dign tich tidt dién 1 ci cde Ong xudng. Tro luc trong hé thong dng én duge tinh theo: Ap, = 4p, + Ap, +Ap,, +4p, + Op, Pa @-11) Ap,,- tr lue cue 66 tir baléng hoac Sng g6p dudi vao Sng len, tinh theo: Ap, =&,.e- 3-Lla p, =&,.p 7 (3-L1a) 126Ap,, - tr lye ma sat va cuc bd trong dogn dng len 6 nude chua s6it Apa, = (Roloc +8 an)0- 22 Pa (-11b) APzy,- WO lye ma sét vi cue bo trong doan 6ng lén 6 hén hep nuée va hoi tinh theo: bby, =(holn +Bes) 2 1 in( 2) ,Pa (Le) 2 %% pt Ap, ~tréy lye cye b9 ca hin hop nuGe va hoi ra kh6i Gng Ten vao along: dp, =&,-P 142i (2) Pa (3-lld) 2 ® Pe Ap,- Ud lie thuy finh do phan Ong lén cao hon mifc nue trong baléng: Ap, = eh, (1-@)(p' 0") Pa 12) Trong cae cOng thite trén; bh, khodng cach thang dimg tir mic mudc trung binh trong baléng dén dinh Sng, m; p! - khéi lung riéng cia nude bio hod; @, - We do tudn hodn, 2/53 —p - by sO tict dién hai. cc, Xtc dink toc dé tadn hod Day la muc ti¢u quan Long nhét cha bai tinh thuy dong, ta cfin xde dinh wie dQ tudn hodn trang Dinh trong tiing diy Sng mA voi t6e d6 d6 t6n tai_sur can bang gitta lye day vGi (ng tres luc hode gitta lye 6 ich voi tr@ luc Sng xudng. Trude tién, ta gid thigt mol Le do tudn hodn wy, tinh ra duge P. va. APs, 80 sinh, NEU Par = APs: thi dé chinh [a t6c do tudn hodn cin Om, néu chua ding thi gid thiét mot tc dO Os, tinh Py va Apis 16i so sénh cho dén Itc chiing bing nhau mdi thoi, C6 thé dang phuong php inh toan hay ding phuong php dé thi. Ta chon 3 gid tri t6c dd tudn hodn @ 9,0 97+ os hode Juu lugny tain hoan G,, G,, Gs, tinh ra ba gid tri cba py Va AP 2 Pos Poss Pos V8 AP 4: AP APs noi cae gid trip, vB Ap,, giao cita hai dung p.(a,) Va Ap(@,) trén 1-2 G6 pas AP, Voi oy chinh 1a trang thai cain tm, 1 dé x4c dink duge te d6 twin hoan thye cba vong tudn hoan w,. Thi du déi véi vong tudn hodn don gin (dde lap), tite 12 vong bao gdm mo hoae mét day Sng xudng hodn toln gidng nhau cp nue cho mot hoge mot day Gng 127Ién hoan todn giding ahau, ta duge ket qua nh nong hink 3-14. Giao diém trén hinh v8 cho phép xite dinh tc dQ tudin hoiin, tue cd fch va tre Tye Ghg xudng, DSi vGi_vong tudn hodn 2 4p be phite tap, tie La mot hoge moe diy Ong audng déng déu cip nuGe cho mét sé Sng hode day Sng Ion, 1a cia tinh Ap, va pa cho timg diy Gng lén r6i téng hop lai. Dei voi dan ong lén néi song song ta téng hyp theo neuyén tae: uu Tugng tudn hein bing tng lua lugng cua din G= }.G, , cdn luc 26 . vd fch tht bing nhau: py = pox (hinh 3-15 a). DOi vidi din Sng ghép n6i Gp (binh 3-15 b) ta tong hyp theo nguyén tic: G = G, va Po = Poi + Giao digém cla dudnge Ap, di tong P, cho ta vang thdi lm vite Gn dinh cla ca yong twin hodn vi dua theo hai ngnyén tic wen suy ra trang thai Tm vie cia timg din Ong. Trong. vong win hodn song song, tir give diém fa keé dirgng song song vi truc hoanh xée dinh duge te do Win hofn trong ting d ong vong tudn ho’n adi ligp, la vé dudng song song v6i true tung s@ x4c dinh duye trang thai cho timg diy. & bp GG kgs Tuy nhicn trong thue 1& . a o6 thé vita es nhting din song Hinh 3-15 a Vong tudn hoan song song song vita cd nhimg din di ticp, tinh todin 66 phe ap hon 128nhumg vin theo nhiing nguyén tie da néu tren. d. Kiéin ira an todn cia vong tidin hoan Hd vei dan Gag Jen, ta cin kid tra cde hien tugng roi loan tudn hodn who tudn hean nguge, ngime tun hoan, chay phan taéng va vuot qué boi so din hoan 1G han, Go ten, ta d& xde dinh duge We dé tudin hoan tung inh irong mdi din Ong len, nhung trong thye 16, gitta cde Ong én trong cing mét dan, (Ge dé tudn hodn 1a khdée nhauw do vd su khong ding déu vd nhan nbiet va lw tuyng nude Hinh 3-15 b. Vong tudn hoan néi tiép trong mdi Gg. Trong, cling mot din Gng ién, doi vGi nhing ong nhin duge nbigt nhidu, cap nude fl, trong lugng rieng ela hén hop nude va hoi sé nhé hon, t6e dé tudn hoin sé I6n hon, ben cunh né sé 66 ohiig dng tuén holn véi toe do hd hon, 66 nhing dng te dd tun hoan bing khong goi 14 aging tudn hean, thim chi eo thé chuyén dong neue lg, tir trén xuéng goi 14 tudn hoan nguye. DO v6 nhong ng c6 te dO tudn hodn qué nho, ngitng wan hoin hoe tudin hodn nguge sé cit nguy hiém khi 4c bot hoi sink ra tich tu lai thanh tai hei dao dong xung quanh mot vi Uri ndo 46. Vi hé s6 tod nhigt ca hoi nhé hom rat nhiéu so vei nude, nhi¢t dé vach dng ting Ién cuc bG, c6 thd gay rand ong. Khi ngimg win hoan, néu ong Ién nai voi khoang boi s do, phfa trén chi 1a hei $s6 tod nhidt nhd cling 6 thé 1 bign dang, phong nd. tao nén mite muse Ur ang nhict do, tao thanh D6i vdi Sng lén nim nghiéng hode nim ngang, néu we dd tudn hoan nh cS tnd lao nén hign tugng phan tang, nghia 12 nude chodn nia duéi, hoi chodin nifa tren sia Sug. Hign tong phan ting cling nguy higm mot mat vi nia Ong chita hoi co iét dé cao hon, mat khdc 14 G mat ranh gidi ¢6 thé déng c4u can, lai bi dao dong nhiét tao thinh (mg suat nhiét. DOi voi Sng !én, khi bdi 86 tudn hoan qua nho cing rat nguy hiém, vi boi sé tudn hoan k thue chat 18 gid tri nghich dio cira dg kho x cha hon hop nuGe va hei ra Khoi dng [én. Thue nghiém cho thay, khi do kho x vugt qué kholing 304, tthe boi sd 129tudn hoan nhé hon 3, thi mdi chat trong Gng @ dang nhii tuong, hat nude Lin trong dong hoi, nén nhiét do vach Gng tang dot ngor, c6 thé bi bién dang hoac phd huy. D6i vSi Ong xuéng ngudi ta thudng kiém tra hién tung ¢6 hoi trong Sng. Néu trong Ong xudng ¢6 hoi, hoi o6 thé tich ty thanh tii, cd thé nang cao nhiét do néu Ong v6 gia nhiét, mal khéc Gng xudng 6 hoi, rap trung G Gng gdp dudi, lim giaim sudéng déu tong viée phan phoi nude vao Sng len. Ong xuding 06 hoi c6 thé do nhiéu nguyén nhén: cd thé do nhan nhiét bée hei, cé thé do 4p suat trong baléng bi gidm dot ngdt, co thé do bé tri miéng Sng xuéng qui géin vai miéng Ong lén hode qué gdn mite nude trong baldng tyo thanh phéu hoi hoac ¢6 thé do iG luc cuc bd te balong vao Ong xudng qué 1én. 3.2 CAC BE MAT TRUYEN NHIET PRU Trong cdc 1d hoi cong sudt trung binh va kim, bén canh bé mat sinh hoi chinh, thyOng cé thém c4e bé mat truyén nhiét phu nhu bo ham nude, b6 qua nhist va bo sdy khong khi. 3.2.4 B6 qua nhiét . 1. Muc dich San xuat ra hoi qué nhiét, ding rt phé bién trong cdc 1d hoi dong We vi nd cd thé lam tang hiéu sudt nhiét, gidm dO dm & cdc tng cudi cua tua bin cling lam giam duge 16n that nhi mdi chit doe theo dutng dng dan. V6i 1d hoi dong luc, 66 qua nhiét khé cao, 06 thé lén dén vai ba tram dO, con trong 18 hoi cap nhiét c6 thé khong cd, ho&c néu 6 thi do qué nhi¢t cing chi may chuc d6, dé gidm tén that tren duéng Gng din ma thoi. 2. Cau tao BO qué nhiét thutng do nhitng Sng c6 dudng kinh khoang 28 + 40 mam usa lai, 6 buée Sng wong d6i s/d bing 3 + 6 thudng Lam bing thép cécbon thong thudng, nhung véi [8 hoi cé théng s6 cao phai ding thép hgp kim. C6 nhiéu logi bo qué nhiét. Dya thee phuung thie tuyén nhiét dén bé mat Sng, chia thanh ba loai: bO qué nhiet bic xa dat trong budng Ita va trye tip nhan ahidt bite xa; bo qué nhiét d6i lua, dat & tren dudng khdi, khong truc Gép nh§n nhiéi bite xa tir budng lita; va bO qué nhi¢t nita bite xa, dat 6 ctra ra budng Ita, nhan mot phin btte xa tit budng lita vita nhan duge nhiét d6i lun tir dong khoi. Ta thuong gdp bd qua nhiét bing dé hu.Dita theo eich bé tri chia thinh 66 qué nhiet dat ding va bo qué niet dat nim ngang. Thuing gap bo qué mhiét dat ding do cd uu idm 1a dé treo «és, tro byt khé tim hon, tuy 06 nhuge diém Ia khé thai nude ngumg khi ngimg 10 va khdi dong. CO gap Joai dat nim ngang nhung ft hon, vi tuy cd uu diém Ja dé thai nuGe ngung nhung dé déng tro bui va treo dé khé hon. Dua theo chiéu hu dong tuong di gitta san pham chay va hoi nue, ¢6 the cd loai nguce chiéu, loai cing chiéu va loai hén hyp. Loai nguge chiéu c6 uu diém 1a do chénh nhiét dé trang binh 1én hon, giiim duye dién tich bé mat truyén nhiét, viet kidm duce kim Logi, ¢6 thé nang duge nhi¢t dg hoi len cao hon, nhung c6 mot phia ahi¢t d6 cao, khéng an todn, Loai cling chiéu, an to8n hon nhung cfing t6n kim loa hon, Nhiéu trudng hop ding loai hn hop, nguge chiéu & phfa hoi cé nhigt 45 thdp va cing chiu & phia hoi ed nhi¢t do cao hon. 2.2.2 BS ham nude J. Muc dich ‘Tan dung nhiet cba khoi thai dé gia nhial nue gin den nhigt dQ sdi, di Khi co thé cho béc hoi my ph4n trim, nh vay gidm duge tdn that do khdéi thai mang ra, nang cao duge higu suat nhiét, mgt khdc tranh duge hign tong nude anh phun thang vao bé mat trayén nhiét o6 nhiét d6 cao [am cho bé mat truyén nhié bi co dan dot ngét, Lao ra tng sudt nhiét, ngoai ra con pia duge kim loai quy ché tao bé ‘mat sinh hoi vi bd ham nude dat & ving niet do théip, khong. cfin kim logi t6t 6 Khi 6 thé ché tao bing gang. 2. Cau tao Cling cé nhiéu Jogi bo ham mde. Dua theo kim loai ché' tgo, chia thanh hai loai: bing gang va bang thép, nhung déu tao thinh nhéing chim Ong uén cong, lam bing gang, gid thanh ré, chiu an mOn va mai mon tét hon, dé dic nén thuting dic thanh Ong ¢6 cdnh tin nhigt phfa khdi, dudmg kinh trong khodng 76 + 120 mm, nhung rét khé han nén thing ndi vi nhau bang ohiing mat bich; gang chiu kéo, udn va va dip kém nén khOng cho phép gia nhigt nuée dén nhigt do soi. Ong gang, thudng 66 cénh nén nang né va dé dong tro bui, nén thudng ¢6 BG trf bo thoi bul. Bo ham nustc bing thép, thu’mg ding dng thép trun 66 dudng kinh khong 28 + 38 nun udn thanh nhimng cum Gng xo8n, tude kia c6 ding loai Gng thép c6 cénh nhung hign nay khong ding nia vi ch tac pinte tap. Ong lam bang thép dé ri hon nhung lai dé udn va han nén thudng ndi voi nhau bing phuong phép han, thép lai c6 thé chiu va dap nén cho phép gia nhiét dén nhiét do s6i VA béc hai khong qué 10%. Dua theo mie do gia nhiét aude, c6 thé chia thanh bo him nude kiéu soi va kigu khong s0i. Kiéu s6i phai lam bing thép, khéng duge lh bing gang, con kiéu khong sOi Un (ug ¥, c6 thé bang gang hay thép.Thong thuting bd if cho nuée trong 69 ham di tir dudi len, mot mat 1a dé nude néng nhe hon, thuan i kéo theo bol khi, bgt hoi, trinh hién tugng bot khi bam chic, kich thich viéc an mon bé mat trayén nhitt, ngoai ra cdn JB bign phap dé iy digu chinh sy phan phi khong dng déu vé lum Iuong nude git cdc dng vdi nhau, Newot ta od thé bi tri dudng tit cho khéi va ca nude, trong nhiéu tng hyp ngubi ta cdn bo tri ca dudng ti tudin hodn dua nuée néng tr vé be nue cap. 3.2.3 BO say khéng khi 4. Mue dich Tan dung ohict cla khéi thai dé sdy néng khong khi tude khi cap vaio budng lita, nhiim ede mue dich sau: ~ Gidm nhict do khoi thai, giam ton that y,, ing higu suai ohidt, tit kigm nhién - Tang nhigt dO khong kh{ dua vao buding lira, edi thi¢n qué tinh chdy, gid (dn that gy, q,, ling higu sust nhiét, 1iét kigm ohién lidu. Con c6 thé ing nhiét do trong budng Ila, ting cudng do truyén nhiét. Tuy nhién cing can phai cé gidi han, vi khi nhiét ¢) khoi gidim qué thap sé dua dén hién tugng an mon dién hod cdc bé mii truyén nhict, mat khée s& tn kim loui vi phai truyén hist voi dd chénh nhiét 46 trung Binh qué nbd, Hon nita ¢6 thé din dén chay ghi hode bot than Long Gng. 2. Cau tao Dya theo kim loai ché tao 66 thé chia thinh loai bing gang hode bing thép. Loai bang gang v4n c6 uu diém 1A chiu dumg tot vé mai mon, an mon & nhiét do thap eiing nhu nhiét dO cao. Dya theo hinh dang bé mat truyén nhigt, ed loai Sng thép tron, loai ng gang 6 ednh hoae loai thép tm. Dya theo cach truyén nhidt gitta khdi va khong khi, c6 loai ngan cach va loai hi nhiet. Gap nhigu hon ca 18 loai ngan cach, ding cde Gng thép tron ed duting kink Khodng 40 + 51 mm day 1,5 +2 mn Lip len cée mat sing phing. Thutmg bo ti khong khi di bén ngoai, khdi di bén trong Ong dé dé dang [am sach Uo bui bam wen Sng. Loai Sng thép tron c6 wu diém 1a vi tao don gidn, gon nhe, khong khf va khdi khong bi lan vao nhau va ed thé dé dang Lam sach tro hui, nhung Ong thép khong bén vé mat mai mn va an mn hod hoc G nhigt do thdp cing nhu nhiét d6 cao. Cing ¢6 ding loai ngin céch ding dng gang c6 cdnh tod nhiet ci ong va ngoti, thing b6 Uf khong khi di ben trong va Khoi di bén ngodi éng. Loai dng 132gang cé uu diém 1 chiu duge mai min va an mdn hod hoc, nhung ed nhuge diém 1 nang né, dé ham tro bui, c6 thé dling & pham vi nhigt do thap va niet d9 cao. True kia con dling Jogi ngan céch bing thép tém diy Khodng 1,5 + 4 a1, ghép Jai thank hop, hien nay hau nhu khong diing nifa vi ché tao don gidn nhung dé bi ri. © nbigu nude phuong tay ding rong ri bo sdy khong khi kigu hoi nhiét. Thue hoi 1 mot ihiing réng, trong c6 bd tri nhimg tam thép, quay véi 1c do khodng 2 = 5 nongipinit, Nhimg Id thép gan tron thing quay lin lugt liép xtc véi khéi ndng vie khong khi lanh di & hai nia cia thing quay. Khi tigp xdc vai Khoi néng, 14 thép nhan niet, nhiét dO tang lén ri sau dé 14 thép ndng tiép xde voi khong khi lan, truyén nhiét cho Khong khf, nhi¢t do ld thép gidm dan va nhw vay da hodn thanh mot chu ky truyén nhiét tir khéi dn khong kai, tigp tue ede chu ky truyén nhi¢t gp theo. BO sy khong khi kiéu hdi nhigt c6 un digm fa nhd, gon, it bi ri, dé lam sach nhung cG nhuge diém 1a dé lot giifa khéi va khong khi, cd them bQ phiin quay fam ticu t6n nang Luong, cfu tao phetc tap dé hu hong hon. el 3.2.4 Bao vé bé mat truyén nhiét phy Cin 66 bign phap dé bao v¢ cdc bé mat truyén nhiét phy, chong hign tong én mon, mai mOn va bam ban, Céc bé mat truyén nhidt 06 thé bi an mdn hod hoc hoae dion hod, 6 mat tong cing ahu mat ngodi, & nhict do thgp cing nhv ahi¢t dQ cao, lic 1am viée cfing nhu lie nghi. ‘Thép 66 thé bi Oxy téc dung thanh Fe,O,, v8 nhisu khi chinh né tai dong vai trd chat Oxy hod téc dung, véi sét thanh Fe,O,: 4Fe,0, +Fe > 3Fe,0, (3-13) Thép efing c6 thé trye tigp phn tng véi hoi nude dud mot nhigt dQ nhét dinh, urén duc 500°C theo phan tng: 3Fe+4H,0 > Fe,0, + 4H, (3-14) An mon dign hod 1a hién tung rat dang chil ¥ doi vi bs mat iruyén nhigt G nhi¢t do thdp, nhai 1a khi dét nhién ligu nhiéu S, nhiéu H va do dm cao. Thyc nghigm cho théy khi dét nhién ligu nhiéu lu huynh, nhigt 49 dong sucng cia khét tang 1ét nhanh, H,O trong khéi dé ngung ty, mat khic khi chdy S tao thinh SO, va mot ly Ié khong lén SO, (khoang 0,8 + 2,5%), két hyp véi nude tao thanh axit sulfuric an mén kim loai rét nhanh. Dé gidm tc dung an mdn dign hod, nén khis S trong nbién Tigu dén mite 161 thiéu, han ché vic tao thinh SO, bing céch giam lwyng Oxy thia, te La dot voi he s6 khong khi thita nhd va ching c6 thé dua vio trong Khéi mot s6 chat c6 kha nding hap thy SO, nhu manhétit, dolomit, amoniac la kinh t¢ hun vi cho sin phim (N11,).$O, (amon sulfat) lam phan bon, Mgt khée khong dé cho nhigt d9 be mat 133,truyén niet gigm dén hoae thdp hon nhi¢t do dong suong cla Khoi, thutmg khong duye phép gid xudng dudi 100°C. Van dé mai mon cdc bé mat tuyén nhiét cing rat dang luu ¥, mht JA khi dot abien licu nhiéu to, tro ctmg, ma ty Ie 110 bay Iai lén nhw khi dot than phun thai xi kho hoje dot ting long thai tro, Thuéng bi mAi mdn nhiéu & mhimg day Ong phia trén, nhiing day dng & cudi dung vdng cha khdi, con tong mot Sng thudng mai mon nhi¢u & hai gée 45 + 50° tinh tir dutmg khdi den. Bé chdng mai mdn nhiéu khi ngudi ta gin nhimg tam chén & nhimg noi dé bi mai man, bé tri dutng Ong hop ly dé da cng thay the, sita chita nhimg Ong da bi qué mon, ngudi ta cling cdn Iya chon t6c dO khéi thfch hyp, vi nu (Se do khéi cang I6n thi mai mon cang nhanh tuy truyén nhiét cing tot, nhimg néu téc dd qué cham thi mOt mat truyén nhiét kém, mat khdc dé déng tro byi. Thudng chon theo sé liu kinh nghiém. Voi bo ham nuéc éng gang, tc do khéi c6 toi nhét kho’ing 3 + 5 nafs, loai dng thép lay 8 + 11 ni/s, voi bO qué nhi¢t cing thép cacbon ly 10 = 14 mils, vGi thép hop kim ldy 15 + 20 nis, vii bo sdy khong Khf kidu dng thép ly 10 + 11 ss, voi Ong gang co can lay LL + 15 m/s. Bam bin bé mat truyén nhiét cing cn quan tam vi nd lam tang nhiét tr, anh hung dén céng suat, hiéu sudt cia thiét bj sinh hoi do nhiét dé khdi gidm khong nhiéu, ciing cé thé cS anh hudng khéng 16t dén site bén bé mat truyén nhiét tigp theo. Viée bam tro thudng 1 do nhiing hat 6 kich thuée rit nhd, khoang dudi 2 + 3 gon bam vao bé mat tuyén nhiét, cd thé & dang chic hodc xép, wy thude vao da diém cha nhién liéu, chiéu huting va téc dd cha dong khdi cfing nhu cdch bé if bé mat truy6én nhiét. Nhin chung viée bam béin xdy ra khi te dO khdi qué chim, nhat 1a dudi 2+ 3 m/s, cdn uu ¥ 1a khi da bdm ban thi t6c d6 khoi c6 ting cling rat khd lim sach due, do vay khi lim vige vei phu (ai thép bao nhidu cing khong, nen dé We dg khdéi thép han 2 + 3 m/s. 3.3 TINH NHIET THIET BI SINH HOI Tinh nhiét 13 mot trong nhimg bai toan co ban, quan trong nhat trong khi thict ké, ché tao va kiém tra cée thiét bi sinh hoi, Tuy theo muc dich, viée tfnh nhiét cé thé chia thanh tinh thiét ké va tinh kiém tra. Khi tinh todn thiét ké, ohiém vu 1a dua vio yéu cfu eta hoi va dic tinh cla nhién ligu ma xdc dinh két cdu cia thiét bi sinh hoi. Cdn. trong tinh toan kiém tra, can dua vo két cu cha thiét bi di c6 sin, xac dinh higu qua Lam viée cia thiét bi nhy tinh nang suat va thong s6 hoi, nhiét do cha sin phdm chy & cdc vi ui khdée nhau, cdc joai (én that nhiet, hi¢u sudt va sudt tiéu hao nhién Liéu, vv... Tuy ¢6 hai myc dich khée nhau, nhung thue chét vé nguyén ly khong khéc nhau may, chi khfe & dit kién va muc tigu efn tim, 134Tinh phigt 19 hoi 1A mot bai todn In, phte tap dén nay van chia gidi duoc bing Sy thuyét Unudn wy ma thudng phai ding thy: nghiém két hyp voi ly Luan dong dang nén két god van chi 1a gdn dung, gidi han wone nhitng diéu kign va pham vi nhal dinh. 3.3.1 Cac phutong trinh co ban cdc bé mat truyén nhigt thudmg phi gidi h¢ hai phuong trinh: phuong, trinh cin bing ahi va phuong tink truyén nhiet. Truyén nhict & diy ci thé bite xa, 66 thé 1a d6i lun ciing 66 thé la két hgp cA hai phuong thite. 1. Phuong irink truyén mhiét © day cé hai phuong tinh, phurong, tinh truyén nhigt bie xa gap cht yéu trong budng Lira va phufong trinh truyén nhi¢t déi lu gap 6 sau budng Ika. a. Phuong trink truyén nbiet bang bitc xa Véco che truyén nhigt trong budng lita rat phite tap nhung ta c6 thé hinh dung nhur sau: nhidn lieu trong bu6ng ja chy, tod nhigt, dot nong nhién ligu, sin phém chay, tung 10, cdc bs mat truyén nhigi VA mi chat, v.v.. , ec vat db nhan nhiét va due dot ndng dén nhing nhi¢t dQ khéc nhau, & trung tam ngon Tita cé thé cao dén 100°C hoac hon nifa nung cc bé mat truyén nhigt c6 noi chi may trim d6, do dé gitta ching ludn ludn t6n tai sy trao doi nhigt. Dimg vé mat truyén nhigt, ta c6 thé chia thank hai phan: bé mat tryén ahiét va budng Wa. BE mat truyén nhiet 1a nhitng bé mat ma ben kia tiép xtc voi mdi chal cb nhidt a6 thap nhu nude, hoi hoac Khong khi, cé nhi¢m vy nb§n nliét. Budng lita Va ap hgp tat cd nhimg wat con lai c6 nhiét do cao hon va lam nhi¢m vy tuyén nhigt cho bé mat trayén ni 6 trong, budng Tia vi nhict do 1H cao, trayén nhist bite xa rat manh, mat khéc 1e dQ khdi Kha cham, he scf tod niet d6i Lue rat nhd nén c6 thé tinh theo phuong tinh truyén. nhiét bite xa nhu’ sau: Qn eda b hall =), itegnl (3-15a) ; néu thay y= 6, dutge: On =p. 00 VF 7" -t!) _kilkgnt @-15b) : néu thay Hy, =Fy-% » duge: Qn = Lay.onkttal® -13) eden (3-15) t 135trong dé: o,~ hing so bite xa ella vat den tuyé: doi, cdn goi 1 hang s6 Bolizmann, bing 5.67.10" Win?‘ hoe bing 4.9.10" kell? AK: &-hé so bam dan quy use cla bé mat truyén nbict bing bite xa, phu thude vio dav diém cita bé mat iruyén nhict va nhien ticu, ly theo sé ligu thue nghiem cho trén bing 3 - 1 Bang 3-1. 16 86 bam bdn quy woe cita dan éng Loui din Gng Nhién ligu He s6 bam ban & Ong khong bos Kni 0,6 + 0,8 Diu 0,6 Bot than 0,4 Dan Ong ¢6 gai boe vita eromit Tat cA cde loai 0,2 Dan dag bye gach sand Tal cd cde Logi ON ay - dd den cia budng lita: F, - di¢n tich bé mat vach tudng cé dat dan ng, nr; H,, - dign ich tinh todn bé mit truyén nhiét bing bite xa, phu thudc vio céch bd uf bé mat truyén nhiél, duge tinh theo: Hy. = Fx (3-16) x + he sO gdc cha tudng cd dat dng, cd thé lay trén hinh 3-16, Gi véi din dng tron t . phu thude vio khoang hoe 1 tam 6ng dén tudng vA bude dng tong dGi S/d. Tren dé, dutmg (S) 1a khong tinh dén bie xa cia bio on, edn Lai 18 tinh (1) doi voi 6 > 1; (2) vai ¢ = 08d, (3) voi 6 = 0,5d, (4) vai c = 0; Lo 1-821); 2-¢ = 0,8d w=x.§ - hg so sir dung 3-e+05d; 4-€=0 héu (ch cua bé mat truyén 5 - e20,5d, khéng tinh bUc xa cia tuang Hinh 3-46. Hé 86 géc olia dan dng tron mat dayFJ - net do tring dish ciia budng lita, K; T, - nhiet 9 treng binh cila bé mat iruyén nhiét, K. b, Phucongerinh irayén whiét doi lite Tuy theo déi lugng nhan nhiét tir s phuung tinh, Phuong tinh truyén nhii truyén nhi an phim chay, e6 thé vil duoc hai dng doi lu ti sin phdm chay dén be mat T, ) , kélegn (Bi7a) Phuong (inh tuyén nhiét tir san phém chay qua bé mat truyén nhi¢t dén mdi vhal c6 thé tinh theo: . Qn = Hy -k-At , AllRgnt G17) : trong do: a, - hé s6 toa nhidt déi lun tit san pham chay dén bé mat traySn nhi¢t, thuong gdm phan d6i Iwu don thuan va phan hicu chink anb hung ets bite xa, Wine Ky H,, - dién tich tinh toan bé mat trao déi nhidt dé) tau, or. DOL vGi nhimg cum Gng dat ngodi buGng ltt, dy bang dign tich thue té, d0i voi nhimg bé mat c6 anh huding true tiép cla bite xa ngon Ita thi phai tinh higu chink; J - nhict do trung binh cla sin phdim chily, "C hode Ks T, = nhict dQ tung binh eda bé mat truyén nhigt, “C hoge K, thee T. k - hé s6 truyén niet tir sin phdm chay qua bé mat wu Winr.. én nhiet dén mdi chit, At - dQ chénh nhigt do tung binb gitta sda pham chdy va mdi chat, °C hode K. 2. Phuong trink can bang nhiét Phuong winh can bing nhiét thé hi¢n phan nhign 48 tran di giita sin phim ghdy va mGi chat igo nén su thay doi mot sO thong sO trang thai cia ching nh nhidt do hode entanpi. Vé phia sin phdm chy cé phuong (inh: Qa = oft =I" + ba.1) Rit (-18a) & day: (pho sd bdo Gn, o6 thé tink theo cong thtie: 137qs ntas" o=l- U, 1 - entanpi cha san phdm ch4y khi vao va ra khoi bé mat truyén nhist, Kuikgnl; Aa. 1, - entanpi cla khéng khi lot thém vao bé mat truyén nhigt. C6 thé viét phuong trinh can bing nhict vé phia moi chat. Negoai bé siy khong khf, d6i véi cdic bé mat truyén nhigt khde co: Qa = 26, -i)) (3-18b) B, D - luv lugng moi chat qua bé mat truyén nhidt, ke/hs B, - lugng nhién ligu d6t trong mat gids, kg/ir, i,, iy - entanpi cla méi chat true va sau bé mat tuyén nhigt, U/kg. DOi voi khong khi qua bé sy khong khi c6 thé viet: Qey = BR — Tax) Aen (G-18e) B - 19 le gidta luong khong khé qua bo sy vdi lung khong khi Ly thuyét; Tigo tj, - entanpi cla khong khf tude va sau bd say, Al/A gal. 3.3.2 Tinh nhigt budng Ira Trong budng lita, truyén nhiét chi yéu bing bic xa, ta gidi hé hai phuong tinh, gsm phuong trinh truyén nhiét bing bie xa (3-15 a, b, c) va phtfong trinh can bing nhiét cia san phdm chay (3-18 a). Néu coi khong khf lot khong dang ké va thay entanpi bing nhi¢t dé ta duge: Qe = ol, Tu Két qua 1a due c6ng thite tinh nhiét do san pham chay ra khdi budng Ita, ding khi tinh kiém tra nhur sau: vec g(Ta -T.) (3-18d) Ty = i (3-19) cy tutte ™ “a 138Khi tinh thidt ké, ta duge cong thie tinh bé mat truyén nhi¢t bang btic xa: id (3-190) Negudi ta cfing ed thé tinh theo dé thi bang quan hé: FT. Mya, 2 St) F, 6 day ciin tinh ede dai lung sau: Ta = 1. Quy - nhidt Luong truyén nhiét ti budng lita dén bé mat truyén nhiét bang bite xa, bing Qu ttfe nhiét Luong do sin phém chay mat di, A//kgul, tinh theo cdc cong thie @-18); T, -nict dd ly thuyét eda sin phim chdy, nghia 1a abigt do sin phim chay 6 thé dat dén voi gid thiét [a tt cA nhiet Iuong tod ra chi dng dé gia nhict sin phim chay, I, - entanpi ly thuyét eta sn phdm chay, vdi gid thidt nhu tren, c6 thé tinh theo: 100- (= Q4, HOOT Hs 744 “do QQ = E Vc gt Allkynl (3-20) 100-q, I . “ : SL Ja nhi¢t dung tung binh cia sin phdm chay tir ty dén nhige a Vion do ly uhuyet t,, “ Ty.ty, - entanpi va nhiét dd cia sin phim chéy khi ra khdi budng lita: Qy. -nhidt vat ly do khéng khi mang véo, 6 thé tinh theo céng thite: Qye = (Ga: = Ace Wi + AG Ths Adhd G2) vat ly do kh6ng khf duye gia nhict tir ngudn ben ngoai mang vao. di tinh them nhiét vat ly cia khoi tdi tudn hon nifa. 4 - hG sO khong khi thita 6 clta ra budng lira; Ao... = lugng khong khf thi do khong khf lanh lot vao buéng lira; 1, [y+ entanpi ca khong khi nng va khong khflanh, kik. 1392. M - he si phan bd nhist theo chigu cao dudng lira, c6 dang chung Li: M=A-Bx G-22) ~ hg sé thue nghi¢m, khi ch4y ting lay bing 0,59; khi phun bot nhién tigu rin ay 0.56; phun nhién ligu long va khi Lay 0,54; B - hé s6 thye nghigm, véi nhié: rin lay 0,5; voi nhien Ligu kat va lone lity 02) Co tai ligu cho gid tri trang binh A = 0,52; B= 0,3; x chiéu cao twong doi ca nggn Ita, Jay bing hy/hy, tong d6 h,la khong cdich thang dimg tir day 1d dén tiet dign cd nhigt do cue dai, d6i voi budng lita ghi thong thudng 06 thé coi hy =v x =0, nhumg vi Lop nhign Liga day, 66 thd ly x = 0,155 con hy [a khoiing cach thing ding tit day 1d dén trong tam cita ra cia budng lira, 3. ay - dO den cla buGng hia ¢6 thé tinh theo cong thie: a, +(l-a,)p tS (3-23a) 1-(-a)0- y)~ p) Ya = © day: p= (4) 1A ty sO gitta dign eh ghi 19 R voi di¢n vich vach ung budng lira F,, voi budng lita phun, khong c6 ghi, R =O nén p= 0 va tacc: a 1 ay ard-ajw (3-23b) y - hé s6 sir dung nhiét hu ich trung binh cila clan Ong: - do den cia ngon Ha, tinh theo céng thite: ay = ma, +(1— mag, (3-24) m - hé s6 ty 1g phdn sfng va phdn khong séng giita ngon Ita, phu thudc vao Joai nhien Ligu va cach dot, khi dét nhién ligu Jong va than cé nhiéu chat béc Hy m =0,4 + 0,6, khi d6t than géy, antraxit va khi, [dy m = 0; a,, a,,- d9 den cila ngon lira sing va khong sing, déu 66 dang chung Ta: -os a,=l-e (3-25) Thuong tinh ra va vé thanh dé thi ¢6 truc tung a; va truc hoanh 1 kps. ce = 2,718 la co s6 cua logarit ty nhitn; p18 Sp susit trong budng Lita 06 thé ldy bing 1 bars 140,s la chiéu day hitu hidu dp bée xa cia aggn lita, trong buéng lite cé thé tinh : Vu s=3,6—, m (3-26) F, Vi. = thé Lich cia budng lita, 21%; F, - dign tich wring buéng lita, »?; k -hé s6 kim yéu bite xa cla ngon lite, do trong ngon lita cé khi ba nguyén tit, hyt tro, xi, mé héng, hat nbién ligu chua chy hét, a nhiing thanh phan c6 kha nang hip thy vi phiit bute xa Di voi ngon lita khong sang, cht cO khi ba nguyén tir 12 cd khit ning bite xa, nén ta cd: k =k, .1, (3-27a) ky, - hé sé lam yéu bite xa cla khi ba nguyén Ur, 66 thé tinh theo: O78 +160 156 Mi ates oa] —0,37 ee (3-28a) apes 1000 Ty: fyjo7 thanh phan thé tich khi ba nguyén td vi cla H.O, 06 thé tinh theo: Vio + Vine Vv, = Va Tig = ‘ Po- phan dp suat cia khi ba nguyén tire Po = Paty D6i vdi ngon Ita sang dét ddu va khi, con phdi tinh dén bite xa cia mé hong, khi dé ta c6: kK akon then (3-27b) k, [A hé sd Jam yu bite xa cha mé bong, o6 thé tinh theo: . tT, Nal k= 0,03(2 -a,,) 16—--0,5 Mankgicn? (3-28b} 1000 H —— Ih 1y 86 gitra thanh phéin lam vie cba hydro va cacbon, déi vi nbién ligu khi ed thé tinh: l41cr mm qe REE, (3-29) Voi al, >2 thik, = 0, Doi vGi ngon lita séng dot nhien Ligu rin, din tinh bite xa cua khf ba nguyan tif, tro va hat ede bay theo khdi, ta cé: Kaky.t, +k, ty ty. xy xy (3-27¢) k, - J lam yéu bite xa eda tro, 66 thé tinh theo: _ 4300.9, -4y k, (3-28¢) Px khoii long rigng ctla khéi, o6 thé lay biing 1,3 kg/m: 4, - dung kinh trung binh eta hat tro bay theo khéi, bling khoding 19 = 24 pun ¥Gi buding lira ghi dy bang 20 ars #, - néng dO tro bay theo khdi tinh theo: aya" = keke 3-30) wy G, 100 aiky G-30) A‘ ‘ G, = Io og th 806. VS. Aelkgnt Q-31) ky - h¢ sd 1am yéu buic xz cila hat eée bay theo khdi, lay = 1; X), X»- dai Iugng khong tht nguyén, k ngon Ita, khi dot antraxit va than gay x, = L: dk 0,5; khi dot phun x, = 0,5; dét theo lp x, = 0,03. n anh hudng eba cde hat ede trong than dé, than nau va than bin x, = Khi kigm tra, phai gid thitt ({, dé chon Vey > Cu gid ti inh ra so véi gid thict sai qué + 100°C thi phai tinh lai thee gid thidt mdi. Khi tinh thict ké, ngu hé so sit dung nhigt hitu ich w sai khéc khong qué 5% coi nhu 1a hop ly, khong phai tinh lai. 3.3.3 Tinh nhiét cdc bé mat truyén nhidt déi Inu Trong budng lita, bite xa 14 chil yeu, doi lum tuy 6 nhung chicm ty 1é rat nhé, c6 thé hi¢u chinh trong khi tinh bic xa. Cdn d6i vii cdc bé mat trayén nhist sau dudng Lita, mot mat nhiot dd gidm, trayén nhiét bite xa ySu di, mat khde te dd khoi 142chon 16n hon nhiéu, truyén nhiét bang déi lua tang, chiém ly 16 lén hon do vay Unh theo phuong tinh tuyén nhict déi hm nhung phai higu chinh anh hutmg cha bite xa, ké cA bee xq tryc tip 1 bung hita dén bite xa olla cdc khi ba nguyen tr, tro bui, {rong sin phim chay. C6 thé doing phyong phip tinh todn bode dé thi trén co s6 gidi hé hai phuong tinh can bang nhiét va phuong trinh truyén nhigs bang 464 ru: Qi, = OU = P+ Bor), RelAgHt (-18a) Qa= pHa kat » kiki (3-18b) t Khi tinh ché tao, di biét cc nhigi do cla san phim chdy va m6i chét, ta xdc dinh duge nhiét luong trao déi qua méi bé mat truyén nhiét theo phucng trinh can bing nhiet, sau dé tinh he sé truyén niet k, dO chénh nbigt dQ trung binh At 165 ding phuong tinh truyén nhigt, tinh ra dign tick bé mat truyén nhiét. Khi tinh kiém tra, thutng gid thict nhigi dQ cla san phdm chéy khi ra khoi be mal truyén nhiét, tinh ra Qa, Va Qu: rdi so sfnh, n@u sai khaéc vé nhi¢t do Khoi ra khoi bé mat khong qué + 10°C va nhiet do khong khi néng khong qué £40°C thi qué tinh tinh kiém tra coi nur hodn thinh, néu khong thi phai gid thict Iai nbigt do va tinh lai cho dén khi thod man mdi thoi. Dé tién hinh tinh toan, edn x4c dinh duge céc dai lugng trong cde phugng inh tren. 1. H¢ sé iruyén nhidt k Céo bé mat truyén nhiét trong 18 hoi déu c6 thé tinh theo cong thife truyén nhidt qua véch phing ma khong tuo nen sai sé vugt qué pham vi cho phép, phuong trinh od dang goe 1a: fs 3-322 —s Win K (3-32a) . pony Be a, hy ® A, Ga R - téng nhiét ur’ tir san phdm chéy dén moi chat, 1A gid tri nghich dao cita hg sO truyén nhiét, a. K/W; ay ~ hé sO tod nhigt doi Luu tir be mat truyén nhiét dén mdi chét, Winn K, va Tor, 12 nhict wd doi Leu; 143,8, .A,- Ri chiéu day, ai va hé sO din nhist, Win? K, —" 1a nhist te cla kip tro, Ms de chigu day Idp tro khéng déng déu, nén thuting ding h¢ sé bam bane = ra thay ¢ cho nhi¢t tro, 6 phu thuge vay Joai nhién ligu va div diém bé mat tuyén nhidt thuding lay sé ligu thu nghiém cho theo bing hoac dé thi; Bang 3-2. 116 36° bd bain cic bé mat (ruyén nhiét Nhién lié Cum dng ton Bo ham nude bang gang Nhién ligu rin 0,015 + 0,02 0,03 Dau madut 0,015 0,025 Gs 0,01 0,02 Khi thién nhién 0,005 0,01 8. Ay 5, fA)- chidu day, he soi dén nhigt va nbigt 1d cha bé mat truyén nhigt, vi bé mat truyén nhist c6 2, lén 5, oh nén nbigt tr’ rat hd, thudng c6 thé bo qua; fin nhi (3, 7.) + chiéu day, hd sd d A nhiét trd ctia 6p cau cin bim won bé mat wuyén nhiet. Lae con moi, nhiet wd 6p cau eo thé khong tinh dén, nhung qua qué trink van hinh, néw nude khong duge xir ly thi nhiét 6 edu 1a kl JGn, 06 thé inh hudng nghiem trong dén cong sudt, hicu sudt vA mbat 1a do an cla bé mat trayén nhiét; @, - be sé tod nhict doi lwu giita sin phdm ehdy va bd mat truyén nhiét, g6m doi liu don thudn va he so higu chinh bee xa do sin phdm chéy 06 ee thinh phéin c6 khd nang bis: xa nhu khf ba nguyen tir, t1o, xi, v.v... e6 thi tinh theo: = Eo(ay ty) (3-33a) hoge @, =E,ay tO, (3-34b) So§) - hé sé bao pha, tinh dén su bao phit khong hét cha dong sin phim chély bé mat (ruyén ahidt, trong 1d hei e thd bing 0,9 + 1, thuding oG thé ty bing 1. toa nhigt amg duung cita bue xa. Thue ra khi trao déi nhiét bing a, Hhidt Luong ty 1e voi nbidt do tuyét doi bée cao, khodng 3,6 + 4, cdn trao déi nhigt bang di Inu chi vy 1g bac mot, cho nén déi véi nhimg bé mat tuyén nhiét hang di [uu [a chinh, ta dua vao khéi nigm he sé toi ohist tuong duong cia bite xa dé higu chinh phan trac déi nhict bing bite xa. 144Doi vei dong s4n phdm chéy ed chita tro bui, c6 thé 1fy theo dé thi hode cong thite thye nghi¢m: ty AG) T T, 1-2 T +1 Ogg = 567 10°8 ar Wink.K (3-342) bbsi voi dong sin phim chéy khong chda tro boi, thay so me 4 hing 3,6 te 1a: ry" Ur) Oy, = 587-10 * agth pp AES wiekK G34 b) ih T a, - dQ den ota vieh bé mat trayén nhiét co bam ban, voi Ong thong thudmg. lay pang 0.8, vii Gng bam pan nhiéu Lay bing 0,68; a - dO den cia san phim chy, tinh thee cong thitc cha ngon Lia khong sdng, chi khéc &chicu day hit hidu cita bite xe. Psi voi thé tich khéi don thudn, ding cong thite doi vei budng hika, doi vot thé tich khdi cd dat chim Sng tron, tinh theo: s= aq Se ‘ (3-35) nm od 5. - bude Sng ngang vi doc cia chim Ong, ni, 7 nhicr dd trung bin cba sin pham chay, 06 thé ay trang binh cong nhict do true vA sau bé mat truyén nhiét, K; T, - nhiet dg bé mat teuyén nhigt, K, 66 thé tinh theo nbi¢t dQ tung binh cha moi chit: ty = ie FAR (3-36) tye Dhiés dO trung binh eda moi chat trong pham vi bé mat truyén niet, voi gan Ghg sinh hui bing nist dQ bao hods q- mai dg dong nhiét qua bé mat truyén nhiét, co thé tinh q=Qa/Has R - tong nhign és tir moi chat dén b mat truyén niet, trong 46 phai ké nhiet 1g Ldp tro xi hay 1A he 56 bam bio, con niet try vach kim Joai c6 thé bd qua, cing nhu khong tinh dén nhigt 6 16p edu clin. Trong cdc 6 lay cho vac $6 eu dé tinh 1, img voi cdc bé mat truyén nhiet. 145Gq ~ he sé toa nhiét déi lu don thudn, phu thuge vio ban chat, nhiés do, ché do chuyén dong cha mdi cht cing nhur dic diém cia bé mat truyén nhidt, o6 thé tinh theo dé thy hode c6ng thite x4c 14p trén co sd thuc nghi¢m: _ Doi wi ddng eft ngang chim Gng song song 66 thé dling d6 thi hoge cOng thite: ass Oy -024(24) preicy.c,, War K (3-37) avy Cong thie ding duge trong phar vi Re = (1,5 + 100), 10, Trong dé ¢, hidu chinh vé s6 day dng z, tinh theo 45 thi hoe cong thie: 6, =0,91 + 0,015.@ - 2), khiz < 10 c= khiz > 10. ¢, -hé s6 hieu chinh bude Sng, tinh theo d6 thi hoge cong thite: oe ceelteaa,-af-3) 1a bude Sng tong dé: ngang va doc cia chim Sng, khi o, = 30, 2 d d o, 22 vig, S15 lay = 1, khi o, <2, va 9, >3 lay c, =3 thay vao cong thefe tren; hv - he 86 déin nhiet va dg nhéa cia san phim chéy 6 nhigt dO trung binh, d 1a duding kinh ng, 275 1a We dd cha ding sin phim chéy, tinh theo cong thie: B,-Yy- (te +273) oz te 3600. F.273 Y,, - thé tich khdi tao ra khi d6t chy J kg nhién Yigu ran, long hose Lonttc nhién ligu khi, nv tel kent hodc atte nvtent, ,mis -38) F - di¢n tich hu dong cila khoi, tinh Gi tiét din hep hat, 2173 pr - iu chudn déng dang Pring cia sin phém chdy, ede gid tri Idy theo nhict do trung binh cia san phém chiy; - Doi vai dong c&t ngang chim Sng so le cling tra theo 46 thi hoac tinh theo cong thite: oo ey -h(%) pr e,.c, (3-37) 146prong dé: 2. v, 0, d, Pr tinh nhu trong cong thite trén, cin cde hé s6 khéc tinh mhu sau c, - hé s6 hiéu chinh vé sé day ng, 6 d6 thi hodc tinh theo cong thtic: vc, = 3.12.0". 2,5 voi z.< 10 va 3, <3 co, =4.2""- 3,2 voiz< 10 va o, 23 c=) vai 2210 ¢, - hé sé hidu chinh vé bude Sng theo chiéu doc dudng Khoi, tra dé thi hoe tinh theo céng thite: ¢, = 0,34. pt! vdi 0,1 <@, S17 ¢, = 0,275. 90% vai LT <9, $4,5 vas, <3 ©, 034.9," vai o, 23 trong d6: Po = 6, =—9) +033 4 o; 1 - Déi v6i dong chay doc theo chim Sng, tra 6 thi hoac tinh theo céng thie: 08 a .d 1 ay -0232 (2s) Pre, .c4-¢, G31) dg v trong dé: dig = G4F/u) , 7, 18 dung kinh tyong duong cba dong, trong dé F 14 dign tich ligt dién, n7, va w IA chu vi uot tite 18 chu vi 06 tiép xe v6i moi chat, or; ca hg sO higu chinh do sy khéc nhau vé nhigt 49 gitta méi chat vA véch, thudng 06 thé ty gin bang 1. a h¢ $6 higu chinh vé tiét dign Sng, véi ding duge 46 néng déng déu cd thd lay gén bing 1. c,~ he s6 higu chinh vé chigu dai tung adi cla Cng, Khi ; > 50 lay bang |, khi + 50 tra d6 thi hoae bang sO thye nghi¢m = Céc dang cy thé cia hé 86 trayén nhiat k, Cong thie (3-32 a) 1 dang ede, téng quét nhat, nhung 06 thé rat gon cho timg bé mat cu thé. 1478 Boi véi bo qué nhiet e6 thé bd qua 5% va thay 6 = o , dure cong thife: * 1 = oa (Wine. K (3-32b) k= = 1 1 i —ter— I[tle+r— JO, a a a : 8 : Vi bp ham nude, 6 thé b} qua=~ . nhume khong cé 6 Lign ddy di vé do indi bin non thuong dua thém he s6 sit dung & xc dinh bang the mghiem bing 0,65 + 0,85 va tinh theo: k=E =e SS Wink G320 1 + a, +h tykh a, 2. D6 chénh nhiét d6 trung bink giita sén pharm chay va moi chat At ‘rong didu kign cling nbiét d dau va nhig dd cudi cita cde chal ling, dd chénh nhitt dé trung binh phy qhude vao chiéu chuyén dong tuong doi gitta ching. Khi chang chuyén dong nguye chiéu nhau, duge Ate cS gid ii kin nhat, khi chuyén dong thuan chigu, diye Aty 6 gid ui nhd nat, khi niet d9 moi trong hai chat khéng thay d6i thi At. = So. Ta cd thé tinh nhu sau: = Khi Atyo/ Mla S 1,7, 08 thé iy trang binh cong: Ae 3 (Ager + Abaua) 9 (3-33) ~ Khi Atga/Atan > 17, voi trréng hop don thudn thudn hay nguge: A At = Shon Minin 9 (3-335) Anas In At moni Abgays Ayan ~ Rieu nhigt dd gitia nai moi chat & pha 6 d0 chénh nbies do 16n nhat va bé nhat, “C. Trong, civ trutng hop khong don thudn thuan hay nguge, kién Aty, 20,92 Mage » 66 thé tay: we in néu thod man diéu 148At = = (4 + Ate) (B-33c) Céc trutng hop cdn fai, tinh thea: AE = Atyae (3-33d) Trong 45 @ [a he 86 higu chin, tuy thude vao so dd Inu déng tuong déi gitta hai dong, c6 dé thi thyc nghiém cho ttmg trudng hgp cu thé. 3. Dién tich tink todn bé mat trayén nhiét déi lin Hy Tay theo digu kién truyén nhiet, kich thudc vA cdch b6 tf bé mat v.v..., dién tich Linh todn bé mat trayén nhigt déi luu sé khdc nhau. Doi vdi céc cum ong hoi, lay bing dign tich mat ngoai, titc 12 mat tip xdc véi sin phdm chéy cia ong, V6i bd sily khong khf kidu Ong, ldy dign tich bé mat Ong trung binh, tinh theo duing kinh trung binh cia dng. Tren co s& xde dinh cde dai lyong trén, ta tién hanh tinh nhiet c4c bé mat truyén nhiét doi lu, Khi tinh kiém tra, ta chon mét gid tr] nhiét do san phdm chéy sau bé mat truyén nhiét, tinh va so sdnh gid ti cha Q,, vi Qa nim trong pham vi cho phép thi théi. Thutng cing ding phuong phép dé thi, bing céch chon hai gid tri nhiét dQ. tinh ra hai gid tri Qu, va Q,, biéu dién tren toa do ¢6 truc tung 1a Q va true hoinh 13 nhigt do; giao diém gitta Q., va Quy (hinh 3-17) cho ta gid ti ca nhiet d9 sin pham chay sau bé mat truyén nhiét va nhiét Luong tra déi. @ (Al /kgh c ty ‘” ty 1, Khor that Hinh 3-17, X&c dinh nhiét d6 san phdm chay. 1493.3.4 Cac bude cua bai tinh nhiat Thutdng tign hanh theo cdc bude: 1. Chudn bj cdc sigu ban d4u va tign hanh cdc bai tinh phu Cy thé 1a phai c6 di sé Lieu v8 ede tao nhu hinh dang, kich thudc cia thiét bi, cong sudt dinh mic, thong so hoi, cia nude cap, dac tinh cilia nhien ligu, v.v... Phai Unh tude thé tich va entanpi ciia khong khf cing nhu cila sin pham chdy & cde vi tof khdc nhau, nhu G tra ra budng lita, trutic va sau cde bé mit truyén nhiet, tre khi vdo Ong khoj thai ra ngodi, vv... 2. Xde dinh hiéu suat, cdc Joai t6n that va mic tiéu hao nhién li¢u 3. Tinh nhiét cho cde bé mat trayén nhiét Tir bung lia cho dén Sng Khoi, O day edn xéc dinh hinh dang, kfch thude cde bé mat truyén nhiét dé thod man nhu cu coa ho str dung, néu 4 tinh ché tao, con Gi vii tinh Kigm tra, edn tinh dure Tugng nhi¢t da trav déi, nhist d6 truce va seu ting bé mat truyén nhist va nhiét do Khoi thai. Sau khi tinh vfin kiém tra cdc kéi qua xem 06 phi hop véi cdc quy chudn vé ky thudt, kinh t@ va an toan hay khong. 3.4 CHON KIM LOAI VA TINH SUC BEN CAC BE MAT TRUYEN NHIET Thiel bi 1d hoi IX mot trong nhimg thiet bi iam vige trong diéu kign khéc nghiCt, niu chi tiét Lim vigc dudi ap sual cao, 06 nhimg chi tiét con chiu nhiet do cao nifa nén phdi hét ste than trong, khong chi tinh vé mat kinh t€, k¥ thuat ma phai tinh dén cd diéu kien an toan. 3.4.1 Biéu kién lam viée cla ede chi tiét trong Id hoi Cée chi tiét cba 18 hoi Lam viée duGi nhimg diéu kign khée nhau. C6 nhing chi {ict lam vigc & Ap suat va nhiet do hdu nhu binh thadmg nhu khung 1d, ciic san phuc Wu V-¥.0 , 66 nihiing chi tiét chiu dp sudt cao nhumg niet do khong cao kim ahr bo ham nude, baléng, din Ong nude, Sng gdp, v.v... CS nhimg chi tiét Jam vide duéi ahigt do cao nhung 4p suat binh thutmg nbir bd sy khong Khi, céc chi tigt treo dé trong ving nhist dO cao va khé khan nhét 1a nhling chi tigt Him viee trong diéu kién vira dp suat cao vita nhiét d6 cao nhu bO qué nhigt. Do vay déi vGi ning chi tiet phai chon nguyén vat ligu va phuong phdp gia COng thich hap, dim bao céc chi tieu an toan, kY thuat va kinh 1 150Ta bidt 18 khi lam vide dui nhiét dO cao, cde chi tiét chiu nhiéu anh hung khong tot nhu: - Khi nhict 6 tang, ste bén cia kim loai ban diiu ting 1én doi chuit, nhung r6i piim dan dén mot nhigt 9 ndo d6 thi stic bén gid dot ngot. - G nhiat d0 cao, kim loai dé bj an mon, mdi mat do bj Oxy hod manh khi vugt qué mot nhiét do nat dinh, mat khdc cn c6 thé bi An mbna do tée dung cita hei nude thee phin img: 3Fe +4H,O -> Fe,0,+ 4H, (3-34) Hy sinh ra c6 thé khit C tong thép, nhat 1 khi tée do cham, Khodng dudi 10 mfx, Tam cho thép bi bé. Thép cachon bi an mon nhanh ahdt & nhigr do tren dui 500°C, - Khi ting nhiét do khong déng déu sé tgo nén Gng suat nhiét nhat 18 doi voi bé mat truyén nhiét qué day hode day méng khong déng déu, doi khi ri¢ng ung sudt nhiét ciing c6 thé ph huy cde bé mat truyén nhiét. Tuy theo diéu ki¢n chju 4p sudt va nhiét 46 khéc nhau, trong 10 hoi thudng ding cdc kim Logi nfut gang, thép. Gang c6 tinh chju nén 161, it bi an mon va mai mon, dé gia céng bing dtc lai ré tién, nhumg chiu kéo, udn va va dap kém, lai khé gia cong bing han. Thép cachon théng thudng cing khong dat, & nhist do khong qué cao thi suc khé 161, chiu duge cd nén, kéo, udn va va dap, dé gia cong nhdt 1a han, nhung, & bi an mdn, mai mdn, dae bier 14 sic béa gidm dot ngd khi vuck qua mot nhigt 40 khoang 450 + 500°C. Trong ché tao 13 hoi, vin con ding thép cacbon thong thutmg, nhiéu khi you cu chat luong Iwyén kim cao hon, 06 ky higu them chit K nhu cae loai thép tim CT.3, CT.3K, 15K, 20K, 22K, 25K hay cdc loai ng thép khong han 10, 20, v.v... Doi véi ohiing bo qué nhiét sn xual hoi trén 450°C, d6i vi 16 hoi siéu cao Ap cA dan Gng, balong, v.v... , thudng duge ché tao bing thép hgp kim, ttc 1a thép 3G tham m6t ty 1é kim loai mau nhu molipden, crm, vanadi, v.v... , dé tang them sie bén va trénh bi ri, tuy nhién thép hop kim dat hon, gia cong cing khé hon. 3.4.2 Tinh sic bén mot s6 chi ti8t trong Id hoi I. Muc dich va nguyén tae Khi ({nh ché tao can xde dinh kich thuée, nhét 1a chiéu day din thiét. Khi tinh kiém tra cn xéc dinh 4p suit cho phép pha hyp voi kim loai va diéu kién 1am vige ctla chi 1iét d6, 1SNguyen t4e chung cila cA hai cach Uinh 1a A604 vei mi chi tet, ké cd chi 1ict yeu nha cain dim bo img suai cho phép phdi ludn lun 1én hon hoge bing tng sudt Jam vige ti da cba chi tiét dé. Ung swat lam vide ty thude vao diéu kien chiu lai, cOn ting sudt cho phép tuy thuge vo kim loai ta chon va diéu kien nhitt do. 2. Xée dinh diéu kién lam viée cia bé mat truyén nhiét Diing ra phdi xde dinh nhiét dO cao nhat cua véch, nhung nhiéu khi lai lay theo nhuét 46 trung binh. Nhiét dd cia vach bé mat truyén nhiét c6 thé tinh theo nhiét dé cia khoi hoie nhigt dé cha moi chat, nhung thudng tinh theo nhiét dO cla mdi chat Vi n6 it thay dédi hon. Ta 6 nist do vach: ty = Une Oba Tne $4, (3-35) At - dO chénh gitta nhiét dO vach va nhi¢t do moi chal, né phy thugc vao phy tdi nhigt hay mat do dong niet q, Win? va tong nhiet tre tr moi chat den bé mat tinh ton R,. Téng nhiét tr c6 thé tinh nhu sau: Néu 18 véch phing, 1éng nhiét tré tir moi chat dén bé mal tiép xbe véi nd c6: R, = vanes: aw (3-36a) (3-36b) Nhiégt 46 trung binh elia véch: bor bas (2 8 } , t, =———~ = t,. +4] —t— ].°E 3-360) © 2 me +4 ak, ¢ ) Néu la v4ch tru niet trér tir moi chat dén mat vach 1iép xtc: an dy ; Ra = va dén mat bén kia 1a R,, et yt yg tacé: Rd, mda, 2A d, 152L ot = hme +4 aC (3-37a) 1 1 toe = tye t4,{ = t ae 3-37b; hoae: , by = lye 4h —.bf1+28)) 6 (3-370) ma, ar Wd 5 day q. Win, 1h mat dQ dong nhi¢t qua | at chigu dai Ong, 06 tée gid ding mat do dong nhiét qua |? bé mat ngodi Gng q, = a, Wine va lic dé nhict do ad. tung binh ela vach Gng due tinh theo: B Go ty te +4, sha, inp) @-37d) an * néu biéu dién InB dui dang cap 36 duge: ta = be $4 (3-370) uong dé: B= 4° 6 la chidu day, my; 4 1a he s6 dan nhiét cua ng. qd Tircde cong thife tren ta undy: _Nhidt dé cla vach bé mat truyén mhiet phy thuge vo mat dQ dng hiet, khi mat do dong shiét 1m thi At 1én va ty 1on. ~ Nhigt do vach phu thuge vio he s6 10d nhigt tir véch dén moi chit a. ton th} ‘At nh’, ty nha, do vay trong dan Sng lén, nu dam bio moi chat chuyén dong Lot, $6i bot thi @, 16n, t, nhé, nhumg néu tudn hoan khong tO s& tao thAnh cde ti hoi gidm a, sé Lam ting nhigt dQ v4ch 6 thé gay nén sit cd. =o chénh mhigt d6 giita hai mat vaeh Gng tang [én khi he s nhigt nhd, Guimy kinh Gng nko va chiga day Ion, diéu d6 66 thé tao nén ting sual mhiet Lon, vi vay doi vdi ede dan 6ng len o6 dutmg kinh tuung doi ahd, chiéu day khong nén qua bom, voi ofe balong, dung kich 16n hon, mat dO ddng nhier abs hun, chigu diy cfing khong nén qué 30 mnt.céng thifc trén 1a tinh d6i vdi Ong sach, néu da bi cdu can bd yao thi nhi¢t dd vach sé tang dang ké vi hé so din ohiet cia cau kha nhd, nen nhiee td rat lon. Thuong cling phai tinh dén su phan bé nhiét khong ddng déu theo cdc viing dat Sng va theo cA chu vi cia Ong nita. 154 ~ Voi along dat ngodi dudng khdi, c6 thé ldy nhiet do véch bing nhiét do bao hoa cia moi chat & 4p sudt trong balong: fa = be - Visi along dat trong dudng khdi, cé boe eich nhiét: fey = hye + LOC Néu khong bgc cach nhiét ma nhiét do kh6i duci 600°C: he = My + 30°C Néu ahist do kh6i cao hon va tre tiép vGi ngon Ha: te = ty + 100°C - Voi Ong sinh hoi lay: to = bye + OC - VGi Ong xodn bg ham nude: fa = Tye + 30°C - Voi Sng xodn bo qué nhiet: ty = ty, t 40°C - Vii ng gdp dat ngoai dudng khéi: fy =the Voi Ong gp dat trong dudng khdi, c6 boc edch nhidt wt: Néu m6i chat La nude hodc hén hyp nude véi hei: Ue t 1OC ly Néu la hoi Lay: + 30°C V6i Ong gp khong boc c&ch nhi ty =U Néu 1A nude hoae hén hop nude véi hoi 1dy: fo = tne + 30°C Néu 1a hoi ify: dat wong dutng khdi dudi 600°C: (3-38d) (3-39a) (3-39) (3-39¢) (3-404) (3-40b) (3-40¢) (3-40d)to = tne 7 SOC (3-40) O day: 1"... 18 nbiét dé tinh todn ca moi chat, Ldy nhu sau: doi voi Sng gdp bO ham nude léy bing nhiét dé cao nhat cla nude trong bo bam, véi Ong gdp hoi bio hoa cia b6 yud nhiét dy bing nhict do hoi bio hod, véi Gng gop vio cla hoi qué nhidt ldy bing t,, + 10°C, v6i Sng gop ra ciia hoi qua nhict Idy bang 1, + 0,5AL. 3. Xde dinh ting sudt cho phép eita kim logi Ung sudt cho phép cita céc kim logi & nhigt 69 Khée nhas duge xdc dinh tren co sé thuc nghigm, cho trong cée bing, nhung khi tinh ton, con phai tinh dén anh huéng cia cdu tao vi diu kign Jam vigée cba chi tigi, nén thutmg nhan them hé sci hicu chinh y < J. Thi dy nhu doi v6i balong ndi véi cde Ong bing phyong phap hin, dat ngoai dudng khdi hoge cach nhist it, lay y= 1s khi dat trén dutmg khdi ly 11 = 0,90. Con d6i voi balong noi véi Ong bing phuong phap nuc, khong bj dé nong lay n = 0,95, c6 dot néng lay 1 = 0,85. Khi khong c6 bang, 6 thé tinh theo gidi hyn bén og hode gidi han chay o¢ hode gidi han bén lau dai o,, Véi cée cong thtic sau: o Khi t, $ 260°C lay o, =, Mim? 3-41a ia Y Sn 355 ¢ ) Khi 260) < ty $ 400°C , Idy theo gid tri nhd hon wong hai gid tri: t Saye = ode gy = EE, Wl! (3-41b) Khi ty > 400°C, ly gid tri nhO hon trong hai gid ui: o. s 6, = hoa a, =, Nin! (3-4l¢} = Teg PO Pe = Tes ) 4. Mat s6 cong thite tinh ste bén a. Vinh site bén phdu hinh tru cites belong vd Ong gop Tren cg sii kign thie stic bén vat liga, két hop véi diéu kign lm viée cu thé, 66 thé dita ra nhiing cong thtte inh cho moi chi tiét, sau diy gidi thigu cong thife tinh mot sO chi tiét chiu 4p sudt tir bén trong va phan b6 dong dau. Khi tinh ché tao ta ding cong thie: p.D, 20 mm +S ep —P +C,nam (3-424) 155hoe: »D ae Cyan (3-42b) 2@ nme Sep +P Khi nh kiém ua, ding: 2 SF, poe Se apa (3-42) D,+s trong dé: p-!3 dp sult, MPa hoge MN/n? hode Ninn? DOi voi baléng va Sng gop dud can cong them ap sadt thuy (inh tinh theo Ap = 0,01H MPa va chi tinh khi Ap > 0.025p 3 H 1a chigu cao cot nuée trén ba long hogs Sng pdp, mr 8 - chiéu day chi liét hink try, mun; D,, D, - dudng kinh trong va ngoai cia chi tiét hinh iru, ma: S.,- tng sudt cho phép cia kim loat & nhigt do Lam viee, MNAn®: C- he sé higu chinh vé d6 diy, ké dn anh hung vé cong nghé ché tao, lay C pb, 290.5 -P = Lauukhis-C= < 20 mm va C = 0 khi s - C> 20 nun. Di vGi Ong gop vd Ong din tinh C = A.(s - C), trong dé A 1a he so phu thude vio sai si cho phép vé bé day vach ing, vai dng gdp lay A = 0,05 + 0,18; véi one din ky A =0,1 + 0,2; @- hé sO bén, ké dén sy lam yéu halong do cé khoan 15 len than hay do néi bang hin hoje tin rive, noi bing han @ = 0,7 = 1, néi bing tin rive @ = 0,7 = 0,83, gu 6 khoan IS phai tinh theo t¥ I¢ tit dign gita phan vach c6 khoan 16 vA phan Wich khong khoan 16, nhung trong mgi trudng hop hé so bén phdi lon hon 0.3, trong cong thie diing h¢ s6 nhd nhit @,,,. N&e balong ni bing rivé phai tinh site hén doi ¥6i ban than rivé, ncu balong dai én 8m céin phai kidm tra vé uGn, b. Tinh ste bén ita déy Thudng gap nhat 1a day ellip, vdi baléng nhd hay Gng g6p v6i 4p sudt khong cao lim o6 thé gap diy phing bode dy nén, cing doi khi gap day cau. ~ ¥Gi day cau, 66 thé tinh chiéu day theo cong thie gan ding: Sy= = smut (3-43a) Soy 156- VGi day ellip, ding: D 5, =e Ot eam (3-43) 45.,-p 2H cn trong dé: C- he so higu chinh vé bé cay cita dy, theo kinh aghiém chon 0,2 < H/D, < 0,3 dé gidm 14¢ hai cia img sudt tp trung. Khi day ci khoan 16, lim gidm tng sudt cho phép, phai tinh thom hé s3 Z = | - (GAD), trong 45 d la dung kinh 15. Khi tinh kiém tra, ldy gid ti nbd hon ctia ap sudt theo cong thiic tinh day va cong thite tinh phan hinh tru. - VGi day phdng thudng ding cho céc Gng gép hoe ba long ed dudng kinh nhd dudi 500 mm, duge tinh theo cong tht Sy = 0,93.5. 1mm (3-43c) tong dé: S - chigu day hinh tru, nm. Ngoai ra phai kiém tra dé thod man hai digu kien 1a: P s , [Z}e(S) w ,{2 5 va (: | < 29(- = 5] ) cd Néu khing thoa min (a) thi lay S, = S; néu khong thod man (b) thi tang S cho iboa man 16i cho vao cong thife (3-42). Khi déy ¢6 khoan 14, bi lam yéu, phai_ tinh theo cong thee: _ 0938 $,=-—— d 1-0.3{ } dD, Trong moi trudng hop, chiée day cla day phing khong duye lay nhé hon chiéu day phén hinn tru. (3-43)Tu cde cong thie tinh cde chi tiét hinh tru cing nhu day, ta thy: dudi tae dung cia cing mot 4p sudt p, néu dudng kinh phan hinh try cing 16n thi chiéu day phan hinh tru cing Idn, nhu vay thiét bj cng nang né, 16n kim loai ma tng suat nhigt do dQ chénh nhi¢t do mat trong va mai ngoai cla Sng qué lén. Do vay, khi thiét ké ede chi tiét chiu 4p luc, céin chon bé mat truyén nhigt 66 dudne kinh ohd, nhima cing lm ¥ 18 khi duémg kinh nhé, td luc tang ma éng cing dé bi can can 1am tac néu 18 Ong nude khong xi ly t6t. Tuy nhién cling 6 ltic kho trinh khai mat phang, mhung Iie dé phai chi ¥ tim edch gia cuvng thoa ding. 3.5 CHE BO NUGC VA CHAT LUONG HOI Ché do nude va chat Lung hoi c6 anh huéng rat lon, truéc hat 1a dén site bén, tudi thy cla cde bé mat truyén nhi¢t, sau dG 1a anh hudng dén cong sudt, higu suit cia Wd hoi, cdn e6 thé anh huémg dn qua tinh cong nghé cia hd sir dung hoi. 3.5.1 Ché dé nude 1d hoi 1. Dae tinh cla nube thién nhién Nuée trong thién nhien thudng c6 1an tap chat, c6 thé & thé rin, thé long hoae thé khf, Tap chat 6 thé rin con 06 thé chia thanh may loai: = Chat hod tan, c6 kich thuGe rat nhé, dudng kinh tung binh dugi 10 nun, & trong nude cic chit nay c6 thé 16n tai dudi dang ion, thutng gap chi yéu ede ion sau: Ca’, Mg"*, Na’, K*, HCO;,SO7 ,CI” - Chat keo, 06 dudng kinh khodng 10% + 107. = Chat bin 1 nhing chat khong hoa tan, cd v6 co lan hitu co, dutmg kinh hat 2 109 aii. N6i chung ed¢ tap chat & dang nao cfing c6 anh hutmg xdu dén higu qua van hanh va tudi tho cua thiét bi sinh hoi. 2. Cée chi tiéu vé chat long Trong cong nghé 1d hoi, thuding chi ¥ céc chi tigu sau: «. 06 pll La mot trong nhting chi tigu quan trong, no biéu thi tinh chat acid hoae tinh chat kiém cia nude. Nude nguyén chit e6 tinh chat trang hoa, trong nude d6 chi cé Khodng, mot phéin mudi trigu phan tit nude phan ly thank ion H* va OH theo: HO 1584 H' + OH, trong nue nguyén chat & 22°C, néng do cdc ion H? = OH’ = 107 gilit, Ta dinh nghia ¢o pH: pH = -Ig(H"] (G-44) Nhu vay nude trung hod c6 d0 pH = -Ig(}0"] = +7. Dua theo @0 pH, thudng phan nutic ra céc loai: DO pH < 5,4 1 nuée c6 tinh chat acid manh, pH = 5,5 chat acid yu, pH = 6,5 + 7,5 18 nuGe trung tinb, pH chat kiém y€u, pH > 8,5 18 nuée ¢6 tinh chat kiém manh, 6,5 18 nude cd tinh 8,5 1a nude oS tinh Tuy thude vio dg pH cila nuée ma céc acid Min trong nude c6 cdc edip phan ly khdc nhau. Thf du véi acid silic, khi pH <7 hau nhu khong phan ly than ion, khi 7 < pH < 11, chi phan ly & cdp thit nat theo: H,SiO, @ H' +HSiO; (3-45) Khi pH > 11 66 phan ly ed thit hai: H,SiO; <> H* +SiO; (3-45b) Thi du khée, véi acid cacbonic, khi pH < 4,3 acid khong phan Ly, khi pH = 8,3 + 8,4 thi toin bd phan Ly theo edfp tht nhat: H,CO, oH” + HCO; (3-45e) Khi pH > 12 thi phan ly hoan toin theo cap thit hai: HCO, @ H* +CO; (3-454) Tuy theo cdp phan ly cba acid trong nude o6 dd pH khée nhau, ¢6 thé gitip ta khdo sat qué trinh hinh thinh cdu ean trong 1 hoi, vi cde anion c6 thé lign két voi ede ion kim loai hinh thanh cde chat ¢6 d hoa tan khée nhau, Thi dy doi voi nude o6 dd kiém yéu, pH = 8,3 + 8,4, trong nude chita cht yéu 1a céc ion HCO, ma nhiing lien ket voi nd nhu canxi va magié bicacbonat [a nhiing lién két dé hod tan trong nuéc, khé dng céu. Con déi voi nade c6 dO kiém manh, pH > 12, chifa cht yéu 18 ion cacbonat CO}” ma nhiing lien kct vi nS nhu canxi va magié cacbonat Jai rt kho hod tan, dé tach ra va tao thiinh céu can. b. Dé cing La chi ti¢u het siic quan trong, nd biéu thi tng ndng dO cdc ion Ca’ va Mg” 6 trong nude va cling 1a kh nang bam cau cin tren be mat truyén nhiét, thuémg do bing dd cimy Duc hoac dd cting milligam duong lugng. Do cimy Die: WH = 10 mg Cadilit. 15910 ong milligam dutmg Luong 1 medic tang duong, vEi 20,04 mg CaP*Hit hoge 12,16 Me"it. Dé dei do cling Dike ra dd cing mg dutong lweng edn nian yGi 0.35663 hode chia cho 2,804, 6 nhigu nude, con ding cde don vi do eting Khde nhau, thi dy mot dio cting Prép bing 10 mgCuCO,lit, & Anh bing 10 mgCaCOs0.7 lit, G MY bing 17 mgCaCO flit. Dua theo 6 ctng, ¢6 thé chia nue thinh cdc loai: - Nude rit mém, ¢6 49 cting < PH. _ Nude mém 6 dg cig bing 4 + 822. _ Nude binh thuding 06 do cig bing 8 + 16°H. = Nuc cig c6 dd cing bing 16 = 30%. _ Nude rat etmg 66 d citing bing > 30°//. Do cimy con chia ra do cung tam thot va do cting vinh ctu. Do cing tym thd [A 49 etme gdm Ca(HCO,),, Mg(HCOs)o5 Vv + 6 thé khir duge dudi nhict dO cao, cdn dd cing vinh cin: khong Khir duge bing nhigi, ting dd c(mg tam thdi va dé ctmg vinh ctu goi 18 do cting toan phan. © Dé kid Biéu thi tdng him lugng HCO, ,CO? ,OH (hydrat) va ede mudi cua nhimg acid yéu khae. Tuy theo thinh phiin, 66 thé chia ra thin phn do kim bicacbonat, cachonat, hydvat, phosphat, silica, v.v... DO kiém oo dah huting xu dén chit lugng cia hoi va di tho cla cdc bé mal truyén nhigt. Ngoai cde chi tiéu tren doi khi cba ding d@ can hose d6 khd két ute 1A tang ham hygng céc vat chat cOn Tai sau khi cho nude bay hei het, don vi Ta maflit. 2. Tée hai eta cde tap chat a Cthe tap chat khi nut 0, CO, HS, vo Cée tap chat kh nur Os, COs, HSS, v.v.. 06 te dyng kich thich qué trinh dn mon hod hoe va ditn hod ode 6é mit kim loai. Thuong phii khir bét cde chat khi ing céich gia uhi¢t theo nguyén IY, nhigt dO ctng cao thi kha nang hoa tan khi cng gidm, do vay khi gia nbigt nude trong b) Khir kh th) ede chat kh tich ra Khoi nude va duge thai ra ngoai. b. Cac tup chat rin 160Ce tap chit rin 6 thé tich ra thank cu can bam vao cée bé mat truyén nhiét nh trong bd ham mute, dan Ong sinh hei, bo qué nhiét, v.v. va gay nén nhiing tae hai ral nguy hiém. Sés d¥ cae iap chal tach ra duge, mot mat 12 do vi nhigr dQ tang tht do hea (an trong, nude et nhiGu logi mudi gidm xudng; mai khée, khi van hinh, nuGe lién tue bee hoi trong khi lugng tap chit hdu nhu khong thay di, am cho néng d6 tap chit trong nvée 18 tang len, khi vugt qué ndng do bao hoa thi tich ra, c6 thé dong thin cau can, cudi cbng, con do tac dung hod hye ofing abu tée dung nhiet nhieu lap chal o6 thé phan huy thank hing chat khé hod tan, dong lai thanh edu can Nhur vay, digu kign dé déng céu ein 05 thé 1a: néu tich so néng 49 ion cia mot chat nao dé trong dung dich Kin hon tich 86 9 hod tan te tich sO ndng do ion 8 trang thai bao hol thi pha omg sé téch ra khdi dung dich. Tich sof dg hoa tan dung dich noi chung phy thuBe vio nhiet do, nhiét do ring, tich sé d6 phan nhigu 1a gidm. Tuy theo qué tinh hinh than, ta phan ra céu so cfip va cdu thit cép. Cau so cp 18 céu sinh ra va bam ngay 1én bé mat truyén mhi¢t, cdn céu téch ra trong nude khong thai kip thi, tich tu lai r6i moi bam Ten bé mat mdt gyi Ja edu thet cap. Nhung div lit edu thtt cap hay 18 so edp, khi bam len be mat thi Lam cho qué tink (cuyén nhiél gap thém mot nhiet U6 rat cing ké, n6é lim giam nang suat, gidm higu suit vai tang déing ké nhiet do vach. Ta bit 1a mat do dong nhist 4, Wine, truyén tir sin phdm chéy dén moi chit voi dp chénh nbigt dQ irung binh At, °C, cd thé tinh thea: AL ER? trong d6 ER 1a téng mhiét wi, 66 thé tinh: TReRy th Ra t Rar (3-47) Raa - nhigt tré doi uu tir san phim ehdy déa vach, nu 1a vaéch phang co: q= Wine (3-46) Ray = 4 He KW (3-47a) a, Ray - nhict 1% dOi Luu tir véch dén moi chat, néu La vach phing cd: Rao = + ne KW (3-47b) a, TRyy - long nhidt te din nhiét, khi cdn sach, bing nbiet wo véch: 8/, rit nho 6 thé bd qua, khi 6 edu thi them nhiét tre cha céu 6/A, la ding ké dd chiéu day Lop cdu chi mot vai mm, vi he sO din nhi@t 2, cila céu rél nh6, voi céu chi bing 0,11 + O18 WineK, céu silicat bing 0,058 + 0,23, efing cé loai kin hon, bang 161khong 4-4 Win.K). Khi 06 tro xf bin thi e®n phi tinh them nigt 146 cia wo xi, thudmg goi li he sé bam bain, ‘Thr cong thite (3-46) ta thy: ~ Néu cing do chenh nhigt do At thi khi tong nhiet wis ting, mat dO dong nhigt gidm, lam gidm nang sudt thict bj. = Khi vidi nguyen q, n€u DR tang thi At king trong diéu kien nhigt d} moi chat yeu cau gift nguyen thi nhigt dp tung Binh ctia Kids Ling, nghia Ta nhict dq koi ra iho bé mat truyén nhict tang, c6 thé dnh hitmg dén diéu kign Fam vige ng mal 1iép theo va cudi cing tang ahiét do khéi thai, giam higu suat nhict sn nhigt tré 1p cau Ham cho nhigt d bE mat vaeh tang Ten mot lung (4. i), khi nhi@t tro kop cau Idn, mhigt dg vach o6 thé dat 163 gid Ir} nguy Ngodi 1a cde tap chit eda 66 we dyng thie d@y qué tah an mon kim loai, thudng thé hign dudi dang an mdn cuc bd, tao nén ning hd sau, nhtng ke nit, VW 3. Cée bign phap xii ly mbc Dé dn tée hai ella ede tap chit trong nude pay nen d6i vi TO boi, agua tinting guy dinh chat linmg made hoae do day kip edu ean cho phép. Oi voi lS hai nhé khoding dusi 2 Th, Ap sual dust 16 bar, chiéu day 1ép cdu can khong duge qué 1 mm, 6p sudl iar L6 + 22 har khong duge qui 0,5 aun. Déi véi 1 hei 1én hon, nude cap phai dat ede tidu chin sau: - DO cite: VGi 1d hoi Sng 1d va Sng Tita Ho $ 0,5 aagellil. Vai $8 hoi Gng nude p< 16 bar, Hy < 0,3 p= 16 +32 bur, Hy 50,2 p= 32+ 100 bar, Hy £ 0,01 p> 100 bur, Hy § 0,005 LO hoi truce het H, ¢ 0,001 - Luong 6xy tong nude khong vugt qué 0,03 masyf khi pS 32 bar va khong vee gud 0,02 mgll Khi dp suat p > 32 hur. ~ Cée tap chat kde ciing edn nim trong, phym vi cho phép nhu bang 3-3. DE gidim bot tae hai cia edu can d6i voi LO hui, thutmg ding cdo bién phap sau: 162~ Han ché dén mae t0i thidu céc tap chit trong nude edp cho 1d hoi, whe 1a xis ly trade khi dua vio 1 hoi, adn goi JA xu Ly ngoai 10. — Tim bien php bign nhiing tap chat c6 ahicu kha ning dong chal rin ich ra duéi dang bin dé ding thai ra ngoai, thudng got Ty nue trong 1d. du thanh nhiing phuong phap xir - Tim bién phap lam sach c4u cin da bam trén bé mat truyén nhiét. Bung 3-3. Haun luong tap chdl cho phép - Ap sudt rong Ham lugmg cue dai cho phép (4/2) balong, bur SiO} Fe” cut Diu <40 - 10 - 3 40 + 100 6,1 35 20 1 > 100 0,08 20 10 0,5 a. Pintong php xit I8 nitée ngoai 16 Trude khi céip vao Id hoi, 06 thé én hanh mot hoae vai phuung phap kt hop sau: - Phuong pliip ldng toe, cb tée dung khit inye tip cdc hat biin c6 duding kinh tren 107 pant hode ohimg hat keo sua khi di cho ching ket hop Lyi vo! nhau. - Phuong phip xit i bang hod chit két hop véi ldng loc. C6 thé ding voi Ca(OH), dé thue hign eae phan ting: Ca(OH), + Ca(HCO,), > 2CaCO,4 + 20,0 (B-48a) 2Ca(OH), + Mg(HCO,); > Mg(OH)»t + 2CaCO,d + 2H,O (3-48b) Ca(OH), + MgCl: > Mg(OH),4 + CaCl, (3-48e) Ca(OH), + MgSO, > Mg(OH),+ + CaSO, (3-48d) Ca(OH}; + CO, CaCO, 4 +H,0 (34Be) Ta thay, ding voi chi khit duge dg etmg cacbonat bang c: tia, cn dd exing khong cacbonat khong duge Khir ma chi thay di vi Me. Dé tigp inc khir, cd thé cho them soda Na,CO,. ede ket iita Ca va Cé thé ding xt NaOH, qué tinh phan Ging xdy ra: 2NaOH +€a(HCO,), > CaCO, V+Na,CO, +2H,0 49a) 1632NaOH + Mg(HCO,), —» MgCO, +Na,CO, +2H,0 (3-49b) 2NaOH + MgCO, > Mg(OH), J +2Na,CO, 2NaQH + MgCl, > Mg(OH), + 2NaCl ° (3-490) 2NaOH + CO, > Na,CO, +H,0 Soda Na,CO, sinh ra, ¢6 thé tién hinh cde phan dng sau: Na, CO, +CaCl, > CaCO, + +2NaCl (3-50a) Na,CO, + CaSO, > CaCO, + +Na,SO, (3-50b) Dac diém cha phuong php ding xtit 14 c6 sinh ra xOda, nd cd thé 1am mém dO céng canxi. Néu lugng xéda sinh ra vita du 1a t6t nhat, néu thigu thi bO xung thém, thanh phuong phap xut + xoda, néu thira ion CO} thi dua thém voi, to thinh phuong phdp xut + véi. Ngoai cdc hod chat uén, ngudi ta cdn ding mot s6 hod chat khdée nhu Na,PO,, BaCO;, Ba(OH),, BaAl,Q,, v.v... + Pluong phdp xt lf nude bang wae déi cation. Cho nude edp di qua binh dung cdc cationit nhu NaR, HR, NHR, v.v... , wong dé R 1a gd cla cationit, khéng hoa tan trong nude, d6ng vai 1 anion thi cdc cation dé déng cdu can cb trong nude nhu Ca’*, Mg™, v.v... sé trac di vdi cde cation dé hoa tan cha calionit nhu Na’, H*, NH}, v.v... Nhu vay cdc cation dé dong cdu cin dirge aitt lai, cin cde cation dé hoa tan thi di theo nuée cap vio 1d. Khi ding cationit natri, phan ting xay ra nhu sau: 2NaR + Ca(HCO,), > CaR, +2NaHCO, (3-5la) 2NaR + Mg(HCO,), > MgR, +2NaHCO, (3-51) 2Nak + CaCl, > CaR, +2NaCl (3-5le) 2NaR + MgCl, > MeR, + 2NaCl (G-51d) 2NaR + CaSO, > Cak, +Na,SO, (3-Sie) 2NaR +MgSO, > MgR, +Na,SO, (3-512) Khi ding cationit hydro, thi xdy ra cdc phan dng: 2HR +Ca(HCO,), > CaR, +2C0, +2H,0 (3-52) 2HR +MgiHCO,), > MgR, +200, +2H,O (3-52b) 1642HR + CaCl, >CaR, +2HC1 (3-52e) 2HR + MgSO, -> MgR, +H,SO, (3-52d) Khi ding cationit amdn, xy ra cdc phan (mg: 2NH,R +Ca(HCO,), > CaR, +2NH HCO, (3-53a) 2NH,R + Mg(HCO,), > MgR, +2NH,HCO, (3-53b) 2NH,R+CaCl, > CaR, +2NH,Cl (3-53) 2NH,R + MgSO, > Mg, +(NH,), SO, (3-53d) ‘Tu cée phin ting trén ta thay: Khi ding cationit nated thi todn bo d9 cme déu dunce Kinir, c6 thé dat dén tr} sO nhé, chi cdn Khoang 0,01 + 0,015 mediif, sone do kigm vi cée think phin anion khée e6 trong nude khong thay déi. Khi ding cationit hydro thi dé cting va dO kiém déu duge khir nhung cé¢ anion cha muéi di tao thinir acid, khong lgi cho [d hoi, do vay ngudi ta thing dong phéi hgp hai Phuong phép trao déi cation natri va hydro. Cin khi trao déi cation amon, d6 cing ciing gidm di ral nhiéu, nhimg céic muGi amon tao thinh sé bj phan huy nhiét Khi dua vao 1d theo phan tmg: NH ,Cl NH, + HCL (3-S4a) (NH, },$O, > 2NH, +H,S0, (3-54b) Vide lao ra NH, cling vdi sue cé mat cla Oxy trong nude sé an mon cdc hop kim d6ng, do vay thudng ciing phéi hop cationit am6n véi vdi cationit nati, Can chi ¥ 18, qua qué tinh phan tng, c4c cationit kist dan cdc cation dé hod tan, tac dung xit ly nutic kém dan, nén phai tig hinh cong vige hoan nguyen cae cationit dé khoi phuc kha nang cila ching. Dé hodn nguyen céc cationit Na, thegng ding ding dich mu6i NaCl, néng do 6 + 8%, theo phan img: CaR, +2NaCt > 2NaR + CaCl, (3-55a) MeR, + 2NaCi > 2NaR + MgCl, (3-55b) VGi cationit hydro, ding dung dich H,SO, néng do 1 + 1,5% hose HC] theo phan (mg: CaR.. + HSO, -» 2HR + CaSO, (3-55¢) Vi cationit ainén thi ding cdc muéi amOn, thf du NH,C! theo phan ting: 165CaR, + 2NH,Cl—> 2NH,R + CaCl, (3-55d) Cc lien ket tach ra sau khi holn nguyén tan wong nuée cdin ding bin phap ria nguoe dé thai ra ngoai - Plutong phiap sit ff mide bang trae déi anion, Cing (wong uc oh phuong php trao 461 cation, & day cho nude cip di qua cde anionit nh RaOH, ¢6 phen ting: 2RuOH + H,SO, > Ra,SO, +H.0 (3-S6a) RaOH + HCL» RaCl + H.0 (3-560) Bing phuong phép ¢ phéi hyp voi binh tra déi ¢ 06 thé khit duge acid 6 trong nude, uén thubng dime alion di neu o én. - Ngoai ra, nguti ta con sit dung ede phutong phip xtt Ly aude bing vat ly nh phuong phap dign trudmg, tif trudmg va sidu am, viv... Co che cdc qua tah xi ly nay tay chua duge ly gidi that 6 rang, nhung hieu qua 1h cde tap chat can khi di gua ede thiet bj xi ly bang vat Ly vao trong 1d ho! Khong déng thanh efiv edn cing trén cdc bé mal truyén nhigt ma tich ra dudi dang keo hoiic bin cd thé x4 ra ngoai duge. Doi khi, do nguén nude qua bin ma yeu cd vé chil lung nude cp Lai cao, ngubi ta phai ching cit dé lly nurée ngung cap cho 1, by. Phuong phap witli mde trong le 6 day dua vio cde nguyén (ie Ding phuong php hod hoe hoge vat ly lam cho cde tap chal rin tich ra duct Jang blin ri xd ra ngodi, hode dia vao nhimg chat Wo than mot ]Gp mang bao phit bao ve bé mat truyén nhiét. _ Phuong phip wie ly nude trong 1d bing hoi hoc. Ngudi ta dua vao trong 16 mn6t $6 hod chat his NaOH, NaxCO;, NaxPO,.12H,O hoge NadG_ «AO, v.von » trong d6 nati phosphat duoc ding réng rai abst nen nhidu khi ngudi te goi d6 1A ché dd phospliat hod nude 1d. Con d6i vei 18 hoi nhd thi ding NaOH bode NasCO,, Che do phosphat hos nude 18, cha yéu 06 tie dung d6i véi Cu, vi trong abies digu kign abit dinh cing c6 thé o6 téc dung véi cd edu Mg. Néu nude 1 06 dd pH > 10, nghia 1 sion hydroxyn OH’ 16n thi khi dua vao 1 Na,PO, hode hdn hap véi Nay cic jon OL va Ca’ tao nén hydroxyn apacit, 3Ca(PO,):-Ca(OH), hay Ca,(PO,),{OH» la mot lien két khé hod tan, tich ra dudi dang bln, ¢6 the xa ra ngotii PO, thi sé co sir tuong tac giffa ciic ion POY vi 1661B hoa tan cila hydroxyn apatit phy thudc vie dé kiém cia aude, do kiém ching ldn thi do hod tan cing gidm, thi du dudi ép sual 40 bar, khi do pH = 7. d6 hoa tan bang 4 ng!f, cn khi pH = 9 Ui d@ hod tan chi con Khong 2 mg/l Khi aude c6 dg kiém yéu, pH < 7,5 + 8 thi ion phosphat sé lien két vi Ca dé tao nén Ca(PO,)s 1a Joai cau bam chac lén bé mit, lic do ngwoi ta dua thang Jén balong. & dé cd nhing phin ting Qo nén OH nhu cde qué tinh phan buy bicacbonat HCO; «> CO, +O” (3-574) hode thuy phan Silicat, Phosphat va Cacbonat: SiO? +H,0 6 H,SiO, +2007 (3-57b) PO* +3H,0 o H,PO, +30H (3-S7e) CO? +H,0« CO, +20H™ GB-5Td) Neu wong nude thifa nhiéu ion POS, thi ud 66 thé ket hop v6i Mg* thank dan whidt lai bé nén khé nguy Mg,PO, cing 1k mot loai céiu bam chde om hiém. Late d6 néu co ion silicat SiO, th) sé khdng tae ra Mgy(PO,), mA tyo ra seepentin tich ra dudi dyng bin: 3Mg2* +2SiO}" + 20H” +H-0 <> 3MgO.2SiO, + 21,0 (3-58) nhumg néu SiO3” ohigu thi lai [am tang ham Iueng silicat trong hoi, do way pha nigu chinh ndng do PO dé cho Mg,(PO.), khong dat 164 irang thi bio hod duge. Dé thuc hién phosphat hod 1d, ngui ta cd thé ding so dé tip trung hay phan tin, © so dé tap trung, dung dich duge dua vio mot diem nao dé wen dudng nude Gap chung cho cdc 18, cn trong so dé phan tan thi dung dich phosphat duge dua true tiép vio balong cita ting 1b. So dé phan tin duge ding nhiéu hon vi trénh duge hign tvong déng cau cing Ca(PO,)2 tren dudng nude cp, nat 1a khi nude cap c6 ag. len, Vige dua dung dich vao 10 6 thé dimg bom hode binh ép déng thoi 1a binh pha tron dung dich. _ Phaony pap ui lf nhiét, Day cing 1a mot phuong phap xii Ly bén trong 16 hoi tren neuyen tie khirdé cng bing cich gia nbigt. Nuc cdp dua vao, doe sit nhigt dén xap si nhi¢t dO bio hod why hoi nude bio hoa trong balong. 6 nbiet db nay, dé cting bicacbonat nhis Ca(HCO,), va Ma(IiCO,), sé bj nhict phan thanh CaCOy, Mg(OH), ket tia dudi dang bin c6 thé xd ra ngoai, mat khac CaSO, va mot 6 lien két cd hé sO hoa tan Am ¢ nhiét dd cao nay cling sé tach ra mgt phan trong thiet bi [am mém tive khi nue edp hén hop vai nurée Io. 6 cling bicacbonat cng 167loa thi higu qua xir 1¥ nhiét cling cao, o6 thé kél hop véi xi ly hod hoe dé khit d6 cting khéng cacbonat, Thiét bi xi ly nude bang nhiét co uu diém 1A cdu tyo vi van hanh don thit bi lam viée & trang thai can bang dp sudt nén khong ddi hoi gi vé mit sie bén, van hanh ty déng, khong cén hiéu chinh ma cfing khéng téa thém nhiét ahung nd c6 nhuge diém a di hoi ché do x4 can nghiém ngdt va chi c6 igi khi do cling bicacbonat, tWe dé cing tam théi én. co. 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Bién phdp lam sach ab’ hod chat nhe nhing, wiét dé hon nén duge ding kha rong r&i, hung khé trénh khdi dn mon bé mat kim loai nén $6 lin xir ly bing hod hoc bi han ché. Hoa chit thuong ding Ki cdc chat kiém nh NaOH, Na;PO,, v.v... hay acid nhuw HCI, H,SO,, H,PO,, HCrO,, Vive Qué trinh lam sach bang kiém nhu sau: dung dich kiém ¢6 néng do khosing 2%, dé nang cao hiéu qua cd thé dun dén nhiét do s6i ¢ dp suai th 1+ 3 bur rong khodng 12 + 24 gid hoa Jau hon twy theo chiéu day ciia Iép ci. Gung hod chat kiém co wu diém 18 it gay tac hai an mdn_kim logi, nén s6 lan ding khong bi han ché, nhung tic dung tong d6i cham, thé gian kéo dai, tn nhiét va ton hod chat Rita 1d bang acid 06 tée dung nhanh hon ahung acid cdn ain mon ca kim foal nén 6 lin sit dung han ché. Viée chon acid nto phil dia vao die tinh cla edu can cting nhu sn phdm tao thanh, ¢6 thé tham khio bang 3-4. Do kho tranh khdi tée hai an mon kim loai, cdn phdi han ché thdi gian sir dung. Méi lin ding HCl, H.SO,, thoi gian khong qué 5 = 6 yid khi nhigt do dung dich utr 50 + 70°C, khong qué 12 + 15 gid khi nhiét do duéi 50°C. CA doi lo hoi s6 lin rita khong qué 10 + 12 ldn vdi acid G nhiét dé 20 + 30°C, khong qua 8 lin & nhiét do 40 + 60°C, khong qua 5 lin 6 nhiét do 60 + 70°C. Trong mot nam khong 168duge rit qué mot Ién, va sau khi rie bing acid cin kiém 1 dé trung hod acid, thudmg ding dung dich NaOH néng do 1%. Negoai ra, ngudi ta cdn ¢6 thé cho thém vio dung dich acid nhing héa chat co kha nang ngan can viée an mon kim loai ma khong anh hudmg dén hoa tan cau can goi Ei cae chat lam cham an mon. Bang 3-5 gidi thi¢u mot sé chat lam cham an mon va nong dé sit dung thich hyp. Bing 3-4. Chon acid dé rita edu can sT Loui edu can Hod chat chon Néng do, % T Céu Cachonat g6m chil yea Hel 25 1 | caco,, MpCO,, Mg(OH); HPO, 6:7 HCO, qed fu sulfated tron 15 4 Dang ide NaOH 0544 Cau sulfat od tren 15 + 20% e 5 2a ° Sau ding HCI 4. | Cau Phosphat, trong d6 6 nel * | Ca,(POD,, Fe(PO.): HCl Yiu sit, dng > 40%, Sat HCl 4 5 H,SO. oxyt,5 ~ 10% dng 80, Bang 3-5. Néng do chat lam cham an mon, git NGng do acid HC!, H,SO,, HsPO., % Cée chat lam cham iin mon 2 a 4 5 6 7 Utropin hay Anikon is [| us | 20 | 20 | 25) 30 Phocmalin (40% HCO.) 50 | 50 | 66 | 60 | 75 | 90 Han hop ot) 40% 48 | 48 | 64 | 80 | 80 | 96 Phoemalin 25% Amoniae 29 | 29 | 38 | 38 | 47 4 57 1693.5.2 Chat iueng hai 1 Yeu edu vé chat Luong hoi Dat v6i I hai dong luc, yeu edu vé d6 sach ctta hoi rat khét khe, néng dé khi CO, cang nh eée tap chit rin 66 wong hoi phi adm trong mot pham vi cho phép, wy thuge vao thong s6 cita hoi, Bing 3-6 gidi thigu mét so quy dinh vé chat lueng hoi wong nha may whiet dién ngung hoi. 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Dé tao duce gidng 4p, thutng ding ba loai thiét bi, Sng khdi tao nén site hat, quat gid tao nbn stie diy va quat khoi cling tao nén sie htt. DOi VOI 1d hei cong suat nhd, trés lye trén duimg din khong khi vav vd thai sin phiim ehay ra la nhé, 06 thé chi edn ste hit cla Ong khdi 66 chidu cao hop Wy, ah Phuong phap thong gid wr nhién. Trong trong hop ndy tin digtag din khong khi va khoi cb dp suat am, tte La nhé hon Ap sudt khi trai. Voi {3 hoi cong suat Lon hon, 6ng khdi khong tuo di gidng ap dé khée phuc het wer luc, hic dé cn ding dén phuong php thong gid cude bite, nehia fa abe quat gi6. Néu khong dd edn thém quat khoi dé to nea wp dit khac phuc eae ud lye, Ide 46 Ong kh6i chi Jam nhigm vu thai sin phém chay ra ngodi theo yéu edu cha vé sinh moj trudng. Vé nguyén tic, chi cin quat gid hole quat khdi cing di tao nén gidng dp, nhung néu chi ding quat gis thi 4p sudt trong buéng lita va dung khéi dutung, néi qué cag tht khdi cd thé Tot qua nhing ch khong kin, vita gay i6n thilt nhist, via o 173nbiém moi tutng, néu chi ding quat khéi, 4p suai trong budng, hia vd dudng khdi am, néu am qua lon thi khong khi lanh dé lot vao, [am ting tn that do Khoi ilsti ding thdi lam cho he théng quat khoi Lim viée ning né hon. Thudng phar bi uf két hop dé cho 4p sudt trong budng Mra cling ohu wén dutmg khdi khong qua duung cling khong qua am. Vai Ld hoi bn hon, 66 thé chi ding quat gis, néu dp suat qué diemg thi bo ut them qual khdi, lie dS quat gid Khée phye Wd lure tir cira giG vao dén voi phun, con qual khGi Khae phue wo lue tir voi phun qua ede bé mat truyén nhiét den Gng khoi, thudng dim bao cho ap suat 6 cita ra buding lita am khodng. -20 + 30 Pa hoac 2 +3 mn 11,0. D6 Ja phucng phap thong gi6 can bing, duve ding rong rai, nhung nhing nium gdin day, trong Ld hui dot déu, c6 nvi chi ding quat gid, 4p suat trong budng lua duong, tuy vé cau tao phai dam bio kin, khong thé Jot khéi ra ngodi, nhung giim duge hé thong quat hut, don gidn hon. Nhu vay. nhiém vu bai ton thong gid fi: xde dinh tng tr tir khong khi vio dén khi khoi thar ra ngoai vol mét We dO can thigt. ‘Trén co sé dé x4e dinh kich thicie Gng khGi dé tio dé sie hoi trong thing gid tu nhién, cdn trong thong gis cutmg bite thi phai chgn duge quat, tude hot {4 quat gid, néu dp suat qud duong thi phdi chyn thém quat khoi, con ng khdi chi tinh theo diéu ki¢n vé sinh moi rude. 4.2 TINH TRG LUC HE THONG THONG GIO Tro luc cla hé thong thong gid bao yom bSn loai id lye ehinh: tre lye ma sat due dudng ony, id luc cue bd, trd luce thuy tink va (ré lue gia 6c. CO nhig trudme hop e6 thé tinb riéng timg loai ud Ive 164i tong hop lai, nhung ciing 66 khong it iruéng hop kh6 uich riéng timg loai 1d Tue dé do dac va tinh ton, hic dé 06 thé tinh gop mot vai logi trés Lue vGi nhau, nhu doi véi cum Ong, ¢Oi véi thict bi thdi bui, Kher bui, vv 4.2.4 Trd luc ma sat doc dudng dng La Wérlye gay non bdi su ma sat gilta ddng moi chat véi bé mat dudng Gg. ‘Trd lye ma sat cua dong khong truyén nhigt duge tinh theo: (-fa) (4-1) 4trong dé: I. chidu dai ctia Ong dan, m; da - dutny kinh urnmg duong cba dong, 2, tinh theo dy = (4F/U), F la dian lich U8 dién Ong din, UIA chu vi ust c6 tigp xde vei mii chat, ne: @ - van 16 cla ding, #vs, lly theo nhigi do wung binh va Gi tiét dién ahd ohat; p- mac dg hay khéi luyng ritng ctia moi chat, kg/m, lay theo dp suat va nhict 5 rung binh cia dong; T, T, - nhigt do trung bink cua mo chal va cia vach dng din, K. A- he sd ma sét, phu thude vio ti s6 Re cba dong va dd nhéim ctia bé mat Sng iin, x#c dinh theo ede cong thite thue nghiém: Khi Re < 2000, 66 thd lay 4 = 4 (4-24) Re, Re = 2000 + 4000 iy 4 =0,04 (4.2) 3 Re = 4000 + 1000.10" dy 4 - OA164 (4-2¢) Re, 2 Re = 10° + 3.10° lay 4= 0,032 + 2221 (4-20) Rost 5 Re > 100.10 lay = 2857 __ (4.20) (lg Re, Trong pham vi tren Sng diin due coi 14 Sng tron thuy lye, aghia I do nham Khong anh hutng dén sy chuyéa dong cia ding. Di voi Sng nhém (ie 1a khi do nhéin cia Ong ¢6 inh hufng d&n sit chuyén dong ta vd thé ding cong thite thye nghiém: k 30, O19 Khi ——> thi A= (4-20) dy Rey* ® dy Trong phim vi & lye ty 1¢ bas hai voi 1e d6 Wing, efing od thd tinh: ast —, (4.2m) 7 3 te +114] (ws 175trong dé k 1a do nhém tuyét doi cha bé mat Ong din, m, d0i vi thép thudng ding trong 1d hoi c6 thé Idy bing (0,1 + 0,2)10° m, v6i Ong dan bing bé tong hay gach lay bang 2,5.107 mm. Re, = 28 v 1a tri sO Reynolds ma cae dai luung vat 1y trong d6 lay theo nhiét do vach Ong din. Nhu vay ta thay chi trong pham vi Sng nhém thu lye, tr lye ma st méi ty Ie bac hai v6i van te, cdn trong pham vi 6ng tron thi chi ty 1¢ trong pham vi bac | dén 1,76. Trong céc bai tosn thong thudng, vGi Gng din bing thép c6 thé ly 2 = 0,02 Gi Sng din cé lét gach, Ong gach hoac Ong bing bé tong o6 thé lay A = 0,04. 4.2.2 Trd luc cuc bO LA tré luc do thay d6i tiét dign hoac chiéu chuyén dong cua dong tao nén. Tr@ Lue cuc bd c6 thé tinh theo cong thite: o Aha, = Ep 7 Nine (43) p - mat do hay Khoi lugng rigng PAINT cla dong moi chat, phy thuge vio : dac tinh, nhi¢t dO va 4p suat, kel’; oF 4 os - © - (6c dO tinh toan cia dong, or | mis, cé nhiimg quy dinh cu thé cho ae or . timg truéng hop; . | & % 3 ig hop: os a & & - he sd ud lye cuc bd, xac o4 dinh bang thye nghi¢m, xay dung thanh cde bing s6, dé thi hoge cong 93 §, thie, Sau day 1a mot s6 trudng hop az T thudng gap trong 1d hoi. of < 0 Ly Finin __ 1. Khi tiét dign ctia dong thay D a2 04 06 04 WF. doi dot nggt: &- h@ 96 trd lye khi ra khdi Sng Hé s6 ud lye cuc bd cua dong &,- hé sd trd luc khi vao 6ng khi ra &, va vao &, mot Sng, lay theo , . 6 thi (4-1). Hinh 4-1, Hé s6 trd luc cuc bé khi tiét dién thay déi dét ngét. 176Neu dong ra, vio mot cym 06 dutag kinh trong da use Sng ngang 1a %:, m, bute Cng doc 1A s;, 21, ly theo bang (4-1) trong dé T = (0,785d? /8,-8,)- Bang 4-1. Hé 36 &, va é, cum ong 0 o) | 0,2 | 0 | 4 | 05 | 06 0,7 | O8 | 09 0,50 | 0,45 | 0,40 0,35 | 0,30 | 0,25 0,26 | O15 | 0,10 0,05 1,10 | 0,90 | 0,70 | 0,55 | 0,40 6,27 | 0,20 | 0,10 | 0,05 | 0,02 pe ge 2. Khi chiéu hudng cada dong thay doi Cing trén cu sé ket qua thie nghi¢m, ngudi ta chinh ly thanh bang, dé thi hode céng thie, N6i chung hg so Ud | ¢ bO ndy phy thugs vio mite do ucn cong, hinh dang va kich thude Ong din, finh trang tron nhdm cia bé mat Gng v.v..- thudng e6 thé tinh theo: B=Eg. Ky-BC (4-4) Trong do: £, lang sé td lye cue bO ge, Ky 1a he so hiéu chinh vé do nham cha bé mal, thudng cho dé thi ¢é tryc tung Ja Eo-Ka va true hoanh [& kich thuée va mite do udn cong. B 1a hg so higu chinh v8 gée uén cong, go 90! th) B= 4, cée gée udn khae lay theo dé thi, C 1a hé s6 higu chinh vé hinh dang ict dign, voi tist dign udn hoge vuang ldy C= L, ede tring hop khac lay theo dé thi. 3. Mé sé tré uc cue bd khi phan dong hode hop dong Trong phan ddng hode hop dong c6 so dé dai xtmg hoae khong d6i ximg tt ch déu dong cOng thie tinh todn nhw nha, nhumg cde he $6 tet luc ¢6 cde dd thi luong img vdi timg trudng hop cu thé, céc We dO ddng cling c6 hudng din cu thé cho timg truéng hyp. 4. Prd hye euc b6 dcita ra quet gi6 Cong thite tuung ty h¢ 80 tds hue 6 dé thi. 5. Hap not b0 sdy khing hi van diong cong thite long te hé so tro lire cho theo cdc do thi 6. Tré-tuc enc bd cla hé thong dot nhién lieu, vor phun hode ghi Tuy theo loai voi phun 66 s6 ligu cu thé. Boi vai ghi 1d cdn tw thube vio loai ehi va lai than, cho theo bay 4-2 17Bing 4-2. Ap sudl gid duoi ghi Loai ghi Loai than Ap suit gid, Pa Antraxit 1000 Shi xtel Ohi xteh Than dé, than nau 800 . Antraxit 1000 + 1400 Ghi cé dinh oo may hat . ° Than dé, than nau 600 = 800 Ghi thi cong Tat ¢@ loai than ~ 1000 4.2.3 Tré tue thuy tinh La WG lye tao nén do cot khi eG mat do khée véi_ mat do khong, khi xung quanh. Gi vGi o@t Kh e6 mat do nhd han (thuting do nbi¢e do cao hon), néu dong Khe di tit Urén xudng, nghia 1A cita ra thp hen cita vio thi sé o6 tré lye ngan cin sur chuyén dong, nhung ngug y cifa ta cao hon cira vao thi iro luc lai ém, nghia Ja tao thanh Jue thie day su chuyén dong, thug got 1a Lue ty hot ma Sng khéi 1a mot trudng hop dign hin. Tre luc Unuy tinh c6 thé tinh theo: Ab, = (1, hz )alPm ~ Pd Pe (4-58) h,, hy - dd cao tite khoang cach thing dimg tr cing mot mat phang chon lam chudn dén cia vio va cifa ra cla déng, ws 2 - gia We trong infong, bing 9,81 nus’; dg - mgt dy khong khi trong gian 15 hoi, thudng Isl & nisi dg 20°C va dp suét bing 760 num Hy, bing 1,2 kgini’s p- mat do cla khdi trong dong, phy thudc vao thank phén, dp sudt va nhiet d cila khdi, ¢6 thé tinh theo mat dd Khai vdi diéu kign tidu chudin py & OPC va 760 aim Hg. Néw nhiGt dg trung binh cha kh6i trong dong la 4, “C va Ap sudt trong gian 16 Ia b, nun Tg, ta 06 thé tinh: 273) _b Ah, =(h, —hy)e) L2- Po so ae 4-5b) y = (hy vel Po es c Thurdng, 06 thé !4y py = 1,3 kyl’. 1784.2.4 Tré luc déng (gia téc) La td Lue {yo nén khi dong nang cia dong thay 66). Cling abu wi lye thuy Gnh, ux luc GGng 1a tr luc khi dong nang cta dong ting Jen, nguge lai khi dong nang cia dong gidm thi Ud lye c6 gid tri am, Life 1a tao thanh luc dy. Tré lye dong ced thé due tinh theo: 1; oo 3 ah, =5 (9203 - pot). Pa (4-62) O day py, p21 mat do méi chat & ctta vao vi ra khai ding, keln’s a, @: 1 We do cia dong G elt vao va ra cha dong, m/s. Trong 10 hoi, dong nang khdi thai ra én hon nhiéu so véi dong ning cua khong khi vo nén thudng chi e@n tinh te6 lye dong cha dong kh6i ra khot Sng Khoi theo cong thitc: (4-6b) G day p 1a mat 40 cha dong 0 cia ra, phy thude vio thdnh phén, 4p sudt nhigt 0; c 18 ie dO cia dong & elta ra, m/s. 4.2.5 Ghi chi 1 Prong tink kht dong lo ho, (nudmg nguti ta tinh sin tris hve dong cia dong Khong kh & ap sust 760 mn Ly ve thanih a6 thi (hinh 4-2) dé dang xée dinh Ahy la khong khi ¢ ede we dO va nhiet do khée chav, & ee dp sul Khéc va woh ede indi khi Khaw th) phii higu chinh, Neu 4p sudt 18 b mn Hg, ehfit Kht cs mat co 6 trang thai tou chudn id py, coi KhOng Khi 6 trang, thai tiéu chudin o6 mat d6 18 1,293 Po 760 seu ap suit ding don vi 1A Pa thi he 1,293" b Po 98100 1,293" b kgim' thi bé s6 higu chinh sé La s& higu chinh sé Ja Néu trong ddng khdi cd tro bui thi phai higu chinh do Anh hurting ciia tro bui, nghia 1a nhan vei (1 + }), trong 46 ning do tro y, Ag tral kg kadi. 2. Tré tue cia cde bd phan trong 16 hoi Trong mot s6 chi tigt, bo phgn cia 1 hoi, kh6 téch biet ttmg loi tro tye, thuding tinh ede bG phan nhu sau: 179wo (/ ge (ms) a + 4p o7(Pa) ae Z S00 I. 400 300 a (200 7 GL 4 KR 00 vr NN 50 6b NL , 20 ze sk NN ? . 50 . 10 NN . 100 at sc 200 500 4 oe Zz fee 600 reo ' o0g 4000 4200 2b 9 Thi du: o = 8 m/s, t= 200°C thi Ah, = 0.5.p.0 = 23,9 Pa. Hinh 4-2, Xéc dinh tré tue dong etia khong khi & 780 mm Hg. u. Tinh trd lee dong khdi edt que cum ding, ‘Tre Lue eta dong cdt qua cum Gng phi thuge vio cfch b6 tri, s6 diy Gng theo chidu doc dutimg khéi Z, va ui s& Re, trong dé te dO dong tinh doi vs! Hel dign nhé nha - Déi véi cum Gng song song, ti c6 he sé trd lye ed cum: B= Eo Zs coe) E, - hg s6 ue luc déi voi mot diy Sng, ¢6 thé tinh theo céc d6 thi. Cing cd cong thde thye nghiém tinh tré lye eum Ong: 186n= 0,53, (48) Ss d 2 og 2 og bday sé min=2khi | > 1van=2,5 khi | 0,2. Chi ¥ thém TA khi xét dén vige bam ban trén cum Ong anh hudng dén td luc thi cd nhan thém hé $6 higu chinh: Adi vi cum Ong ditng lily k = 1 kh d6t than, k = 0.9 khi dot dau, khi va g6, di véi cum Ong ngang lay kK = 1415 khi aot than, k = 1,05 khi dot dau, khy va 26. Néu ché § dén anh hudng eta sy thay déi chigt 49, edn cong them: 2(t, -h) ty +273 7 Pa (4-12) 6 day | b. Trot tic cia bo vets ty 1a nhiét do dong & cla ra, vao, trung binh, °C. iy khong khi DOi voi bO say Khong khf cén tinh tr Ive e phia kh6i va phfa khong khi. Vé phia khdi, tinh 178 Sye ma sat doe theo Gng, (re lye cue bo khi vao va ra cum éng theo bing 4-1. Vé phia khong kh di ngoai ong, can tinh tds lye dong cit cde cum Gng va tr Lue cde hOp ndi. Doi vi bd sy khong kai ki€u thing quay béi nbiel, tinh theo ts Lye ma sat nhue cong thie (4-1 a), trong 46 he so tr’ Ie A tinh theo cde cong thie thye nghigm. Logi ding tém phang, voi Re < 1,4.10? c6 A = 9O/Re, véi Re 2 1,4.107 66 2 = 0,35.Re®%. Loai tim lugn song, vi Re < 14.10" ding & = 33.Re* véi Re 2 1,4.10°, ding & = 0,6.Re°, v.v... Cling c6 thé ve thanh cdc dé thi dé tinh toan dé dang hon, eT rd luc cite bé khit bui duoc tink chung theo céng thite” Ah =p Pa 2 trong dé he s6 tis lye & lay theo 36 ligu thuc nghiém cho theo cée bang sd, uy thude vio ching lai cila thiét bi. dl. Tro lue cla dng kh6i Thudng phai tinh tro lye ma sAt doc dutng Sng, 110 lye thuy tinh va tri Tuc dong, ‘Tid lye ma sét dge theo dng, kh6i vin tinh theo cOng thie (4-La) trong 6 he 6G Iue ma sat 2. 06 thé lay theo kinh nghigm, nu ng lim bing thép }8y bang 3820,015 + 0,020, néu dng khoi Tam bing bé tng hay gach ly bang 0,04, thuging tush ra trétlye cho } m Ong khdi Ah, uding kfnh lay thee gid tri rung binh: 2d,d5 dy = 2 d, +d, Trong 46 dy, dy, m, Ta dutng kinh & eita vio v8 ra cita Sng Kaci. Te dd ddng ©, m/s, cing Ify theo gid tri tung binh tinh theo: Vv, O,=ot 4-13) *2830d2, ‘ V, - luu lugny thé tich cla khéi, m'/A, tinh theo nhiél do tung binh cla khdi trong dng, ¢6 thé tfah thea: 1 ty ty > SAL HA. C (4-14) 2 t, 1a nhigt do khi di vo Sng khdi, °C; HL, Fi chidu cao Sng Khi, 2m; At 1 mute gitm nhiet dQ cite Khsi qua 1 2 chigu cao Ging, phy thuge vio vat Sigu lam np, oS thé tinh theo cdc cOng thite thye nghicm: € Av=—s ,°Cim (4-15) vD Voi Ong khGi bing thép ldy hé sO thye nghigm ¢ = 10 ¢ = 0,42; v6i Gny khoi bing gach chiéu day dudi 0,5 m2, c nildy ¢ = 0,105; D 1B sin lugng hoi, Ag/s. ; vi Ong thép lot gach 21; chiéu day trén 0,5 - Trg lute dong, cba dong thai ra Khoi Sng khéi vin t{ah theo céng thite (4-60). G day p 1a mat dO cia kh6i tinh theo nhiét do Khdi thai ra ngoal tdi, kel’; oy LA yan tc thai ra Khoi Ong Khsi, m/s; 48 trénh hign tugng gi6 thdi nguge vao trong Soy, khoi, bat cit tudng hgp nao cling Khong duge nhd hon 4 m/s, trong trudng hep thong gid wy nhién thudng chon @ = 6 +10 mis, thong gi6 cuting bite thudng chon 10 = 20 ails. “Tri fue thu tinh cia Gng koi. O day vain ding cong thie (4-5b), ta thay eita vio thap hon cua ra va m§t 9 khéi thudng nhé hon mat do khong khf xung quanh, ta duge Ah, am, nén khOng phai 18 1 luc ma lai 1a luc thie ddy chuyén dong, gol Ja 1uc tu bit cla Gng khdi, 1a dong lye chinh trong thong gid ty nhién. Luu ¥ ting, trong digu kign mat do khong kh py, 1d hom mt do ella Khoi tn ng cing cao, le tg dt cdg L6n, nhumg izong qu tinh di qua dng khGi, nbigt do 183cha khdi gid dan, mat dO tang Ién, dén khi bing bode 1én hon mat do cla khong khi thi khong con 13 tye hit nda ma Jai 12 tes Lue, dng cang cao cing v6 hai. 4.3 TINH HE THONG THONG GIO TU NHIEN Trong thong gid tw nhign, chi ¢6 Ong kh6i lao nen gidny dp, do vay phai tinh Sich thuée Gng khéi, de [a chidu cau va dudng kinh, di dé khie phuc tt cd cde us lye trong 1d hoi va thai Kh6i ra ngoai ti Gi mot te dO nbd djnh, thudmy cn 6 mot 4y 1é du phing nita. 4.3.1 Chiéu cao éng khdi Chiéu cao Ong khéi thuc hign hai nhiém vu 4 tao nen lye ty hat dé Khe phuc trS lye va dim bdo khdi ra 6 dO cao abdi dinh dim bio didu kién ve sinh mdi trutmg. Trong thong gis ty nhiéa, chi can tinh theo luc wr hét, nguyen tie dé tinh 1a ‘ue ty hut to nén dé dé khde phuc téng tré lute cita 1S hoi voi khodng 20% du phdng, khac phuc tr luc cla bin thin Sng Khoi va khdc phue iré Ive dong them khoing 10% tinh dén t6n that cue bd khi dong kh6i ra khoi Sng. Cong thite ge v6 thé vi Hx SP — Pc) =L24h, +1 14h, + Hy hy Pa (+16) Trong dé H,, 1a chiéu cao Ong khot, om; g 1a gia 16 trong trudng, a/s*: Pu la mat do cla khong khi ¢ 4p sua va nhi¢t do trong gian 1d, thudng ¢6 thé lay bang 1,2 kyla’ & 20°C hove 1,293 kein’ & 0°C va Ap suai tieu chudin, 6 diéu kién khae phai tinh higw chinh; p, 12 mat do cia khoi & nhist do trung binh trong éng khéi va ap sudt ngoki udi, & diéu kign ticu chudn ¢6 thé lay bang p, = 1,3 kyla’: Ah, fa tng Ud lye tinh tir khi khong khi vao dén ciza vao Ong khdi va 1,2 lA tinh dir phing 20%; Ah, fa tr lue dong va 1,1 18 tinh dy phong ciing v6i rds lye: cu. 90 Khi thai Khdi; Ahy. 1a tre [ye ctla 1 a chiéu cao ng khdi. Do vay, chiéu cao Ong khéi ¢6 thé tinh theo cong thite: __ 12h, +1 Jah, © BPP) Any | Néu tinh theo cée diéu kign da chon truce, v6 thé ding céng thite: 12h, +1,1Ahy m (4-17a) ok Hy = (4-17) 2 eo BO Po ara) Toa 184,0,015 = 0,020, néu Gng khdi 1am bang be tong hay gach lay bang 0,04, thudme bah Ta WG lute cho 17m Ong khéi Ahy. . Dudng kinh lay theo gid ui tung binh: _ 2did5 we'd, +4, Tiong dé 4, d,, m. 13 dutmg kinh & cia vio va ra cila Ong khdi. Toe do ding o, m/s, cling lay theo gid tri trung binh tinh theo: = on 2830d;), Or (4-13) YY, - Tuu lugng thé uch cla khdi, #e'/, tinh theo nhiét dO trung binh ca khoi trong ng, c6 thé tinh theo: 1 by = th ~ FAL Hy. "€ (4-14) t, 1a nhict do khi di vao Sng khdi, °C; Hy 1a chiéu cao Sng khdi, a AL Ta mic gidm nhiét do cua khdéi qua | ai chiéu cav Sng, phy thude vao vat lige lam éng, od thé tinh theo cde Ong thite thyc nghiém: Cha (4-15) Voi Ong kh6i bing thép Idy he sé thye nghigm ¢ = 1,05; voi Sng thép 16t gach Gi Gng khdi hing gach chiéu diy duéi 0,5 m, ¢ = 0,21; chigu day én 0,5 0,105; D 1a siin lugng hoi, dy/s. = Trd lue dong cia dong thai ra Khoi Sng khdi vin tinh theo cong thite (4-6b). 6 day p 1A mat dO cia khdi tinh theo nhiét d6 khéi thai ra ngodi tri, kgf’; @, 1 van t6c thai ra khoi Sng khoi, m/s; dé trdnh hign tuong gid théi nguye vao trong Ong khdi, bit ect trudng hop nao cling khong duyc nhé hon 4 m/s, trong trudng hop thong gid wnhien thudng chon @ = 6 +10 ris, thong gid cung bie thutng chyn 10 + 20 sale Tré& Lue thuy tinh cla Ong khéi. G day vin ding cong thite (4-5b), ta thay ctta yao thdp hon ctra ra va mat do kh6i thutmg nhd hon mat dO khong khi xung quanh, tu due Ah, am, nén khong phai 1a & luc ma lai 14 Luc thile d’y chuyén dong, goi 1a luce ur hit cla Ong khdi, 14 dong luc chinh ong thong gié ty nhién. Luu ¥ ring, trong diéu kign mat do khong khi p,, kim bon mat do cita khdi thi Sny cing cao, luc ty hat ang 16n, nhung trong qué uioh di qua Gng khdi, nhiér do £83Néu tinh try hye dong thea s6 ligu va dé thj cla khong kh 6 760 avn fg thi sd .cG dang: 12H, +hny( 22] 273° b Hy == 23 \ b p, 760 f 1,2 - py an, Ps 22 { Pe Sa) 7657 Mo L208 a) (4-170) Trong khi tinh Ah,, tée dé khdi ra khOi Sng ¢6 thé chon trong khuing 6 + 10 avy va khong bag gids duge lay thép hon 4 m/s dé udnh hign twong gid théi nguue van dng khéi. 4.3.2 Tiét dién dng khét Tid dién Gny khéi quyét dinh te dd khdi thai, dign tich et dign c6 thé tinh theo cong thite: _oB VYe273+t.) Vy 5 oS a (4-18) 3000 x273x@, 3 trong dé: Vi. - Ju luong thé tich khéi thai qua Ong, aris; n- sO 1d hoi ding chung mot Ong khdis B, - lvgng nhién lisu dang cho mdi 1d trong mot gid, Ag; V,, - lugng khoi thai ra khi dét 1 ky ohien ligu, ai'reskynils t, - nhiét do khoi thai, ¢6 thé tinh t, = t, - ALH,., °C, trong dé t, 18 nhiét do khdi vio dng khoi va ALIA Jugng gidm nhiGt do khoi qua | pr chiéu cao dng. ©, - te do khéi ra khéi Gng, chon 6 + 10 nls, khong duye: phép chon dudi 4 nus dé tinh higa tugng gid théi nguye vio Gng khéi. Néu tig dién Sng khéi chon hinh tedn thi ding kinh migng ra cla Sng Khoi dure tinh: 4F 1128VF = 1,128 sa (4-19) yo Puig kinh & chan 6ng khdi cé thé tinh nhu sau: ding 6ng khéi bing thep, dudng kinh Gng khong thay ddi, bing duting kinh & miéng ra. Néu xdy bangguch, betong dé diim bao do ving, thudng chon hinh chip cyt, dQ chop khdng nhé hon 2% nén dung kinh chan Ong khdi ky bing d, 2d; +0,2Hy, 2 4.4 TINH HE THONG THONG GIO CUGNG BUC Trong thong gié cutng bite can tinh chiéu cao Gng khéi theo diéu kign vé sinh moi tutmg, cn dé khie phuc tré hye thi phai chon quat gid va qual khéi thich hyp. 4.4.1 Tinh kich thude Sng khdi Tict di¢n va dudng kinh Gng khdi, Linh tong ty vi thong gid tu nhién, chi ciin chon te d) kh6i ra hyp ly, thudmg chon khoang 10 + 20 ai/s, we dO nhs, tr lye dong nhd nhung dudng kioh Sng Ida, 16n nguyén vat liu, te do dn thi ud le dong Ion. Chidu cao dng khéi, chon theo digu kign vé sinh moi truding, tuy thude v8o nding dd cae hai mang thea Long sin phim chay va néng dd cho phép 6 nei dal thiét bi, Cae chdt do hai trong khdi thai 10 hoi chi yéu 1a tro bui va cae chat khi SO,, NO,, v.v. Chiéu cao 6) thidu cba Sng khdi 6 thé Linh theo cong thitc: H= JAF m Man, Mon Mein : (4-20) [Plsoe 1Plyox [PI VAN do khong khi cla noi dat thict bi, 3 cde ving cla Lien A- hi Xo efi ldy khedng 120 F - hg sO tinh dén sv ling dong clia eae chit doe hai, bing khoang | ~ 2,5; mv - hé sé tinh dén dnh hudmg cila t8e do khGi thodt; Mons Masons My - nding dd SO,, NO, va tro bul trong Khoi thai, ¢/s5 IP]sox+ [Plxog LP], - néng 46 khi SO,, NO, va tro bui cho phép, uy thude vio vi tri va didu kign noi dat thict bi, [P],,, bing khodng 0,5 mg/m’, [P]yo, bang khodng 0,085 mgin’, [P], bing khoang 6,5 nig/m'; Vi. - tong Juu Luong Khéi thai, or'/s, At - hiéu gidta nhict dd} khéi thai vi nhigt dd m6i uudmg: Z.- 86 dng khoi; n-hé sé bing khoang tir | + 3, tu thuge vio ti [86(4-21) Throng chon theo 36 liga kinh nghi¢m, v5i 1d hoi cong nghigp, thdp ahat cling khong nén dui 14 = 16 m, lay 30m vii 19 hoi nang sud dusi 51h, Kly 45 m voi 10 hol tir 5 = 15 Tid va 60 m voi 1d hoi 1S + SOTA, 4.4.2 Chon quat gI6 Trony truing hyp Gng khéi tao Lye uy hut khong dit d@ khae phye tro lye. bd tr them quat gid dé day khOng khf vao, Iie d6 quat gid sé khie phuc tal ind lye, Nhung néu 1d hoi lon hon, ap suat trong, budne lifa va dung khoi qua c20, in b6 ui thém quat khoi va Lic dé qual gid chi Khe phye tro hye tie migng gid vao dn noi Ap suai can bang. Ta cdn xéc dinh Luu lugng va cong swat ctla quat , cin J. Li tuong qua gid: phai tioh dia va e6 dy phdng khodng 10%: Wht ly 76 » 1 V, = ky Bualttre 7 Ob 6 M999 sae (4-22a) trong dd: ky hg 86 dig phong khong khi, e6 thé Hy bing 1.15 Boa lueng tigu hao nhién ligu khi lim vige vai cong sual dink mite, &e/s ay - hg s6 khong khi thita & bung Ida; Act, - phn khong khf thita Jot vao budng lire; tas“ nhiét dO khOng khf lanh diza vio thict bi, "°C; b - dp suat khong khf xung quanh gian 16, 1 He. Khi 06 t4i tudn hoan khdi, thi phdi nhan them he sé (14%), trong dé x Ba Uy Ie ti twin hoin va thay nhiét do khong. ki Lanh bing nhigt do sau khi hon byp v4 Khoi t4i tudn hoan. 2. Ap sudt déu ddy etia quat gid: H, =ky-Ah,, Pe (4-23) ky be so dye phong Ap suiil khong khhi, lly bang 11 + 1,25 Ah, - téng tO luc quat gid phai khdc phuc, thutng bing tong, Wd lye cla bo sdy khong khi, i via he thong Ong dn tir quat dén duéi ghi hoge diy migng voi phun vi tr luo trén Jap ghi hoae eda vdi phun, ¢6 khi edn phai tinh cho dé khi Ap sual $87fp sust khi trdi, nghia 1a pha trie hot Tyo ue hit va do chén khong vilo Ong them 005.1. Pa. van bang voi budng lita, bing d9 chan khong re khoi pudng lita 3. Cong sudt cia quat gid, ob thé tinh theo: OW 4-24a) #3600. 11, ‘ wong dé: kyy = hG sO dy phong cong sudit, Idy khoding 1,15 N, - cong sudt quat gid, Ws 1 sudt quat gid lay bang khowing 0,6 + 0,7 doi vi quat théng thudng, an xUat due Loai quat ly tam higu suat cao dén 90% [TKY}. ni, - hi pan day di 4. Cong sudt cila dong co di¢n dang cho quat gid: Ny, = Kya (4-25a) Ns k,, = BLng 86 chs phdng, lay kholing 1,15 na higu suat cla dong co dign, thudng fay bing 0.9 + 0,95. 4.4.3 Chon quat khéi Quat kh6i duye chon ding hé trg vOi qual vid, trong tudng hop neu chi ding guat 936 thi dp suat tong budng Ia va duimg khdi qué cao. Khi ding them qual Khoi, thiamg dam bio thong gid can hing, dO chao kh6ng & clta ra Khoi budng lita bing 20 Pa, Ciich tinh quat hai cfing tuong Li nhu quat gid. 1. Lun hrong quat khéi thdi tinh theo cong thite: 2TA+1, 700 273 b s6 dig phOng lu fuong cia quat khéi, thuttmg Hy bang 1,15 Vg =RBaua (Me +40) (4-22) ky oh Boa « amg tiéu hao nhién lig khi lam vige & cong sud diab mie, kylhs V, - long khoi sinh ra khi dot 1 kg ahién Li¢u, nticikenl, AcV®,, - lung khong khf lot vao tren dung khéi, w"ieikgul, t, - mhigt dQ kh6i khi vao quat khéi, "C.2. Ap sudt déu day cia quat Khoi Duge tinh theo: H, =k,.(4h, thy - hy), Pa s6 dur phong dp sual cia quai khdi, lay bing 1,1 + 1,2; Ah, - tng uértue & phia dudng khdi, od the tinh thes bidu thie: Ah, = [Aby..(1 +p) + Als], Pa Ab - tng tr’ lye Ur budng lira dén bo khir bul; Ab,. - long tri tye Urb khé bai dé ctra ra Gag khoi; }.- néng do Ire bui bay theo Khdi, ky/kes h', - do chin khong 6 cita ra buéng Ita, thurtng lay -20 Pa; (4-23b) (4-23¢) An, - tng lye ty htit cha Sng khoi va dong khGi tinh tir evra ra budng lita dén cita ra Ong khdi. 3. Cong sudt ctia quat kh6i, c6 thé tinh theo: Villy, : N,-k,,—*, 6 3600.7, trong dé: k,, - he sO dur phong v2 cOng sudt quat koi, tay bang Ils ny ~ higu suat qual khdi, béing khodng 0,5 + 0,05, thuting liy 0,6. 4. Cong sudt céa ding co dién ding cho quat khéi C6 thé tinh theo: N ao "a Nu = k,,- hé so dur phdng vé cong suat dong eo, cd thé Hy EP 35 a - higu sudt cha dong ov dién, vd thé lay bing 0,90 + 0,95. (4-24b) (4-25b) Dua theo ede két qua tinh toan & Uén, ta v6 thé chon quat gid cling nhu quat khdi, ed ging dé khi 1d hoi Rm vide &sdn lugng kinh 1¢ (khoa 2 80% san luong dinh mie) thi quat eiing am vide voi cong suai Kinh (é, nghia la o6 higv sudt cao nhat, 189a, ede chi tigu ghi tren quat 1a dudi diéu kién chu; in cla nha may, nhicu nov lay digu kign chudn 1a khong khi d ahigt 49 200°C va dp sudt 12 98100 Pu, do vay phai tinh ra diéu kign tinh loan dé chon quat: = 98100 1,293 273. . Pa (4-26) b Po 273+ty trong dé: Paw Pw Py - Khoi long rigng cla chat khi J diéu kign chon, diéu kign tinh vi didu kién ticu chudn, Agia. Ding quat Khoi cain bu y dén vige mai man va nhiét dd tuong déi cao, thudng dig nude dé Tam mat 6 dé yc. Cdn s6 heomg quat od thé chon theo kinh nghigém, 16 hot nang suat dudi 120 Tih thudng chi ding mot qual gid va Mot qual khOi, nang sual 1én hon ding hai quat gid hai qual khoi, neu dét nhign ligu dé chdy mdi quat dim nhi¢m 50% nang sual, nhung khi dot than gy hodc than antraxit nén tinh theo 70% nang suat 1. _ Cdn voi 18 hai cong sudt nhd, ning suat tren mot vai F/A non chon mOt qual che mot 1d hoi, néu nang sual nhé hon co thé ding mot quat cho vai ba 1d boi. 190.Chuong V THIET BI PHU VA CAU TRUC XAY DUNG DE 1d hoi 66 thé kim viée, ngodi cée bg phan chinh di néu J tren, edn cén 66 nhiéu thiet bi phy nia nhur thiét bj do lung, digs khién, an todn, tutmg 1, khong 18, bdo On, hé thong nha xung, sn bai, kho tng, v.v.. 5.1 CAC LOAI THIET BI BO LUGNG, TU DONG VA AN TOAN TRONG LO HOI 5.1.1 Thiét bj do Iuéng Trong khi van hanh (0 hoi cn nhiéu thiét bi do ludny khée nhau, thudng cin do nhiét do 4p suit, lou Iugng, mie mute, c&e thinh phan trong khdi, do den cia dong khdi, v.v... C6 thé 66 cdc loai thidt bi doc true ti€p, c6 loai tyr ghi va cS Logi doc tt xa, 66 luai xéch tay, 6 loai co dinh. G day chi gidi thicu mot vai loai chuyén ding cho 18 hui, cdn c&e logi da c6 trong ede ti Tigu khde, cht gidi chigu nguyén ly. 1. Dong hé do nhiét do Trong 18 hoi, edn do nhigt do trong pham vi rong, nhi¢t 46 binh thudng nhu khang khi, ahi¢t do trung binh nhu nuéc, hoi, khoi va ci nhict dO cao ohir ngon Itra, buéng lita, v.v... Déng hd do nhidt dd, ding khong chi trong 15 hoi ma con & rit nhiéu Linh we Khde, cfu tao dua trén ahiing dae tinh phy thude vo ahict do. Dya theo dae tinh din n& nbigt cia vat chat Othe khi, thé tong cfing nhu ihe rin. Ta thay cde nhigt ké thuy tinh dung cdc chit Wag, céc mhi¢t ké vb kim loai dung chat khf hoe chit long, nhiing nhict k€ gdm hai thanh hoe hai 14 kim loai ¢6 d6 din no khée nhay, v.v... Dua theo dic tinh vé dién thudng gap ahiét ké dign ud va cap nhigt. Nhidt ké dién tro cya trén dae tinh 1a dign tré cia day din thay déi theo nhiét dé. Cap nhiét 191dua tren hig (ing nhidt dign do Se néu {én nim 1821: "Neu t6n tai higu nhiet 1 hin cua hai day a6 pita hai 1 bing kim loai khéc nhau thi tong mach cfing ron lai hig dign thé". Néa pid nhugt dO mOt_ dau khong d6i, do duge dong dign trong mach 6 thé tim diye nhiét do can BIEL mdi hn kia ~ Dua thee die tinh vé méu sée thudng gap nbict ket quang hgc, do ahict do cao nhu nhict dd trong dudng lita, C6 [de gid nhu Meei di dimg nhict ké do nhigi do thap nhdit i $50", cao nhat | a 1650°C. Ong ving dé xudt mot loai dong hd do trong pham vi 775 + 2800°C. 2. Pong hd do dp sudt Trong 1d hai cin do 4p suat khong khé, ap sual khoi, ap sudt nuce, ap suat hei, vv... ddng hé do ap sual cling ding rit phé bign tong nhigu Tinh vue khie. Loui ap ké ding phd bidn nhac 10 loai ding Sng kim logi rong, uiét dign hinh cllip usin cong, ap sui én hay nhés Fim cho Gag cong din né ahiéu nay it. Mot diu ding cong 66 dinh, dau kia to, ndi véi mot hg thong biinh rang tuyén dong dén kim, loai nay do ky su Bourdon ngudi Phap dua ra nam 1849, nhung dén nay vin cin ding phé bign; cing mot te dung tuong tu, cdn cé loai ép kE mang mong ding it hon va chi do duye trong pham vi duci 300 nilfibar, Mot logi ép ke khde dig phd bién 1d dp ké hinh chit U, ten nguyen te Binh thong nhau. Hai 6ng hinh ch& U ed the dat thing dimg hode dat nghi¢ng, eng dng cd thé dat m@t chat long nhu nue, thuy ngan, cling ed thé dumg hai thit chat long khong hod tin nhaw. Ong dung nude thing do trong pham viii 0,5 + 150 nib, Ong dé nghieng, do chinh xéc hon Ong dé dimg, nén ding do dp sual nhd. DOi khi dé do dp sudi est thip, duGi 0,5 mb, ngudi ta cdn diing dp ke kiéu chup nguye. Ngudi ta ed thé ding mot hoge hai chup ron, dé nguue vito trong mot chau nude, khi do Khf cain do thong vdo chup, chyp 86 néi 1én, dp suét cing cao chup néi len cing nbiéu, nu ding hai chyp thi mgt chup thong vGi khi tri, mot chup thong voi khf cin do, hai chp ni voi nhau bang he thong don can, cd nbimg vat doi trong dé higu chinh, do dae. 3, Dong hé do lau tuong rong vin hinh 19 hoi thudng can do lu lugng nusse, hoi, ohien ligu khf, ling Loai déng hé phd bign nhat 1 dya trén nguyén tic tidt leu khi dong di qua cita ngén, Ong ting (e hose dng Venturi. Khi mdi chit di qua ede thigi bi tren, 16e dg lang, Ap sufi tinh gidm, do duye higu s6 4p suat trude va sau co eau {ict Lim, 66 thé tinh duye Iuu lugng cia ding. Loai déng hd do lu lugng khée efing duge ding nhiéu Ti cdc loai cong lo. Cong tu khi thuding ding do nhién ligu. 192C6 Loai cong Iu theo thé ich, c6 Loai theo Lc do, Céing to nude thing cling 66 cong tu thé tich va cong to thc dd, cdn cong to du thi hau hét 1 cong to thé tich. Neudi ta con ding cong to nhict dé do nhi¢t lvong lich hay trong hé thOng gia nhict nude néng, cd thé d&n ahiét do 220°C, Ap suit 40 bar, Cong tw nhiet cd co edu tich hu lung nudc vi higu nhigt do dau vao va dau ra. 4. Thiét bi do thanh phan khoi Do thinh phan khéi o6 ¥ nghia quan trong, lam ca sér dé danh gid ché do van hinb, hiéu qué cia qué trinh chay va mue do Anh huémg dén vé sinh moi trvdng. Do thinh phan khGi c6 thé dya wen nguyen ly hod hye hoge vat 1¥, 6 thé hién sé hoae ty ghi, cd thé do lién tuc hay gi4n doan. ‘This bi hod hoc thudng dua theo nguyen ly 1a: mdi thanh phin cia sin phdm chay c6 thé bi hap thy bi MOL howe mot vai hod chat nat dink, thf du nhy potasse o6 thé hip thu CO,, $O,; pyrogallol 6 thé hip thy O), v.v... Neus ta cn ding thiét bj phan tich thanh phan oxy bang dién hod, hode bang site hUt (it tinh; phan tich thanh phiin CO,, v.v... ahd sig khéc nhau vé hé sé din nhict cla ching. 5. Dong hé do mite née - ng thus Ong thuy ding dé do mite nuéc tong baléng dim bao dao dong trong mot pham vi nha@t dinh, mite nude cao qué anh hudng dén chat lugng hoi, mite nude thip qua, Khéng an toa’n cho bé mat truyén nhié Déng hé do mite nude duoe dua trén nguyén tic binh thong nhau. Thuong ding 6ng thuy sing, Ong thuy 16i va Gng, thuy thép (hinh 5-1). Ong thuy sdéng 1 mot Sng trong sudt, dau dudi ndi voi Khoang nude, ddu wen noi voi khoang hoi. Theo nguyén téc binh thong nhau, mic nude wong ng cao gan bing . mife nude trong balong, hoi Hinh 5-1, Ong thuy do mvc longthap hon mot {t do balong ed bot hoi. Ong thuy lam bang vat ligu trong sui Ui Lue Lip doc mac nude, 4p suat thap c6 thé dng Ong hinh trdn, dp sudt ¢ thé ding Ong thay det, mat thuy tinh trong suct, di day, ghép v6i ba phia bing kim loa Ong thuy ti chi Ji hai van nude, mot dat o vi tri mic nude thap nhat, m6 ra luén ed nude chay va van thi hai dat & phia mde nude cao nhit, me ra khong duge 6 nude. Ong thus thap ding cho I hoi cé balong dat & vi uf gud cao, khong ¢6 diéu kign dye true tip mite nude ong balong. O day dua trén nguyén téc binh théng nhau hing cin ding them thuy ngan, mot chdl léng khGng hoa tan véi nuév. Mot ahdnh giit mtte nude khong ddi, nh4nh kia e6 mite nude luon bing mite nuse trong daléng. Khi mae nude trong balding thay déi th) mite nude trong Sng va qua d6 mie thuy ngan trong 6ng hinh chit U thay déi. Doc mic thuy ngan & vi tri thap 6 thé suy ra mvc nude trong baléng Nhiéu khi nguti ta edn b6 rf chuéng hoge dén bio khi mtic nue xuding den mic nue thifp ahal dé kip thei xtr Ly. 5.1.2 Thiét bj an toan Lo hoi Jam viée duéi ap sudt cao va nhiét dé cao dé gay ra hin tugng pha huy thict bi, khong nhing nh hutng dén kinh té, ky thuft ma cdn cé thé anh hudng dén sic khoé va tinh menh nguii van hank, do vay trén 10 hoi phai trang bi cée thiét bi an toan dé gitm dén mttc ti thidu te hai. Ndi chung, thiét bi an toan thudmg xuycn dong, khi cé inguy er VUES qua 4p sud hoae nhiét do cho phép thi chi dong mé hoae phé huy & vi trf chen trade. 4. Van an toan La thict bi dé khOng ché Ap suat 10 hoi khong dé vine qué gidi han cho phép od thé pha huy thiét bi, Tren 1d hoi, van an ton duge dat & baléng, & dau ra bo qué nhi¢t vid dav vao, dau ra bd ham nude bing gang. Khi lim vige binh thutng, van an ton déng, khi 4p sudt vugt qué pham vi cho phép thi van an to&n ty dong md, x4 bGt hoi ra ngodi lam cho dp suat gidm den mite cho phép, Itic dé van lai tu déng déng lai. Theo lye tke dung déng md, c6 thé chia thanh hai loai: loai ding lve ciia 10 xo va loai trong lye. Logi trong lye c6 thé két hop voi hé thong don bay dé digu chinh. Trong 16 hoi ning suat lon ap suat cao con ding log van xung lugng, nd bao gdm mt loai van an toan oho, | ai 16 xo hoge trong lye, nhung khi van m& th) hoi chia thai ra ngoai ma ding dé mé van xa hoi chinh. Cait tao cia cdc Toai van an (oan duge biéu dién uén (hinh 5-2). 194Hoi that. 1 A “4 thai Hor ld baléng Van an toan trong luc co din bay Van an toan kiéi le x0 Van antoan kiéu xung long Hinh 5-2, C4u tao cc loai van an toan. 195Trong Jogi van 1d xo, luc dé déng kin dia van [a lye cita 1 xo. Tuy theo dp snat cho phép ngudi ta diéu chinh dé nén 1d xo thich hyp, eéng vide nay 1 cle bO thanh tra, sau khi diéu chinh phi cp chi, khong duge tuy ti¢n thay ddi. Khi lam vige binh thutng, Ive cila 18 xo lin hon lye tae dung cia hoi, van duge ding kin, khi lue cba hoi én hon luc cha 1d xo thi van mG, hoi x4 ra ngoai, Ap suat giam xudng, khi thip hon luc cha 1 xo thi van lai déng lai. Van an tolin kigu trong hye diing trong lugng vita hon bi hode dia van dé déng kin, khi Ive dy ea hoi én hon trong le cia bi hode dia thi van duge més ra dé x hati, logi nay chi ding vi thict bi 4p sugt rt nhd. Khi 4p suat Lén hon, can them he thong don bay dé tang lye tac dung én dia van. SO luong va vi tr cde qua ta trén don bay quyét dinh 4p sudt cho phép cha 10 hoi, phii do cén bd thanh ua digu chinh va cap chi ¢6 dinh. Khi ld hoi Lim viéc, trong Iugng cée quii ta, Lang 1én qua hé thong ddn bay dt én dia van, déng kin lai. Khi Ap suét hoi tang len, le dy duGi dia van thing be dé cha cde qua ta voi hé thong don bay, dia van duge md ra, hoi thoat ra ngoai, khi xudng ti mite thip hon 4p suai cho phép, van lai duoc dong lai. Hai loai van trén déu cé nhuoe diém 1d rét khé dam bdo dd kin cia dia nha la khi kich thude dia van J6n, ite JA phai x4 ra luong hoi nhiéu, do vay v hoi cong sudt {on thudng phi ding van xung lugne. CS day cing ding van an ton nh}, kiéu 1d xo hoje trong luc, efing dizge mo khi dp suat hoi vt qué gidi han cho phép, hoi nay chua xd ra ngoai ma cho vio phia tren oda pittong dé mo van chinh, xa bot hoi ra ngodi. Khi hot x4, ap sudt di nhé hon mite cho phép thi van an todn duge dong ai va dudi stte day cla hoi van chinh cting déng la. 2. Dinh chi La mot thidt bi dam bao an todn cho bé mal truyén nhiét, ngudi ta lam mot dinh chi g4n vao bé mat truyén nhiét cdn bao vé bang ren. Dinh chi 1A mot cai nuit g6m hai phan, bén ngoai 1m bing (hsp, ¢6 ren, chinh gilla 1a ei 16i 1am bing hyp kim chi ¢6 nhigt dd nong chy thap. Khi lam vide binh thutng, dinh chi cling ahur bé mat truyén nhict duye nude 10 lam mat, khi lugng nude xudng qué mee, nhidt do bé mal tang Jén, dé mot nhi¢t do ndo dé c6 thé nguy hiém cho bé mat wuyén nhiét, thi Idi chi bi néng chay, nude va hoi phun ra am 141d vi béo cho nguti van hanh bict dé xi ly. Dinh chi ding nhiéu trong 1 hoi nh dau méy xe lta hoi nude. 3. Ca phong no Trén tutng budng Ita, nb&t 1A trong 1d hoi dot déu thudng 66 bd trf cia phong nd. Thudng 18 cita nghiéng, ligt dign hinh chét nat, thudng xuyén déng nho trong lvong cla nap cd ban 1é. Khi trong buGng Iva cé hi¢n tuyng chdy dot ngot, dp si 196(ang qua phum vi cho phép, thing tang lwong eta np thi duoe mé ra, x4 Khoi ca ngoai, ip suit gidm thi nap lai wr dong dong lai. 4. Nap phong no . Tren dutng dng din nhién ligu nhu bot than thudng gan nbing nip phong néb dé trinh né do hien (uyng ty bée chay. Day 1A nhiimg doan Sng cut, dinh hinh ellip duye bit kin boii mot loai kim loai méng, dé bi phd huy. Khi trong dng din co hign tuong ty chay, 4p sufi trong Ong tang len, phd huy nap bit, xd ra ngoai lam cho ap sual giam, trénh duge nguy hiém. 5.1.3 Thiét bi tu dong diéu khién ‘Trong qué ttinh van hanh, nhiéu ho sir dung nhict rat dn dinh, you edu vé thong s6 vi sdn Jugng hoi rit khat khe, nhung cing cd nhing h6 lai rat hay Ibay doi, ma 1d hei phai thod man ede yéu cdu khdc nhaw dé nén phai trang bi he thong tdong diéu chinh, thod man cde yeu edu cha hd ding nhist, dim bio cao nhat cdc diéu kign ky thugt, kinh t va an toan. 1. Biéu chink qué trink chdy Noi chung, digu chink qué tinh chay thue hign ba nhigm vy: Nhi¢m vu thét nbét 1a dim bio thong so hot dn dinh, dae bil sud én dinh ching (6 Iveng hoi ticu thy va lugng hoi sinh ra cin bang nhau, khi 4p sual gidm Lite li Ivgng hoi tidy thy akiéu hon, cn phai ting them nhien lieu dé sin xudt nhiéu hon va khi dip suat tang thi nguge lai. la dp suat. Ap Nhigm vu thé hai Ja dam bao qué tinh chy tt nhdt, nghia 14 diéu chink Juong gid cdp dim bio hé sé khéng kh thita kinh t€ hat phi hyp vai timg Ioai ohién figu. Nhigm vy thi ba 1 dim bao ché do thong gid can bang, dam bio 4p sutt hop ly trong budng lia cfing nhur tran duéme Ong din pid va din khoi. em vu thit nhat, thuong Idy xung luung 1a sur thay déi tu luyng hoi vi sy thay doi 4p sud tong 1d hoi, bé thue fuén nhigm vu thi hai, thudng lay xung lung 1a néng do oxy hoac RO, trong khdi, n6 thé hign he sO khong khi thira, Dé thuc hign nhigm vy thi ba thudng ky xung long [a dd chan khong trong buéng lita. 2. Diéu chinh sadn luong hoi cia lo Thy chét La diéu chinh lugng nbign lige va khong khf dé 6 qué tinh chéy tt dng thoi cung cap liu Lugng hoi phi hyp wi ho sir dung, nen thiet bi didu chink e6 thé chung véi diga chinh qué tinh chay. 1973. Diéu chinh nhist do hoi qué nhict Khi mot ch€ do van hanh thay déi thi ludn kéo theo su thay déi nhigt d6 hoi «qué nhidt nhat fi khi chi diing bo qué nhiét dot lu hose bic xa, néu ding phéi hop we ai Luma va bétc xq thi thay d6i ft hon do c6 sir thay d6i bu ur gitta BO qué mhiés doi luu va bée xa. Dé diéu chinh nhiet do hoi qué nhiet, thudng ding bo gidm on, Joai bé mat hay loai hén hop. Trong bo diéu chinh hot qua niet, thutmg ly xung ueng 1a te dd thay d6i nhiet 49 hat tai diém sau bo qua nhigt ep mot va nhict dd hot d cita ra dé thay d6i ché d9 lam viée cita bo gidim on, dOi khi cn phai thay di Jum Igng nue cap va lugng ohiét sinh ra trong budng Lita. 4. Diéu chink mite aude trong balong Mite mide trong balong anh hung dén chat wong hoi va dQ an toan cba be mat trayén nhiét, nén pai diu chinh dé dam bao trong pham vi cho phép. C6 thé aap mot sO loai he thing digu chinh. Loai thé nhat chi lay xung hrong duy nat Id mis nude trong, balGng, loai thit hai ly hai xung Tugng 1a mute nutic va luu lvong hoi, Joai tht ba ding nhiéu nhat, lly ba xung Iueng 18 mie nude, luu lugng hoi, va fun hugng nude cap 48 dam bio mite nutéc trong baléng on dinh cling nhv he thong cap nude Lam vide én dinh. §.2 KHUNG LO, TUGNG LO VA BAO ON 5.2.4 Khung 1d Thudng 1A mot két cfu kim joa ding dé pitt, rev, dG tat od cde bd phan cla 1d hoi, cdu thang, san phyc vu, déi khi cA mai nha, v.v..., va tuyén tai xudng méng nha. Khung 1d thutng gdm COC chinh, cot phy, noi v6i nhau bang cde dam ngang, dim chéo. Cot va dam thutng lam bing thep hinh chit I, U. ToL, v. dé don hhoxe hin ghép lai v6i nan, & chan cOt thurong han them tam [ot phing, 43 phan bo rong va déu lén méng. Céc phiin tir cia 18 hoi duge treo hoiic dé Ién khung, chi ¥ ta khong d8 céc chi tiét chu them eéc tng suat phy qué én nh b} un qué nhiéu hodc gian né nhiét. Céu thang, san thao tac, dudng lien thong giita céc 1d phai dim bao thuan Uén, an toan, thi dy nhu: ~ Phai Jam bang vat ligu chiu duge nhiét, khong ding thanh thép tron, tam thép Lron, ¢6 lan can khong thap hon 1 7, phia duéi cd t4m che khong thap hon 10 cm, 198- Khi cfu thang cao trén 1,5 m7 thutmg do déc khong qué 50°, chiéu rong khong qué 600 mii, khoang cAch gitta hai bac khong qué 200 mm véi thang cd do dée 45 + 50" va khong qué 360 aim vGi cu thang thing ditng, chiéu rong mdi bac khong nhé hon 80 sam. + Ct khoting 3 a cdu thang cin co sin dimg chan, rong khong dudi 600 ran hoge 800 mun vGi noi cé thao tdc, Khong gian Un ddu khong dudi 2m. 5.2.2 Tuéng ld va bao én I, Tae dang va yéu cdu cita tuong 10 va bdo én Day ciing 1a m6t bd phan quan trong, cd nhiém vu cach ly nhimg bo phan c6 nhidt dé cao nhu [gp nhién ligu dang chay, san phdm chy sinh ra, céc bé mat truyén nhiét, mGi chat nhu nude, hoi, khong khi ning, v.v... vdi moi trudmg xung quanh. C6 3 t4e dung chfnh: a, Chong tot Khong dé khdi néng, tro byi lot ra ngoai cling khdng dé khdng khi lank bén ngoai lot vao trong dé gidm bot tn that nhiét va dim bao vé sinh m6i tnrong. bh, Caich nhiét Dim bio nhiet dd mat ngoai cia thigt bi khong qué cao, anh hudng den diéu kign an toan cla ngudi van banb va gid bot nhiet lung toa ra modi tatmg xung quanh, cf thign diéu kién lim vide va gifm tn thai nhidt. c. Tao thanh mét b6 phan dng dan sdn phn chay Chi ¥ trdnh ede g6c chét dé tich ty nbting khi chdy duge o6 nguy eo chéy n6, gidm bot nhimg ché thay 46i tiét dién cing nhu chiéu hudnrg 6é gidm bs ted luc. Dé dat duge cde 1c dung trén, cin thod man cée yeu cau: 1. C6 do ban vé nhiét Trung tam buéng lita c6 nhiét do rit cao, 66 thé lén dén 600°C hoac hon nia, nhiéu khi lai c6 xi long, khong chi cé tée dung nhiét ma lai con c6 tée dung hod hoc, Nhiét d6 cia tudng 1d tuy thude vao cfu tuo cla 10 hoi, néu 6 tudng nude chan, nhiét do khong qué 500 + 600°C, néu cé din 6ng nude che ch&n, nhiét d6 lweng 1 khong qué 800 = 900°C, nhung cé nhiing budng Tita khong duge che chén Thi nhigt 49 06 thé {én tren 1000°C v.v... do vay phai chon vat ligu chiu nhiét thich hop, niur zirconi c6 d6 chiu Mira rat cao, ¢6 thé chiu dén 1800 + 2500°C nhung dat titn. Cromit (Cr,0;) chita khoang 35 + 43% chiu duge khodng 1800 + 2000°C, thudng, ding hon 1A samét, g6m chi yéu 1a silic oxyt (SiO,) va nhom dxyt (ALO3) dang vién hode bot, chiu dén khoang 1730°C; diatomit 1a vat ligu x6p, gém chit 199you 1a SiO, 66 thé chiu dén 900 + 1000°C. Dolomit (MgCO, va CaCO.) hoae ket hop voi khoing 15% amiang thanh x6velit chju duge khoang 450°C. 2. C6 tinh c4ch nhiét tt Ben tong budng lira nhiét dé rat cao, ban ngoii (yong yéu edu nhiét do thip, nhidl do mat ngodi khong qué 50°C G noi c6 ngudi 1am vice qua lai, noi khdc cling khong qué 70°C, nén tudng 1d phi c6 do‘edch nhiét tt, phdi lam bang nhing vat Ligu cd hé s6 din nhict thap, thutng dong 1A amiang 6 dang bot, ket thanh sgi hoac dat thinh vai. Amiang cé thé chiu tdi nhigt do khoding 500°C, tén 600°C amiang st bi nat vun ra. Hé si dn ohidt thong thudng e6 thé tinh: a= 0,14 +0,00023t {5-La) dot thanh vai cé: d= 0,123 + 0,000185t, Win.K G-1b) c6 thé ding zondlit, xdvelit c6 i bing khoing 0,093, Whn.K, cing thuting ding bang khodng (hong thuy tinh), ¢6 thé chiu téi nhist do 600°C, be s6 din nhist cha nd phu thude vio kb6i fugng ri¢ng, khi p= 120 dyin’, this 2 = 0,049 +0,00015t (5-2a) khi p = 300 kgfar’, thi: 2 = 0,0672 + 0,000128t (5-2b) 3. Cd kha nang bit kin Tuong 1d phai cé kha nang bit kin, khong dé khdi bui tong budng iia va dung din lol ra ngoai khi dp suat duong va cing khong duge dé cho khong khf lanh lot vao trong, dé dam bao tinh kinh i, ky thud vd vé sinh moi trutmg. 4. Mot 86 yeu cflu ke Negoai ra dng 1 phai thod mn mot s6 yéu edu khde nhur dé bea eg hoe, khéi Jugng nhd, ché tao sta chita dé dang, gid thinh ha, v.v... Cho dén nay, chua tim duge vat thod man dugc déng thoi tat ca cée yeu edu trén, thi du oh vat liéu chiu chiu duge nhiét d6 cao nhung céch nhiét khong 16t, ning né, dit tién, v.v.... con vat li¢u céch nhiét t6t, nhe nhung lai thuimg khong chju duge nhigt 6 cao, khé bit kin, v.v.. Do vay, thong thudng tudng Ld phai Jam thinh mét sé dp, ldp trong cing ding vat ligu chiu Ita dud dang gach vién hodc vita, lép thit hai diing vat ligu cach nhiét nhung thudng kh6 bit kin nén phdi thém 1dp thir ba dé chén va bit kin. 2002. Cait tau tong ti Tuy theo mue dO chiu nhiét tir buéng Mita, cho dfn nay d& cd ba loai edu tao tuong 1d: tong ning, tudng nhe va ting treo. a. PHOng nding Li loai turtmg ding khi trye isp chiu tée dung cia ngon Ita, khong duge che chin béi din Gng hoge tudng nude, nhigt do mat ong cia tude khi van hanh 6 thé len den {200 = 1300°C, Tuéng thing chia thaoh hai 16p, lop irong xay bing gach chig Ia kich thuse 230 x 113 x 65 aim, day 0.5 = 1 vién, lop ngoai xay bing such db thong thutmg, kich thudc 240 x 115 x $3 mum, day tie 1 = 2 vien, téng cong tutmg day 1,5 = 3 vien. G nhiing ving nhiét d kh6i thdp, gidm chiéu day Idp gach chiu lita, khi nhiét dO xudng dudi 700 + 800°C, 06 thé xay hodn todn bing gach dé, ul choc nhiGt d cao, nhumg céch nhiét kém lai rat dat tién trong 1 dO cao. Khi xay h dé céch nhigt it hon, lai ré nhumg khong chiu ditge nb uu ¥ dim bio do bén co hos, gitta hai Lp cain c6 gach vai cone, ¢6 thé ding them méc kim loai, mach vita giifa cdc vidn chi nén diy 1 + 2 vn, khOng nen qua 3 am, mach vita gach do khong nén qué 5 + 7 #2. Vita chiu lita thutmg tn theo ty IG 111 Ag bOt samot min dudi 1 mmr vi 42 ky dat s6t chiu sa va 55 Tir nude duoc Khodng 280 kg vita, Chigu cao ting khong qué 10 + 12 m, thudng kholng 4 +8 mt, néu cao qué thi phan thinh hai ba doan, doan dudi cing dat [én méng, cée dogn trén xay lén dam lam bing thép hoae be tong cot thép, Dé tang thém tinh céch nhiét, giita hai 16p c6 thé rit khe h& rong khoding 7 + 20 nun: dé cho tu do din ng nhidt, trcde ede ting danh khe h& khong 25 nu; néu tudng dai trén 5 1, G gitta cling c6 khe bi gidn nd, trong Khe bd gidin n& thudng thudng chen syi amidng, dé inh khong dé lot khf hode xi ran roi vao anh hutng dén din nd. b. Twang nhe Thuing ding cho cdc budng lita e6 din Sng che chin. Dé gidm nhg trong tai cia Urting tac dung len cde 16p gach dudi, thudng chia chiéu cao tuting thanh nhiéu phan, méi phiin cao khodng 1000 + 1500 sim, duge dit Ion cdc gid dd mac vii khung 1d nbd mot sé vien gach dinh hinh vi m6c. Céc phiin e6 thé xay bing gach vien nhung cing ding cdc tam bé tong due sin, lop trong ding bétong samét cl lia day Khoding 80 yun, L6p ngodi LL be tong emizng + dialOmit cdich nhiét day kho‘ing 60 1m, ngodi cdng [A Jép bong khudng edich nhigt day khodng 120 mn va due boe hing mot 1ép ton. ¢. Puting treo Ding déi vdi budng lita 66 din Sng. Tudng gdm mot vai Iép vita chiu fra va céch nhigt gan thang lén dan Gng nhiy cdc bulong gin sin voi Ong, doi khi ngudi ta han gai lén Sng dé git [6p vita. Thong thyéng tung gém Ip cromit chiu tira 201diy khodng 40 vu, lép be tOng nh¢ céch ohigt khoang 50 aun, lp cdch nhigt xdvélit day khoang 50 wat va ngoai cling 12 1dp vita chen kin 1 6m amiing, dat sé, hic in va du khodng, gitta ede lp boe bing ludi sé ngvai cing boe hing t6n. Ding tudng treo, lam cho va do kin tot hon, (ong lung giam nhiéu cé thé dén vai ba ln nén gid thiinh 66 thé gidm duge vai ba lan. 5.3 NHA LO VA HE THONG CAP NHIEN LIEU, THAI TRO Xi 5.3.1 Nha 1d Thutmg gap hai loai: Loai aba 18 doe lap va loai nha 13 bé tri chung, & day gidi thiéu loai nha 16 doe lap. a. Vi tri ciia nha to Lod hoi 1A trung Lam cap nhiét cia don vi sin xudt, khi bs tri nha 1d cdn chi ¥ cde didu kign sau: I. Nha 1d nén bé Ui gén v6i hé sir dung chinh dé nit ngdn mang 6ng din hoi, ligt ki¢m duce kim loai, gidm bot duge 1én that vé nhigt cing nhu tén that 4p luc. 2. Tién loi cho viée cung cap nhién li¢u va thai tro x1. Thudng nén bé tri gén Kho nhién ligu, cdn kho nhién Liu can bé [rf gain truc giao thong. 3. Nén bé tri gdn co sd san xuat c6 fie én quan véi nhau dé pho hop, hé tro phau, thi dy nhurnén bé tri gén 18 luyén céc, 18 khi hod, v.v... dé c6 thé ding khi dt 16, ding hei cho viée khi hoa, v.v... 4. Phai tinh dén viée md rong sau nay: phai cé khong gian dé cd thé mé rong khi cdn thiét va tutmg phfa d6 khong nén lam qué kién 6. 5. Phai tinh dén didu kien vé sinh moi trudng cho sin xu cing nhu cu dan xung quanh, nén dat gian 18 6 phfa dudi hudng gid chin. 6, Cin phi hop voi tiéu chudn an toan cia nha nude, b. Céc yéu edu vé kién trite ctia nha lo Khi xay dung nha lo cin chi ¥ den yeu edu sau: 1. Tuy thee kich thude va dae diém cua 10 dé chon xay nha mét tang hay nhiéu ling, cd ding ting hém hay khong. 2022, Phai phd hop véi yeu ciu phong chdy chita chay, thi du nhu atong nha khong duge lim bing chat dé chdy, phai cé khoing cach nat dinh Wr dinh 1 den xa nha. 3. Trong nha 1, ty theo nang, sudt Gn nh, ¢6 thé chia thanb gian 10, gian chita than, gian quat gid quat khdi, gian xt ly nuéc, gian phye vu sinh hoat, v.v. phai bo uf cée gian cho phi hyp véi Linh tir vin hanh va sau aby khi md rong, nhitng thiet bi kign cO khOng nén b6 tri & phia dink mé rong. 4. C6 thé thiét ké nha 1d kin, ban 16 thién howe 19 thién tuy theo dac diém khi hau, thoi let va thiét bi. Thigt bi cd thé bd tri tat cA G trong nha hodc mgt sd thiét bi nhwr bo khif bui, quat gid, v.v..., 06 thé bé tri ngoai woi. §. Dé phdng tac hai khi c6 sy c6 nd 1 hoki, phai tuo cho dong hai c6 dutmg thodi ra ngodi thud eign, Thf du vai nha 1D oS mai nhe, trong lugg dus 90 kyla thi cé thé ding mai lién, néu méi én 90 Agi? thi phat utr thodt khong hd hon 10% dign tich mat bang chicm trén nén, cla thost cd thé Lam un mai hode o qwong trude nhung phai dit cao hon 10. 6. Nén nha 1 thudng khong nén dé thap hon mat dat xung quanh nat 1 stn ngoai dé tranh hign tugng nue chy vao nha 16, ban than nén nha cing can c6 6 nghieng dé nude dé dang tap trung vé muong thos nude. 7, Cita ra vio nha 1d phai dium bao an ton, ké ed khi 0 su o6. Tat du nhue khi di¢n tich nén nha tren 250 97 thi ti thiéu phai 6 hai cita ra vao, duci 250 ae 6 thé ding mot cira, cénh cia phai m¢ ra ngoai, cdn canh cara giffa cdc pian trong nha Jd nhur phong Fam vig, phing thay quén do, v.v... hi vita més vé phia 1d hoi, 8. Nha id phai dim bio 4nh sfing va thong gid Us nhién va nhan tao. 6 nhing vi tri quan trong fin ¢6 ngudn dién doc lap dé cung cp dnh sng cfing nhu thong pid thai het Khi doc va bul bam ra ngoai. Nhiet do trong phdng Lim vige cil cong nhin van hinh phdi dim bio, mda dong khong dudi +12°C, mba he khong vugt qué nhi¢t 46 noi rim mat 10°C, 6 san thas tae phia Wen khong vuit qué them 10°C nifa, mA cao nhat cling khong duye qué 43°C. 9, Khi ding khoi b6 tri 6 npoai, cht ¥ khong dé méng dng khdi thing vi mong nha. c. BO tri (rong nha to Nguyen te chung khi bd tri La dim bao 16t nha ede chi teu vé kinh 16. ky thuat va an Loan. CO gang tan dung dign lich, khong gian, 6 gang rt ngan khodng. cach cdc joai Sng dan, thuan tign tong vice di fai, van hanh, kiém ta, bio ducing va stta chita, Theo kinh nghiém, dudi day néu len mot vai kich thude tham Khao. 2031. Dim bilo khoang cach can thiét gitta cdc 1b dé ign cho vige di Tai thao tac van hanh, bao dudng, stta chia, hf du vdi 1d hol Wr 5 + 20 Vf, khoang cach pitta cae 10 khoang 2,5 + 4a, 2. Vé phia chi edn dé di lai, khong cin thao tae vfin Hanh bie dudng s thi khoting each gitta ee 1 cling abir tir ld dén tating khong dudi tae. Phfa ma imide 1, néw 1818 ding edn co khoding, 2 at, nc 1a ede foal 1b kha phai 6 khodng bi khae nhau nhur bom, quat, vv... . thi Khodng cdch bé ngoai gitta cae thidt bj hode dén tudag khong duci 0,8 m7, noi khdng cin di qua 6 thé gidsn bat. mhung khong dui 05 v7. 9.3.2 Hé thong cap than va thai tro xi Cap than va thi to ai 1a hai cong vige nang né, bui bam, anh hudng xdu den céng nan va ve sinh moi tudng nen tuy theo diéu kign kinh i ky thuat, uy thee mite sir dung ning lugng nhiéu ft mi chon bign phap thich hyp. i dn chuyén nhién ligu Tuy theo digu kign cu thé, od thé chon mol trong ede phucmg thite sauz Vai mae Liu thu than it, thi dy du | Ye 66 thé ding phuong phdp thi cong. Vi mie tigu thu Khoding rn dudi 10772 e6 thé kel hop thi cong voi mot so cong cu cdi ign nhur xe diy, xe goony dé chuyén eho, ding balang dé dura fen cao, Vi mee sit dung than nhiéu hon, ed thé dimg thiét bj vo kh hod nhur vit ti, bang ti, edn tue dé van chuyén nang Ién cao. Khi ding bang (li nghiéng, dé van chuyén [en cuo, cin chi ¥ dd nghiéng khong duge qué In, “phigh ligu sé bi uuot (er lai, pée nghiéng thudng khong qué 18" khi tai than cue va khOng qué 20° khi li than cam. 2. Vich trit than Ld hoi thuting 1a trang tam hout dong cua oha may, dé dam bio fam vise khong givin doan, lugng than thudng phdi du trit cho vin hanh mot thing 6 bai than, Than thutng dé ngodi i, chiu tae dong eta mua ndng, tiah chat ly hod thay d6i nhiéu nhu chat be gidm, than! phin chiy cling di Oxy ‘pod Lam gidm d ahidl tri ciing giam, nhumg lai lam (ang nhigt Uo wong long déng than c6 khi din den ty chdy, do vay 1uy theo chiing loai than ma chon kich thuée ding than, Chicu dong than, cé thé chon 6 + 12 a, cdn chiéu cao thi tuy theo chat boc nhiéu hay i, thOi gian dur trit dai hay nein: thf du ohur dur trot dusi bai théng, chiéu cao dong than nau khong nén qué 2 Sai, than mi cd ch be én 20% chon 2. 3,5 ut, chat bc dudi 20% chon dn 3,5 mm, cn antraxit cd thé chon dO cao tuy ¥, ron 204néu thi gian dy i dai hon thi chiéu cao chon thip hon, thf dy wen hai th ut, chidu cao déing than nau khong nen qué 1,5 2m, vv. Dign tich bai thon c6 thé tinh theo cdng thie: 24.8 mk sae (53) hp.g trong.d6: B, - liamg than tink todn tiéu thu Wong | A, Unh ca roi vai nén efin ting lén khodng 2 = 4%; m- 6 ngay vin du phdng; h-chiéu cao déng than cho phép, a: «he $6 do gde chat déug lr nhién, bing khong 0,35 + 0,40; k — ho sO xét den dutmg di lai trong bai than, My khong 1,5 + 1.6: p- khdi jugng riéng cia than chat déng (kg/m), chat tr do thong thudne, than niu cé p = 700 00, than dé 800 + 850, than antruxit chon iva 900 + 950, antraxit cdim 950 + 1000 dylan, Mat bai cdn vé do dée nit dinh dé thot nude, nén bd ti do nhigt do G ni nong nhat. Neoai bai than dy tri, trong gian 19 ofing ein cd phéu than hoae bé than, dit dé van hinh ong khoiing & = 14 gid. Doi vGi phéu than & cao, déy phai cd gde nohicng khoang SO + 65° dé khGi lac than. Doi voi budng Ida dot bot than, thi én dugmg dura than Gr bai dén gian 15. phiii qua cae cong doan sau: - dap so bo nhimg ting than to thinh cue kich thuée khong qué 15 ar vi ich mil sat. - dap nhé nhién liu, tach cae rnanh tap chat kh6 nghién nhur 26, vic, vv... - say, nehién va Lach bot than dat Uéu chudn dé dot, duong Minh wrung binh khoang 40 zeu, Wwy theo loai (han, thi du quy dinh bt than sniraxit dat Ry, = 8%, nghia li khi ding ray ¢6 cunh 90 jan, chi con $% hat khons yma hoi. - chuydn bor than dug true tidp dén vSi phun hose phéu than wung gian. 3. Vhai tro xt Sou khi det ht nhimg thanh phén chéy duye cha nhi¢n liga thi phai thai kip Udi ro xi, We Hi phan chat rin khong chéy dune. C6 loai I hoi thal tro, 66 loa 205thai x te 1A tro bi néng chy. C5 load thai xi long tie 1a thai xi dang & dang néng chity, 66 loai thai xi kh6 tite Ja cho xi dng die 16i mdi thai ra nod. Tro xi e6 thé {ap uung ngay és day badng lita, cing e6 thé bi khdi mang di r6i tach ra of bd Khir bu, td6 van chuyén den cde bai thai tro xi. C6 nhice bien phap thai tro xi, teY theo cOng suat, trinh do ky thuat, co thé chon cau biga phaip sau: - Bien phép tnt cong, ding xe diy xe goong. ~ Diing thidt bi cv khf hog, mang nghieng, vv... - Trai tro ai bang thuy lye hode thuy khf dong lye. 5.3.3 Hé théng cap dau Thoag thudng edn dy ut diu di ding khodng | thing, ngu diéu kién cung cap, van chuyén dé ding c6 thé chi edn dy tit khodng 10 ngiy doi khi con ed thé thép hon. Khi bé ui cin chi ¥ khodng each gitta c4c bén, wy theo dung ueh 1 nhd, 66 thé lily theo s6 ligu kinh nghitna sau: Ify khoding 3 2 cho bén 1000 = 4000 a8, 4 m cho loai 4000 + 6000 m7, 5a che loai 6000 + $000 m!, khoang cach tr meép bon den wdng bao ldy tir 3 = 18 m, bon thudng dat nm ten lép cat, sau xuGng Khodng 50 + 60 cai, vi cao thém kholing 20 = 30 cm, Bén déu thong Run bling thep inh try, duéng kinh co thé tir | = 9 me. Trn bon dau thudmg e6 b6 tri: - Ong thong khf dé trinh tang ép suft tong bén, dying kinb dng khéng nbd hon 1,5 fach (khoing 3,8 cm), diu cong xudng 45", bit bang Ludi sat dé tinh mua va hod hoan. - Ong hit diy, thudng khong dé mi ong sft day mi cach day khong dud 10 cn dé tranh hit can, vai ba nam phai lim vé sinh mot Hin, ~ Bo gia nhigt, thug Iam Gng vanh Khuyén dat giin ngang, thutng gia nhict hang hoi, co thé c6 ty dong didu chinh dén nhigt do khodng 30 + 40°C, day dé nghieng Khodng 1/50 dé dé ding thai nude ngumg, thing khuyén khong ding dign, ft an toan. - Hong hé do mee dau: it ding ong thay tinh ma thudng ding phao kél hop iin, nhiéu voi thude do, thudng con do cd nbiet do dé higu chinh vé nbidt dé nuse chon 15°C, - Ong hoi cttu hoa: khi diu bose dy & cée bén déu bén canh hoge chinh & tong bén, thurmg cho boi nue vao d ip tat. Ron dau thuong duye son chong ri ca hai mat, mal ngoai cén boe céch nhigt day Khoding 40 + 100 nem, rat vita ciment, bos wn trang kém, nhiéu khi son miu 206sing dé giam bot sy hap tha bite xg mit Oi. Bon dau cing cd thé dat ngdim dudi dit, loa nay dung tich thutmg khong qua 2G nr’, cfing 66 mong, treo, dé va efing chu ¥ thoat nue. Tir bn chita, diu duye dua dén cde thing cap dau bang bom hoae chdy tw nhi¢n. Thing ea déiu thudng chia di dot wong khoting 4 + 5 wie. Khi chon cdc Gng din dau, can tuu ¥ dén tr ie vi dO nhot cba dau lon hon etia nude rit nhidu, lai thay dOi rit 1 rét theo nhiét do. Vé mia dong, nhigt do gidm, dO nhot gidm, ur lye tang, tham chf c6 thé khong chiy duge, efin phi gia phigt, khi thict ké can gidi quyét cd tinh trang bat loi nhét. Thuding khong ding Gng bine hyp kim déng dé trénh tée dung eta la Auynh hay 66 trong dau, tid dign Sng dan déu thing 1én khoing gdp doi Sng din nude, co thé tinh theo kinh nghiém véi tc do Sng hiit du khong 6 + 12 nalphuit, Ong thai dau khodng 12 +21 nuphii. Tre lye én dutmg Sng din es thé duge khée phye bdi bom hose dQ cao vita thing diu. Khi ding bom thuting co bé uf dudng tai tuan hotn dau. Khi ding chay tur nhién, d@ cao ciia thing dia phai dim bao khoding cach Ite mite du thap nat déntiye voi phun ti 2 + 5m, dutmg kinh ving Wy thude vao khodng edeb tir thing diu den voi phun, dudi 6 1 66 thé ding Ghy co dudng kinh Un 2,54 on, xa tien 6 aiding Ong dudmg, kinh Wen 3,8 en. Cling, can uu § bo uf van xd nude dong & noi thép nhat dé Khoi dnb hutng qué vinh chay cha nhién ligu va bet trf van xd Khi & noi cao ni 207Chuong VI VAN HANH, BAO DUONG VA XU THE PHAT TRIEN LO HOI an hanh, bao duGng va fa chita Jd hoi c6 ede quy trinh riéng, G day chi néu MAL sd neuyén Ly dé e6 thé nd im va ly giai cde quy minh dé. 6.1 MOT SO CHi TIEU KINH TE KY THUAT bE dank chi tiéu kinh if higu quad tim vige ci thie bi 1 hoi, Uhudmg phai ding den cde k¥ thual va an tein. 6.1.1 Mat sé chi tiéu kinh te Thining ding ede chi uéu sau: i. Hiét sudt f6 hoi Cing nhir cae thidt bi khée, higu sual 1a ty 1é gidta nang Luong cé ich, sit dung duc vii long nang lugng dita vo. Nang lugng co ich & day Ta nang lugng ding san xuit ra nude néng, nude soi hode hai nude, cin nang Iveng dua vio 1a nf dot nhien lie tinh (nett). do tof ra, 1a thutmg dig hai loai: hiGu suat thd (brutto) va hige sua 1iGu sual tho tinh thee: Qu EBAY ape, OD BQY BAS Higu suat tinh tfah theo: 208(6-2) Q,, - ohiet tugng hitu ich, life Ja ohidt lugng dé sin xudt ra D &g hoi hode nude néng vi dO tang entanpi 1a Ai; qu ~ lwgng nhiét ur ding cho ban than 10 hoi. Trong cic 1d hoi hién ding, hi¢u suai tho co thé dat dén 93 + 94%. 2. Sudi tiéu hao ahién lieu La lugng ohién ligu edn thidi dé san xuii ra mot sin tung hoi la 1TH, C6 thé diing loai nhién ligu thye dang sit dung nhung thuding quy vé loai nhitn ligu quy ude © higt tri 7000 kcal/kg hoe 29310 key biéu thi bang: B b = .1T 6-3a D (6-3) hude: BQr oy. = Py fl 6-3) *p.7000 7 * (ea) Iv = BQ Tpit (6-3) *p.29310" Cong thie (6-3b) ding khi nhigt ldy don vi Akg. 1 Q! lay dun vi keulfkg, cdn (6-3e) ding khi Voi nang Ivong by ding cling ding sud ticu hao nang lugng e déi wdi sin lugng hei 1 7A, tinh theo: E ea! WT (6-4) D Trong d6 B,, 1) lang di¢n nang ding cho bia than 1d hoi, AWA. 3. Gid thank sén xucit hoi Day 1d chi view téng hyp nhat, 1a VY sO gida gid than va lyong hoi siin xual ra: ge Sar (6-5) ‘Trong dé G la gid thinh, bao gém gid thanh od dinh G.y va gid thinh thay doi Gut 209G= Gy + Gy (6-6) Gg - gif thinh ed dinh thutng gdm chi ph dé 114 Luong, chi phi vé von dau vs, vé bau dudmg sta chita thidt bi Gy - gi4 thanh thay déi bao gdm chi phi vé nhién hiéu, vé nue, vé dign, vé cde neuyén vat lidu phu, v.V... 6.1.2 Mat s@ chi tigu vé ché dé van hanh Cée chi tigu nay vira thé hién mit do kin 1, vita thé hien mie do an todn cita thiét bj. Thudng gap cdc chi tigu sau: 1. Né s6 thoi gian lam vide Thudng tinh déi véi mot nam, theo cong thie: fw _ % =o 6-7) ‘7, 8760 on K,, trong d6: 7, Ti $6 pid rong mot nim bing 24 x 365 = 8760 gids Zy~ $6 gids lam vite thyc (€ tong mot nim, gidfacn, ngod viée [A sO thei gian phong 6 thé lam vit 6 thi pian lam \ chita dinh ky hode do su o6 va thoi gian G trang that du 2. Hé sé swt dung thoi gian san sang Duoe tinh theo: K (6-8) Trong dé Z,, 18 tng thoi gian lam viée va thdi gian dy phong. Thi gian fam ‘ha mat lo hoi trong mot nim 6 thé dat 161 $550 gid, con thd gian sin shng 6 thé dat 7700 + 8300 gid, cf IAL CG thé dat 141 8600 gic, nhur vay he sO K., €6 thé dat tt 91 + 99%, 3. Li¢ sé khai the cong sudi dink mic Dé dénh gid mic dd khai thie nang sudt thict bi ta thudng dang h¢ sé khai thie cong suat: (6-94) 210trong dé: Db, - lugng hoi sin xuat ra trong mot nam, Padni, e6 thé tinh theo: D, = BD ol 3 1), - sin hoi trung binh sin xudt ra trong mot pid, Tr Dag siin Luong hoi dinh mite cba 1d hol, 14k 7, - 86 pid trong mot nam, bing 8760 gid. Ddi khi ngudi ta cdn ding kh4i ni¢m thoi gian sit dung cong sudt dinh mite cua 16, 1a thOd gian edn thict dé sin xudt ra Juong hoi bang lugng hei thue té ma 1o hui Lam vie & cong suat dinh mife Za, = D,/Dyy» VA nhu vay he sO cong suit khai thae c6 thé tinh theo: K,= ZH. 100%. (6-9b) 8760 6.2 CHON SO LUGNG LO HGI VA PHAN PHO! PHU TAI GITA CAC LO Trong mot nhd may. xf nghigp thudng lip dat nhiéu 16 hoi, mdi 1d hoi 6 nhiing de tinh ky thudt, kinh 1€ khde nhau. Vin dé thutng dit ra la duct mot nu cau vé hoi, edn sit dung bao nhiéu 1d hoi va phaa phdi phu tdi hu thé nio 1a hop ly ahiit, ‘Thong thing c6 nhing céch gidi quyét nhut sau: 1. Cho nhiing 16 hoi c6 nhiing higu sudt cao ohat van hinh & san lugng kinh panh phu tai géc, hig 16 hoi cé hiéu suat thip hon génh phy tii ngon. Cling 6 (Gc hop ly, nhung ciing khong hiém khi do tang lugng tidu thu than } phu tdi ngen con lon hon than tét kitm & phu tai gde. 2. Phan phi phu tai 1y 1¢ voi san long hoi dinh mie cua cae 10, bign phap nay chua xét ¥é mat kinh té. 3. Phan phot phy tai ty 1¢ véi hiéu suit cla cdc 18, bitn phap nay c6 kha hon nhung van chua xét dén mete do khée nhau cia sy thay déi hi¢u sudt theo phu tai. 4. Phan phi phy tai dam bao tong lwomg tigu hao nbién ligu 1a thap nhat, day {a bién php cd hiéu qua kinh t€ cao nhét, can phan tich dé cé gidi phdp cu thé. a, Phan phoi phu 14j gitta cfc 16 dang van hanh, gia thié cdn mot hoi D Ién hon sin lung dinh mtic ella cde 19 1 va 2, nhumg nbd hon tng san luong. dinh mite cla hai 15, nén bude phai sit dung. hai 18, nhung phan phoi phy tai aitta uae 1d nhu thé nao hop ly nhat, nghia 1 ton it nhién | D, thi 1 thir hai phai génh D, =D -D, dé det gid ti B= B, + B, 12 ahé nhat, thi 211theo todn hoe, dao him béc mét ciia B thee D, phdi bing 0 va dgo him bae hai phai duemg. Khi dao him bac mot bing 0 ta 06: dB dB, . dB, B _ oB, dB, 5 (6-104) dD, db," db, C6 thé viét thanh: dB _aB, dR, db, dD, dD, dD, “ab, wiby=D-b, > Thay vao duye: SB dB, dB, | dD, db, ab, cudi cing duge (6-10b) =, JB fas yx, « an [504 Dat ab =r goi 18 6c dO tiéu thu ohién Ligu, ta duge: n= (6-10¢) Nhu vay aghia Ia “phvong phdp phan phoi phy tdi gitta cdc 16 66 hiéu gud kin té cao nhdi ta dem bio te dd tidu th uhién libu gitts cae Io being nhau’. £é tien oi trong khi van hinh, ta phai Jam thi nghigm xy dung quan hé giita ning suat hoi D véi luong tigu thu nhién Liéu B, tit dé tinh va vé ra d6 thi quan hé gitta D vi We do Lieu thu nhién ligu r -3 bang hé sO g6c tga. Thi du ta vin d hanh dong thdi hai 1 hoi cé dudng dae tinh B,(D,), 1,(D,) va B,(D,), r(D,) (binh 6- 1) dé sn xudt lugng hoi De. Ta vé duing téng ry(Dy), Ur D gidng Ién gap ry, Ur giao diém ve dutmg song song tryc hoanh gap dudng 1, tai 1 va dutmg 1, tai 2. Tir] gidng xudng duve D,, giong 1én duge B,, tr 2 tim duge D, va By. Nhu vay, diéu kién van hanh kinh té nhat 8 D= D,+ D, e6t,=1 va luong. nhién ligu titu thu 1a B= B, + By. 212lugng lo dé van hinh. Néu phu tii téng Ds gidm xuGng dudi D, va b. Chor 11d hay 141 bot mot 10. Mudn vay can so sanh theo D,. thi phatt xét 18 néa chay cd b hai bude: Buse mot, néu chuyén sang chay mot 1d thi mdi gid ist kigm duge bao nhiGu mhién liga? Bude hai, sO nhién ligu tiét kigm duge trong théi gian ngimg 1d th nhat 66 16n hon nhién tigu cin dé nhém 16 lai hay khong?. Hinh 6-1, Quan hé B(D) va FD} Cu thé 1a: khi dimg 1 thet nha, Iugng nhién fidu mdi gid gid duye 1a (hinh 6-2). AB, = Bo, +1,-AD, kyl (6-11a) 213Luong nhién hiéu titu thém cho 16 thet hai 1a: AR, = ae. AD, kwh (6-11b) trong dé: Bo, - lugng tiéu hao ohién ligu khi 16 | chay khong tai, Agi hy 1, - We do tidu thy nhién ligu trung bioh cia 18 thit nbét, trong pham vi nding suit thap, thuting rat it thay d6i. ta, Ta’ - We dO tou thu nhién Jidu cla 16 thir hai tue ya sau khi g4nh phu ti tir 1d that nhat chuyén sang va (r, + 1’)72 18 gid ur rung binh ong khoang AD). 8,(4) By (0s) By - 5 a4 \ e % 5D) J Vv Li. ell etint o a DY a By at, “D Hinh 6-2, Chuyén phu tai sang mét 16. 24Luong nhién ligu tiét kigm duge trong | git khi chuyén phy tai cho 10 2. AB = AB, - AB, ne By, +1, AD— AD kel (G-12a) 2 Khi hai 10 van hanh song song voi che dQ tiét kiém nhat o6 r, = ty va thay tr —T, = Ar, ta duge: AB=B, -fap skylh (6-12b) Nhu vay, nou 4B <0 tht khong thé ding 1d tht nhat, ncu AB > 0, tue 1a dimg 16 thet nhat chuyéa phy tai cho 1d thi hai tm mé: gid Uét kiém duge AB, kg/h, néu thoi gian ngimg 16 12 + gid, Lung nhien ligu dinp dé nh6m 1d [a B,, thi phai dam bio: AB.t > B, (6-13) Kinh nghi¢m cho thay, lugng nhién ligu dé nhém 18 tuy thude vao loai hinh, nang sudt va wang thai nhiét khi nhém, Nang sudt Lon, t6n nhiéu nhién ligu, 1d ghi t6n nhicu hon 16 phun cing nang sudt ¢6 thé dén 1,5 lin, khdi dong tir trang théi fanh tn nhiéu nhat, thudng xap xi 0,75 + 1,5 ian nhién ligu tiéu thy trong 1 git véi nang sudt dinh mic. Thiét bi con néng, tte thdi gien ngimg 1d cing ngan thi cing 16n it nhién ligu hon. 6.3 VAN HANH LO HOI La mot cong vide rét quan trong, lin quan dén ca he thing cap nbiét, cd nha may, xi nghi¢p, nhung cilng la mét cOng vide rit Phuc tap rat linh boat. Méi mot sy thay doi ca mot khau nao d6 trong nha my, xf nghigp ciine déu din dén su thay i ché do van hanh cia 10 hoi va neue lai bat er mot su thay déi nao trong che do van hanh Id hoi cing c6 anh hudng dén san xudt ofa nha may xi nghisp, Nhigm vu clia cOng (4c van hanh 19 hoi Ii phai thod man nhu cdu cla hd sit dung nhi¢t vé luu lugng, vé thong sO hoi hodc nude néng, déng thdi dim bao ‘cho 15 hoi 1am vite G ché dg kinh 1é, an toan nhét, trong théi gian lau dai. Tir nhimg pha tich, 1y thuyé: cng nhy kinh nghi¢m thute 1é, cde eo quan 6 tréch nbigém di lap ra nhimg quy trinh van hanh phi, hop véi Joai hinh, nang sual cia 1d hoi va so 6 noi voi cdc ho sir dung nhi¢t, G day khong gidi thigu cée quy trinh van hanh, chi neu mot sO nguyen tée dé hiéu duge cae cOng viée van hinh nhu khéi dong 16, van hinh Gn dinh va ngimg 1d.6.3.1 Khoi déng 10 Muén khdi dong 10, trude hét phai Kiém 11a toan bd thiét bi 1D hoi, wig bi chfah cing nhu thigt bi phu, he thong van, hg thing do long digu khién, v.v... phii & (rang thai tt, ding vi iri mbit guy tinh van hank quy dinh. Ti¢p dé 12 céip nude don mute nue thép nhat va dn dinh, néu khdi dong tir trang thai dy phdng anh, nhém Td va nang thong sO clia hai dén tri s6 dinh mic, Diéu quan 14m nat (rong qua ininh Khoi dong 1d [a khong cho phép mg. suit nhigt te done dén mie nguy higm d6! v6 tat cl ede bo phn cla 1d hoi, dic biel cha ¥ nhtmg chi ict cb chicu day In, v6 d9 day mong khong ding déu, nhimg chi Get chiw mhigt khong déng déu, chiu nhigt quit mie, nhling chi tit 66 chiéu dai lem, v Thi du nhu khi cp nuiée, néw I nude néng thi phi chi ¥ den ime sust nhiet nhu balng. Theo kinh nghi¢m, 46 chénh nhigt dQ theo chiéu diy ciia paldng c6 thé tinh thee cong thie: a= 2x7 ,°C (6-140) 2a Trong dé x 1a chiéu day olla vach tinh dén bé mat nhan nhidt, nh vay do chénh cue dai trong img vdi x = 6 18 chién day vach bing: a=28? (6-14b) 2a a-he so din nhiét dé cilia vach, nelly o= s _Hutée do tang nhiét d6 cita vaeh, “C/2, thuding chon bing khodng 60 at = 90°Cfh, nén thei gian edp nude néng vao Id 66 thé don 1 + 1,5 gid’ vei 1b hoi thong s6 tcung binh, véi 1 hoi thong s6 cao ¢6 thé dén 1,5 + 2.0 gi Trong cng vige nhém 16, vin cil thém chd ¥ dén you nhiet do nhung cdn chit ¥ 6 thai Khi va nude dong, néu khong 6 thé xdy ra hig iuy.ig thuy kich, pai thai hét chat Khf trénh hign tong chily né kh nhém 1d bang céch chay quat gid khong d phét, Sau khi nude dua vio diy di, bét déu nbém 1d, voi 1 ehi 06 thé nhém bing chi hode gb tdm dau, voi 1 dt than bot thi nhém bang dau dé nang din nhigt 4 budng lira va todn bo thict bi 1d hoi cing néng dan len. Do cae vat ligu o6 cdc thing 6 vat IY nhur nbict dung ring, bg sO din nhigt, he sé din nhiet do, he s6 tod nhist di lwa,v.v... Khe nba, non nhigt d9 tang len khong Adng déu. Trong baléng, phén tren 18 hoi, phiin dudi 14 nude, 66 he sO tol nhidt khée ahau nén mhigt d} phan tren va dudi cd chénh lech, o% khi dén khosing s0’C Lam cho bulong 6] uén cong trong qué inh nhém 1d 16) din dain te Lai bink thing khi d dn dinh. 210Cée dan éng khi duge d6i nding sé dan nb dai, doi voi din Gny 06 dd dai lon can chi ¥ dé cho Gng g6p duci dich chuyén hau mb Uy do. Trong ede dan Sng con can chy § dén hign tugng ohdn ahigt khong dong déu anh mudng dén che dg wan hoan ty nhién vi la ding suit niet, co thé Bum nit cde déu mdi ndi. BO ham nude cling cin duge ch ¥ vi bie dain hoi bc chu nbiéu, lu ong nufte bd sung ahd, trong lic khdi nag van di qua nude khong, nhing boc hoi ma c6 thé bi qué nhiét 6 thé anh hung don atic bén, dac bist [a bG ham nude bang gang. Voi bo ham nurse bing gang thutng dat dutmg (4) tudin hodn dua nude tie sau hd ham va bé nuGe cap, Khong cho phép dat dén nit dg soi, Vai bo hom hing tgp, 06 thé cho phép nude boc hui dén mot by 1 nao do, ed the lip dutng 141 tudin hoan tr baléng vé dau vio bO ham tyo thanh vong quan hon tye nhién, tuy khong manh lim nhung vin 6 tée dung bao ve bd ham. BS qué nhigt 1a rat déng quan tam, vi kbi nom 10, hn lugng hei di qua bo qué nhi¢t hau nhu bang khong trong Khi khoi néng vin di qua in ine Lam cho bo qué nhist 48 bi gud nding, Khi Khoi dong, phai mis van xa bd qua ohiet dé xa ra ngodi dim biv hoi di qua By qué nhigt 66 mot We dq nhat dinh, o6 thé din 2 +3 nds, voi mot lun yong x4 ban du khoding 10%, va cuct g si doan nhém 1 khong 156é nang suai hoi dinh pide. Tuy vy, we dg van mhe, HE sO toa nhigt ahd, nen do chénh phidt do gitta vich Gng va hei van Ldn, c6 khi den 270°C, nen od noi di xa yi Luu lugng in hon, nhimg de d% ling. phi ed thé dura qua bo gidm Gn, gia fp dé 6 thé str dung duge vaio muc dich kh Doi voi bo Jam mat, rat khong xa duge. ud nhigt nim ngang, 66 thé nap diy nude cap hode nue ngumg ad higu qui nhumg Khong ding dinye di wi bo qua nhict kidu img vi ay, yeu 6 quyét dinh den thé ejan nhom |b 1a te dQ tang nhigl dd cho: phép ctta ¢: IE LD va kha nang Lam mat bo qua nhict va bo ham muse VGi cae 1) hidn nay, tée do tang nhign do cho phép khoang 60 + 99 "Cif, 06 WO da cdi Wen o6 thé tang din 150 CCH, e4 bigt 6 thé dén 220 + 280 “C/A, non thd! gian khot dong 1d thong thang khodng 2 + 4 gid voi 1 trung 4p, 4 +5 gid VOI 1 cao Ap, 8 + 12 gid vai 10 sic 4p, nhung nhing 1 hi¢n dai da cai dé gidm xudng bing, 1,5 +2 gid. 6.3.2 Van hanh én dinh Nhigm vy ctla cong vige nay 1A thod man kip thoi nbu edu cila ho sir dung vé juu lugng va thong sé hot, déng thd 1 hoi fim vige dam bao tinh kinh té, ky thuat va an toan, Cae thao te 66 thé 1a thi: cong hoge ty dong, 271. Diéu chink liu tueng hoi Khi nn cau vé hoi thay d6i, néu khong kip théi diéu chinh tM thong sif cba hoi thay déi, tee het 1A dp suit. Néu nhu céu tang lén thi 4p suit gidm, nhu csi xitim thi dp sudt wing, do vay phdi digu chinh dé cho Ivong hoi sinh ra phi vita di lugng hoi yeu cdu, Khi yeu edu gikm thi tong tng phai gidm lugng hoi sinh 1a, medn véy phai gidm lugng nhign ligu dua vao, tat nhien cling phai giam Inne khong khi cung cp cho qué trinh chdy. Cac xung luong dé diéu chinh 14 Iau leone hot va ide da thay déi 4p suat hoi, Cae xung lugng may we dong len bo digu chinh lugng nbien lieu va khong khi dua vao lb, 2. Diéu chink qua trinh chdy Nhu tren d8inéi, khi you edu vé Iu lugng va thong sO hoi thay déi thi yeu cau ve nhi¢t lung. sinh hoi shay déi, phdi thay Joi Luong nhicn liga va khéag khf cung sap vio. MGi loai nhicn liéu, méi phuong thie doi, you cdu mot hé s6 khong khi thtta thich hyp, due danh gid qua tri so ctia thanh phiin RO, hode O, 66 trong Khoi. Cho néa nguti ta edn ly them xung lugng thinh phiin oxy hole RO, 3 trong kh6i dé diéu chinh lung khong khi edp vio phi hop vei lung nhien ligu. 3. Diéu chink nhiét do hot qué nhiét Khi lun iuong hoi thay déi, lwong nhién ligu va khOng khf thay déi thi nhict 9 hoi qué mbigt cing sé thay doi. Dé diéu chinh nhiét dO hoi qué nhide thutmg dicu chink Jugng nhict cia hoi thii ra trong bé 6n, thuing idy hai xung lum la te dQ thay d6i nhigt dg hoi va chinh nhigt do hoi sau bO qué nhict. 4. Diéu chink mite nude trong baling Mite nus wong balong phan anh su wong quan giffa mite nue cap vio va luong hoi sinh ra, Thudny digu chinh Tou lung mtdc clip vio dudi we dong cla cae xung lugng nhu mite nude, luu tuung hoi va nhiéu khi ef Jeu Itong nude cap nia. 6.3.3 Ngimg 10 Qué winh ngting 1d cfing phai theo ding quy tinh néu khong van c6 thé Anh hurtng den 1d hoi nh 1G, k¥ thuat, cling nher an ton. Quy trish ngimg 13 phu thude vao tinh chat ngimg 1d: binh thutng hay sy cd, ngimg 10 dé dy phong néng hay dir phdng lanh hoge sita chtta, G day vin etn cha ¥ te dong cla dp sumt va nhiét dO. Khi nging Id su es, dé giim bot te hai, 16 phdi ngimg nhanh nhat non phy tai ciia 18 gidm dot ngot, kh chit dong digu chinh moi mGi quan h¢ phée tap, kho tréoh khoi nhing hu hai nha dinh. Con khi ngimg 1d binh thudng, thi true hét phil cat vige cung edp nbién ligu. Voi 16 doi than cong vige phién phic hon. Ndu Id than phun, ditng 1d khéng lau, tht ngimg cp than, cho het than va bot than trong may cap than va mdy cap bol th} dimg vin hinh. Khi khong cda bot than tone 218may nghign, dng din bet va voi phun than thi dimg may nghién, may cap bot va qual 216 cdip mot, néu dimg 1d dai ngay, phat diing het bor than rdi moi ding dé phong kha ning ty d6t chay eta bot than. Sau khi ngtng cap than, thi ed the ngine quat gid nhung phai chay qual Khéi them khodng § piu dé thai het nhing hat chay duge, khong dé lurw lai & cée aoe chal tranh nd sau nay, nbat 1A Khi nhom 1d lai. Dot voi 10 ghi xich, dimg céip than vao phéu, gidm din we do ghi, gidm bot cap gid, khi phév het than thi cho dimg ghi xigh dé trinh 16 mat ghi trong budng Ita con nhigt do cao. Tigp dén ngimg. quat gid, nhumg vin cn thong gid ww ohien dé chaiy gu ueén ghi. Ché nhién liu chay het, lai cho xich chay dé thii tro xi va tip tuc cho chay mot thai giun, 66 thé dén khodng f gid dé lam mat ghi. Néu chi nging nggin han dy phong néng thi khong cho ghi chay va cap gid ma vin git Lp nhién ligu chdy am j men ghi coi nhu d Ja dé cd thé nhom fita nhanh. Sau khi cat nhien ligu edt din phy tai thi cong gidm dda nude cdp git mi: nude binh thudng. Khi cdr hoan toan phy tai, trong budng a vin eon nbigt quén Unh, van bée hoi, nén cap nude hoi cao hon mie nue thudng mat ft, hie d6 ap sual hai va ed thé of nhiét do hoi qué nhiet cing tang thi cdn thai hoi qua van xd bd qua ahigt 104 cap them nude, cé thé mé ed van xd can nhung khong duge dé 1d hoi ngudi qua nhanh, 6 thd phai kéo dai tir 30 = 50 paiit. Néu dy phing néng thi phai o6 ngudi theo di, gite cho mite nuxte, dp swat va higl do trong pham vi cho phép, Néw ngimg 1d dé sita ehita thi phai Kim ngudi wii mot t6e dd thfeh hyp, wy theo hinh dang, kich thurée 1d hoi ké 4 nrdng 10 va bio 6m vai loa ho loai nha va ita cfin khodng 18 + 24 gid, 19 hoi logi Jon ein khoiing 36 + 48 wia th dua mute gin dén nhigt dd 70 ~ 80°C vi c6 thé x8 hot ra ngoai. 6.4 MOT SO VAN BE VE SU DUNG LO HO! Lo hoi 1 mot thiét bj im vige dudi dp suai va nhigt 46 cao, nén phdi chi ¥ iuan theo nhiing quy dinh khoa hoe va chat ché. Cae tigu chudn Viét nam 6004 + 6008 ban hinh nam 1995 da quy dinh cfc you cau ky thuat, an toan vé thiét ké, ket cfu, ché tao, lip dat sit dung va sia chita cling cdc quy tinh van hanh phai duge ian thi nghiem khic. G day mutin neu mot vai digu e6 tinh chat nguyén tde vé Gung ndi hoi nhur van dé bio vé bs mat nuyén nhiet, vin dé bao VG mdi trudng va van dé ting dung may vi tinh trong cong nghé 10 h 2196.4.1 Van dé bao vé bé mat truyén nhiét Ce bé mat truyén nhi¢t 14 nhfing b> phan chinh, quyét dinh tinh kinh 16, ky thuat va an toln cia 18 hoi, nén phai dirge quan tim hie vé, cha yéu 1a chéng an mda, mai mon va bam bén ce bé mat truyén nhiét vé phia khéi cting ohn phia nue. L. Chong da mon hod hoe va dién hod Bé mat truyén nhidt 1iép xtic vi nhiéu chat eG tae dung hoa hge wi kim loai eae nhigt do khde ahau nhu Oxy wong nude va khong khi, 66 thé Gxy hed, hoi nud & mor ohiet do ndo d6 eG thd an mon sal; nade 1 1a mot dung dich 6 tinh chat iém cing ¢6 thé an mon hoae lim bd kim loai. Khi dot nhién licu ¢6 s leat hujinh thi phai het sve han trong, vi khi chiy sinh ra SO, Iai am tang nhict dO dong suong ctia khdi, tuo thinh acid H.SO, an mon kim loai. Mot lout an mdn khae a xi long cla loai nhién ligu o6 nbidu uu huynh va uong to ed phidu vanadi, nhiéu oxyi va chiorua kigm (K.0, Nz OQ, KCI, NaCl. Neubi ta cho Hing, vanadi oxyt V,O, 06 nbidt do ndng ehay trong déi hap, khodny 675"C nhumg cn v6 thé gia dén $50 + S80°C néu img c6 Na.SO, 3, dive two thanh bdi sur két hop gitta KO, NaO voi SO, khi chdy luu hujnh, Thi nghi¢m cho thay, khi VQ, bém lén bé mal cd nhiet do tren 550°C trong 2000 gid cd thé ain mdn bé mat sau khoing | mum, mat k mudi sulfat phite hop cla K, Na wa Fe [(K, Na);Fe(SQ,),)| cling 1am cho bé mat truyén nhigt bi an mdn cit nhanh. C6 rat nbigu bien phap chong an mon. C6 thé khir bet nhéng chat c6 hai tude khi dua vio 1d hoi, thi du khir kaf O,, khit bot do acid hoge do kiém trong nude fp, khir lu huynh wong nbidn ligu, v.v... C6 thé ding nhiing bign phip dé gidm bot nhimg chat cé hai hinh thinh, thf du oh dot véi h¢ sO khong khi thiva ahd, gid duge oxy wr do, hrong SO, tyo thinh sé giam, di ed thye nghi¢m thiy ring khi dét dau cd S, nga giam he sO khéng khi thifa tit 1,2 xudng 1,65 (hi ham lugng SO, gid khoing 55%, nhiei do ding sume gid duge 25 + 30°C. Naubi ta cong da them vao nhién ligu hoge didng khéi ohiing chat phy gia dé lam giim bot nhimg chat xve ide, lam tang nhimy chat kim him gn mon ohw cho CaO vio nhien lidu, NH, v.v... vio duding khéi. Mot bi¢n phép ofing duge ding nhiéu Li trénh khong cho phiet 46 bé mat truyén nhiét dat dn gid tri o6 tée dung an mon manh, thi dy nh khong dé nhiét do khdi thai gidm qué thép, lam ting 1 é mat nhir thém bd siy khong khi tir nguén nhigt ngodi hode tai tudn Neudi ta ofing khong dé nhidt dé dan éng Ién qué cao, tren 350°C Ta khong nén va khong thé cao dén 550°C, trinh fin mon nhigt do cao. Nguoi uw cfing chon vat thich hgp nhu ding gang thay thép & phum vi nhiét dQ Undp hoac cuo, di thir nghiém ding bién phap tring men mot so bé mal, v.v... Cling cain chit ¥ IA bé mat truyén nhiét khong chi bi an mon khi h&nh ma’ von cd khi nghi vi cfing khéng kém phan nguy hiém. 2202. Chong mai mon Bé mat truyén nhigt thudng cing bi mal mon, chil you [A do te xf bay theo khoi, nat 1a khi det than phun hode dot ing lang nhi¢t do thip thai tro. Thi nyhigm da cho thay c6 bd mat truyéa ahigt trong 1b hoi Ling lang da bi mai mda 161 0,8 = 1 mm chi Wong 100 npay van hdnh, Mife dd mai mon phu thude vao ndng a6, dae tinh cia tro va nhdat 1h wc dO cila ding khdi. Theiing bi mai mdn nhiéu & nhimg day Gng phia tate, véi Sng bi Khoi cit ngang, bi mii mn whanh nhat & ede itr 30 = 80°, nhimg day dng phfa ngodi vong linn cong cia dudng khoi, doi voi doug khGi chay dgc Ong thi &doan gan migng vao, vv... C6 nhiéu bign phap chdag mai mon. Truce he 1A chon We do ddng khoi thich hap, vie do cao thi mai mdn ohiée, te’ luc lon nhumg hé sO tod ohigt kn co Iya cho truyén nhi¢r, cdn toc d} chap thi nguge lai, lai edn Kam cho tro bui dé déng lai trén dudng dng din. C6 thé tham khéo mot vai so ligu kinh nghigm, thi du vai bd ham mintc bing gang chon khoiing 3 = 5 ms, bing thép 8 + 11 ne's, bo sdy khong Khi chon 9 + 15 ni/s, bo qué nhig! thép thutmg 10 + L4 m/s, ding thép hop kim thé chon déin 15 + 20 my, viv... Newai ta cling ding nhéing thanh thép che chin & nhimg noi dé bi mai mon. Khi thidt k C thuan tign nhimg bO phan bi hong do mai mon u Wo bul & ahing noi dong khoi thay déi dot ngot chiéu hung hoa 3. Ching bint ban bé mat truyén nhiét Trong qué tfinh van hanh bé mat tuyén ohiet khong thé khong bj bam pian, cd & phia khoi Kin phia nude, Bam bin & hai phfa déu eG chung tae hai {a fam ting nhiét 1d, lam gidm hi¢u sudt va nang sudt, con c6 inh hudng dl fin hodin we , titng bain ban phia nude cbn Rim 1 ng. abit dd, 66 thé Go nén bién dang, hu é mat truyén bhig Lam ban vé phia nude, cht yeu 1a do chat Iomg. ninic. CS ging giim loai cau cin cing cd hé sé dia nhiét thdp, lam cho és cin King Ini dudi dang bin xa ra ngoai, néu khong xa het thi od thé déng lai dui dat céu tht edp, x6p, d& 1am such. Khi da e6 edu thi phai dé ding lam sach, 06 thé bing cy khi hode bod chat nhu dai noi trong phan chat lugng nud Ve phfa khdi, 6 th bém xi va dong tro bul. Xi biim chée hon, bea div lit do to trong budng lita c6 nhidt dO cuo, nng chdy va bde hoi, hi cila xi tong gap bé mal dan 6ng nuée od ohidt dO thip sé agumg tu réi dong dic, tao thanh mot I6p mang rat chic, khi di bam xi, mal ngodi cS nhi¢t do cao od the “ dung déo hose Jong cdng dé bam them. O ving nhigt do thap tro hode af dong “ye co thé dong tai dcde ché od tde do dong thijp. Dé chong hign wrong bam xi, neudsi la 66 thé khiing ché nhigt do khOng cho xi chay ling, trong budng Ia dét than phun nhigt dQ khdi ra khOi budng Lira thudag khong qua 1050°C, trong budng lita dt Ging long thai tra, nhict dO khong qua 850'C, Dé tranh hién tugng bam tro, thudng khong dé te do ddng khéi_gidim 221xudng qué ihap. Khi i cd bam tro hode bam xi qué pham vi cho phép tht phai im such. C6 thé lam sach theo ede nguyen tic nhu ding dong ning cua dong hoi, déng khong khi hoge dong nude, ding dac tinh co dan nhidt hoae ding lye co hoc. Newési ta cd thé ding nude ¢6 ap suat khodng 3 + 5 bur phun vao Lop xi nong. bi co Ulin dj ngot, xi sé bi tui ra, Ngudi ta cing ding khong khinén, dp suit khoang 6 bar di 06 thé thdi nhumg higu qua kém, chi c6 higu qua 13 rat khi dp sudt ion dn 25 + 30 bur. Hoi nude duge ding nhidu hon ea, khi ding hol co ép suai khuding 25 30 bur thi (6c G6 hoi 66 thé len t6 1000 my va higu qua eft cao. Nhuge diém chung ota loai nay 14 pham vi hot dong wong doi nhd, can dat nhiéu thiet bi. Vé phuung phip-cu hoc, ngudi ta cé thé ding Ie roi tw do cia nhiing hon bi nung khodng 0,5 ky, dudng kink 3 = 5 aun lam sach to byi bam trong ong thing dimg nh irung bé say khong khi. Ngudi ta cdn ding phuong phép dao dong, sinh ra lye quan tinh cia Ip tro théng Iye lien ket gitta chting vii ohau va vd) thanh Sng, nhat ia khi Sng dat déng nhu trong bo qué nhiét. Neudi ta da ding may dao dong dign cor hode dign tit, tc dong len Ong dao dong o6 tin sO khoding 50 He, ute 3000 lin trong | pluit voi bitn do khoding 0,3 + 0,4 aun dé lam sach tro xi bém tren bO qua nhidt. 6.4.2 Van dé bao vé méi trudng an dé mdi tong dang duge moi nui mpi nganh quan tam, trong 1d hoi cling vay, 6 ddy edn echt ¥ may vin dé chink 1& gidm bot wo bul, cde chat khf thd e6 hai doi vGi con ngubi va ting khi quyén efing hu Ligng on. MOi nutde cling efin guy dinh mite do cho phép ctia khf thai, thf dy nhw néng dG bui G cde nude bing 50 mgfu'te, néne do SO, 6 cdc nude Chau Au bang 400, My bing 585 aight, néng d> NO, 3 Dic 400 mygfnrte, & Phap 650 mghntc, we 1. BO Rhit bui Khi phim chéy ra khdi buéng Ita bao gidy cfing mang theo mot Jugng tro bui hoge hat ahign liga chu chéy het, nhiéu hay it tuy thude vio lal nhien lieu, cach dot cling nhu dae diém cia 1d hoi, nhitu hon ed 14 1d bai dét tang lang thai tro nhiét do thap, di dén 1d dot than phun thai xi kho, v. Tro bui thai ra c6 anh hutmg xu di vii cOng ohan van hanh, vdi cu dan, cay c6i & viing xung quanh, dé chat lugng nhu Iueng thuc, thuc phim, gidy, det, viv... cla cde xi nghiép lan can, do vay ein tim bién php gidm tro bui dén mute 16i thigu, Co thé ding céch thai xi long tong 18 phun bgt than dé gitim ty 1g tro bay xudng cdn khodng 16) = 15%, o6 thd diing gid cap hai dé d2 ngon lita xudng, kéo di dudmg di cia khéi nbit Ti khi cfip nhien ligu bing méy,hai co khi hoe khi nén, v.v... ohimg thudng dling hon ci 12 bo khir byi va Ging Khoi ed dii chiéu cao. Nguyen tie chung eita bO 222khir bui 1A 1ch cdc hat chat rin re khOi dong khdi, lang vao mét noi ndo dé ror thai ra ngo’i bogie dura vé buding lita dé tip tye dot kidt. Lue tach tre bui tauong ding 1a lye quan tinh, lye ly tam, trong lye hoae lute dign, v.v... © day gidi thigu qua v8 60 khé bui kidu xody (xyclon), ding ket hop lye Ly tam, lute qudn tinh véi trong lye dé tich tro byl ra cho rut xudng day, cd thé xd lién tuc hay dinh ky (hinh 6-3). Cé ho khit byi don 66 bd khir bui_ghép, c6 Lowi Kho 6 logi wot, Thung nguyen LF co ban khong khée nhau nhidu. Cho dong ¢6 bui di vao hop ngoai theo chiéu li¢p wyén voi te dO khd cau, Khoding 20 nus ri di ra theo ng nhé lng phia tren, nh’ lye qué tinh, luc ly Gum va Ireng luc, ohtng hat wo bui dd lon Ling xuding theo te d3 @ 06 thé Unh theo cong thite: Lge Pe Ps OO ayy (6-15) ogy OR trong dé: d— dudng kin tung binh ca hat to bui, 4; py py ~ Khoi Iegng néng cua tro vaciia khi: v - dO nh g 1d gia te trong Urutmg; @ - Ge do Hep luyén ctba hat, nas; R - ban kinh trung binh cua vong xody, m2. Whor-tach ra Ta thay hat c6 kich thue cling nhu khdi Iugng ri¢ng cing én d6 nhét cing nhé, thi te do ling cing Ion. Cho 9 1 We do hing 19 16 voi te pp gy, do tigp tuyén binh phutong, nen khi “be? Jd hoi van hanh vdi phy tai hap thi higu qua bo khir bui cang gidm, mat Khde tc 45 lang gidm khi ban kinh vong xody Ida, vt vay ding bd khit bui dom, ¢6 bin kinh R IGn higu qué kém hon bo khit bai ghép gm nhidu xyclon nhé ghép lai, Cling wr céng the (6 -15) ta thy nhimg logi nhién ligu nhe nh ba mia kho khir hon va cing kh khir het nhiing hy oO kich thuée d rat nhé nh md hong, v.v..., do vay phai ding Ong Khoi 66 dé chiéu cao dé phan tin ra pham vi rong bum, hoe ding bd khtt bui bing dién 6 thé téch duce nhimg hat ¢6 kich thude nhd hon nhiéu, hiéu sudt cling rat cao. Hinh 6-3. Bd kur bui kigu xody. 2232. Gidm bot khi doc hai Chi you 1a gidm cafe oxyt NO, va SO,. 1. Gitim SO, C6 thé tin himh tude, trong va sau khi dot. Trude khi dot 6 thé khir line huyoh bang phuong phap thay Iyc hoje sinh vat, ndi chung gid think cao ma cing chi cd thé khir duc khong 50% khi dime thuy: lye. ‘Trong khi dot, ngudt ta ed thd dua dé voi true ti¢p vio budng lia, bi nhicr phan theo phan time: CaCO, = Cad + CO, 6-16a) CaO tgp xtic véi SO, trong kh6i, s8 66 phiin ting: CaO +80, + 1/20, = CaSO, (6-16b) Kinh nghi¢m cho thay, phan (my ign hanh Wit nhai tong pham vi nhice do 820 = 850°C, nhiet do cing cao higu qui cing gidm, kholng 120°C g gid 10 ret, nguti ta cho rling lic dé CaO bi dinh kel, Iam mat 16 SO, kh6 ti¢p xtc vii CaO, hon nita den khoang 1350°C thi CaSO, lai bi phan huy tr lai thinh SO,. Do vay phuong php nay rat c6 hidu qua voi 1 hoi dot ting sdi whi uo c6 nhidt do budng Ira khoang 850°C; néu cd ii tusin hotn, thoi gian dé voi heu lai roag budng Ia dii nen hicu qué cing cao, c6 thé dat 96% trong khi G budng Lia than phun thong thudng chi cd thé dat khoang 50%. Phuung phap khit $0, trong khi dot dun gidin, rtign, di duye ding nhiéu. Phuong phap kt sau khi dot cing di trong di thinh thue, cho them vao nhing chat hap thu ode cho khéi di qua cde chat hép thu SO, efing cho higu qué cao, nhumg khé «al tién, 66 thé bing khong 30% tién ché two lip dat 14 hoi. Cdn ed phuong phip phun thém nude thanh nhimg hat nho khoding 50 gun vio budng hoat hed dat gitta bo sly khong khi va bd khir byi. G day &6 phin ting: CaO + HO = Ca(OH), {6-17a) Ca(OH), + SO, = CaSO; (6-17b) Nhd phan tng hoat hod di Kim tang bé mat ti¢p xdc, hon nita da dé nghi nghién voi thinh bt c6 khodng 80% hat kich thude duéi 25 jam, abung can leu ¥ la phun nude nhimg phat dim bio nbiet do khei thai cao hon nhidr do dong sucng itn 10°C. b. Gian NO, Giam NO,, tén chung cia NO, NO, doi khi c& N,O cing 1a mot nhigm vu quan trong. NO, duye tao thanh Lr nito trong khéng khi theo phan tng nhiét va phan (my tie thd cfing nbu tie thanh phén nile trong ohién Lidu. Bién phiip gdm hai nhom: xtt ly trong qué uinh chy vit ly sau khi da hinh thanh, truée mat 224quan 1am nhiéu vé bign phdp xit Ly trong khi doi, con phuemg phép xit IY sau khi dot cn qué ton kém. Co ché hinh thanh NO, nhi¢t cé thé biéu thi bing cae phan img: N, + O=NO+N (6-18a) N+0,=NO+0 (6-185) N+OH=NO tH (6-180) Thue nghigm cho thay dudi 1500°C, NO, nhig: binh thanh rat it nhung tren 1500°C, et ting 100°C thi t6ic dg phiin ing tang 6 + 7 Ian, Co chd inh thanh NO, Ue the eG thé ly gidi nhw sau: khi cdc kf clorua hydro trong chat b6c cla nhién hieu bi nhigt phin thinh g6c CH ty do, gdp mito trong khong khi tao thiinh HCN va N 161 phn me voi Oxy ral nhanh, chi trong kho’ing 60 ms, tyo thanh NO,. Thue aghie¢m cing cho thay, duct 1SG0"C, ihanh phan NO, tite thd eting rat nhd. Co cho hioh thinh NO, nhién ligu 6 thé 1a do thinh phiin nite wong nhién lisu bj Oxy hod ‘go thank. Nito trong nhien lig thudng bi nhigt phan thank N, CN, HCN, 6 khoang 600 = 800°C, nén trong budng Ita dé ding bi Oxy hod, I thinh phn chit yéu, chicm khoing 60 ~ 80% téng NO,. Thye nghi¢in che thay NO, nhién li¢u it phu thuge vao ohiet dj ma chi yCu 1A hé 36 khong khf thira. Ket qua nehicn ciu cho thay, khi dot nhien iigu c6 0,1% Nito, néu totn bg chuyén thanh NO, thi néng do trong kh6i 66 thé den 130 ppnr, nhung trong khi dot thye té trong 10 than phun chi hinh thinh khoiing 20 + 25%, néu hg s6 khong khi thia giam den 0,7 thi hau nher Khong tao thanh NO, nita. Dua theo ede cach gidi thich tren, ta c6 thé tim bign phaip gidm NO, thoo mot sO nguyén tic - Giim bét hé sé khong khf thira va gi am néng dé khi oxy. ~ Gidmi bot nhict do chay trong budng lita, ~ Rit ngiin thdi gian khoi Luu Jai trong pham vi abiet do ego. - Diing thigt bj det tt SO, Tuy nhien trong cde nguyén tde Jam gim NO, thi cé nhime nguyén tie déng thoi Lim iia higu qua cba qué tinh chay nhign tigu, nén cfin ean nhic ky cing, chon phutng n thod ding. Trong ky thuat hign nay thutmg ding bitn php sau: Phuong phép 1di tudn hodn khdi, phuong phép dot phan cap va phyong phdp ding voi phun gidm NO,. Phuong ph4p ti tudn hoan khoi la phuung phdp duye sit dung nhiéu hién nay, ta dling quat (di tuan hodn hat khéi truce bo sy khong Khi dua vio budng hon hap voi khong kh rdi dua vio budng Ita, nhu vay vita dat muc dich gitim nhigt do vira gid nong dQ xy, nén higu qua iweng dé wt, voi he sO t4i tudn hodn khodng 15 + 20%, lugng NO, trong 1 than phun gidim dvye khoing 25%, Nhung khi chon he 22580 t4i tain hoan khéng hgp ly thi qué tinh chay khong Gn dinh, nen ihuting choo Khoiing 10 + 204. Phuong phdp dot phan cap dau tién ding & MY vao nhimg nim 50 va vin con die diing rng rai dé gidm bot NO, trong cée budng lita dét than phun, Ban ddu cho dot voi hé $6 khong khi thira bing Khowing 0,8 goi li "dot nhien Ligu giau" & “ap mot, sau dé dén giat dogn dot cilp hai hg sO khong khf thira ton bon 1 dé cuny p di khong khf cho qua trink chay ma giim duge NO, tao think khoang 50%, liu ¥ 1 khi “dot nhicn Ligu giau" thicu oxy c6 thé wo thanh mdi tang hota nguyén, lam gidm niet do ndng chay cia tro pay nen bam xi. Cing dua itn nguyén tie tren, ngudl ta da thiét ke vi phun giém NO,. Voi phun SM ea Bite ding gid cap mot v8 edp bai chinh dat he sO Khong khi thita khodng 0,8 + 0,9. b6 ui them migng gid cap hai phy dé esp dil gid, nny dd NO, tong khéi kholing 400 + 650 mgfar'te. Mot loai voi khée elia hang Ba W cia MY ding vdi phun oS gid ep mot chiém 15 + 20%, gid ciip hai chinh 35 ~ 45%, con lai do gié cap hai phy, di gid nbict dQ G each voi phun 1,2 nz tir 160°C xucng con 1400, gidm due khotng 16% NO,, déng thdi tanh duge dong xi. Voi phun PM cia Nhat két hop cA dét phan cap voi nhién liga gidu, ngheo va ti tuda hoan khoi, nding do NO, thai ra dat 100 + 200 pp 3. Gidm tiéng én Cing edn quy dinh mée 49 cho phép cla ting én Adi voi cu dan xung quanh, taf duo Phép quy dink phia wong nha cia cu din xung quanh, mite cutémg dO am khong qué 35 dB vio ban ngay va 30 dB vio ban dém. Ta bit inte cum do am due tinh thea: L=10ig+. ae (6-19} 0 trong d6: ]-cutmg do am, te 1 nding hrong citge song am ruyén di trong mot don vi thi gian qua mot don vi dién tich dal vung gée voi phuteng tmiyén im, Wines |, = mée cudng do am nho nhét ma tai cd thd nge duge & tn sé am chuan 1a 1000 diz. Tai con ngudi co thé hoat dong duye ti pham vi ngudng nghe 0 dB dén ngwong dau 130 dB. Neutfi ta cé thé do bing may do tigng én (sondmer), vi séng am tnuyén dao dong cu hye 66 tin sO ttr 16 + 20000 Hz (e6 séch cho Ki tir 40 + 15000 Hz) trong edie mai tutmg khi, long, rin nhung khong truyén duge Wong ehéin khong. 226Trong nha ld 66 thé cd tiéng 6n uong qué ui van bAnh iia quat gid, quar khGi, bom nud, 1 thug kich, do din né dai vé nbiét, v.v.. h chy cia nhign figu, gud Wink ep nude chiy, cdc hién tuong do C6 nhidu cach gidm tighg ba, WuGe het 1 déi voi cdc thict bj chuyén dong, phai can chich can bing dé gay ta tichg dn nh} nhit, see dé Bhan ché sy lan tuyén tiéng dn ra xung quanh. Dé gidm tigng én truyén trong khong khi, then phai cd tutmy chin theo nguyén lic, tung cing nd fim cing yu, thug khi tuémg nang qué $00 + 600 kelor thi cd thé Lam tng hi 1p. Co han ché si trayén dm trong vat rén, bing cach thutng ding 18 ndi bing nhing ficu mém, dé din hdi dé giam tGe do truyén am, vi ta bist We do Lruyén fin trong khong khi 20°C 12 343 ai/s, cn [tong thép c&cbon d&n 6100 ri/s, trong cao su bang 1479 ne's. 6.5 SO QUA VE TINH HINH PHAT TRIEN CONG NGHE LO HO! 6.5.1 Béng luc thue day cong nghé 16 hai phat trién Dong Iye hoi nude bat du duge sit dung cho dén nay di gan hai thé ky, no 4a dang wi sé con dng, vai trd bét site to Ion trong su phat tén cha x hoi, con agus Ben canh 1 hoi ding nhién ligu hitu ce nhu than, déiu, khi dot, v.v... di od thom 1b hoi ding nang Iugng nguyén ti, ding bite xa mat Uri, ding dia nhi¢t, v.v... Tie cd cae dang 18 hei dé, ké cd 1d hoi od din ding nhién ligu hitu co dang duye nghién ety, cf Ligh dé phd hop voi nhu cdu nang Jung ngdy chag ting ma nguGn der tit nhién /igu thi 6 han, khai thac ngay cdng kho, pid cd ngly cing ting, hon nita mic dO anh hudny dén moi trutmg, khf quyén cling ng’y chng lin. Mat khée six phat Khoa he va cong nght khdc cing you cdu va to didu kign cho cong ngh@ 10 hoi cd thé phat trién duyc. 6.5.2 Mot vai xu thé phat trign 16 hoi hién nay (3 day chi ndu len déi voi loai 16 hoi dot nhien Ligu hitu co. 1. Thod man nhu céu vé ndng sudt va thing s6 hoi vii hiéu qua kink té cao ahal Cong nghé 10 hoi nhim phue vu hai nhu edu lin 18 edip nhidt va cung cap dong uc dé in nhiét nang thinh co nang, di¢n nang; ca hai déu of ging dat higu qui kin t cao nhat, tude bét I gid chi phf daw or nhu gidm Khoi Iuong va gid thanh kim loai, chen cong nghé ré idm va sau Hi nding cao higu suat, gidm tigu hao nhicn ligu va chi phf van hanh. 227Vai 1d hoi cp nhiét, ning suat va thong sit dung, khong nhil thigi phai chon thong s6 cao, nang sudt lin, DSi voi 1 hot dong {ye thi vide nang cao nang sust va thong so hui dén mot mite hop ly, 6 the dat higu qua kinh té cao, nen xi thé chung 1a nang cao ning suat va thong s6 hot. © MS tir 1953 di ding 1 hoi cho 16 mdy 125 MW, ning suat Khodng $00 7/A, thong s6 dp sual 310 bar, nhigt do 621/566/S38°C, nam 1960 thir dang 1 hoi voi thong $6 245 bar, 649/366/566°C nhumg van hinh gap nhigu khd khan, phai giam xudng, hign nay ding phd bin 241 bar, $38/538°C. O Nhat tir 1967 ding nhicu ld hoi voi (hong 8241 har, 538/538" oie 538/552/S66'C, O Nga nam 1963 bit dau ding cho td may 300 MW vai 1d hui 1000 T/h, 250 bar, 545/545°C, nam 1971 ding 10 hoi 2650 T/h, 545/545°C cho 16 may 800 MW. S hui wy thude vio yéu edu cla ho O Trung Quée, sir nt 1957 di ty thigt ké ché tao 10 hoi 230 T/A, thong 86 trang binh cho 16 may SO. MW, hin nay d& thigt ké ché tao 1 hui 1000 = 2000 T/tr thong si 250 bar, 541/569°C, khong k¢ khodng 40 van 1 hoi cong sudt nh, tung binh, voi mue dich edp nhidt. G nude ta mai eS mot VAL nut sir dung 10 hoi khoang 500 T/h Ap sudt khodng 100 bar, ohigt dp $10'C nbung cing déu Ta nhap kadu, trong nude chi méi thicl KC ch tyo duge 1 hui duéi 20 7/4, thong sd thip. Voi diéu kign hign nay edn va 06 thé nghicn cttu thie ké ché tao tt cd cde Loai IO hoi cap nhict cfing nhu 1d hoi dong Luv v6i thong sé trung binh. 2. Hoan thign qué trink chéy Qué trinh chy c6 anh hung rat 16n uén diéu kign kinh té, ky thudt, an toan va vé sinh moi trutmg, nhat 12 d6i vai Loai nhicn ficu cé nhiéu nat G nue ta 1a antraxil. Voi Id hoi dong lite, cong suat 16n thi ding d6t phun 1A chi you tuy higu sual khd cao, nhung n6 ¢6 kde dong xau dén moi trudng, nén van phai duge nghién ety aiai quyél. Vai ba chuc nan lai day, ngudi ta di va dang nghien eifu efich 6 tng Jong, nhat fa dot dng long ¢6 tél tudn hodn dyt khé cd higu sudt nbigt va gidm cde chit kbi ¢6 hai nhw SO,, NO, mot cdeh ding ké, nhimg cho dén nay chi méi co isu qua voi 1] hei tong c4c 16 may dudi 200 MW, nhiga mute dang lich cue nghién cttu, & Trung Quéc di ed Khong ft thinh qua vé wteh dot nay, ké cd voi 1d hoi cdp niet. O nude ta, 18 hoi ciip niet kha nhigu, phan én dét theo tng, cing edn vi 66 thé nghién edu cai tign dé dot c6 higu qui hon, G MY nam 1981 cing di cé bing sing ché vé loai ghi théi gid ngang cd thé nghién citu dp dyng duge 3. Su dung két hap C6 ohigu ech str dung két bop nhu kel hyp cap nhigt voi dong lye. Ding 16 hoi nang sudt 1én thong s6 cao dé sin xudt co mang, dign ning, ding hoi trfch hode i p nhiét sé nang cao duge higu qui kinh 1, oS thé tit kiém duge Khoding 30 + 40% nhign ligu so voi sén xuat dign va nhigt rieng bigt. 228Mot dang kél hop dé duye sit du eva dang ti¢p tue nghign ctu 1a ding chu tinh hn hgp khé - hoi. Néu diing 16 1d may hoi thong 56 242 bar, chi dat hisu suit nbigt cav nhat khoding 38,8% ma van hanh, bio quin sia chita kha khé khiin, trong khi ding tua bin khi nhigt dO vao 1100 + 1260°C lay khéi thai chay 18 hai Ap suit khoding 86 + 120 bar thi higu sudt o6 thé len dén 45 = 52%, nhung ngudn nhien Ligu long va khi can din va dat nén da tit ke hé thOng tua bin khf chay bang than. ba cé nhigu thir nghigm, tue het chu uinh khi hod lien hop cla MY 1GCC (ntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle Power Station). Truce hét dura thin nhii tuong va mot it 6xy vio binh khi hoa thai xi Jéng, dem khf than di loc bui, khir Tuu huynh r6i dua véo chay tua bin khi, khf thai chay 15 hoi edp cho tua bin hoi cing phat dign, Phai ton nhigu nang luung, nén hidu sudt dat khong 33%, nhumg Khir tru huynh dén 99% va thu duge lu huynh nguyén chit 6 thé lim nguyen ligu cong nghiép. Neu thay binh khi hod than nhii twong bing bot than véi k¥ thuat khir bui va uw huyoh & nbis do cao, dua nhict do vio tua bin khi len dé 1300°C déng, thsi ding hoi tén wi han e6 qué nhi¢t wung gian, he hong IGCC 6 thé nang hidu sudt lon dén 42 + 44%. Tuy nhi¢n edn nhiéu cong nghé va whict bi phic tap, dit Uidén, du kién c6 thé thucmg mai hod vao nam 2000. Nhting nam day, ngudi ta két hop budng dot tang léng cao Ap voi tua bis: khi, d& bude diu vd thé dua ra sit dung, nhtmg vi nhidt dd budng lita chi han ché tir 900°C nén téng higu sudt moi dat khodng 40 + 42%, Dé nang cao nhidt dO trong tua bin khi, ngudi ta ding budng dét tang long cao dp dé dét phan ote cita hinh luyen ce thee k¥ thuat ting long, cdn phin chat bée tit binh luyga cdc dura dot thm dé nang nhiét d6 trong tua bin khi lén dén 1200 = 1300°C, do vay tong hicu sudt cd he thong 6 thé ten dén 45 = 46%. Cling di v6 nghién ovtu hing Imng. (am vita caip dign, vira cap nhiet va cd khi dot, du kign co thé dua vao sin xudt khoang diu thé ky 21. 6.5.3 May tinh voi céng nghé 1d hoi Lo hei trai tim eta ede nh2 may nhiet dign, 18 b9 phan quan trong cia mhié nha may xf nghigp, cé anh hutmg quyét dinh vé mat kinh 1, k¥ thuat cing nhy an toan. Cong vige thi ké, ché tao cling nhu van hank 1d hoi hei site, phire lap, ning, ng, kh6 khan nén phai tan dung cong nghé tin hye dang phat trién nhanh chong va di (ham nhap vio hau hét ede ngiinh khoa hgc va cong nghg. Can sit dung may tinh dé thu nhdp tao d6i thong tin, dé tién hinh thiét ké, ché tao, thit nghiém, do dae vii diéu khién van hana 1d hoi. 4. Ung dung nudy tiuh véo cong vide thiét ké Khi thigt ké hoin chinh mot hé thong exp nhict, thudng phai thye hien ede bdi tinh nh: 229- Tinh ahigt thiét bi sinh hui. ~ Tinh thuy dng thict bi sinh hot. - Tinh khi dong. - Tinh ste bén cde chi tiét ca thict bi sinh hoi VA mang nhiét ~ Tinh todin cho d6 nude va chat lngng hoi. + Tinh dong hoe va thict bi sinh hoi. ~ Tinh thuy lye efia mang nhigt. ~ Tinh cach nhigt va tdn that nhiét cla h¢ thong edp nhigt, Tinh nhi¢t (a bii inh het sie quan trong, lam eu sé cho cdc bai inh khée, ngi dung cla né rat phong phi, bao trim hau het ede ky thuat gap trong ng2nh ohi ohu tinh vé chaéy, vé uuyén nhiét cd bite xa, di lau, din nhidt, viv... Khong ei Khoi Iugng tinh toda nhiéu, phe tup, ma ngori nhiing cong th fi iy thuyét phai diing rai nhiéu so ligu, cong thie, bing bidu va do thi xay dung trén co sO thue nehiém hode két hyp thue nghiém voi Ly thuyét, néu tinh bing thi cong tn ohicu thei gian. ket qui kh6 chinh xe ma eling khé tinh due nhisu phyong én sinh chon Iva, Cich day mdy thap ky, ngudi ta di ding may tinh cho bai tith »tGi dan dan dén cae bai tinh khac nhy thuy dong, khf dong, si hén, viv... ncn cong viée tinh todn thigt ké da nhe nhang hon nhiéu, edn kip thoi nam bat dé 06 thé theo kip cde nude. 2. Ditng may tink dé diéu khién van hank lo hoi nhidu nite di ding may tinh dé diéu khign van hanh 1} hai, da gidm bet dhige sO newt van hinh, cudme dQ tae dong, dip Gng kip thot ahu clu cia ho sir dyng mOt cach nhanh chéng, an toln, kinh 1G, nang cao duge hicu sudt va co thé ligt kigm duge khoang tit 4 + 8% nhien ligu. ¢ thong may tinh diéu khién van hinh 1d hoi, ngoadi 1d hei + ey tink ra con bi phu nhy thict bi ngoai vi va thiét bi phu tro. Thhoot hy ngoai vi Lam nhiém vu cdu ndi giita 1 hoi va may tinh, nd ¢6 hai chic nang eo ban: chuyén cic thong s6 tang thai 10 hoi, Onh hinh van hinh clia cde co et chap haah thanh tin higu ma méy tinh ¢6 thé nhan biet duoe dé xi ty, thet hai IB ti ip thu lénh didu khién Ure may tinh, chuyén thinh tin higu cho ce eau chap hinh digu khién 13 hoi Tuy theo yéu edu va mite do phat tién, di ding mOt sd phuong phap diéu khidn 1d hot nhir sanz Phuung php di tien 18 qua may tinh do dae, kidm 1a xit ly ede thong tin dé hién thi, ghi chép bode cinh béo véi ngudi van hinh vé ede thong sO nhu ap suit, ahidt dO, mite nue, law Iuveng hoi, lugng Oxy trong khdi, v.v... va c6 thé tink ra higu sual nbiét ca 1 hoi. Phiemg phap 1iép theo 1a ding hé thong chi dao van 23hhinh, nghia [a 8n co sé ede sO Tigu da ghi G uén, may tinh con tinh ton va dé ut phuong éin 16h ww dé nguei van binh tham khdo, Iya chr. ala lo Tigh thém mot bute la ding he thong gifim sét Khong che GCC), nghi khong chi dé xuit phuong dn ma tye (ip qua h@ thing digu khicn ty dong hot [am vide ¢ ché dO 161 un, thed man ahi chu ho he thong digu khidn tryc Liép bing 86, ghia la ding ma dong digu khign, tre liép van hank. Vai eg scrding nhiéu 19 hoi, con ding phucng phap phan cap ¢ khién, trong hg thong c6 mgt may digu khida trung uong, chi huy cdc may con diéu khidn ede 1b hei vgn aah cho phi hyp. dime. Phuung phdp thé tw la y inh thay cho hé thing ur Ta e6 thé ding méy tinh thay cho ede cu cfu vi cng nghé van banb, ehing noi dung digu khién vin khong thay doi, van phii e6 be thong digu chinh méc teste, he thang didu chink luni ugng va thong st hoi eding nhu diéy chinh qué tink chay. 231Chuong VIT MANG NHIET 7.1 CAC HE THONG MANG NHIET Trong cong nghi¢p cé nhiéu nganh cin duye cung edp nhiét hong duéi dang hoi nude. Ngoai ra nhi¢t cin duye sir dung (udi dang hoi va nuse néng) cho cée nhu vau vé sdy subi, thong gid... Mang nhiét 14 he thong cde dutmg éng dan (hot va nue) tir ngudn edp ohigt dén cdc hé tiéu thy ohit bang cach true 1idp hoac qua cae thiet bi tung gian. Neuén efip nhiét 14 hoi duye trich ra tir cdc uabin cap nhiét dat trong cde trang tam nhict dign, ciing o6 thé 18 18 hui cong nghiép. Higr nay, ngodi ra eting chn dung khi thoat cba tuabin khi dé cap ahiel. Tuy theo chat mang nhi¢t cla mang nhigt ngudi ta chia ra: nude. wing hol va mang Mang nude lai chia ra; mang mot duéng dng, mang hai dudng Gn (c6 mang 3 dudng dng nhung ft gap). Mang mot dutmg ong hop ly nen ding khi kholing cdeh gir Ac nha may nhict dién kha tin. © tidu thy va Thutmg phé bigh 18 mang hai duong dng, trong d6 mot dudng (g9i 1A dudng cap) nude ning sé ti c&c hd eu thy, cdn dudng thet hai (goi la dudng td vé ) 1S aurée neudi quay lai nha méy. Mung hoi ¢6 hai ogi: loai khong ¢6 nue ngung tr’ vé (mang mot dudng Sng) va logi 66 nude ngumg U8 vé (mang hai duéng ong), Cae kidu dO iri mang nhigt tigu biéu duge vé &hinh 7-1. Dun gidn nha v2 von dau tf nhet (a ki¢u hudng tam (hinh 7-12). Song nhuge diém 1én nhat ca nd 1d khi nhanh ndo &6 bj sur od thi tat cd ede hd ticu thu noi vai nd sé bi ngimg edp nhict. Vige noi dy phing gitt céc dutmg Sng bang dudng vong sé khde phue mot ph nhuge diém ay. Dudmg vong nay tuy chua bao diam duge cong sual cue dai ddi visi 232mign ¢6 nhanh bi hdng nhumg c6 thé edp nhigt duge mot phiin nhat dinh. Che kidu b@ (ri vOong (hinh 7-1 c) va b6 trf ban ed (hinh 7-1 d) sé khong ¢6 nhuge digi nhu 1rén vi doan bi héng sé duoc tach ra. Tuy nhien von dau i tang 1én va van hinh sé phic tap hon. G he thong voi hai nguén nbigt, khi mae hung tam theo hinh 7-1 b, néu ngudn | nghi thi tong giai dogn chuyén dogn noi gidta hal ngudn se ddim bao van hinh dy phong. Doan ndy trong trudng hyp binh thuéng st ngsit. a) o) Hinh 7-1, 86 tri mang nhiét a) Kidu huéng tam voi mst nguén nhiét, b) Kidu huéng tam véi hai nguén nhiét va Sng néi;, ¢} Kiéu vang vei hai nguén chinh vi hai nguén dy phons: d) Kidu ban cd voi mét nguén chinh va mot nguén du phong. 7.2 CACH NOI HO TIEU THY VOI MANG NHIET Vige noi hd tien thy voi mang nhigi ed thé bing catch true tip hoa qua binh trao déi niet kigu bé mai, cy thé 12 theo cée nguyen tde saut f iruc tiép) A. Noi phu thuge vé matt dp lue (16 1. Khong thay d6i thong si cba méi chat mang nhigt (hinh 7-2). 2. Vidi sue thay d4i thong sd cia mdi chat mang nh 233lou de> Buanp IgA uy ‘Bugu ognu dya Buanp 1A 19h) de au en dg} 90p ION (a fu nan du aud 219 Wed Bugg op reIyy WEI 921A IDA 8 'og dou ugy weg Bugg Sanu ens Op II weld Sin ‘BA Ja dOY UOY MIpAlg Bugg opNU of de EA gD JOU LAGI OBI WA 8 'S Herd ORE ddy ugu nely BuRg Op TplUu WIG 941A A ‘P 'HO UNud Nah U9 WeIB gq Buon op Jee UIgIB 981A IDA, 9 ‘DgAU END WHY OF Bugyy op Act] Buguy 9 ‘AM NN! Jen UEA Bugg toy of] de web o@in IBA “e ONy de agus 9A 96nu) nud ION Cy yeluy Bue 1A NY NEN QU OU AT uafn6u op 68 999 “2-2 HUH (PY tx = = y a fy I ~ s = 234a) Vei vide ha thatp ap lac (bing van tiet Luu) (hinh 7-28). by Voi vige gidim nhigt dg (bing thict bi gi On bs mat hoge phun vio , hich 7-2¢ howe bing kidu hon hop dae bigt, hink 7-20). ¢) Voi su thay déi ap hye va nhig dom hén hyp, hinh 7-21, 2). 6 (nbd Qjeoto hn hyp, hinh 7-2e hoy ohes B. Noi doe Lap vé mat ap luc (qua binh tran ddi nhigt kiéu Bé mat) (hink 7-2 h, id) Uu diém kin nhit etta vide ni phy thude ¥é mat dp hye cla ho Géu thu 1A von dau tr gidm di va khir bo duge do ehenh whist do do cd thigt bi trae déi nhict ra. Du dé mot mat gidm duye doi Ap hode Ap yc hoi trich, mat khée giam due 10 thét nhigt ctia mang. Nhuye diém etia ni dge Hap nly 1a 4p lye Ion hon trong. calc thiet bi cla ho tiéu thu, do d6 nang hon va dat hon vi phai tang cudng do bén. Kicu néi nay vfing sé gap kh6 khan hon d6i vGi vige bao dung wa di de Lap Ap luc dae thue hign nbd cav binh trav Gi ok nhuge diém cua né lab nhuge diém hode uu digi clia vige nds phy thugs. ¥ 7.3 TINH TOAN THUY LUC MANG NHIET 7.3.1 Nhiém vu tinh toan thuy bye Tinh ton thuy hue 1a kha rai quan trong khi thigl ke mang mhiél, bao gdm: a. Xiic dinh dudng kinh Gng din; b. Xue dinh piding ap; c.X Nhing két qua tinh toan thuy fue sé gitp cho vice gidi cde bai loan saur xde dinh vn dau wt, Liéu hao kim loai Gng; xdc Tap cde dung die tink cia bem tuan hoitn va bom bé sung, so lugng bam; chon due ede bd dicu chink, xe dinh ché da van hanh. o dinh edt ap beds digm ctta mang. Dé tinh todn thuy Ive ta cdn biel tude sod mang nhigi, dia hinh, vi tri ctia mang va cae phy tal. 7.3.2 Cac céng thie chinh Doi vGi chat Jong Khong chiu nén chayén dong trong Sng din ta c6 phueng tuinh sau (vidi cho L ky):Gly AN chicu cao hinh hye cia Gng din (tie dign 1 va 2 so véi mat ngang, ai; ©, ¥) os - te dd chuyén dong efla chat long o tict dign 1 va 2. mls: Pr ¥8 py - Ap sual cla chat long b tei dign 1 va 2, Pos p+ khéi luyng rieng ctia chat long, kylo's 2 - gia te coi ta do = 9,81 pris; 5 - dong nang cla 1 ky chat Long 6 tidt dign dai cox P. the nang eta 1 ky chit long & tiet dign da cho, Uke: P 2. tGn thai thé nang ola 1 kg chal long do ma sat va txts khang cue bo tren doan p ong | -2,ky. ‘Trong tinh todn thoy iue mang ohigt nevdi ta con sit dung khéi nigm cot Fite) loin phan H,: wo» ° Z7t——+—=2Z44—+H (7-2) 2207 2g Oday: p- ap suit trong dng din, Pax P =H - eG dp do dp, any - trong lume rigng Y eta chat long, M/ar’, Khi tfah thutng bd qua dai lemg 2— vi né ah’ va ft thay doi, do vay ta thutmg lay: H.=Z+2=74+H (7-3) y Ti (7-3) ta oo: H = H, - Z, wie 18 061 4p do dp bing higu giita e6t 4p toan phan va chi a0 hinh hoc cla ruc éng din. Gidng Sp va tn that cOt 4p tong mang cd quan hé nhu sau: (7) 18 that ndy chuyén thank nhies dvs tii tan tdug entanpi ota chet tong bhi chuyen dong trong dn. 236(7-4) hay (7-5) day: SH - 16n that cot 4p, ay 8p - gidng dp, Pes h VAR - suai tn that cot dp (dai ling khong thir nguyén) va suat gidng dp, Pa/ni. Ging dp & dune Gng gdm hai phéin: ging dp dutng dai vi pidng Ap uc bo: 5p = Spas + Spo G day: Spy. - giting ap dudmg dai, Spa eidng dp cuc bo. Giding ap duing ai Spy (cdn god LA tén that dudng dai) 1A gidng dp & ede doan Gog thing. Gidng dp cuc bd 8p,, (edn duge goi 18 tin that cue bd) 1a ging ap & van, ch cong, nghén, ... Gidng dp duong dai Trong cde Ong din moi chat thi: 8Paa = Ral (7-7) Oday: Pua gidng dp dudng di, Pu; Ry, - sud gidng dp, ude 1a gidny Sp cla mot mét Sng, Palny | ~chiéu dhi Sag dan, me. Ta 6 phuong tinh Daxi: 2 Rosia, F (7-8) 2d dp S day: A - hg so ma sat thuy lye (dai luyng khong thi neuyen); w - we dd moi chat, ails; p ~ Khoi lung riéng eda mot chill, Ag/ne’s d - dudmg Kinh trong vila Ong, a; G - luu lume kaGi luong, ke/s. He so ma sat thuy lye & phu Chude chit you vio die tinh cha véch ong (nin nham) va vio ché do chuyén dong cla chat ldng (chay ting hay chay ri), Bai vd cic Sng ahin, 3 mot sé cong thtie dé tinh he $6 ma s&t hur sai: aaa, OF 4 Re < 2300 (chay ting): A= Fe, Cone te Pore © _ 0.3164 Re? 2300 € Re < 10% (cong thite Blazius)Re< 10°: 4=0,0032 + (cOng thtte Nicuradze) 0,221 Reo ss (1,82 12 Re - 1,64)? Rez 10°: A= (cong thtic Altsul) Neaudi ta cling bigu dién.quan h¢ giia he sO ma sat cla Ong nhin vdi so Reynolds Re trén dé thi (hinh 7-3). a I 903 \- aa II T aos + ae ~ 40: i 3 Gag ahiin (Nikorazde 004 ~ 0224 ] > Ax 90032F 903 2 T Re ~ Se an "Ca, g02 Ze “4 TWN gor 1.107 1.10? Re 1-104 Hinh 7-3. Su phu thude ctia hé s6 ma sat thuy Ie ca éng nh&n vao sé Reynolds. ‘Thuong mang nist ding céc Sng khong nhiin (nham) bing thép. BE mat nhém do ede phan nhd lén 06 dg cao k (hinh 7-4). Kx LULL Hinh 7-4, Mat cat ola 6ng nhdm. Thong s6 dac tung dau tién cla do nham 1a chiéu cao cla phan nhé lén, goi 1a do nhém tuy¢t d6i cla Sng. Thudng no bing tir 0,05 dén 2 mun. Thong 86 dic tring 238(hit hai 1a ty tucing doi. 6 pitta dQ nham tayet dot GOL vdi han kinh Ong Kir, gyi 1A dg nhim Khi Re nhd, ho s6 ma sét thuy luc % s@ 06 gid tnt dn onal, Khi Re tang 2 sf giim vi voi mot gid tri Rey, nho dé thi A si dt gi Khong dsi, tri cue tidy. Khi Re Ging tigp 4 sé G mién qua a3, uée La khi 2300 < Re < Rey, he so ma sat thuy lye sé phy thude ca vao dd nham unong d6 k,/r Hin sO Re, Con khi Re > Re, be 86 2 chi phu thude va ky? md khong phy thude vde sé Re nia (*). A.D. Altsul di dua ra cOng thie sau Wir niim 19S: 7-9) Khi ky % cong thite (7-105 Neu ly sur sai kha cts be so % theo cong Unie Altsul va cOng thtie Sifrixon Le 396 ht tte didu kign = = 150,03 ta thu die: d Roe 568— ib w iy day 2, va 2, 1a cde tri sd eta 4 inh the (7-9) va (7-10). . 1 Vi thé khi Re < 568-2 thi edn tink 2 theo (7-9), edn khi Re = S08 thi ul u Linh 2 theo (7-10). Khi Re 2 Re, thi giéng 4p 88. uy 1¢ binh phiame ods bees laung, Trong mang nhict thudme thidng Re > Rey, vi th€ mang nhigt thuorg Le ae binh phuumg. Ta co thé chuyéa cong thie (7-8) cho gidng
Keg, cling wher ta eve Ong alin there 239A Gos aN (Ryypy? Luu lyng qua ong, kes: ds GSARu py? ee HOI vi mang nude, khi p = const, cée cOng thite wen sé 1a: ALG aes Raw = a Geos d= Ae OND Ry GHAy RSE Cae gid tri etia hé 36 A v2 A" cho d bang phu luc 7-1. Gidng dp cuc b6 (7-13) (7-14) (7-13) (7-16) (7-17) Giding dp cus bd téng 6 tat cd cae tre khang cuc bo duge xac dinh theo cong tate: Sen = LEZ p =0812TE SL Pa 2 pd XE - ng cde hg 86 tré lye cye bo; & - dai luong khong tht nguyén. (7-18) Ta hinh dung mOt doan Ong thang dudng kinh d ma giéng Ap dude ddi cia nd khdng cue bd. Nhur vay: Peo = Raa be Das e= 1, Ta tim duge do dai tuong duong cla tro khang cue bo: a= DES lw=A Ved oa He s6 rds khang cue bd gigi thigu trong phy luc 7-2. 240 gid tri cla A theo céng Lhtte Siltinxon vio (7 -20) ta duge: fing gidng dp euc b9 thi do dai ca dogn ng nay goi Fk do dBi wong duong cira tee (7-19) (7-18) (7-20) G2)Ti sO gidng dp cue bd cilia Ong vi gidng ap dudng dai goi 1A phin tdn that cue bo, ky higu 1a a: oe SP _ tw (7.22) Spy t Ta c6 cong thite tinh a: as 1s1SAg 28 (7-23) tdiy: Ags oh Ku Khi tong dng lar nue tht @= 1,15", ee (7-23a) 1 Gidng dp tong Gidny Ap tong - g6m gidng 4p dung dii vi gidng 4p cuc bQ - duge tinh theo cong thite: Rul +a SRe(1 +l.) G-24) 5 5p = Bpag + Spur = Spue(l +P) Pos ta rat ra duye: &p Re = - Tea) (7-25) 7.3.3 B6 thi do ap Dua trén tinh todn thuy luc mang nhiét ta lip dé thi do dp, dé 1a dé thi phan bo Ap suai dye theo chiéu dai Sng dn (hinh 7-5). Khi xay dung dé thi nay thi theo tung do ta dat dai lugng cot dp tinh tir true hoanh (lay [am mat phang chudn). Trén dé thi cing vé profil dia hink (dt cat) va do cao tod nha ho tiéu thu. Hinh 7-5 bidu dién dé thi do 4p cia hé thong cp nude néng hai duéng Sng va so dé nguyen If. Mie 1-1 ly Lam mie tinh cot ép (mie 0); C1-C4 1a do thi ct dp 241duong cap cla mang; V1-V4 1a d6 thi cot 4p dutng tré vé cia mang; H,, 1a cot 4p toan phin 6 ng g6p vé cla nguén cfip nhiét; Hy 1A cot Ap cla bom mang T; H, 1a cou 4p ton phan cla bom bé sung hay 1a ¢Ot 4p tinh toan phiin trong mang; H, 1a cot ap toan phan G diém K tren dau déy cia bom I; $Hy, 18 tn that cot 4p nude ang tong thiét bi nhiét TI; He, 1 cot 4p toan phan 3 6ng g6p cp ngudn c&p nhiét; Ha = H, - 5H,,. Cot dp 8 didm bait ky nao ctia mang, vi dy 6 diém 3, sé Ia: Hey 1a cOt dp toan phan 6 diém 3 cia dudng cp, Hy, 14 cOt dp toan phiin & diém 3 cita duvng vé. Hinh 7-5. 86 thi do 4p ctia mang nuéc hai dudng éng, Néu do cao tric dia ciia true Sng so véi mat chudn & diém nay 1 Z, thi cot 4p do dp 6 diém 3 cia duting cap s8 1A Hos - Z, cdn cOt Ap do dp & dung ve 1d H,, - Z,. Cot dp sir dung & diém 3 sé bing higu gitia cot ép do dp olia dudng cp va dump ve hoac 12 hieu cot 4p todn phiin H, = He, - Hy. Khi dimg bom mang I, trong mang nhiét sé c6 4p suat tinh H, do bom bé sung tao nén. Khi tinh thuy Ie mang hoi thi c6 thé khong can tfnh dén profil Ong dan hoi do hoi c6 khdi lugng riéng nho. 242DCi voi mang nude, dé he théng cap nhiét lam viée tin cay thi vé 4p sudt cain nhimg yéu cdu sau: 1. Khong duye vuot qua dp suat cho phép & ede thiét bi cha nguén cap nhigt va ho tidu thu (ap sudt du cho phép tong Ong thép va c4c van clla mang thudng 12 1,6 +2,5 MPa). 2. Dam bao 4p suat du trong tat cd cde phan ti cla hé théng cap nhiét dé nham ngin ngia su x4m thye cua bom va khong cho khi lot vao hé théng cdp nhiét. Néu khong sé 1am an mon thiél bj va mat tudin hoiin cia nue. Ap sudt dit cue tid ly bing 0,05 MPa. 3. Baim bio nude khong soi & cde che do thuy dong clia hg thong cap nhigt, tite 1a khi nue 1udn hoan trong he thong. ©) tt ca ede diém trong hé théng clip nhiét cfin phai git duge ap sudt lon hon 4p suat bao hoa cla hoi nue tng voi nhiét do ca nude trong he thdng. 7.3.4 Phuong phap tinh thuy Ive mang phan nhanh So ligu ban dau dé inh ihutmg 1a: so dé mang nhiet, thong sO cla moi chat, lu y ui doan 6ng. Dai long phai tim ta dutmg kinh 6ng. Do ban dau chua biét hang loat dai luong nén phdi giai bai todn bang phuong phép pan ding lién tuc. Tinh to4n thu@ng chia thanh hai giai doan: tinh so bO va tinh kiém Hinh 7-6. So dé mang nhiét phan nhanh. tra. Sau day dua ra phuong phdp tinh mang phan nhénh trén hinh 7-6, Tink toén so 66 1. Ta chon dudng Gng tinh toan chinh, tite 14 hung tir tram ti mot trong cic hd Liu thu ma cé suat ging 4p nhé nhat. N&u gidng dp gitta tram va cdc hé tigu thy déu nhu nhau thi chon dutmg Ong xa nhat. 2. Ta bat dau tinh tir phn ddu (doan déu) cua dutng Ong tinh ton chinh. Phan tn that cue bd @ cia doan nay duye cho truge hode xdc dinh theo (7-23). Ta xdc gidng 4p cla doan nay khi quy ude chon phan ton thét cuc bd én tat cd cc dudng Ong bing phéin tén that euc bd dogn dé, Néu & hinh 7-6 dudng Ong tinh todn 1A 0-1-2-3-4-6, thi suat gidng dp dutmg dai & doan 0-1 s@ 1a: 2438p. Roy = Pest 1, a +a) hoite: R,, = Siler __ Hot Inj,d+a) 1, ,d+a) & day: Spo, Spos ~ ging dp ton phin & duting dng tinh todn va et doan dau; SH, SHy. - cde ton that cOt Ap tong mgs Iya, lng -¢ fu dai 1uong tng. huts 3. Ta xd dinh so bO duémg kfnh d,, td phuong thee (7-13) hoae (7-16). kien quy fuat td khéng binh Tink kiém tra 1. Ta chon dutng kinh cia doan diu d,, tho sé tay ¥é ong. 2. Dya theo (7-12) hoac (7-15) ta xde dinh sudt ging ap dudmy dai R'y.,. 3. Dya theo (7-20) hoae (7-21) ta xée dinh 6 dai tuong duong cua tro khang cue bd én doan 0-1. 4. Ta xdc dinh gidng 4p loan phan trén doan 0-1. Spor = Rog ha (Ul +0) hoae: BH'y = Roa bya (Fay I 6 day: a=, 5. Ta ade dinh Ap sudt cla hoi hode ct dp cla nude & diém cudi chng cia dogn Khao sat p', =p, - Spl hode H', = Hy - 811", Cat nhu thé, ta 1ién hanh inh toan cat doan khée cia dudng 6ng tinh toan, Ta bit dau tinh mdi doan tip theo bing céch xée dinh suél gidng dp dudmg dai, Ching han, ta bit du tinh doan 1-2: -_ SPi¢ hode: & day: 6p..5= p's - Py Va BH, 4 =H’, - He. 244Bai tap vi du: Hay tinh thuy lye mang nhiét hai ding nuéc va vé dé thi do 4p. So dé mang nhiét vé G hinh 7-7 a va b, con hinh dang (profil) tric dia cla mang va chiéu cao hd tigu thu vé & hinh 7-7 c. C6 4 thiét bi sudi n6i véi mang theo so d6 phu thudc va cd luu lugng sau: Tén thiét bi A B c Luu lugng nude, kg/s 27,8 13,9 55,6 13,9 Hinh 7-7. Cac so dé (a, b) va d6 thi do dp cla mang nut hai dutng 6ng (c) Nhigt d@ trung binh cla nude trong mang 1a t, = 75°C. Trong lugng riéng trung binh cilia nutéc yy = 9550 N/m’. Nhigt dO tinh togn cha nude trong dudng cap 1, = 150°C. Tai tat cA chd vao hd tigu thy céin phai dim bio cot dp sir dung AHyy 2 15 m. Cot dp sir dung 6 Ong gép cita tram H, = 95 m. Chiéu dai cla cde doan Ong nhu sau: Doan 6ng O-1 1-2 2-3 1-7 2-4 4-5 4-6 Chiéu dai, m 250 650 500 500. 400 300 600 Trén dudng Ong c6 céc ud khang cuc bo sau day: 245Cfv van chin & du va & cudi mdi dogn tren dudmg cap va duong tre vé, ctr mdi Am dudng Sng c6 10 cai phan nbanh vai goe 90” va 10 bi dem. Theo tat ty tinh so bd: |. Tachon cot 4p tinh cla mang H, = 50 a (dung SS). Vii cot 4p tinh nay, dp sudt du & cée diém cao nhét etia thict bi sudi duye bdo dim con vot dp tinh do 4p & cde diém théip nhat (thict bi A) khong vugt qué gid tr] cho phép. 2. Ta dy kicn dang cia 46 thi col ap. Tén that cot ap trong mang: p wong mang: Hy - AH, = 95 - 15 = 80m. ta chia doi ton thal nay cho dudmg cp va dutmg, U6 vé, tite 1a iy 8H, = SH, = 40 ar. Trong truting hop nay, cot ap oan phan trong duing cap va dudng tré vé & tram st 1a H, = LOS mm, H, = 10 an Cort 4p do Ap tai diém cao nhal cha mang 3 dudng edp sé 1 Hy, = 108 - 40 - 25 = 40 m. Voi vot Ap do dp nay mutie sf khong si Khi 1, = 150°C. 3. Ta chon dutng Ong tinh ton chinh. Do 6 tat cd chd vao h@ tiéu thu edn bio dim cing mot cot ép DHy, = 15 pr nén dudmg dng tinh ton chinh sé 1a dudmg ndi Tram v6i ho xa nde, 46 18 dudng 0- 6, dutng nay dai 1900 nr. 4, Dua trén sé ligu ban dau va phu luc 7-2 ta xde dinh Ung ede he sO tds hye cue bd YE tren doan 0-1: 1 ME =2.0,5 + 2,5.1,2 + 2,5.0,2 = 4.5 m Giang Ap ten doan 0-L: .9550,250) Spy, = 22:2850:259 | 50200 Pa 1900 ‘Luu lugng nude trén doan 0-1: GH 27,8 + 13,9 +55,6 + 13,9 =111,2 kels Theo (7-23a) va phy luc 7.1 x4¢ dinh duge phan tr khdng cuc b9 trén doan nay: 5. Xée dinh so’b6 sud giéng dp dudmg dai vi dutmg kin dogn 0-1: 246App, 50200 = = 164 Palm Vey +a) 250 .1,22 Roa= ya = LIT AOR ALL.2°°/164"? = 0,266 ni = 266 moi. Tink kiém tra 1, Ta chon dutng kinh trong gén nhdt: = 309 am 2. Theo (7-15) hoge theo phu lye 7-1 xéc dinh R's: Rig = 13,64. 10%. 11 1,27 (0,309 = 79 Patin . Theo (7-21) xde dinh 14 cla doan 0-1: 1g = 60,7 4,5 . 0,039" = 48 a my 4, Theo (7-24) xdc dinh due giang 4p doan 0-1: Sp'o. = 79.(250 + 48) = 23600 Pa 5. Tén that cot dp trén doan 0-1: Spay _ 23600 1 9550 6Ha = = 2,45 nt 6, Do tdn that ct 4p trén doan 0-1 ¢ dutng cp va dudng tr vé a nhu ohaw nen cot dp sir dung ¢diém 1 cla mang nbi AH = Hy. - 25H’, Tuong ty ta tinh cho céc doan cdn lai, Ket qua la: =95-2.2,45=90,1 a | o | Ra | 4 @ | wy | ole | ape | am | Dou | kgs | Pain [mm | omm | Pain | m Pa m m 0-1 Lht,2 164 266 209 79 48 23600 245 90,1 1-2 R34 187 238 259 us 78,5 | 83500 | 8,75 72,6 2-4 69,5 235 208 207 249 66 108000 11,2 50,2 4-6 13,9 260, 110 125 149 7 95000 | 9,95 30,3 (Cée nhdnh khdc cling tin hanh tinh todn wong Ww. 2477.4 CHE DO THUY LUC CUA MANG NHIET 7.4.1 Dac tinh thuy luc cilia hé théng Mang nt nuée la mot bhé thdng phite tap vé mal thuy luc, 6 dé cdc khau rigng biét khi he at déng lai phu thudc lan nhau. Doe dé can phai biét ce dac tinh thuy luc cha mang va bom. ChE do thuy lye cia hé théng dé duge xde dinh bai diém cat cha cde dudng dac tinh thuy luc cia bom vi mang. Trén hinh 7-8: dudng cong 1 1a duong dic tinh cla bom: dudng cong 2 1h dudng dac tinh cia mang: giao diém A cila ching sé xc dinh ché do thuy luc cia hé thong: H JA cor ap cla bom. bang tn that cot ap & hé théng kin; V 1a nang suat cba bom, bang hu Ivong nudc trong hé théng. a Liu ting nide Hinh 7-8. gc tinh thuj lye cla bom va mang. Dac tinh thuy uc cla bom !4 sw phy thuoe cha cot dp H hove ging dp Ap do bom tao ra vGi nang sual V cla bom. Cic dudng dac tinh cha bom thudng duoc xiic dinh béi nha ché tao hoae do thi nghiém. Khi 6 vong quay cila ban xe cong tée khong déi thi doan lam vie dac tinh bom li tam e6 thé biéu dién theo quan hé: a dudng I= Hy - SV? (7-26) + Ey - cot Ap quy udc cla bom khi luu lugng V = Q; So - tré khdng trong quy ude cia bom, #237, Khi sé vong quay thay doi thi dung dac Unh ciing thay déi Luu lugng thé tich (nang suat), cot dp va cong sudt bom quan hé vdi s yong quay nhu sau: 248(7-27) trong dé: V,, Hy, Ny - ning sudt, cot ap va cong sudt @ vong quay my: Vz. Hs, No - yong quay 1p). Khi sé vong quay khong déi thi cong sual can cho bom sé la: B=Nan[ 4 vw] (7-28) & day: Voge Nyy ~ thing suat vi cOng suat bom é ché dé dink mute (khi hieu suat cue : , » N dai); N - cong sual bom & nang sudt Vp x= 8 b 6 khong tai: Ny - cong suat Nun bom khi khong tai (V = 0) Hé so khong tai cia cdc bom I! 1am 6 trong khoang: O2 US khdng cla mang duoc bigu thi qua don vi cot dp (én that cot dp khi V = 1), mlm; S= Sy. P.9= Sr-¥- wo khang cia mang duge biéu dién qua don vi Ap suat (gidng Ap hi Vel), Pasi’; p - khoi lvong ring cla nude gh; g = 981 aris - gia t6c roi tydo; y - trong iugne riéng cia nude, N/m’, gidi (7-8), (7-10), (7-18), (7-22), (7-30) va (7-31) ta tim dutge: S=Agl + ly). pia (7-32a) Sy = Agil + Ld Aged? (7-326) & diy: Ay = 0,0894. ky? ml, 249Vic (7-32) ta thay 1r6 kheing mang S phu thuge sao kich thude fink, hoc cla no, vae do nhdim tuyet dei cha be mar trong dng din, vao dé dai tuong duong eta WG lure cue bo vie mat do moi chat nhiumg khong pha thude vio leu lugng moi chat, DE tim tré khiing S ta cht can bict Lue lugng nue V eta mot che dé nao dé va gidng dp img voi leu lvong niy Thikmy & tram cd mot s6 bom cimg Lam viee ps xac dinh ché do cha chung ta can phat x4y dumng dutong diic tinh tong. Néu berm mie song song thi cae tinh ting duoc xiv ding bang each cong ede nang snat khi cling mdi cot dp. Die tinh téng cia nhém n bom mie song song mA cé cing dic tinh sé duge mo tA béi phuong tinh: HH, = HH, - SCZ (7-33) trong dé: EL, 1a cot dp nhém bom: Sy la tro khang Wong quy ude cua nbhém bom, So = S/o"; SV AA ning suai tang cua nhém bon. Vide xay dumg dic tinh tong cla cde bom mac néi tgp sé duoc thye hién hang cach cong cdc c6t Ap khi cing mét luu Jugng, Dac tinh tong cia nhém n bom mic néi tiép ma cé cing dac tinh sé duce md ta bai phugng Winh: Hy = (Hy - SY) (7-34) Viée x4e dinh dac tinh téng cla mang cé thé tin hanh bing cd phutong phap dé thi Lin phuong phap gidi tich. Phuong phap cong dé thi cde dac tinh cla cdc dean wong mang ciing wrong tu nhu viée cong dé thi cde dae tinh bom. ‘Thue t€ viec cong cde dic tinh trong mang bing vige gidi tich sé én hon. Xuat phat t& su phy sta cd quy ac sauz td khang hoe ede td khang cla cdc dogn mac noi tip. thude bac hai git tn that ap sudt va Luu lugng nu téng bang tong s Ta 06 8), 8; VAS, lcd tra khang ctia 3 doan néi Lip cla mang (hinh 7-9a). Tré_khing S 5s 5 tong cua cdc doan nay si $=S,4+8,+8, (7-35) a Nou cde doan mic song song thi dé tinh téng dac tinh ta sit dung chi sé thuy luc Ve khdc: do dan, Va dai long ti Ie Nya 7 nghich vdi cin bac hat wo ») khang: Hinh 7-9, Mac néi tiép (a) va song song (b} olla cae (7-36) doan cia mang nhidtTa 66 ay, a; vi ay JA cde dO din cua 3 doan mée song clia mang (hinh 7-4b). DS din tang cila cdc doan ny s@ bing tng sé hoe cia ching: a=atata, (37) Nhu vay vide cong cée dae tinh clla cc doan trong mang sé theo quy te sau: khi mac ndi dgp 1h} a cong cde trd khang, kbi mde song song thi ta cong cdc db din. 7.4.2 Ché dé thuy luc cila hé théng kin Mot tong nhimg diéu kien quan wong dé hé thong c&p nhiét Him vige binh thudmg a) In dam bao duge cot ap sir dung & trude ho tie thy di dé efp cho né lu lvong nude tuong img véi phy tdi nhiet. Hinh 7-10 biéu dién so dd 4) , f mang nhict mbt duGng Gng va haj dutng dng. Cae doan ong chinh déoh bing sO La ma, con cde doan dng nhinh 081 ink 7210, Sg a6 mang nhiét mot duding Sng (2) va hai véi ho lieu thy danh bing sé A duding éng (6). rap. Luu lugng nude tong ky higu bang chit V khong cé chi sd, cdn Luu lugng nude qua ho tigu thu - La chit V ¢6 chi sé bang s6 cla ho tiéu thu. Luu lugng nude tucng doi qua ho ticu thu, tte la ty sd ctia Iu luyng qua ho tigu thy vei lu lugmg tng, duge ky higu bing chit V cd chi sé. Luu lugng nude & ho ti@u thu } c6 thé tim duge ti phuong trinh: SVP 25.54 733 } § - tr khéng hO tiga thy 1, ké cl nhdnh; S,. - tro khdng mang nhidt voi tal nhéinh vit hO tidy thy ti t dens. Tir (7-38) ta tim duge: (7-29) (7-40) 251day: S, - 1d khang ctla ho tidu thy 2; 8,5 - ted khang cua mang nhiét voi tat nhgnh va ho tidu thu ur 2 den 5. Ta 06 thé xde dioh higu tuu Lyng V - V, ti phuong tinh: Sus(¥ -ViP = 8.3" (4 oda + Sigh Sy - UO Khéing doan ng M1, tir do: (7-42) @-43) Tiong ty ta tim duge lugng nude qua hd tidy thu 3: y Sis Sag 1 y_ = [Sus as Sas 1 7-44) 1 Sus Sus Sy Oday: S.5- WG khang clla mang nhidt v6i lt ca cfc nhdnh va ho Lidu thu tir 2 dén 5; Sus = Sint Sasi Sin - tt khdng cla doan dng HL, a 7 cd 98 A t 7} Hinh 7-14, So dé mang nhiét. Néu mang nhidt néin bo teu thu Ghinh 7-1) shh Luu lucmg nude tong dé qua ho m bat ky si 1a: (7-45) ‘Tir (7-45) ta suy 1a: 1. Lin lugng nue tuong di qua hé tide thu chi phy thuée vao tr khang cia mung vi hd 1i¢u thy chi khong phy thuge vio lus luong nude tuygt d0i trong mang. 2522. Néu trong mang cd n ho tiéu thy thi ti so luw Iugng nude qua cde ho tidu thu va mi (G day d < m) sé chi phy thuge vao trd khéing hé thing, bit du tr khau d dén cudi mang chit khong phu thudc vito tro khang mang true khau d (hinh 7-11), (7-46) Va Sin Khi thay d6i tr khang & doan no dé cla mang thi G tat cd cde ho tea thy nim gitta doan nay vi diém oudi cha mang lau lugng nude sé thay déi UF 18. Trong phan mang ma lu Ivong thay ddi ty Id, ta xde dinh mite dO thay déi liu luyng ep chi & mOthO du thy Ki dit. @ 12 ti Juu Ivgng ouc & ce ho tidu thy sau khi nga hg tieu thu ¢ diém x cla mang voi leu Jugng ouic & cde ho tidu thu tude khi ngdt hd tidu thu 6 diém x, Luu hong nurée tng & mang nhidt (hinh 7-11): (1-47) trong dé: HE - cot dp & Ong msl Soq = Sa + Sage te g6p cla tam, a; S,, - Ure khang tong cla mang nhict, ‘8 7.4.3 Tinh toan phan chia dong ¢ mang vong Mang nhi¢t ¢6 thé ao thinh hé thong ohiéu vong, Tinh toan phan chia dong & cde hé thong nhw vay sé [A bai todn phic tup, co thé gidi bing may Unh hoae phuong phap mo hinh hod. Nguyen tic tinh phan chia ddng 6 mang nhi¢u yong due dya tran cde phuong tinh Kiécsol, Tuy theo mite do dat cée bd diéu chink wr dong cho hé thong cip nhigt trong thyc t¢ ta gap hai digi kién tfnh todn khée nhau. 1, Cho trude leu luong nude & ho titu thy V va id khdng céc doan cla mang vong S,,, yéu edu xde dinh su phan chia Iva lvyng nude én cde doan cha mung vong. 2. Cho trude gidng dp sit ‘dung Ap,, hoge et 4p sir dung AH, & ché dura nude 1Gi mang vong va Ud Khang eba tat cd cic doan cia hé thong hit S, yeu cau xde dinh liu lugng nude & he théng ciip nhiét va su phan chia aude thee cae doan cha mang vong. Diéu kién thi nhat dae tumg cho hé théng cdp nhict c6 bo didu chink lu lvong & ch ndi hd ticu thy; digu kign thi hai - 1 cho hé thong khong c6 bo didu chink luu long nude.Tinh tain phan chia dong 6 mang vong c6 bd diéu chinh leu lang So dé cita mang gém 1 vdng dutge bidu dién en hinh 7-12. Nudge di tir tram vao nit O vi duge phan chia ra then ca doan | - IV giita cde 6 thu: 1, 2 va 3. Cée Luu jugng nude V,, V, va V3 & cde hé tiéu thy duge cho true va duye pitt khong ddi nhd cde bo dau chinh luu luong. Luu inmg tong, cba nuke: V = V, + Vo + Vx. Ddi hoi phai inh sy phan chia juu lugng nude theo cde doan. Na Hinh 7-42. So dé mang mat vong Ta quy WS a) ddng nude di vo nut duoc coi 1a duong, con ding nuée ra khdi nuit duge coi la dim. bb) 16n that cot 4p cita dang chiy trong duémg vién (congtua) theo chiéo kim done h6 duge coi 1a diamg, con tn that cot dp cia dong chay trong dutmg vién “hiéu him ddng hd duge coi La am. Voi quy w6e trén, bang each sau day ta cd ol phuung trinh Kiéesot dp cung cho mang nhiét. ng the Phuong tinh Kiécsof thé nhai: tang dai so cdc Iu Svong nue o ndt bat ky bang 0: rv=0 (7-48) phitong tinh Ki¢esof thi hai: téng dai s6 cée 16n tit cot 4p cha mdi cOngiua kin bat ky bang 0: ysv' =0 (7-49) 254Chung ta én hank tinh todn mang nhiét (hinh 7-12) dua trén cée phutung trinh Kiéesof, Ta dua ra mot sy phan chia bat ky Ivu lugng nude trén cde doan thod man phunmg trinh Kiécsof thir nat: Via Vit Vis Va Y2+ Vag Vv ~Vp=Via- Vai (7-80) (chi so La mii chi luu lugng & céc dogn Ong, chi so A rap chi lum lugng & cde nhdnh 1G h6 tiéu thy). ‘Theo phuuing tah Kidesof thi hai ta x4e dinh sai sé khép cae 16n that cot ap (ging Ap) trong voag -I-ITE-TV: Sp = TSV=SVe + SyVi + SinVin’ - Sw Vie" (7-51) G day: §,, Su. Sia Va Si - cde tres Khdng cha cde doan Ong tuung tng. Sai sO khép ma duong thi ching (rang di bi qué tai G cdc doan eS hew Iuong theo chiéu kim dong hé va da bj non tai & c4e dean cd luu lueng nguge chiéu kim déng hd. DE lam cho sai s6 khép cuia tn that cot 4p bing 0, ta cin phai dua uw dugng higu chiah 8V vio trong, tinh todn. Lau fugng hieu chinh cfin phii duge tir kdl lou Jugng da chon so bé & cde doan qua tai vA edn phai cong thém vio Iuu luyng dé chon sob 6 ede doan non tii. Luu Iveng higu chinh 6 thé duge xéde dinh theo phuung tinh (7-51), nGu trong dé ta Idy 6p = 0 va dua dai lang higu chinh vio phan phai cia phuong trinh. Trong trudng hyp nay phutong tinh sé e6 dang: iM, - SV)? + SMa - SVP + Su(Vin - BVI - SxMey # BVFP=O (7-52) Khi giai phucmg tinh nay va bo qua ede phan tit cd chita (VY Vi khé nbd ta st duge: 5p év= rsa (7-53) trong dé: TSV = SV, + SyVy + SuVin + Seas DSV 1 dui luong lus dongs ddiu cia SV ludn irting v6i ditu cia Sp. Sau khi ta di xde dinh gid ui 8V, ta xde dinh 15 them ede hiru luo va lai 1i¢n hanh tinh tra, Thutmy thi sau Min hiéu ehinh thet bes ta két qua hotn hao. cde down 6 duce Bai lap vi du So dé mang mrdc vii ba bo tidu thy va dé thj cot Ap cho nd & che do dinh mec khi Irong nude & mdi bd tigu thu AV, = V, hinh 7-13, O,1 n/s duge bidu didn trenHay xée dink Iuu lrgng nue & cdc ho tidu thy va xdy dung 46 thi cot 4p khi nei ho tide thy 2, Khi tinh ta chap nhgn ring cot dp cla bom tram di vii ch hai ché do xt gitr khong d6i va bang 40 ns Hinh 7-13, Cho bai tap vi du. Gidi Ta xée dinh ede 110 khéng elia ede doun cita mgng. va ede dQ din clia cde ho ligu thy theo cde dai lugng AH va H dé vi ché dd dinh mte. oun Vy antl aH, S= SHA", | a=v/vaH, : . mn msint neis.nt™ 1 03 10 im u 02 10 250 ul Ot 10 1000 1 OL 20 3000 0,0182 2 0, 20 2000 3 0,1 10 1000 Cée tréy khéng va do din ofa ede dogn mang sau khi ngit hd teu thy 2: 256Sus = Sut Sa; +S, = 250 + 1000 + 1000 = 2250 m.s7in?* 1 1 = =0,0210 nr ivan 2250 ed 4-3 yg = Ay + ys = 0,0182 + 0,0210 = 0,0392 aris t 1 Sia= = 652 ms ini Tri khéing tng cia mang sau khi ngdt ho ti¢u thy 2: Sea = Sit Sis = 111 + 652 = 763 oe stin® Litu ling nude ng sau khi nga ho teu thy 2: Vie JAR 18 6.299 mts S., V763 Cée lu lugng nude 6 cdc hd teu thu } vi 3: Vi=v' Sis = 0,229 V5, "y= VI -V, = 0,229 - 0,107 = 0,112 nity 0,107 arts Cac ton that cot ap & cdc doun mang va cdc hd tiéu thu: AH, = S,V'7 = 3000 . 0,107 = 34,3 AH'y = 250. 0.1227 = 3,7 mt AH’, = AH’, - AH, = 34,3 - 3,7 = 30,6 AH’, = 1000. 0,122° =14,9m Dura theo ede dai Luong tim duge ta Kay dung d6 thi edt dp cho ché dé mdi (duéng chéin chim trén hinh 7-13). 7.5 TINH TOAN BO BEN CUA ONG 7.5.1 Chiéu day dng din Chiéu diy Ong din duge xe dinh theo cong thite: 257—_P 298.4) +P de. (7-54) day; p li ép suat moi chit trong ng, MPa; 6.,, MPa Ta tng sust cho phép (rong kim loai Sng; 4, av 1a dudng kinh ngodi cha Ong; ¢ fA he s bén, ké dén kim loai vimae thép, co méi han hay khéng; c, war 1 phan them. Phan them ctla chiéu day Sng sé bang: =a(s-e), rue (7-55) herite c= Saat (7-56) atl Dai voi ong thing, tuy theo dé cho phép cha chigu day dag s trong gidi han tr 15 dén 5%, gid uri a sé thay Oi tit 0,18 dn 0,05; khi a6 thi: . c= O18 s 0,153.8 Ai8 vas ¢ 0,05, 0,0475.s; trung binh ¢ & OL 1,05 Doi voi Gng cong, tily theo dO cho phép cla chiéu day Sng tl 15% den O va bén kinh cong tuong adi cita ng R/d ie B sas 4, va a se thay d6i trong khoang tir 0,20 dén 0,03. Cong thie (7-54) chi diing voi digu kign: = P d, 290, +P <0,25 Phin thém ¢ edn phai khong ahd hon 0,5 mu. Chiéu diy cuc tigu cla 6ng s st phu thade vie duong kinh ngoai: dam < 38 <5 <7 <0 < 108 8, Pua 1,75 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,57.5.2 Xac dinh tmg suat trong kim loai dng 6 ché do chay dn dinh cita mai chat s8 cd ohing hye khiic nhau tac dong ken bé mat Ong din, gay nén nhiing tng suat uemg img. Ap sudt trong cia moi chat gay nén tmg sual quy din o,4. Pld, - Oye Pldy GM spy (7-5) 2pls~ ce) Lut kéo hole nén dye ngoai P, gay nén ting suit kéo hole nén: P, ou Tt (7-58) 6 day: fla dign tich tiét dign vanh cha Gng, uP. Ung suit udn do momen ngdu lye udn ngodi M,", MNm, lée dung len mat phang truc doe cia Sng: oe Mpa (7-59) ow & day: W - momen cin cia tiét dién ngang cha Sng: we din d Tong bidu thie ndy mémen quén tinh chiéu truc cita tiét dign ngang cia Sng Tat, sé 1a: t I=—(d} -d} gq tan) n cia ché néi han ngang khi uén g, déi voi Gng bang thép can ostenit nhiéu crom ta lay bang 0,6; thép rén ostenit ta lay bing 0,7; d6i voi Ong bing thép perlic ma can th ta lay bang 0,8 v.v.. DO VGi dudng Gng trong Khong gian, trong kim loai cOn phdt sinh img suai xodn phu t, MPa, do momen M,° tring véi momen udn téc dung & mat phing wudng géc vdi tue doc cla Sng (nhu vay, M",, = M".y3 3 day x, y, £18 cée true toa dd cba Sng trong khong gian 46): Me" =~ 7-61) aw (7-60) 259Chg sust tuong dug tng trong kim loai dng din do ede phu tdi ben ngodi ké len dye chicu true B,, momen udn M, va momen xo’n M,") duge tinh thee cong thite: Oy = yl, + Oya thee cae cong tite (7-58) + (7-61) neudi ta eting xdc dinh cae ting suat (uong tmp do cée phy ti gay nén boi sir tw bi cla Gng dan; ede chit "n" bs cdc dai lugng tuong img duoc thay bang "th", Neudi ta kidm tra dmg suat tremg duong ureng. Ong din gay nén béi tur bi then quan he: +3? MPa 7-61) of) SO8764,,{2 ~ (2) -ot (7-62) \ B, Neu diéu kién nay khéng thod man thi ta phai c6 suv higu chinh dé} vai bin thici ke dutmg Sng (Vhay ddi tuycn dudmg, bé ur lai 6 dé eo dink, thay déi mae thép ++). Cais gid tri cla ting sudit cho phép o,, duye xe dinh bit dO bén lau di o', ty theo nhiét do kim loai (khi nhige dQ cao), bai gidi han bd of, (khi ohiét do tang cao) va bOi do bén den tam thoi oy (¢ nhiel 6 20°C) voi do dur uri ben. luong tag. TE Ma = My = 15 VA My = 2,65 te 18 61 voi o., ta chon pid tri ohd nat wong ede gid irk: Sha, Sha pay ie 15 2,6 7,6 TINH TOAN TON THAT NHIET CUA ONG DAN O cde Sng dan dat trong moi Lrutng ¢6 nhict do t,, thap hon nhiét do cia méi trudng lam viée 1,,, thi sé ¢6 én that ahi él cla Ong boe ¢ lugng ohict truyén itr moi chat (¢6 nhigi dé 4,,.) qua véch Ong va iGp céch nhiet dn moi Luding xung quanh, thudmg 1A khong khf hode 1 dat ed ohict do t,,. Neu chidu chicu dig Gng lat L, m, dudng kfnh trong dm, vi dudng kink ngodi dy. ne, tht chidu day lop each nhigt s,, m, e6 he s6 din nhict 4,,, WinK, vai ode hé so truyén nhidt 1, hoae o,, Whr'K, 6 phia moi chit hole moi trutng bén ngodi, ta e6 thé xde dinh Cuge dong nhigt (Gn that theo phutong trinh: ox BL ba ~ bay) =q.L= as 7 fy W (7-63 On TE dt 88) +— Ine + In op ad, 24, d, 2h, d, ad, +2s,,) 260(rong dit Ae Wink, 1D he sO din nhien cia vat ligu Gng. Vi cae s6 hang thir hat va thi hai & mu sé bé hon sO hang tha ba vi tht ue hing tram, hang nghin lan ndn cb thé bd di ma ket qui khong sai léch nhiéu va ta durye: TLC band TLL ye = ole aw 7 bat - ne Ww 768 Q=4. Vpdettey Faye 63) 2h, oy a,(@,+2s,) 20, 4, .d,) Nou 2, thay déi theo nhi¢t do thi tong cae phuong tinh (7-63) va (7-64) doi vi hoi va nue néng ta cd thé tinh voi gid ti trung binh 7, d6i vai nhigt do = + ) vido gidm nhigt dO & {6p gidi han oita nude hode hoi bio hod chi bang Khoding [5 + 3°C (do pid tr cao efta 0.) va Tim tang nbict do & véch Ong thép (se = —e__y ghoang ur 10 den 10°C. hve d,-d, Doi voi vige dat trong chit v6 Khoi lung p, via bam lugng nude w, ky/ky, 1a 66 thé inh duve gid rj cla A, tir dS thi a) hinh 7-14, trong khi a, doi voi viee dat trong khong khf w,, /s, va vao céch théi eding nh vie nhigt do cla khong ki 4. D6i voi khong khi ding yon howe 1 khi chdy dye thi la ed thé xde dinh 0, 10 bidu thite: ot, = 9,2 + O,006(1, ty), Wea (7-65) Can khi khong kv théi vuong ge va ed We dg w, <5 my thi ta xée dinh 2, ti bigu thtte: a =B.p- Whar K (7-66) ort dy Trong d6 doi voi t, = O°C thi B= 3,2 con khi t, = SO°C thi B = 3,4. Cling cd thé strdung didu nay & dé th, cba hinh 7-14b. Cée gid tri dinh hudng cha he so din nhiet eta vat ligu céch nist Avia (duge xde dinh bing cach do & phong thf nghi¢m) duge néu ra 6 cde 46 thie va d cua hink 7-14, Tirede dé thi ndy 06 thé thify ring su thay ddi olla Khoi lugng roi p., ky/ar" va ham lung nude w, kglkg, (46 dm) di dnb hung nhu thé nbo. Noi chung 18 do dm va khoi Iugng ri ma tang th) A, tng, tie Ja kha ndng cdch nhigt cla chang bi giim. Vi the ta cfin (fh Jai Agus ra digu kign van hanh: Da = CIS = 1,5) Aupn Wl (7-67)Boi yay bing céch lic nén va thm nude sé lam cho cc 16 khong khf va khe ranh bi dién day va gidm di, diéu nay lam xéu d9 dn nhiet ca céch nhi¢t di nhieu. 6 din nhiét wrung binh cilia thép bing khoding Ap. = 50 Wink. J 3 (Ag/m) - ~ oS Ter t TTT < “| —|z000 8 —_— ef Wi | 1600 \ LL} eon / => 41000 Ne fray \900 aL ° “a2 o4 a6 w (k9/kg) - O16 (c) 0,14! W=0% 4 > oN . at < | f, ] & lat x =m | é ‘08 = < x 06 < o4 | | 02 0 | ) 100 200 300 a 10 20 30 = ty (6) — wh) Hinh 7-14, Lua chon 2, 461 vGi dat (a), a, 661 v6i khéng khi (b) va chon 2g, cho mat so vat ligu cach nhiét & nhiét 66 t, (c), kh6i lugng p, roi va-ham lugng nude w (4): A. Bét6ng bot: 1 - p, = 500; 2 p, = 300 kg/m, B. Thuy tinh soi c&ch nhigt: 3 - p, = 250 + 300; 4 - p, = 100 = 1500 kg/m’. 262‘Too that nhiét cia Gng din dit trong kénh cd khoang trong khong khi cd thé chtoe tinh theo cong thie (7-63) én co sé nhiét do khong khi trong kenh Idy bing th = hy (nhi¢t dQ khong khi trong kénh). Thuong t= 30 + 40°C. C6 thé sir dung cng thie nay ed khi trong kénh dat nhiéu Sng dan va ca khi m@i chat khdée nhau va nhigt d6 khac nhau. Ta tinh cde tén thit ddi vai timg dng doc Hip voi nhau, voi cling nhie dd khong khi t,. C6 thé gidm duge sai sét do su khong chinh xde via viée chon (, bang cach tinh lp lai, hon nffa, kenb sé duge coi nhu ong dat trong dit vi khong khf nhu 1a m6i chit mang nhiet. 6 trang théi én dinh, tat ed Iwong nhiél ma bang tdn thit nhiet w Ong dén khong khi tong kenh, s@ duge dan di qua véch kenh vao dat, Tir sir can bing ede Iueng nhiét dé, od thé x4e dinh (bing phuong ph4p gan ding) nhiét do cia khéng khi trong kénh t,, nu ohir bict nhiet do daft t. Khi dé tén i a kénh dén dit od thé duge tinh tir cong thite: Ww (7-68) ng dS hé s6 truyén nhist a, Wirr.K, & phia khong khf bén trong kénh sé duue xde dink tir phuong trinh (7-65) hode (7-66), Dd siu cia kénh h duge tinh bang +. Dudng kinh tuong duong trong dy, 72, va ngoai d,,, #2, phu thudc vao tidt dien ngang S,5, 2”, va chu vi Og», #, cla kénh bén trong (1) va ngoai (2): dag = ,m (7-69) Vi hé s6 din nhiét cha béténg (thudng kénh lim bang bétOng) cd gid th A, = 0,84 + 1,45 Wine. hau nhu tring voi hi dan nhigt cua dat A, = 0,8 = 1,8 Wlank nén ta 66 thé coi tudng kenh TA dat (A, = 2.) va don gigin hod phuong tinh (7-68) thanh phvong trinh: RL = be) 1 ty) 4h 1oyt ade 20, de Q« ov (7-70) Nhiét do cia khong kh/ bén trong kénh duge rit ra tir sur Ang t6n that Q, theo phuong trinh (7-64) va Q,. theo biéu thite (7-70) tte 1 tir did kién: Q = Qe W Q@-71) nav vay ta cd: 2632h sk = line = nw = _ fee hae oe 1) bo nde $e 2i, d, Khi tinh toan dinh hung c6 thé gia thi a, = oy © 10 + 12 Wir K vat, = 30°C. Khi phan dodn khong dting nhiét do dat 1, thi Q. 66 thé sai vai phan am. Ton that nhiét cila cdc Gag din 66 cach nhi¢t duge dat thing ding va trong dat st duge xde dinh tit phuong trinh: Q=qb*—-— Ei a goo oy em Se Fee to ye 2, dy DA, d, +25, 7.7 BU DAN NG NHIET - 6. BG Sy clan av vi nhigt khi nong len hoe co tai khi ngudi di sé gay nén tong Gn nhiing lie bd sung ma doi khi c6 thé lam vuyt qué gidi han cho phép ciia tmg suat A6i vGi vat ligu lam Ging va do dé gay én hai cho nd. Vi thé cain phai can bing su dan ng vi nhidt, diéu nay od thé thie duge hoe bing c4e gidi phap edu inde dac bigt vé bink dang Gng hoge bang céch sit dung cc loai ba. Cac bd phan ding dé ny bd vila dung Gng c6 thé 6 cde dang L, Z, P. S hogc U nhu e6 thé thay nen hinh 7-15. Cée b> phan bi duge Fam theo dang chit Omega (Q) ho’e dang chit U hoae dang bi hucng truc. Nhém thir nhat (hinh 7-7) vé thye chat 1A dang chi U v6i cde bO phan u6n theo tiéu chudin, Qué Innh tinh todn fing duye chutin hod. Bui hudng truc 6 hai Logi: hdc 66 giodng dém hode khong 6 chen (dem). HS fe Joai bi kigu thu kinh, ki¢u hinh séng hoie kiu khop noi . t vy vy. Pp. i, i", Sy s" bar te | mrigto*| mike | kgint | Mike | kikg | tthe _| bilkeds | Mikedo 3s | 22393 | 11972 ]0,07993| 1251 ) 9618 | 2802 ] 1840 ] 2.554 | 6.256 26 | 26603! 12012 |oovese} isi | 971.7 | 2803 | 1831 | 2,573 | 6.242 27 | 228.068 | 1205.0 | 0.07406 9813 | 2803 | 1822 | 2,592 | 6.227 28 | 23004] 12088 | 007141 e904 | 2803 | 1813 | 2611 | 6213 29 | 231,90 | 1212.6 | 0.00895 | 14. 999.4 | 2803 | 1804 | 2,628 | 6.199 30 | 233.83} 12163 | 0,0665 | i500 } 10083 | 2084 | 1796 | 2,646 | 6.186 32 | 29744] 1223.8 | 006246] 16,01 | 10253 | 2803 } 1778 | 2.679 | 6161 3a | 408g | 1231,0 | 0.08875] 17.02 | 1041,9 | 2803 | 1761 | 2,710 | 6.137 a6 | 244.16} 1238.0 | 0,05543] 18,04 ] 1097.5 | 2802 | 1745 ) 2.740 | 6,113 ag | 247.21 0.05246 | 19.06 | 1072.7 | 2802 | 1729 | 2,769 | 6,091 ao | 250.33 0,03977 | 20.00 ] 1087.5 | 2801 | $713 | 2,796 | 6.070 aa | 25324) 12588 | 0,04732| 2143 | 1101.7 | 2800 | 1698 | 2.823 | 6049 a4 | 256,05 | 1265,6 |0,04508) 2218 | 11153 | 2798 | 1683 | 2,849 | 6,029 46 | 258,75 | 1272.4 |o.04305} 23.23 | 11288 | 2797 | 1668 | 2,874 ) 6,010 ag | 20137 | 1279.0 [oor] 2429 ) 14s | 2706 | 1654 | 2.898 | 5,991 so | 263.91 | 1285.7 | 003948] 25,35 | 11544 | 2794 | le4o | 2,921 | 5.973 55 | 289.94 | 1302.1 | 0.03564) 28,06 | 11849 | 2790 } 16046 | 2.976 | 5.930 6o 6[275.50| 1318.5 |003243| 30,84 | 1213.9 | 2785 | 15708 | 2.027 | 5.890 ss | 29083 | 1334.7 |0.02973| 33.04 | 1241.3 | 2779 | 1537.5 | 3,076 | 5.851 yo |2asso] 1351.0 | 002737| 36.54 | 12674] 2772 | 15049 ) 3,122 | 5.814 75 | 29050) 1367.2 | 0,02532 1292.7 | 2766 | 1472.8 | 3,166 | 5,779 a0 | 294,98} 1383.8 | 0.02352 1317,0 | 2758 | 1441.1 | 3,028 | 5,754 ss | 29924] 14005 | 0,02192] 45,62 | 1340,8 | 2751 | 1409.8 }| 3.248 | 5.711 90 | 30332) 14174 | oo204R] 48,83 | 1363.7 | 2743 | 13793 | 3.287 | 5,078 gs | 30722] 1434s loro! saii | 1385.9 | 2734 | 13484 | 3,324 | 5.646 oo | 3:096 | 1452.1 | 0.01803] 55.40 | 1407,7 | 2725 } 1317.0 } 3.360 ) 5.015 tio | 31804} 1489 | 0.01598] 62,58 | 1450.2 ) 2705 | 12554 ) 3.430 | 5,553 izo | 32403 | 1527 | 0.01426] 7043 | 14911 | 2685 | 1193.9 | 3490 | 5,492 130 | 33081} 1567 |0,01277] 78.30 | 15318 | 2602 | 1130.8 | 3.561 ] 5,492 140 | 33663) teil | o,01149| 87.03 | 15708 | 2638 | 10669 | 3.623 | 5,372 iso | 3421; | 1658 | 0.01035) 99,62 | isto | 2611 | 10011 | 3,684 | 5.310 yoo | 34732 | 1710 [0.009318] 1073 | 1650 | 2582 | 932,0 | 3.746 | 5.247 ro | 35226) 1768 |o,0083¢2| 1193 | 1090 | 2548 | 8583) 3.807 | 5.177 io | 35696) 1837 [o,o07soa} 133.2 | 1732 | 2510 | 778.2 | 3,871 | 5.107 wo | aers4| 1921 | 0.00068] 149.7 | 1776 | 2466 | 690 7 3,938 | 5,027 200 | 36571) 2040 | 0008s} 1709 | 1827 | 2410 | 583 | 4.015 | 4.928 aio | 369.79 | 2210 | 0.00498 | 200.7 | 1888 ]| 2336 | 448 | 4,108 | 4,803 220 | 373.7 | 2730 [aooser] 2723 | 2016 | 2168 | 152 | 4,303'| 4.591 273Phy tue 1-3 Nuéc chua séi va hdi qua nhigt fp oe 20 40 60 sO. 100 120 | 140 ] 160 ] 180 “Toone | 3e12 | aeas | 407s [307 | asae [47.69 [50.0 [52.31 nod} | 837 2574 | 2612 | 2650 | 268s | 2726 | 2764 | 2803 | 2441 s | o2904 } egar | gost | 8.762 | sx67 | 965 ] 9.000 | 9,150 | 9.238 v [ogorers | oooiw79 | 19.19] 2038 | 215 | 22.66 | 23,82] 24,97 | 26.13 oa] } 3.7 lo75 } 2612 | 2680 | zens | 2726 | 2764 | 2802 | 24k <| o2gda | os7is [| saa, san | 8546 | Sods | 8.74 | 8,826) 8917 v |ogorcors foouiso7e | 15.35 | 16.27 17.2 | 18.13 | 19,06 | 19.98 ] 20,90 OOP i | 837 1675 2all 2089 2088 2726 | 2704 | 2802 ) 2841 =} 62908 | Os718 | 8227 | #397 | X42 | 8.542 | 8.035] 8,727 | Bld ¥v | G,0010018 | 0,001U079 12,79 1388 4 [433 ist 15,87 | 16.04 | 17.42 oi2fi] 93.7 | 16758 | ott 26 | 2087 | 2728 | 2764 | ano? | 2841 0.2963 | 057s | 843 | 8.253 | 8358 | sus7 ]¥.s82) 8,683 | 8,73 v | ceatoois |oo010079} 10.95 | bor | 1227 | 12,94 | 136 | 14,26} 14.92 oda] i} 837 107.5 | 201d aoe | 2007 | 2725 | 2763 | 2602 | 2840 s| o2ver | osmis | som | sagt | 8.287 | xa86 | B81 | 8,572] 8.059 x joporoois | ooo107e | 9.573 | ole | 10.74 7 11.32. 411.899]12.478])3,057 ole, | 83,7 1675 | 2610 | 2689 | 2087 | 2725 | 2763 | 2802 | 2x40 s} 62964 | 0571s | goo | 8.12 | 8.225 | 8.324 | 8419] 851 | 8.597 y | opotoors | ooaron79 fogori7i | sira | x84 | 9.049 | 9,513 | 9,977 10441 v2of i} sk? rors } sia | 2048 | 2087 ] 2728 | 2763 | 2801 | 2840 s | 0.2903 | os7is | 08307 | 8.015 2 | 3.22 |R215 | 8.406 | ¥493 I v [ocaroors | ocoia7s | ocoroi7t | 340 | 5,713 | 6.028. | 6,335 | 6,645 } 6.955 630). [sar 1675 | 25a | 2640 | 2085 | 2724 | 2702 | 2801 | 2829 s} o2904 | 05715 | 08307 | 7.825 | 7.931 | 8.031 | 8126) 8.217 | $304 v | 0,0010018 | 0,0010079 | 0,0C10171 | 0,c0LO28 1,098 1.795 | 1.889 | 1,984 | 2,078 Lopi) #37 lo75 | 2511 a3a39 | 2676 | 2717 | 2797 | 2798 | 2835 s!) waved | os7is | ag3o7 | words | 7261 | 7.4605 | 7.552 | 7.654 | 7,743 vy | 0,00/0018 } 00010079 | 0,0010171 | 0.0010289 | o.0010434 | 1.491} 1.572 | 1.65 | 1.729 12;i] sz9 | 1675 | 2sil | 349 aig | 271s | 2755 | 2795 | 2894 s| 02904 | 0715 | 08307 | 1o7a | 13007 | 7.376 | 7.475 | 7.568 | 7.057 274Phu lye 1-3 Tiép theo B. bar 2000 220 | 240 | 260 | 280 | 300 | 350 | 400 [aso | S00 | ao S403 | 56,93 | 59.24 | 61.56 1 63.87 [66,18 | 71.95 | 77,73 [esar | ao28 10084 0.04 2HN0 | 2918 | 295% | 2997 | 3037 | 3037 | 3177 | a280 | 3384 | aq00 3707 9821 | 9402 | 9.479 | 9,554 | 9,627 | 9,698 | 9.866 | 10,024 [101741 10.417 Jo, Ss 27.29 | 28.44} 29.6 | 30,75 | 31.9 | 32.06] 35.04] axe | 41.72) 4461 50,38 0.68 2880 | 2918 | 2997 | 2997 | 3097 | 3077) 3177! 2x0 | aaea | 3490 | 3907 208 19.081 | 9.159 | 9.234 | 9.300 | 9377) 9.546 | 9.204 | 9.854] oue7 10,265, 21.83 | 22,76] 23,68 | 24.6 | 25,53 | 2056 | 28,78 | 31.08 [23390 38,7 | 40.22 G10 2879 | 2918 | 2997 | 2997 | 3037 1 3077 | 3177 | 3280 | 33x | 3490 3707 8.897 [8.976 | 9.055) 9,131 7 9.202] 9.274] 9.443] sor | 9751 | 9905 10,162 ISA9 | 18.96 | 19,73 | 20,5 | 21.27 | 22,08 | 23,96 | 25,99 | 27,62 | 29.74 33,0 O12 2897 | 298 | 2957 | 2996 | 3030 | 3177 | 3177 | 280 | saga | 3490 3707 BRIS 8.894) 8.972] 9.071] 9.119 | 9.19 | 9.359] 9.517 | 9.667] O97 10,078 ISS6 | 16.24) 169 | 17.56 | 18.22 | 18.88 | 20.53 | 22.18 | 29.83 | 2549 28,79 Ola 2879 | 2918 | 2987 | 2997 | 3037 | 3077 | 3077 | 3280 | 3384 | 3490 | 3707 S742 [8.823 | 8.9 | 8,975 | 9048 | 9,119 | 9,288 | 9.446 | 9,596 | 9,739 10,007, 12.85 [14.213] 14,79 |15.367| 15.913] 16.52] 17,96 | 19.41 | 20,85 | 22,20 25,18 O16 2879 | 2918 | 2957 7 2997 | 3037 | 3077 | 3177 | 3280 | 3384 | 2aug 3707 2.08 (8.761 | 8,898 | 8.913 | 8.980 | 9.0971 9,226 | 9384 | 9.534 | 9678 9.985 10.905 ]11,369]11,832) 12.295] 12,758] 13.22 14.376] 15,53 | 16,68 | 17.82 2018 0,20 2897 | 2918 | 2957 | 2996 | 3036 | 3077 | 3177 | 3280 | 33R4 | aa90 3707 8.576 [8.657 | 8,735 | 8.61 | 8.883] 8.954) 9,123] 9.281 | 9.431 | 9.575 9842 7.246 17.573 | 7,882 | 8.191] #5 | 8.809} 9.58 | 1oasi frirettttssi 13,43 0.30 2878 | 2917 | 2956 | 2996 | 3030 | 3075 | 3177 | 3280 | 3384] 3490 | 3707 BSRE 18.409 | 8,547 | 8,622 | 8,695 | 8.766 | 8.935 | 9,093 | 9.244] 6.388 | 9,055 2172 | 2,266 | 2.358 | 2452 2,638 {2.871 | 3.102 | 3.334 | 3.565 | 4.028 Lo 2875 | 2914 | 2954 | 2993 3074 | 3175 | 3278 | 3382 | 3488 | 3706 7828 | 7.91 | 7,988 | 8.064 8.211 [8,381 | 8.541 | 8.09 | 8,333 | 9,097 LOT | 1.886 | 1,964 | 2,042) 2.12 2.197] 2.301 | 2.584 | 2,777) 2.97 3,357 12 2874 | 2813 | 2953 | 2993 | 3033 | 3073 | 3174 | 327K | 332 | sage | 3905 7,742 | 7.8241 7.903 | 7.979 | 8,053 [8.126 | 8,296 | 8.656 | &.600 | 8749 9.013 275Phy luc 1-3 Tiép theo 20 40 cou 80 100 120 140 160 180 }0,001001 5 |6,0010076 |0,0010168/0,0010287}0,0010432] 0,0020801 |0,0010797 06,3167 | 0.3348 60 843 | 1679 | 251.5 | 3352 | 4191 | 5037 | 5891 | 2759 | 2805 0.2964 | 0.7516 | 0.8302 | 1,07a4 | 1,3062 | 1.5265 | 1,738 | 6.767 } 6.869 10,001 0015 |0,0010076 |0,0010167]0,0010286|0,0010431] 0,00106 |0,0010795] v,oo102 | 0.2473 80 84,5 | 1681 | 251,7 | 3353 | 4192 | 5038 | sx9,1 | 6,753 | 2792 0.2962 | 0.5714 | 083 | 1.0742 | 1,306 | 1.5263 | 1,737 | L941 | 6,715 y | 8.201014 | 0.001075 | 0.010165 | o.0o102es | epn1043 | o.conases | ocor07s | ogot118 | 0.1949 10 847 | 1683 | 2518 | 3354 | 4193 | 5039 | 5892 | 6754 | 2778 0,296 | 05712 | 0,8298 | 1,074 | 1,3058 | 1.5261 | 1,737 | 1.941 | 6.588 ¢ | 8.001013 | 0.001074 | 9.0010268 | o.vo102a4 | o,0c10929 | o.co10597 | gootu93 | aomitals | O,1645 12 849 | 1685 | 2519 | 335.5 | 4194 | S504 | 5893 | 6755 | 2750 0.2959 | 0.5711 | 06,8297 | 1,0738 | 1,3056 | 1.5259 | 1,737 | 194 | 6534 6910012 | 0.010073 | 6,0010164 | 0,0010282 | 0.010927 | o.caros¥6 | 9.0010792 | 6.011015 | 0.0011271 14 85.1 | 168.7 | 2522 fF 3357 | 4196 | S042 | S895 | 675.7 | 7532 0,2958 | 0.572 | 0,8296.) 1.0730 | 1.3054 | 1.5257 | 1.736 | 1,94 | 2.137 ogore011 | 29010072 | 0.010163 | 0.010282 | C,0010426 | o.corosys | ¢,001079 | v,p011023 | 0.001127 16 85.3 | 1688 | 2522 | 3358 | 4197 | 5043 | 589.6 | 675.7 | 703,2 0.2958 | 0,571 | 0.8296 | 1,0735 | 1,3052 | 1.5256 | 1,736 | 194 | 2,197 e.oc1oe, | ego1e071 | o.0010162 | 0,0010281 | o,cc10425 | c.0010594 | voulo7e9 | 0.011012 | 0.014258 18 85.5 169 | 2524 | 336 | 4199 | Seas | saox | s7sx | 7632 0.2957 | 0,5709 | 0,8295 | 1,0733 | 1305 | 1.5254 | 1.736 | 19.39 | 2.136 a.o01e6es | 0.001007 | o.vo1c161 | 0.001028 | oon1a2s | o.ca10593 Jo.oo1a7a7s | @o11011 f oo011267 20 857 | 1692 | 2526 | 3362 | 4201 | S047 | seo9 | 6759 | 763.2 0.2957 7 0.5708 | 08294 | 1,0731 | 1.3048 | 1.5252 | 1,736 1,939 2,136 GoMod | 00910065 } 6,0010187 | 0,0010275 | 0,0020419 | ,e010587 | 0,0010782 | o,0011004 | 0,0011258 30 186,7 170,1 253,5 337 4209 505.4 | 590.6 6764 763,7 0.2956 | 05707 | 0,829 | 1,0726 | 1.3038 | 1.5244 | 1.735 | 1.938 | 2,134 o.gordcer | ouioen2 | 0,0010152 | 0.001027: | o,o1o414 | o,corosa2 | 90010776 | oco1997 | 10081251 40 87.5 | 17082 | 254,14 | 337,87 | 421.61 | 50618 | 590,6 | 677.00 | 748.09 0.2952 | 05698 | 0.828 | 1,072 | 1,303 | 1,523 | 1.734 | 1,936 | 2.133 0.000997 | 0,0010057 | 0,0010148 | ¢.0010266 | a.oc10409 | .c010377 | p.0010770 | 0.010990 | 0.0011243, 50 88,34 | 171,66 | 254,98 | 338,71 | 422.45 | so7o2 | s9201 | 677,42 | 764,51 0.2952 | 0.5698 | 0.828 | 1.071 | 1.3025 | 1,523 | 1.733 | 1935 | 2431 276Phu luc 1-3 Tidp theo i | 200 | 220 | 240 | 260 | 286 | 300 ) 350 | 400 | 450 | 500 | coc an 06,3520 | 0,3688 | 6.3855 | 0,4019 10.418 1|0.4342 [0.4741 [0,5136/0,5528]0,5919]0,6097 6.0 | 2849.0 | 2891 | 2933 | 2975 | 3017 | 3059 | 3164 | 3270 ] 3376 | 3483 | 3701 6,963 | 7.051 | 7.135 | 7,215 | 7,292 7,366 | 7541 | 7.704 | 7.857 | 8,001 | 8.266 9.2609 | 0.2739 | 0,2867 | 0,2993 |0,3118] 0,324 | 0,354210,384210,4137|0,4432] 0,5018 8.0 | 2839 | 2883 | 2926 | 2969 | 3011 | 3054 | 3160 | 3267 | 3373 | 3481 | 3699 6.814 | 6,905 | 6.991 | 7,073 | 7,151 | 7,225 | 7,404 | 7,568 | 7,722 | 7,866 | 8,122 9.2080 | 0,2169 | 0,2274 | 0,2377 |0,2478| 0.2578 | 0.2822 |0,3065|0,3303|0,3539| 0.401 10 | 2827 | 2874 | 2918 | 2962 | 3005 | 3058 | 3156 | 3263 | 3370 | 3479 | 3698 6.092 | 6,788 | 6877 | 6,961 | 7,04 | 7.116 | 7,296 | 7,461 | 7,615 | 7,761 | 8,027 0,1693 | 0.1788 | 61879 | 0.1967 |0,20541 0.2139] 0.2343 |0,254710,2747]0,2944] 0.333 12 | 2816 | 2865 | 2911 | 2985 } 2999 | 3042 | 31st | 3260 | 3364 | 3477 | 3696 6588 | 6,688 | 6.78 | 6866 | 6,947] 7,025 | 7,206 | 7,373 | 7,529 | 7.674 | 7.942 0,1429 | G1S15 | 0,1596 | 0,1673 10,1748] 0.1823 | 0,200) /0.2176]0.2349] 0,252 | 0.285 14 [| 280% | 2x55 | 2902 | 2948 | 2992 | 3036 | 3147 | 3256 | 3365 | 3474 | 3695 6497 | 6,602 | 6.697 | 6.784 | 6.867 | 6.945 | 7.13 | 7,299] 7,455 | 7.001 | 7.87 .00U1 $65 | 0.1309 | 0.1382 | 0.1452 |0.1519] 0.1585] 0.1743 |0,1899]0,2051 [0.22011 0,249 1a | 8524 | 2e4a | 2993 | 2940 | 2986 | 3030 | 3142 | 3253 | 3363 | 3472 | 3691 2,329 | 6.524 | 6.554 | 6,711 | 6,796! 6,877 | 7,063 | 7,233 | 7,39 | 7,537 | 7,804 00011563 | 0.1149 | 0,1216 | 0,128 |0,1341]0,1401 | 0.1545 |0,1683]0,1819]0,1953]0.2211 18) #524 | 2833 ; 2884 | 2932 ) 2979 | 3025 | 3138 | 3249 | 3360 | 3470 | 3690 2,328 | 6,452 | 6.622 | 6,646 | 6,732] 6,814 | 7,003 | 7.175} 7,333] 7.48 | 7.75 Oecn1S61 | G1021 | 1.084 | 0.1143 | 0.12 |0.1255] 0.1384 J0.1511}0.1634]0,1755] 0,199 20 | s524 | 2821 | 2875 | 2924 | 2972 | 3019 | 3134 | 3246 | 3357 | 3468 | 3690 2,328 | 6.385 | 6.491 | 6.585 | 6.674] 6,757 | 6,949 | 7.122 | 7,282 | 7,429 | 7.701 6.00011551 {0.0011891| 06826 | 0.07294 | o772 | 0.08119 | 0.09051 | 009929 ]0,1078]0,1161|0,1325 30 | 852.6 ; 9435 | 2823 | 2882 | 2937 | 2988 | 3111 | 3229 | 3343 | 3455 | 3682 2.826 | 2.514 | 6,225 | 6.337 | 6,438} 6.53 | 6,735 | 6,916 | 7,08 | 7,231 | 7,506 0.0011 342 |0.0011880]0,0012282] 0.05302 | 0.5679 | 0.08022 | 0.0872 fo,007490] 6.08162 | o.c81 16 | 0.1008, 40 | s2sas | 942.70 | roara9 | 2838.65. | 2901 45 | 2998.39 | 3089.44 | 321211 [3530.18 | 345.73 | 3687.39 2.324 | 2,512 | 2,698 | 6,148 | 6.262 | 6.364 | 6.585 | 6.773 | 6.943 | 7,096 | 7.376 0.001 132 0.001186 {0,0012266] 6.061275; | 0.04230] 0.04846 | 0,06510 | 0.05904 | .06862 | 0.06999 | 0.08029 So | 58321] 99402 | 1osra9 | in3s.o4 | 2458.33 | 2925.06 | 3068.57 | 3194.10] 3315.94 | 3434.43 | 3666.80 2,322 | 2.516 | 2.696 | 2.883 | 6,097 | 2.214 | 6,453 | 6.651 | 6.825 | 6,984 | 7,267 277Phy luc 1-3 Tiép theo é Pe 20 40 |. 60 80 100 120 | 140 | 160 Lg0 ar ~y | onouNND2 | 6 00T0NSS | O.onio1a4 | 0.901025 | OnaTOsGs | ONEOET2 | ComO7es | OroLUuse [0.011235 coli | sous | 172,50 | 255,81 | 239.55 | 423,28 | 507.44 | 592,43 | 678,26 | 765.35 s | 02948 ] 0.5604] 0.827 | 1.070 | 12017 | 14ao | 1.732 | 1.034 | 2.122 vy | wuanass | o.oncods | ocoro1a9 | o,2016275 | «0010399 | oconoses | o.0016758 | coo10977 | 94911326 Jo} i | 9043 | 173,33 ) 256.63 | 339,96 | 423,7 | 508.27 | 593,26 | 678.68 | 755.76 s| o294 | 0568 | 0,826 | 1,069 | 1300 | 1921 | 1731 | 1938 | 2127 y | c.0983 | o.00106%3 | o,oc101ss | o,coreass | o.g01c398 | ooorosed | o.o10972 | 901172 | Gor. 213 soli} 913 | r7a6 | 2578 | 341.2 | 4249 | 509.1 | 5934 | 979.6 | 7607 s | 0.2943 | 0.5686 | 0.826 | 1.0689 ] 1.2996 | 15198 | 17a | 1931) 2426 | o.cccn078 | oqu10e38 ] 6,9010129 | oacio2ds | 001110393 | v.co10898 | U.0910749 | 0.010966 J 4.0011 213 gopil 92a | 1955 | 2587 | 3424 | 425,7 ) soos | 5946 | 680.3 | 7674 s | 0.2041 | 0.5681 | 6.8253 | 1.0082 | $2988 | 45189 | 1,729} 1,93) 2,125 x | e0cr9975 | ocordea | wooie2s | cocroass | ccerasse | ooo1uss2 | o.cort7ai | .ome%56 | 0.0011201 100 93.2 | 1769 | 2596 | 3429 | 4265 | SIDS | 5953 | 861 768 s | 0.2939 | 0,8674 | 0.8247 | 31,0676 | 1.2982 | 1.5182 | 1.718 | 1.929 | 2,123 yf e.1019995 | o,coraeas | ootionrs | e.co102se | «,co10579 | o.c020844 | ¢,o010792 | oor 098s | o,a0n 18s io} 1] 95.1 | 1782 | 2614 | a4ao | ast | 512 | 596.7 | 6824 | 70%I s ] 6.2935 | 0.5668 | 0.8236 | 1,0662 } 1.2967 } 18165 | 1.727 | 1.927 | 2.121 y | opcnset | ogatece | o9e.0112 | oo0iea1 | o.c010573 | 0.00.0598 | v.0010725 | o,co10999 | 0.0011182 iso} i | 96 179 | 2622 | 3434 | 4289 | 5127 | 5974 | 683 | 769.7 s | 0.2931 | 0.3604 | 6,823 } 0.0655 | 1.2959 | 15156 | 1,726 } 1y26 | 2119 y | ocexnss7 | e.corcers | ocoroiee | 0.0010226 | c,oo1ases | o.eci0833 { o,oune719 | @4pou0%82 | ooo1 74 vaoli) 969 | 1799 | 269 | 346.2 | 429.6 | S131 | 598 | 6836 | 7702 s | G.293 } 0566 | 0.8224 | 10.648 | 1.298) ] LSies | ros 2418 vy | coneds | o.9010607 | o.oo1c099 | a.co10217 | o.o01case | 0.c010822 | 0.001077 | v.901091$ | o.co11157 160] i] 989 | 181.7 | 2647 | 347.9 | 431.2 | 5249 | S994 | 6849 | 77123 s | 0.2925 | 0.5653 | 0.8212 | 1.0634 | 1.2937 | 15131 | 1,722 | 1,922 | 2,116 y | case | 0.900973 } o.0010055 | ocena1s2 } oats? | o.ocic7s | c.0o10s6 | 0.001084 | 0.001109 zac] il tooa | 188g | 2718 | 2843 | 4372 | 5208 | 604.6 | 089.9 | 7757 s | 02911 | 0.5625 | ogtey | ooss2 | 12881 | 1.5062 | 1.715 | 1.915 | 2408 y | ceoss6 | 0,0000949 | o,00:0081 | e.cernise | 00010293 | v.001045 | 0.010662 | o.4010%25 | YoNLIOS soc! if 112 | 1942 | 2765 | 3591 | 4419 | S251 | 609,89 | 6936 | 7791 s | 0.2902 | 0.5003 | 0.814 | 0,0545 | 1.2864 | 15024 | 1.709 | 1908 | 2.100 278Phy luc 1-3 Tigp theo Q 200 220 230 260 280 340 | asa | 400 | au | Soo | Got hat TnTsa | aottasy eouiz2s1 | UeEIRTAD | Gousaes | COIL [aoa COaiAS [HOS327 | EOSTRS | O.GEn98 giv) 8300 | yadaz | carga | risaze | 2ewas | 28ei70 | S082 17.82] 4304.29 | 3422.75 1 3058.43 2.321 | 2stx ) 2.693 | 2.880 | S480 | GOTH | 6.339] 6.546 6.728 | 6.888 | 7.178 acorrsta | mam ieas| aeoi2a36| c.cer2t09| scxnatat | onsen fouRats )oowene O4st3 | nats nosere go | asase | osnss | 1os749 | mae | rsahva | 28a sk [3015-78 3157.36 | 3074.05 | a4 cr 9e | senace zaig | 2.506 | 2.691 | 2.876 | 3.063 | 5.943 5.485 | 6.080 | 6.RN6 | 7.097 ccootnsin} 00911893 | 0001221 f0.0013689) C.oDL39T | G.0249 16.02009 | OGRSTE AOE) aggi77 | o04sia so | 3550 | 945a | 1037.9 | 1134.4 | 1235.4 | 2784 | 2985 3135 | 3270 | 3397 | 3640 2ai7 | 2,8i4 | 2688 | 2,873 | 3.059 | S788 ) 6.120) 6258 6,552 | 6,722 | 7,019 ogo va90 | corners |o.anr2ut | oorze«e | ocarsase [0 eotaorn | a.oRse6 }uo3eu {0384 penos Losares 5 | o4s2 | voasa | 1134.2 | 12349 | 124d | 2¥94 | 3714 | 8256 32n6 | 3631 2,316 | 2,802 | 2.686 | 2.87 a2ag | 0,033 | 6.28 | 6451 | 6.550 | O95) 90 i eects? | ecatesos } .couzss | 0.001268 ] 6.001391 Ts up139TO | UGaaT og] x56 | 948.8 | 1038.3 | L341 1342.2 | 2920 | 3093 | 3229 | 3372 | 3621 zaia | 25 | 2.684 | 2.868 3.244 | 5,94 | 6.207 | 6.416 | 6.596 | 6.901 D629 | OORT POOIET 0.044622 | OIL TAR] 0.12146 | 0,0012612 jan} goss ) 946.0 | 1038.7 | 11329 2a | 2.497 | 2,680 | 2.863 cocenseae ]OOL726 | 0.02113 19,0244 1 0,02681 | 0112163 1340.0 | 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| 2477 | 2.687 | 2.835 | 3011 | 319 | 3.084 5.236 | 5,723 aya o.u113es | o,ao11se7 | aera: | ooer23is | 012764 | o44n1sa1 | Josoens9} 6.002 | 0.00872 pore | 0.01144 a0o| ges. | 953.3 | 1042.9 | 11347 ] 1229, | 1329 | 1608 2455 | 2816 | 3073 | 3434 2.287 | 2aok | 2.647 | 2.822 | 2996 | 3.171 | 3.64 [A476 5,446 | 5,799 | 6,242 279Phy luc 4.4 Nhit dung riéng trung binh tir + t°C C, , kiin'te. db > Chit | Go, N ©, 110 Khone| khi ax 0 1,6204 1,3327 13076 14914 1,3009 100 1,7200 1,3013 1,3193 15019 1,3051 08081 200 18079 1,3030 1,3369 15174 1,3097 08457 300 1,8808 1,3080 1,3583 1,5379 1,3181 08792 400 1.9836 13172 13796 15592 1,3302 0.9002 500 2.0453 1,3294 1,4005 1,5831 1,3440 0,9169 600 2.0592 13419 14182 1.6078 1,3583 0,9337 700 21077 13553 1,4370 1,6338 1,3725 0.9462 800 21517 13683 14529 1.6601 1,3821 0,9588 900 2,1915 13817 1,4663 1,6885 1,3993 0,9723 1000 2.2266 1.3938 1,4801 1.7133 14118 0.9839 1100 2,2593 1,4056 1,4935 1,7397 1,4236 0,9972 1200 2.2886 1,4065 1,5065 1.7657 1.4347 1,0048 1300 2,3158 1,4290 1,5123 1,7908 14454 10467 1400 2,3405 14374 1,5220 1.8151 1.4550 1,1304 1500 2,3636 14470 1,312 14,8389 14642 1,1723 1600 2,3849 14554 1,5400 1,8619 1,4730 1,723 1700 24042 1.4625 1,5483 1.8841 1.4809 1.2142 1800 2,426 1,4705 1,559 19085 1,4809 1,2142 1900 2.4393 14780 1,5638 1,9252 1.4960 1.2560 2000 2,4552 1,4851 18714 1,9449 1,5031 1,2560 2100 2,4699 14914 1,5743 1,9633 1,5094 2200 2,4837 14981 1,585 1 1,9813 15174 2300 2.4971 1,5031 1,5923 1,9984 15220 2400 2.5097 15085 1,5990 2,0148 15274 2500 2,5214 15144 1,6057 2,0307 15341 280Phu luc 7.1 Gid tri hé s6 A trong cac céng thtfe (7-12) = (7-23) 6 nhain tong duong tuyét d6i ky, 2 Llé so ‘Hut gayen Bidu thie 00002 00,0005 0,004 Ay mos 0,0894.4,.°°5 106.10" 133.107 15,92.107 AYy M'/ke 0,0894.k,°%%/p | 10.92.10° 13,62.10% 16,3.10% Ag Mees 0,63.k,.0°* Old 0,435 0,448 Ay Me/kg 9 0,63-4,0°%/p°? | 111,5.107 117.107 121.107 AG Mes BA35fk yo 965 8,62 789 A’ kg7Me | 3.35 0eyk 0 302 269 246 Aw Me? 5, fk? 25,2 214 18,6 Au Myke") S,Lck, cp") 4.54 3,82 3.34 AL mcs 9, LK oF 76,4 607 S11 281Phu luc 7.2, Hé sé trd khang cuc bd eta Ong dan Ten He sds hd thichy Van thong d= $0 + 400 mm 428 Van Kosva 05+ 1,0 van chan 0,340.5 Van vei ase oa Van vdi thong 0.6=2,0 Tuy thee fict . aién 16 thong, 1a dang émega la - Ba hinh sng 28 - Bo dain khéng ti 0,2 - Van thio nuée g+12 - BO pln lang can 426 - Ong p60 90° 10=20 - Khuyu néi Sng 90° cong, R = 1.0.4 1,0 - Khuju adi Sng 90° nin, o7 : Khuyu ni éng 90" ntian, 0,3 Khuyu ati Gng 90° nhdn, R > 4.4 0,05 + 0,2 Khugu hin (moi mdi) p=225° ot : eas? é 0,32 - pace 0,68 - p90" 1,27 - Néi chit T (dong gap nav) A 3,0 - . 1 . Pain Lip untm chd vaio > 1.0 Mép sic —I Phan lap thési ch& vio. 5 0,5 + 1,0 - ‘ Phin lip them thay déi dupe tet dign ——- 0,3 + 0,6 Tuy theo do. aban £ Gng Ventun -- bells (154020), | Géelgi nba Pp=6+8° 282ce 5/64 ‘9 ‘2epu buen) pT 895% € 2 0480904060 20 10 900 100 200 100 004000 2000 1009 oO ot of On os oO oe 00; oor O0F 007 eos 009 008 oo 0007 0008 2} w/og 00000 FZ, $0 £070 40 00 £00200 10'0 sov0¢o00 2000 1000 50000 z0000 8/5y ‘yy (toy BUBNY AAT 283hy(d/s26) = 2y gnu end dey Op YW IDA ‘ha(*d/sp'Z) = 2g 1uy 1oy eno oBUY OP IeW IPA ‘;LW/6Y Gp'z = 4d ‘.w/BY $26 = “d ‘ws S000'O = 84 ‘w ZEe'L + Z80'O = P (4 ‘w 020'0 + S00'0 = P(e ugp Bup on Anu yun gp OP UROL EL OI Ud 5/64 °9 ‘200u Buppy an7z 0000! 000% 0002 000/009 009 00% D0E DOZ 00509 09 Ov OF D2 Wsesgsaée C 4 ob D Pe, 2 2 oe OF a 09 08 00s 002 oor 00% 009 009 00M aA Ape e OOS 00€ 002 OL OF0% OF Of OF GSrE Zz 4 $07060 20 10 500 s/by “y “rey Buber 7 284TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH 1. Prwong Duy Nghia, Neuyén Si Mao. Thiét bi 13 hoi. Nha XBKHKT - 1975. Tntong DHBK - HN 1985. 2. Nguyén Thi Mai L). Gido trinh xit ly nuéc. DHBK - HN 1977. 3. Pham Lé Dan. Huéng dan dé 4n mén hoc Hé thdng cap nhiét. Trrtng Dai hoc Bach khoa - Ha noi 1991. 4, Dai hoc Déng t&. Thiét bi 19 hoi. (Tigng Trung Quoc) Naa XB Cong nghicp Trung Quite - 1961. 5. Phan Ting Chan va cong sy. Thiét bi 1d boi. (Tiéng Trung Quéc) Nha XB Cong nghi¢p Trung Quée - 1961. 6. Dai hoc Thanh Hoa. Thiét bi 15 hoi. (Tiéng Trung Quéc) Nha XB Cong nghiép Trung Quée - 1962. 7. Banh Tudn Khai va céng sit. Nguyén ly va tinh todn [ hoi. (Tiéng Trung Quéc) Nha XB Khoa hoc Trung Qu6éc - 1992. 8. Qudch Xudn Tit. Qué (sinh chéy va tiét kiem nang Iurong 1d hoi cong nghiep. (Tigng Trung Quéc). Nha xudt ban vat gid Trung Quéc - 1996. 9. Quée tinh dai tang (Nhat Ban). Ky thuat dot déu Madut. (Tiéng Trung Quéc) Nha xuat ban Cong nghi¢p ddu mé va hod chat - 1977. 10. N. A. Xémémenko. KOchienu Ustandvki promuslennuk preprijachi. Moskva - 1960. LL. A. P. Kavaliéy va v.v... Parogheneratoru, Moskva -1985. 12. M. 1. Reznikov va vv. = 1985, Steam boilers of thermel power stations. Mir Publishers 13. £. Hugot. La sucrerie de cannes. Paris - 1985, 14. René Matiecet. Guide d’cxploitation des chaufferies, Paris - 1980. 15. Babcock & Witcok, Steam, its generation and use. USA - 1992. 16. Nguyén Cong Han, Nguyén Quéc Tring, Dd Ank Tudo. Nba may nhiet dien. Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha ndi - 1994. 17. V. Cerny. Teplirensivi a potrubné sita, Praha - 1982. 18. E. 1A. Xdkélév. Tepl6fikasia i teplovuie seti. Moskva - 1982, 285muc LUC Loi ndi de Chuong 1. Khdi niéon chung 1.1 Nhiém vu cua thiét bj sinh hoi 1.2 Serqua vé citu tao va nguyén Ly hoat dong eta thiét bi sinh hoi dang chign ligu hétu co 1.2.1 Cau tao cdc Loai Lo hoi 1.2.2 So luge qui tinh van hanh 1d hoi 1.3 Cée dae tinh cv ban va phan low 16 hoi 1.3.1 Cae dae tinh co ban cia 1d hoi 1.3.2 Phan loai 1d hoi 1.4 Nhién fiéu va siin phdm chay cla nhién licu 1.4.1 Thanh phan eda nhién ligu 1.4.2 Nhign Lin va sin phim chdy cila nhién tigu 1.4.3 Phan loai mien ligu 1.4.4 CA va phiin tng chéy, lugng khong khi cdin thist in phdm chay 1.5 Can bang nhiét va higu suat cia thiét bi sinh hoi 1.5.1 Phuumg tinh cin bang nhiét, nbiét lugng cé {ch va sudt tiéu hao nhién figu 1.5.2 Céc loi tén that nhiét 1.5.3 Thi nghiém cn bing nhiét 10 hoi 1.5.4 Sa qua vé higu suat exergi (.6 So qua vé qué ininh sinh hoi va ngung ty trong hé thing ep nhiet 286 Trang, 10 10 i 13 13Churong U1. Quel trink clidy ve thie bi budng lita 2.1 Co stv ly thuyél cla qué tinh chdy trong budng lira 2.1.1 Cée giai doan cia qué trinh dot chéy nhitn lige trong buéng lira 2.1.2 Qué trinh sly ndng va sy kh nhién tigu 2.1.3 Giai doan thot chat béc va tao céic 2.1.4 Giai doan chay 2.1.5 Giai dogn tao tro xi 2.2 Cée yéu edu va phan loai budng lita 2.2.1 Cée tigu chudn kinh té ky thuat d6i v6i buGng Ira 2.2.2 Phan loai buéng Lita 2.3 Budng lita ch4y ting 2.3.1 Budng lta ghi c6 dinh 2.3.2 Buéng lita ghi xich 2.4 Budng lira phun 2.4.1 Buéng lita than phun 2.4.2 Bung lita phun dau 2.4.3 Budng lita dot khi "2.5 So qua vé budng lita dot hén hyp 2.5.1 Buéng tira xody (5.2 Budng lita ting s0i (ting ong) Churong HI. Qué ntuh sinh hoi va cde bé mét iruyén nhigt 3.1 Bé mat sinh hoi va cach bé tri 3.1.1 Muc téu thiét ké bé mat sinh hoi 3.1.2 Mot s6 dang bé mat sinh hoi chinh 3.1.3 Ché dé tudin hoan cha moi chat trong 1d hoi 3.2 Céc bé mat uuyén nhiét phy 3.2.1 BO qua nhiét 60 60 107 107 108 120 130 130 2873.2.2 Bo ham nude 3.2.3 BO sily khong khi 3.2.4 Bao vé bé mat truyén nhige phy 3.3 Tinh nhiét thiét bj sinh hoi 3.3.1 Céc phuung tinh co bin 3.3.2 Tinh nhiét budng lita 3.3.3 Tinh nhiét cdc bé mat truyén nhiét doi la 3.3.4 Céc bude cia bai tinh nhiét 3.4 Chon kim loai va tinh site bén cic bé mat truyén nhi¢t 3.4.1 Diéu kien lam vwiéc ciia cdc chi tiét trong 18 hoi 3.4.2 Tinh stte bén mot sé chi tiet trong 13 hoi 3.5 Ché d6 nuéc va chit Luong hoi 3.5.1 Ché dO nude 1d hoi 3.5.2 Chiat lugng hoi Chuong IV. Hé thong théng gid 4.1 Nhigm vu va cde bién phdp thong gid 4.1.1 Nhiém vy olla hé thong thong gid 4.1.2 Céc bign phdp thong gid 4.2 Tinh tré luc hg thong thong gid 4.2.1 Tro hye ma sét doe dung dng 4.2.2 Tr’ luc cue bQ 4.2.3 Trét luc thuy tinh 4.2.4 Teds luc dong (gia t6c) 4.3 Tinh hG thong thong gid ty nhien 4.3.4 Chiéu cao Ong khoi 4.3.2 Tiet dién Ong khéi 4.4 Tinh hé thong thong gid cudng brie 4.4.1 Tinh kich thute Ong kndi 288 150 150 151 158 158 173 179 184 184 185 186 1864.4.2 Chon quat gid 4.4.3 Chon quat khéi Chuong V.Thidt bi phy vat cdu tric xy dung, 5.1 Céc loai thiét bi do long, tu déng va an toan trong 1d hoi 5.1.1 Thiet bi do ludng 5.1.2 Thiét bi an toan 5.1.3 Thict bi tu dong diéu khién 5.2 Khung 16, tudng 16 va bao on $.2.1 Khung 13 §.2.2 Tutmg 1d va bao on §.3 Nha 1d vi hé thong cdp nhien liga, thai tro xi 5.3.2 He thing cap than va thai tro xi 5.3.3 He thong ep déu Chuong VI. Van hanh, bdo dudng ve xu thé phit wién 16 hai 6.1 Mot s6 chi tigu kinh té ky thuat 6.1.1 Mot sé chi tidu kinh t€ 6.1.2 MOt s6 chi tiéu vé ché do van hanh 6.2 Chon sO lugng 13 hai va phan phdi phy tai gitta cde 10 6.3 Van hanh 18 hoi 6.3.1 Khéi dong 10 6.3.2 Van hanh 6n dinh 6.3.3 Ngting 1d 6.4 Mot 86 vin dé sit dung 18 hoi 6.4.1 Van dé bao vé bé mat truyén nhiét 6.4.2 Van dé bio ve moi trating 6.5 So qua vé Gnh hinh phat trién cong nghé 1d hoi 6.5.1 Dong luc thic dy cong nghé 1 hoi phat triéa 187 188 191 194 191 194 197 198 198 194 202 202 204 206 208 208 208 210 211 215 216 217 218 219 219 222 227 227 2896.5.2 Mot vai xu thé phat trign id hoi hién nay 6.5.3 May tinh voi cong nghé lo hei Chuong VI. Mang nhiét 7.1 Céc he théng mang nhiet 7.2 C4ch néi hé tigu thu véi mang nhi¢t 7.3 Tinh todn thuy lye mang nhidt 7.3.1 Nhiém vy tinh toén thuy luc 7.3.2 Cée cong thite chinh 7.4.3 D6 thi do 6p 7.3.4 Phuong php tinh thuy Iue mang phan nhénh 7.4 Ché dé thuy lye cia mang nhiét 7.4.1 Dae tinh thuy hye cla h¢ thong 7.4.2 Che dd ihuy Lye cita he thong kin 7.4.3 Tinh todn phan phdi dong & mang vong 7.5 Tinh toan do bén cla Gng 7.5.1 Chiéu day Gng din 7.8.2 Xe dinh ting swat trong kim logi Gng 7.6 Tinh toan tén thit nhi¢t cua Ong din 7.7 Ba dain ni ahigi - 3 dts Phi inc Tai liéu tuan kiido chink 290 227 229CONG NGHE LO HOI VA MANG NHIET Tac gia: PGS. TS Pham Lé Dzan TS. Nguy&n Céng Han Chiu track nhiém xudt ban: PGS. TS TO BANG HAI Bién tip : NGOC KHUE, MANH HUNG Ve bla : TRAN THANG NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VAKY THUAT 70 TRAN HUNG DAO. HA NOI In 800 cudn, khd 16 x 24cm. tai Céng ty in Hang khéng. Gidy phép xuat ban sd: 546 - 78 — 18) 7 /2005. In xong va nép luu chiéu thang 10 / 2005 29)205266 om

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