GIAo TRINH

KYTHUATSAY
•
A? K
NONG SAN THUC
•
PHAM
(In /lin tM hai)

NlIA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT

HA NQl
 002.27
KHKT - 04 469 - 133 - 04
 LC}I NOr DAU
-
K.f lhuql .vo.,. nong sail - tlurc phdm hi mon /U!C quail trong nta
sinh vien lIgOlI1! May \'(1 thiet hi cong nghf tlu«: phdm, cong IIghf sinh
hoc, Ngoai ra ,,6 COil lei leli lifll tham khdo trong hoc r.~ip,gidng dav;
nghien CUlt khoa hoc eua cac nganh co liell quail dell ky thU{lt say. N6
ding rat call cho nhiing ngLfili nghien cuu lhift kt, eM'I{lO, ldp dijl,
vdn hanh V£1slfa chiia cac loai may say.
N¢; dung giiio trinh de' cap day dli \'0 still stic !_v thuyer so_v noi
chang \.'(1 ky thua: so_v 110l1g san lh~(c phdm noi rieng. Sail phdn If
thuy{t ia cdc h~ thong say duac de cdp rat phong phU do dang. N6 con
dua ra nl1l1118cdu tao cu lhl cua cac 10(1; tti say .. budng say, ham say,
IJl£lp say, may say bang tdi, may sti}'phun, \..\....., cung nhiing 1lIL,nhuoc
dilm eua m6i loai. \'" l'cJ), 116cling giup ich clio nhiing Ilho dall tu, kinli
doanh lua chon va sa dung t6t cac loai may say hi~n co tren thuang
truang.
Mq,c di: r6.t c6 gang trong bien. soon. giao trinh. nay, nhung
cung kh() tranh. khOi nhftng thilu sot, mong d~ gid. xa gan gop j
tU nhang l12n tai ban duC/C t6t han.
Tac gid

3
 MVC LVC

LOi n6i dau

Chuong I. V~T LltU

"
AM, KH6NG
KHI
,.
..... ~
AM
VA H~ CAN BANG 9
1. 1. vu lieu am 9
1.1.1. KMi niem chung 9
1.1.2. D~c tfnh va phan loai cac d6i nrong s4'y 11
1.1.3. Nhiing d~e tfnh cau true cua d6i nrong s4'y 12
1.1.4. Cac dang lien k€t giila nuoc va v~t lieu 14
1.1.4.1. Lien kt't hoa hQC 15
1.1.4.2. Lien kt't hoa 19 15
1.1.4.3. Lien k~t eo 19 16
1.2. Khong khf :tm va kh6i 10 18
1.2.1 Khong khf Am 18
1.2.2. D6 thi i - d va trang thai cua khong khf Am 21
1.2.3. KhI10 d6t (kh6i 10) '23
1.3. H~ can bang giiia v~t lieu Am vA khf am 27
Chl(ung II. cAc QuA TRiNH TRuyiN Nm~T
'VAAMKmSAY 32
2.1. Quan M giua nhiet va truyen am 32
2.2. Cac giai doan s~y 34
2.3. Cae dttbng cong s~y va t6c dOs4'y 37

5
2.4. Then gian slfy 46

Chll(YflgIll. C(>NG NGH~ SAY 48

3.1. Nhung tinh chlft cong ngh~ cua cac san pham thuc ph!lm Hi
d6i tuong slfy 48
3.2. Lira chon phuong phap va che d<>say 52

Chuong IV. SAY n6I LUU 54

4.1. D~e tinh chung va phan loai cac h¢ thong say d6i luu 55
4.1.1. Che d¢ HUll viec cua ht; thong say d6i lUU 55
4.1.2. Dang vat say 56
4.1.3. CAneU'vao ap suat trong buong siy 56
4. 1.4. Theo each nung n6ng khong khf thanh tac nhan say 57
4.1.5. CAncO-vao chuyen dong ciia tac nhan say 57
4.1.6. CAncO-theo so do Iam viec 58
4.1.7. CAn eO-vao .eau true buong say 58
4.2. Tfnh toan M th6ng say d6i luu 58
4.2.1. Phuong phap tao dung h~ thong say 58
4.2.2. Tinh hrong Am bay hoi 59
4.2.3. Xac djnh cac kfch thtroc C(J ban cua bu6ng say 61
4.2.4. Tfnh lueng khong khi e~ cho say 63
4.2.5. Tinh toan nhi~t h~ th6ng say 64
4.2.6. Tfnh bd sung nhiet btl tOn thl(t 68
4.2.7. Xac dinh hrong tieu hao rieng cua khOng killva nhiet
khi say 72
4.2.8. Cac so' d61am viec cua h~ th6ng slfy d6i hru 77
4.2.8.1. H~ th6ng tuan hoan mot phltn tac nhan siy 78
4.2.8.2. H¢ thong tu~ hoan toan b¢ me nhan siy . 84

6
 4.2.8.3. H~ thong c6 d6t nong b6 sung cho lac nhan siCy 86
4.2.8.4. H~ th6ng c6 d6t n6ng b6 sung v~ tuan hoan mQt
ph~ tac nhan s«'y 90
4.2.8.5. H~ th6ng say dieu chinh nang su«'t nhi~t eUa
tac nhan s~y 92
4.3. Cac y~u t6 Anh hul:mg de'n cuOng dQ s«'y 94
4.3.1. Anh huOng cua nhi~t dQlac nhan s~y 95
4.3.2. Anh huang cua dQ am say
nrong doi clla tac nhan 96
4.3.3. AM huang ella t6c dQlac nhan s~y 96
4.3.4. Anh huang cua cac thOng s6 che' dQ say d!!n ham am
hlc k!!tthtic giai doan thll'nM't 97
U~~~~~~~~~ ~
4.4.1. Nhiing quy lu~t doi vm say d6i hnr v$t li~u roi xep ICIp 99
4.4.2. Bu6ng s«'y 102
4.4.3. Hhn s«y 109
4.4.3.1. H4m sa:y c6 xe goong 109
4.4.3.2. H4m sS:ye6 xe treo 112
4.4.3.3. May say bang 1& 114
4.4.4. 'IMp s~y 122
4.4.5. May s~y thUng quay 132
4.5. Say d6i luu etc v~t lieu rm leu dQng 139
4.5.1. ac dinh luq,t v~ luu d¢ng t4ng soi va phut 139
4.5.1.1. DQng luc hQCv~ sue can dQngluc ella t~g sOi
vA phut 140
4.5.1.2. OlUy6t kh6i va truyen nhiet vm t4ng soi va
phut (sOi tu4n hoan) 145
4.5.2. Cac h~ th6ng va thi& bi .. '.,'':lng sOi 148

7
 4.53. Cac dinh lu~t v(ri 16p rung 1S5
4.5.4. May sA'ylap sOi rung 161
4.6. Slfy d6i hru v~t Ji~u rOi hoac dung dich theo dong luu dQng 165
4.6.1. Cac dinh lu~t ve dong hru dong 165
4.6.1.1. Cac d~e tinh cua dong hru dong 165
4.6.1.2. TImy d()ng hoc va sue can v6i dong luu d()ng 169
4.6.1.3. Truyen nhiet va chuyen kh6i vrn dong hru d()ng 178
4.6.2. H~ th6ng slfy dong hru d~ng dang 60g, xyclon, xoay 16c 182
4.6.3. Cac h¢ th6ng slfy phun 188
4.6.3.1. Phuong phap va c~u phun
C(J 189
4.6.3.2. Bu6ng va co eht s~y phun 192
4.6.3.3. Tfnh thi~t ke buong say phun 195

Chl/Oftg V. "" RANG

SAY 200
(say tren be
m~t v*t Dong)
5.1. Qua trinh s~y rang 200
5.2. Cac ki~u may s~y rang 202
5.3. Tinh thiet k~ may s~y rang 207

Chl/ung VI. cAc BiNH TUU'C SAY KHAc 213

6~1. Slfy bdc x~ 213
6.1.1. Co cM truyen nhiet va chuyen kh6i trong s~y brrc xa 214
6.1.2. Cac M th6ng s~y brrc x~ 217
6.1.3. Cac thi~t bi pitat tia bee xa 218
6.1.4. Cac buoc co ban tfnh thUt ke h~ thong s~y btrc xa 219
6.2. ~y thang hoa 221
~h~l~c 227

8
 CI,,((rng1

V~t lieu ftm,

khong khi ftm va he can bang

1.1. V~T LI~l' A~I

1.1.1. Khal niem chung

Trong v~t lieu Am gom c6 v~t ran, cMt long va khf. VI khoi
hrong cua chat khf rat nho (m~c dil n6 chiem dung" tfch Ian trong v~t
am) c6 th~ bO qua, nen v~t Am diroc xern nhu g6m hai thanh phan la
chat rAn va chat lOng tha'm uOt (goi la am).
Olar rl\n goi la v~t chat khO tuyet d6i .
D¢ am cua v~t lieu diroc Icy hieu la 11'

11In I1ln
\I' =-=
111 f11o+m

m; - kh6i luong cua Am (nuoc), kg;

nI" - khoi hrong cua chat kho, kg;
III - khoi hrong cua V~l lieu !{m, kg.
D¢ [lm tfnh theo cong thirc (1-1) III dai luong khong thu nguyen.
Neu tfnh thee phan tram thi ta dung cong thric (1-2) sau day: "

Inn
\1'=- 100 ,7G
C1 (I -2)
III

D¢ chua ~m II cua v~t lieu IA ty so giua mn va 1110:

9
 II = -IIl = 1;1-111 = _ III,)
n 0
__:..:_- (1-3)
1110 III" =:»,
boac:
'.' III
1I=_D x 100,%. (1-4)
1110

Tir cac quan he tren ta CO:

H.' II
11=-- va \\'=-- (1-5)
1- II' 1+"
Quan h~ giiIa w va 1I duoc the hien a hlnh I - I:
Tfch s6 gifra khoi Iirong rieng Po cua char kho va de? chua am II
goi ia mat de? am
eva duqc tfnh thea cong thue sau:
C = Poll (1-6)

V~t lieu bi say la v~t lieu

am da bi tach mot pMn hay
toan b¢ luong am.
Thong 1,4
thucng vat lieu am
duqc say
den de? am phu hop nao do chu
1.2

khong say d€n mire chi con 1,0

chllt kho tuyet doi.
0,8
D6i nrong say lit v~t lieu
~ dang say hay se say.
Tac nhan say la chat khi
hoac long tao thanh moi ().2

tnrong boc lay .d6i nrong say,

d~ Am tach khoi d6i tuong say
va di theo no. Nhiet d9. dQ 11m
va toe de? cua tac nhan s1fy anh Hlnh 1 -1. Quan h~ giila rIg em va d¢
hllemg ion den qua trinh say. ehila am eua v~t li~u

10
1.1.2. f)~c tinh va phan lo~i cac doi urong say

Theo quan lli6m hoa 19, v~t <lm la m~ h~ lien k~ phfm tan giua
pha phan tan va mol tnrong phan tan. Pha phan tan 18.mql ~hal c6 cau
true mang hay khung khong gian tU chill ran phan deu trong moi
tnrong phan tan (ia mot cMt khac).
H~ phan (lin dugc chia Jam ba nhorn: phan tan tho, ken va phan
ur (ion).
Trong he philo Ian the), cac ph an tlf co kich Ihu(1l; hm hem 1O-1m.
Trong h¢ nilY gl)m co huyen phu va nhii tU(1Og, chung khong ben virng
de
nen dang phan lap.
H~ kco duoc xac dinh bCri cac phan nr co kich thu6'c lu 10 9 den
10""m, Do cac phan tli ella pha phan tan 1an hem ella rnoi tnrong phan
tan nen h~p phu cac phan tli cua moi tnrong phan tan len be m~t cua
cac pMn til cua pha phan Ian.
H~ phan tan phan tit ho~c ion co kich thuoc nh6 hem 10-9 m. DAy
thuc chat 18.h~ phan tan ella cac phan tir hay ion. H~ nay r~l ben vtrng.
Keo la ml)t dang ella h~ phan tan phan tiro V 6i keo thl cac phan
Iii cua pha phan tan khong chuyen dich HI do nhir trong dung dich rna
lien ket voi nhau. Cac phan til cua rnoi rnrong phan tan choan day
khong gian giua cac pMn ill ella pha phan tan.
Keo eo ngu6n g6c hfru co hay vO co, t\! nhien hay nhan tao, dan
h6i hoac khong dim Mi. Keo khong dan hOi hut ehtt long th!l!n uO't no.
Khi hut hay nha rurcc, keo khong dan hoi hAu nhir khong {hay d6i
dung tfch.
Keo dan hoi chi hUt mot s6 chat long, khi d6 dung tich cua no
gia tang va va ra, tan fa thanh dung dich. Qua trmh nay phu Ihu9C vao
nhieu yeu t6 nhu cuong dO tan phan tan ciia pha, nhiet d(>,ap su~t cua
rnoi tNang v. v.
Til nhirng d~c tinh tren nguoi ta chia nhirng v~t ran lim thanh ba

I1
nhorn: ken, x6p mao dan va kco - x6p mao dan.
Trong nhom kco thl loai dan h(~i se thay <l6i th~ tfch (giam di)
khi say nhirng vAn gifT du9"C tfnh dan hOi.
la
Trang nhorn xop mao cHn kco khong dan hoi , sau khi say no
vo fa va co the thanh ht)t.
VI:1n .
Nhom kco - x6p mao dan co tfnh chat cua ca hai nhom trcn.
Khi hut mroc no rnrong va ra, khi' say no co Iai va phan l{m va vun ra.
Cac dCii nreng say trong cong nghiep thuc ph~m co cau true ral
phuc rap. Vi vay vm each chia nhom nhu tren (theo A.V.Likov) In
chua thoa dang d ve thuc lien va Iy thuyet trong khi say.

1.1.3. Nhfrng d~c tinh cau true cua doi tuong say
Ph1n Ian cac vat lieu fun co cau true xop. Khoang each giiia cac
phdn t\r cau tao nen khung V~I chat khft Ian hon kich thtr6c cua phan
tir. Khong gian gitra cac phan tll goi Iii cac mao dAn hay cac 10 xop.
D6i VOl v~t lieu Am thl cac mao dan hay 10 xop chua diiy mroc. Lire
lien kel gitra be m~1 cua cac mao dan va 10 x6p v(1i mrdc cung vc'ri
tnrong hap dan xac dinh trang thai cua chat long trong v~t ~m.
Call tnic khong gian cua cac mao da.n hay 16 x6p fal phuc rap.
Tfnh chfit cua chung duqc xac dinh bOi hang Ioat d~c tfnh cau tao cua
v~t x6p. Nhtmg d~e tinh do la d~' x6p, de} rham tMu. dang va kieh
thuoc cua cac 16 xop.
Do x6p cua V~l the la Cf' duqe de dinh theo cong thuc (1-7)
dum day:
\'
s: =i
l'-\'
= __ P
1: = 1-- (1-7)
\ \' v Pm
trong do:
\' L - the tich cua cac 16 xop, rrr';
\' K - the tich cua cac phan tir cau tao khung v~t chat kho, m";

P, Pm - kh6i Iuong rieng cua V~l xop, v~t ehll't (cac phan llr) cau
t~o khung, kg/rrr'. .

12
 Ngoai d¢ x6p e, con co d~ x6p b~ m~t l>., duoc xac dinh theo
. cong thuc (I· 8) sau:
F: .
t.' - J. (1-8)
'-7
trong do:
FL - tOng dien tich ella elk 16 xop tren mat elit nao <16 qua v~t
xop, rrr';
F - dien t(ch mat dt dIU v~t xop. m.
V6i gia tr! gan dung:
t;,=e,=t.·
D9 tham thau cua V~I xop la kha nang cho chat long tharn qua
khi co lac dung cua tnrong ap suat nao do.
Do cau true cua cac mao dan hay 16 xop ra} da dang va It rnang
tlnh quy hl~t nen khong th~ ap dung thuyet giai tfch d~ khao sal
chring. Thay vao J6 ngum ta dung mo hlnh mao dan va rno hlnh phan
Ian dt khao sat cac iinh hU<1ogden rrang thai cua Am trong v~t x6p.
V6i mo hlnh mao
dan, khong gian tht!c cua 2
cac 16 x6p diroc thay
hang cac ong mao dan co
ciing dUOng kfnh phan b6
deu trong dung tfch cua
v~t ~m.
Trong moi truong
phan tan, khong gi an thuc
cfra cac 16 tr6ng duq~
rhay the bang khong gian
Hinh 1 -z. M~t edt cua v~t )(Vp.
1-16 (ranh) bao; 2-ranh CI,lI;3-ranh he,
giiia cac phan nr htnh cau
co cung durmg kinh.

Chieu dai cua mao dan ho hay ranh ho (hinh 1-2).

13
bao gio cling Ian hem chieu day ella vat xop. Ty s6 giua chieu dai cua
mao dan ha rren chieu dai ella vat x6p theo chieu tham (hau (chien loc)
ella v~t x6p goi Ill.h~ so khuc khuyu ~\:
I
e• K -- __!_:_
h (1-9).

Trang d(l:
IL - chieu dai cua mao d~n;
b - chieu day vat xop (chieu day hlp loc).
Thong thLloog ;K C(l gia Ir~trong khoang 1,13 den 17.5.
Doi v(ji v~t x6p hlnh thanh ttr viec dO thanh lop cac phan ttr nho
(vat lieu roi xep lap) co hlnh dang bllt ky thi h~ s6 khilc khuyu co cac
gia tri q", tu 1 den 1,47 voi e ttr 0,84 den 0,36.

1.1.4. Cac dang lien ket giiia mroc va v~t Ii~u

Niroc co trong vat lieu am co Ihci chia lam hai nh6m: mroc II! do
va rnroc lien ket.
Nuoc nr do nam (J be
mat ella vat, co ap sua! rieng bang ap suA'!
hoi nuoc bao hoa ling voi nhiet d<)hien tai ella V~I llm.
tv
Nltac do nam trong v~t am
Iii luong nuoc tao ra tren mat be
ella v~t Am hoi nude co ap suat rieng dat gia tri bao hoa 6 nhiet dO hien
l;,ti cua V~I ~m.

Nuoc lien ket 11;\0 ra trcn v~t am

hoi mroc c6 ;ip su~t rieng nho
han ap SUal baa hoa ling vOi nhiet dQ cua v~t.
Do khd nang phan irng hoa hoc va hoa tan manh cac chA"tnen
trong cac san ph5m thirc phfun khong 0.::6mroc nguyen chat rna dum
dang dung dich.
Muon tach nuoc ra khoi vat ;lm dn co o[m~ lmmg bang hay Ian
hem nang lirong lien kct cua no vOi vat elm. De
c6 thIS lua chon phuong

14
phap tach nuoc t6t nhal, can phai bier cac dang lien ket d!a n6 vm V~l
~m.

1.1.-1.1. Dang lien ket ho« hoc

Lien kct hoa hoc cua Mac v6i V~IChal khac dutJc xac dinh v6i
Iy ]~ rhanh phlin nghiem ng~t. Lien ke't hoa h9C ella nuac co hai loai:
lien kt!( ion va lien ket phan IU.
Lien ket ion dUlJc hinh thanh bOi nhimg phan irng hoa hoc nen
nll ben \"lmg. Mu6n pha vCrlien kel nay phai dung cac phan ung hoa
hoc hoac nung den nhiet d(l ntl cao.
Lien kel phan tic co tht quan sal qua qua trinh ket tua ella cac
dung dich.
Trong qua trlnh say khong d~t van de a
tach mroc dang lien ket
hoa hoc VOl v~t ~m, VI v~y ta khong di sau ve lien kct dang nay cua
nuoc.

1.1.4.2. Lien kit hoa Ij

Lien ket hoo ]y khong dOi hoi nghiem ng~ ve ty l~ thanh phan
lien kel. Lien ke[ hoa ly co hai loai: lien ket hap phu va lien ket [hAm
thau.
Lien ket hap phu cua ruroc gan Ii~n vci cac hi¢n nrong xay ra
tren b~ mat gioi han cac pha (ran hoac long).
Cac phan tu
hay ion nam trong long pha (long ching han) chiu
cac lire keo v~ moi phia 13 bAng nhau V~ d(llan va chang bang 0 khi
tcing hop I~: Trong khi do cac phan tir hay ion nam sal b~ mat gim han
pha (m::t' thoang) thl hrc k€D tfing hcp c6 xu huang keo chung vao long
pha long. Phuong trinh (1-10) th~ hien cac lire tac dung len phan Iii:
F = U - T.S (1-10)
trong do:

15
 F - nang hrong t\r do cua phan ur:
U - noi nang;
S - cntropi:
T - nhi¢t d(l tuyet d6i.
Nang itn.mg t~ do tren mot, dqn vi dien rich bC mat giOi han dung
bang cang
Sl!c be
JTl~1 C1.

Neu (a d6 mot m~u v~t kho tuyet d6i trong khong khf c6 chua
hIli runic thl trtrlTng. II!(' h~ mat khong can bang sc keo cac phan IU
ntrl~. Giilu cac phan IU nUlk: \'iI \,~I dn xuill hicn II!C hap phu. Ncu cac
pharr IlC ella m6i chat van- giU nguyen t inh chat thl 116la qua trinh hap
phu v~t ly. Tnrong hop cac phan tir hap phu nhan hay cho cac di~n IU
(hi gQi la hap phu hoa hoc.
Lien ket Ihflm thall Iii lien ket mang ·tfnh co h0C cua ruroc vm vat
lieu co tfnh kco - xop mao dan. Nhtrng v~t lieu nay co cau true khung,
mr(k tham vim va narn lrung khong gian cac khung. Nu<x trong v~t the
nay khong phai Iii nguyen chat rna dum dang dung dich. Viec nuoc
tham Itl ngoai vao trong v~1 hay ngiroc lai 111trong v~t the ra ngoai
giong nhir nude (ham qua mang ngan each tlr dung dich co n6ng dQ
thap sang dung dich co nong 09 cao.
Khi ruroc b lop b~ mat ella v~t th~ bay hoi thi nong at> ciia dung
dich (1 do tang len
va ruroc b sau ben trong se tham ra ngoai. Ngircc
lai, khi ta d~t vat the vao trong ruroc thi ntrOc se lham vao trong.

1.1.4.3. Lien kel CfT Ij

Dang lien kCI nay cua mrdc voi vat (hi gorn ntrac be m~t va mroc
trong mao dan.
Nuoc 1)6mat la lien ke( co hoc ciia mroc vOi hi m~1 V~I tht khi ta
nlning n6 vao mroc, hoac nho mroc tren ~ m~t cua n6. Hlnh 1-3 cho ta
thay t rang thai can ba.ng cua gi9t mrOc tren be m~1 vat r.ln. D6 Iii su

In
can bang gHi'a rAn - long - khf.
OOC 8 goi Hl g6e tham lIen; Khi
: ••.• k. I_'J ' •.•
8 < 1r
2
, thi chsr long tham uot,
..
. . • ..• • '11
.
.' •
...
khi 8 > 1r thl chat long khong
2 /

tharn urn. Niroc be mat con goi

la mroc tv do).
Khi ta earn 6ng hinh co Hinh 1·3. Tr~ng thai cua nvrk
111;1
duong kfnh nho vao c6c nuoc
(hoac cha.'t long) thi m~1 thoang
(muc) cua chat long trong 6ng se khac ben ngoai. Neu mtrc ch1(t long
trong ong cao hem ben ngoai tht chat long do tham uOt, con nguoc lai
la khong tham irot, Khoang each gitra hai mire long goi IAchieu cao
rham mao d~n h, Chieu cao h phu rhuoc vao ch~t long. 6ng mao dan la
hinh tru, non, d~t thing dirng hay nghieng v:v,
Ngoai fa th:im mao dan
con xay ra vm v~t th! Iii lap c4'u tnic
phan tan g6m cac hat hinh cau (gAn hlnh cau) khong hiit ch~t long.
Chat long se tham vao khong gian gitra cac hat.
De tach am khoi v~t am bang s~y nhiet thl pbai lam cho Am bay
hoi va rbi khoi v~t the.
Do e6 il;lc lien k~t giiia va V$t nen nhiet am the
hrong bay hoi cua 1 kg Am 1O'nhem nhiet hoa hoi cua nu6'c do: 1"
rll= r + LY (1-11)
r - nhiet hoa hoi cua mroc tv do, kl/kg;
t:.r - nhi~t IUQl1gde thang luc lien k~t giua dm vrn v~t the, kJ/kg.
(1-12)

17
 Pb - ap suat hl1i bao hoa tren ~ mat rnroc nguyen chat (1 nhi~ d¢
T, N/m2;
e - nang luong lien ke't rieng cua rnroc, kl/kg.

1.2.KH6~G KHI AM VA KH{H U)

1.2.1. Khimg khi am
Trong khong khf &m g6m co
khong khf kho va hoi ruroc. Trang
thai cua khong khi am anh huang true tier den qua trlnh S3Y va bao
quan san ;-"im say. Vi v~y .vi~c tim hi~u khong khf lim III nIt can thiet.
Nhu chung ta da biet thea dinh luar Dalton. lip suat cua khong
khf ~ bang lip suat cua hoi mroc cong vUl lip suat cua khong khi kho:
P = Pro.+ Ph; N/ml (1-13)
trong do:
P - ap suilt ella khong khf fun, N/m=;
PK - a'p suilt ella khong khf kho, N/m:;'
Ph- lip suilt rieng ciia hcri mroc, N/ml.
D9 Am tuyet d6'i cua khong khf la khOi hrong ella hoi ruroc co
trong 1 rrr' khOngkhi dIn, k9 hieu la A.. (kg/rrr' khong khi am).
D9 Am urong d6i lp 13 ty s6 gitra do am tuyet d6i Ph tren dQ dm
tuyct dOl Ian nh~t Pb.mal> LIngv(ri nhiet dQ nao do cua khong khlllm.
lp=J!..Lx tOO, % ( 1-14)
p h.rnax

I Ph 3
Ph =-::::--_ ,kg/m (1-15)
rn Rh·1
" I Pb ks I - (1-15')
A.m». = P ="J; = -R T ' g/m"
lb'

18
trong d6:
\'h - thi tfch rieng ella hoi mroc chua bao hoa, m)/kg;
R; -'hAng s6 cua hoi ruroc, J/kg, iJK;
T - nhiet dQ cua khong khf am, iJK:
p" - kh6i ltrong rieng ella hoi nU(1c han hoa, kg/m";
I'" - tht rich ricng cua hoi ruroc bao hoa, m)/kg;

f\.- ap ~;uat rieng cua hoi ruroc bao hoa, N/m1,

Thay cac gia tri urong rrng ti'r (1-15), (1-15') van (1-14) ta thu
diroc:

(1-16)

Gia tri cua cp thay dc1i tu 0 den 1 hoac fir 0% den 100%. N~u
cp = 0 lhj trong kh6ng khi khong eo hoi nuoc, khi ay ta eo khong khi
kho tuyet d6i. Khi khong khi ~m 13.rae nhan say th) tp ding nho kha
nang say cua no cang tot va nguoc 1~.
D¢ chira Am d cira khong khf Am Ia. ty s6 giiia kh6i luong hoi nuoc .
va kh6i luong khong khf kho:

Ph.F

d=~= Rh,T =0622~ ( 1-17)

mt !:!<: ~~ , P- Ph
RK .T

Rb=461,5 J/kg.OK V3.RK= 287,1 J/kg.oK.

Do kh6i hrong hoi rnroc (t nen rhC'rnguyen cua d La g/kg.kk.
Th~ rich rieng ella khong khi Am Ii\ v:

( 1-18)

19
trong do:

I11h- kh6i lirong ella hoi mroc, kg;

Ill ...- kh6i lirong cua khong khi, kg;
111 = I11 +
h Ill", kg
Khoi IlC<;111grieng ella khong khi am Iii ty s6 gifta khoi luong /11

va tht tfeh \'.

P =-,
. ,
III kg!mJ (1-19)

Nhi., , d(>diem suong cua khong khf lim Ianhiet dQ etta diem dl
nhau giira duong rp = 1 va d = const nao do. Nhiet d¢ diem strong ky
hieu Iii Is .

. Entanpi cua khong khf Am ky hieu Hi I:

(1-20)
trong do:
t«: ib - entanpi ella khong khf kho, hoi ruroc, kl/kg:
iK=C".t= 1,OOt (1-21)
i;= r, + Cb.l = 2500 + 1,86' (1-22)
C K, C h - nhiet dung rieng ciia khong khf kho, hoi nuoc,
kJ/ kg.do;
1 - nhi~1 d(>khong khf am, ilC;
/'h - nhiet hoa hoi ella mroc, kl/kg.
Thay cac gia tri tu (1-21) va (1-22) vao (1-20) ta thu duqc:
1=1 + (2500 + 1,86 t) d (1-23)
Trong khoang I = O~CMn IOO~C thl gia tri ella I tfnh (il (1-23)
e6 sai s6 dum 0,5 'ie.

20
1.2.2.96 thi l-d \'3 trang thai cua kh(mg khi am
Ngoai phuong phap giai tfch nhir tren, ta co the xac dinh cac
thong so cua khong khf Am bang phirong phap do thi nhu { - d va I-d.
Trong th,!c teo rhuan tien nMt la dung d6 thi I - d, VI tren do bi~lI dien
cac qua trfnh thay d6i trang thai cua khong khf dm fIlT dan gian va ro
rang.
Khong khf lim la h¢ mot pha hai cau tii. Theo thuyet yac pha thl
no co ba bac ur do. De vc d6 thi 1- d ta <fa cho mot thong s6 la hang
sCI,d6 lit P = const. P Iii ap sual cua khf quyen, no phu thuoc vao <1<)
can dja 15' so voi mat rnroc bien, Vi vay d6 th] I - d co
(he ve vci
p:::: 0, I MPa = 760 mmHg; 740 mmHg; 710 mmHg v,v, o
Vi~t Nam,
cac vung dong bang va trung du co chieu cao crng v6i 760 mmHg.

:_....;1Iit--~ ~-C:.

~~~i
Hlnh 1-4. eo thi I~ cua kh6ng khllm

21
 D6 thi 1 - d (J hinh 1'-4 duoc ve v6i goc giua dubng I va d lA 135°,
voi dUOng d = const thang dimg. Duong q> = const Hi nhirng duong
cong, t = canst 1~ nhtmg duong thang nghieng. Khi lam giam nhiet d¢
cua khong khf Am b dieu kien ding d (d = consr) den gili tri rna t~ do
hl1i nuoc dong lai thanh strong goi 18nhier de) diem· suong Is.
Quan h~ giira cac dai lirong t, d va 1 cua khong khf ~m chua baa
a
hoa (thuoc vung phia tren dubng (/J = 1) th~ hi~n bieu thirc (1-24):
1=(1 + 1,86d)t+2500d (1-24)
Khi d = O th] 1= t; khi d lang (hi gia 1r1 rruoc I cling tang.
Duong ding nhiet {J vung suong mu 13 (,., con 89i la nhiet dQ bdu
uot, tM = const di qua diem dt nhau gifra dUOng I const nao do vai =
duong (/) = 1. DuOng 1M bi .gAy khtic v(ri goc nghieng lh~ hien b bitu
tlurc (1-25):

~/)
( cd =.CK·, ",,-4,19t (1-25)
T

1= Cdd-dJ I+Is (1-26)

trong d6:
ds, Is - dQ chua am
va entanpi cua khong khf ~ bao hoa b nhiei
dQ diirn suong Is .
Vl v~y dUCmg nhiet dQ khong d6i cr
vung bao hoa la tM bi ga.)
khuc so vOi t = const va c6 d¢ nghieng gAn vOi dirong I.
Duong (/J = const duqc ve theo quan M (1-27):
d P
rp-'- (1-27)
0,622 + d Pb

DU'ang tp » 1 (lOO%)bieu dien cac trang thai bao hoa cua khonr
khf am6 nhtrng nhiet dQ khac nhau. Phfa tren no 1a vung khong khf an
chua bao hoa, phia duoi n6 Ia vung strong rnu.
Duong quan h~ giO'aap suat rieng cua hoi nuac Ph vOi d thd hier

22
a phuong trmh (1-28):

P. _p d (1-28)
~ - O,622+d
VUi d « 0,622 thl no g~ nhu dtrbng thang.
Til do thi I - d ta de dang -khao sat su thay dOi trang thai cua
khong khf am khi nhiet d~ cua no thay d6i. Chang han ta c6 khong khf
am voi trang thai diemA (hinh 1-4), co
cac thong s6 tA, lA, 'PA, dA.
Khi ta ha nhiet d(l cua khong khf xu6ng thi trang thai cua no
chay thea duong d; ::: canst. Tai di€rn B 13 diem catnhau giU'a
dA::: const va ({J::: 1, 13 di~m strong cua khong khf co nhiet d" lit ts = la-
Neu tiep tuc ha nhiet dQ xu6ng dum ts thi hoi mroc trong khong khf am
se dong thanh strong, Thanh long, thanh tuyet, Nhiet dQ b~u u6t 13 t~ di
qua di~mcAt nhau cua duong fA::: canst va ({J = 1. Til diem suong (di~m
B) ta tang nhiet dan til Is d€n t", hoac cao hem ntta tht mac du
d", = const nhimg gia tri cua 'P giam dAn_
Ta"t ca cac qua trinh thea cac phuong thuoc ben trai duong
dA =
const deu Hun rna-t mroc trong khong khi am;
nguoc lai, cac qua trlnh
theo cac phirong ben phai duong d", ::: const d~u lam. cho khong khf
nhan them nuoc.
DO thi I - d dUQ'cdung rong rai trong ky thuat say, Icy thu~t Ianh,
thong gi6 va dieu hoa khong khf.

1.2.3. Khrlo dot (kh6i 10)

Khoi lb ta san pham khf cua qua trinh dOt chay mQt ch~t d6t nao
do. Kh6i hrqng, thanh phdn va cac thong s6 trang thai cua kh6i Io phu
thuoc vao thanh phan cua chat d6t va plnrong phap d6t chay.
Cha"t dOt gom dang rin (than da, cui), dang long (xang, diu)
hoac dang khi. Ch:lt lirong cua chtrt d6t phu thuoc vao thanh phan c4u
tao cua no, the hien a cong thtrc (1-29):

23
 c+h+o+s+n+a+w=l
trong <16:
c, h, 0, S, II, a, w - thanh ph~ kh6i luong cua cacbon, hydro,
oxy, luu huynh, nito, tro, nu6c. Tro va nU'(K;la thanh phAn kbong chay.
Kh6i lirong khOng khf kho dung d~ <16t chay hom toan mot k
ch4't d6t dugc goi la kh6i IUQngkhong khf ly thuyet, ky hieu la m,o:
mK.'= 11,61 cP+ 34,78 h' + 4,35(.{ - 0') (1-30)
Thirc te' d~ d6t chay hoan loan m¢t kilogam ch(t d6t trong 10 d6t
can c6 kh6i lirong khOng khf khO thirc te' la InK.t > mK.! •
mJU = a.mK.) (1·31)
a 18 M s6 b6 sung cua 10 d6t.
Vi~ chon gia rri cua a r4't quan trong. Neu a nbo dAn tm qua
trinh <16t chay khong hoan roan cua chat d6t. Khi d6 san
phdm chay
(khoi 10) co
chira cac chat khi ~ nhu cova cacbon, nhiet d¢ 10 d6t
khong cao va khong kinh t~.Nguoc lai neu ta chon gia tri a IOn se lam
cho nhiet d¢ trong 10 d6t qua cao lam
chay tro va xi.
Nhiet d¢ trong 10 <l6t dung trong qua trlnh say t6t nhat iil 900°C
d~n iooo'c, Can cu vAo nhiet d¢ chay t6i uu va thea cOng (huc (1-32)
ta tfnh duge a trong cong thrrc:

(1-32)

trong d6:
Q/ - nhiet tri duOi cua ch4't dOt, kl/kg;
" - h~ s6 hieu dung cua 10 d6t;
"S 0,85 v6i ch~t d6t dang ran;
11= 0,95 + 0,98 vci ch~t d6t dang lOng;
to - nhiet dQ khOng khf ngoai troi, °C;

24
 tK - nhiet dQ chay trong 10 J61. "C;
C P.o - nhi¢t dung rieng d~ng lip etta khOng khf, kJlkg.dQ;
CP.K - nhiet dung rieng ding lip cua kh6i J(), kJ / kg.dQ.
Q/=33900cl' + 117000(111' - OJI25.oP)+ 10500sr -2500w" (1-33)
Kh6i luong thanh pMn ciia cac ch~t trong khoi 10 dtlqc tfnh
nhu sau:
/IIeo: = 3.67.cr;
I1Isn: = 2.st;
"'0: = 0,23(a-I ).n1KJ; ( 1-34)
m,,: -= O,77a.J1I!<J+ liP;
mH:O = 9/l +",,p + a.mK.l·do;
d; - dQ chua am cira khong khf ngoai trOi. kg/kg.k.k.
Kh6i hrqng ella kh6i lo thu duqc khi dOt chay toan 1 kg how
ch~t d6t bang tOng kh6i hrong ciia cha't d6t va khong khf cin cho qua
trlnh d6t chay:
(1-35) .
a - h~ s6 bO sung khong khi, n6 pill! thuoc VaG dang chat d61 va
cau tao cua 10 d6t.
D6i v6i cac 10 d6f Hong cac 10 hoi cong nghiep va nhiet dien, ta
lay gia tri cua a nhu sau:
a = 1,2 + 1,5 v6i cMt d6t dang ran;
a= 1,1 + 1,3 v(1i chat d6t dang long;
a = 1,05 + I, I vci chat dot dang khi;
D6i v6i 10 d6t trong qua trinh say rIU khong can nhiet d() cao
nhtrng phai duy tri qua trinh chay t6t, VI vay a phai c6 gia tri cao.
a = 2 .;-2,5 v(ri M thong say.
Do nhiet dQ kh6i 10 hie vira rm buong d6t cao hon nhiet dQ say

25
nhieu nen tnroc khi eli vao buong s~y, khoi 10 phw dircc hoil tren \/m
khong khf ngoai trm d~ giam nhiet dQ. Qua trinh hoa tf¢n duoc tien
hanh trong buong hoa tron. H¢ s6 b6 sung khong khi khi hoa tron Ill. llt,
ctuqc tfnh theo cong thuc (1-36) sau day:
Q~ -ll + C Pd ,tFa (9// + wP),ihK - (1- 9// - wP - aP) CpK .Il(
a - ' (1-36)
t> - I1lK,[do(iIlK - iho) + Cp.K ,tK -CP,o .10]

trong do:
Q/ - nhi¢! tri tren cua chat <.t6t, kl/kg:
C P.•I> C P.K' C P." - nhiet dung ricng dang ap cua chcft d6t, khdi kho,
khong khf ngoai troi, kJ/kg.dQ;
tl(. [0 - nhi~t d¢ kh6i ]0, khong khf ngoai troi, DC;
entanpi cua hoi nuoc theo nhiet dQ ngoai trci, cua kh6i
ib.o, ill.1( -
]0 (theo nhi~t d<? cira kh6i 10 sau bu6ng hoa tron), kJ/k.g:
Q,P:: Q/ + 22300 hP+ 2500 wI', (1-37)
PhUC1ngtrlnh (1-36) be qua nhie! luong cua tro, xi va tOn th~t
qua thanh 10 vi gia tri cua chung nhe. Nhiet d¢ cua eMt dOt va nhiet
d¢ khong khf tnroc khi vao 10 dOt Iii bang nhau. Neu a> 5 thi xem nhu
CP.K:: c,
D¢ chua Am cua kh6i 10 Iii dK duoc tfnh thee cong thirc (1-38)
sau day:

(1-38)

trong do:
fill( = a 1111(( + 1 - (aP + wP + 9It), kg/kg.c.d
Entanpi ella kh6i 10 l3.II(:

IK
_
-
Q; ,17+Cp.d .Ip.d +o.,mK:1 (Cp.olo+ib.O .do)
( 1-39)
mK

26
hoac:
(1-40)

Tir hlnh 1-5 fa thay, khong khf ngoai trl'ti co trang thai 18.diem A
vOi cac thong so: I A == To, (/)... == lpo' d: == d." l; = I;" duoc hoa IrQn vai
kh6i 10 e6 trang thai di~m K co: TI(" dK, IK' (/JK , ta thu duoc diem M eo:
dlo.1>1~1'<PM· Di~m M nam trcn doan thAng AK va chia n6 thanh cac
t':l.tt
- - -
doan AM va MK theo ly I¢ hoa tron, DQ nghieng cua doan AK phu
thuec vao <.19 Am cua ehilt d6t ('11') va nhiet tri tren Q,p. Neu w 160 va a:
nho thl doan AK co dQ nghieng nhc) va nguoc lai. Doan AK khong
bao gio Ihang dtmg vi dQ cim l"lla khoi )<') han gio cling IOn han <1<) am
cua khOng khf ngoai troi (dt( > do).
Cac thong s6 ella diem M duqc xac dinh nhir sau:

(1-41 )

trong d6:
Ill" In.
n=-=-, (1-42)
mK nil(

II la boi s6 hoa Ir{lO.

1.3. Ht CAN BANG V~T AM - KH()NG KHI AM

Nhu chung fa da biet, cac V~l am
hay cac san pharo sAy thuong
duqe bao quan trong moi tnreng khong khf. Rieng cac san phAm say
d~n d¢ Am thap I~ c6 tfnh hao nuOc thl cln phai boo quan trong cac
bao bt kin, bose trong moi truong khf Ira.
Qua trinh tiep xiic giira khong khf Am va v~t Am trong thm gian
nhat dinh giiia chang se xay ra can bang.
Neu khong khi am co hoi mroc vm ap suat ricng la Ph Ian han ap
suat hoi mroc Pm ngay tren M m~1 v~t ~ thi hoi nuoc IU khong khf se
dong va tham vao v~t ~m. Truong hop ngll<?'clai vm Pnl> Ph thl vat ~m

27
 se truyen am vao khong khL
Thai gian truyen lim d~ den can bang phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu ro
nhu: nhi~t dQ, d9 am
cua khong khf va v~1 fun, t6c dc? cua khong khf,
csu true cua v~t {lm.
Khi can bang, ap su~t hoi nuoc PI) trong khong khf bang ap Su~{
hoi mroc P on ngay tren be m~t v~t (Ph = Pm). run
a Vi¢t tu mien Trung trb fa mien Bac, moi
Nam, d~c bi~t 11'1.
tnrong khong kill thay d6i ian gifia cac mila trong nam, vl v~y s_' can
bang gifra v~t Am va khong khi cung khac nhau then mira.
Khi can bang, ty s6 giiia Ph va PI) (ap su~t hoi nuoc baa hoa)
bang ty s6 giiia P U\ va Pb' dung bang dc? am
luang d6i ({J ella khong khf:
Pm Ph
({J=-=- (1-43)
Pb P~

Dc? chua am
cua v~t am khi can bang dU<JC IcY hieu IA lie; no
phf.:lthuoc vao cau tao eua v4t, dang lien k~t giua am va v~t ch~t kho,
. cac dieu kien nrong tac gitta vat im vi'!.moi tnrong khong khf im.
DQ chua am can bang u, phu thuoc vao nhiet dO va dO am nrong
dO. cua khong khf. Khi nhiet d~ cua khong khi Iii I const thl quan h¢ =
giua lie va ({Jth~ hien 6 cong thue (1-44) va tren d6 thi hinh 1-6 ..
lie = f«({J) (144)
Tren hinh Hi ta th~y, dllOng hilt va nha cim khong trung nhau.
Nhu \(~yneu dO ~ cua khong khf Iii <fJJ tm dQ am
can bang ella v~t khi
hut iil lI"c, khi nM Uc' Tirong tt! vai dQ Am Hi fP2 ta c6 1I; va lI'c' Nhu v~y
cung mot dc? am tuong d61 ({Jcua khong kill thi dQ im can bang cua v~t
(, qua trlnh hut bao giG cling nh6 han (1qua trlnh nha.
Duong nM am rrng vOi qua trinh s~y, duong hut irng vOi qua trtnh bao
quan san ph~ say. Neu ta dung khong khi ~o ({J= ({JI de
say v¥ tim thl
de) am cua n6 giarn xuong rmrc t6i da'la II = IIc. Trong qua trinh bao
quan, san pharo ti~p xuc v6i khong kill c6 ({J~ ({J! thi n6 se hUt !m tr(1

28
I~. Nhii'ng Y~( hao nuoc thl sau khi say phai dlfgc bao qulin trong bao
goi kin hoac trong khf Ira.

d
Hinh 1·5. Hoil ttOn kMi /0 voi khOng khi ngoal troi.

1_ cons!
Ph -=/i

1.1(;. tt IImtu I{

Hinh 1-6. HUt va nhB jm cua_v~t khi nhi~t 119kMng khi /(oong dd; (d4ng nhi~t)

29
 Khi d¢ am
ella khong khf ill fP ~ 1(100%) thl dl;>lim ella v~t se
luang rmg Hi IIb.Tuy vay I.(n vfut nho hon c1<) cuu v~t khi dim n6 vao am
mroc. lin iii dl) dm hao hoa cua vat.
Nhin chung dirong f
cong can bang khi hut
va nhil fim clang nhi¢t
cua cat: vat !lm co nguon
g6c hilu co hay vt> co
deu co dang gall nhu
chfr S.
V(n cac rntrc nhi~t
d¢ khong ddi khac nhau:
13> 12> (I thl dO doe cua
duong can hang khac Hlnh 1·7. Anh hlittng cua nhi~t d¢ <le'n
nhau (hlnh 1-7). eim Mng d"Jngnhl~1

Trong qua rrmh

s~y d6i luu, lac nhan say co Ih6 If! khong khf hoac kh6i 10 co dQ Am
urong d6i (/),< rp = I. tp, H\ dO am
nrong d6i ella lac nhan slfy. n6 quyet
dinh d¢ Am cua v~t Am sau khi sg"yden dl) am can bang lA Ito (hlnh 1-
8). T~ng /hdi hao "v-d~ rl'f7"'~INti;' J_m I

l~ qrn .ttl' IwCJ, kluii ~/'

cft,.Cf .. ,
I
I
,
'I';,,!
I
I
Itlit tiin I
(ht/p ~)
v,in! 6J; I
I
'fr
Say
I
,
I
-.r: .,
I

:Nh~')rti'
1'".
I A;,;v~ I
li-uc u~ u. u, u
Hlnh f·8. Phiin /o(!i lim trong qua trinh sly.

30
 Vat am dcmsay duoc goi 11\vat say, n6 co d(> Am dau 13.til va dQ
am cuoi la 112• Tuy tung loai v~t scfy, Illy muc dich SLIdung va bao qulin
sau s~y rna quyet dinh ct¢ ~ cuni ella v~t say. Vat say sau qua trinh
s~y goi Iii san pham say. N€U bao quan san phAro say trong moi truong
khong khi tl! nhien (san phAm s~y tiep xuc v6i kbong khf) c6 dQ am tp
trong gim han 1 > (/' > tp, thl khong nen say den dO Am can hang
(II;= IIJ, vi sau ttl<ri gian hao quan, san ph.im say hUl frm trong khong
khi va sc ~O dO Am can bang nrong tffig vo-i cp cua khong khi. Say den
d() ~m bao nhicu con phu thuoc vao quy trinh cong ngh~ va hieu qua
kinh Ie.

3]
 Chuang 11

Cac qua trinh

truyen nhiet va fim khi say
Say la qua trinh t,lt.:h ml)t philn hay phan hm hrong tim 1,;0trong
vat am. Qua trmh say nit phirc I<;lPva khong On dinh, trong d6 dong
thCri.xay ra nhieu qua trinh nhu qua trtnh truyen nhi~1 tll hie nhan say
cho v~t say, dan nhie: trong \'~t s:iy, bay hoi ella oim, dan am tic trong
ra be mat clla V~Isay, truyen Am til bt mat v~t say vao rnoi mrong say
(tac nhan say). Cac qua trlnh tren deu tuan theo qua trtnh iruyen nhiet
va am. Di nghien ciru Cell; qua trmh nay, ngum ta dung cac mo hlnh
roan dan gian,

Thong thllOng khi say, fun tach khoi v~t say durn dang hoi. Trir
ml)1 so truong hop do nhi¢1 ttl) cao, tnrong nhiet d<)Ion dan t6i tnrong
ap suat tang, day Am {J dang long ra he mat v~t say, bay hoi manh va
lam vang cll cac hat long vao moi tnrong say.
Quan h~ giil'a nhiet va truyen am th~ hien a cac phirong trlnh vi
phan sau:

Q1 = ((' 0 Ill" + C" /II ..) :: (2-1)

dill" du (2-2)
Q. =r--=r./U -
- dt (I dt

32
rrong do:
C", C; - nhiet dung rieng cua chill kho. am
(mroc), kJlkg.d~;
,. - nhiet hoi hoi cua rurcc lien ket trong V~I ~m, kl/kg:
m; III" - kh6i luong chat kho, mroc trong v~t kg; am,
Q), Q: - nhiet luong nung nong v,)t ~m. nhiet luong d~ mroc bay
h<ri.
Nhict hoa hoi cua rurdc lien kCI trong vat ~m bang t6ng nhiet
hoa hoi ella nuoc, nhier nung nong hoi mroc, nhi~ luong thang nang
IlClJIlglien k~t giiia runic veri chat kho:
(2-3)
trong do:
r" - nhiet hoa hoi cua ruroc, kJlkg;
ell - nhiet dung rieng cua mroc, kJ/kg.dQ;
I . Ilhi~1JQ cua hui bi Jol nong,"C;
lb - nhiet oQ bay hoi cua nuoc, °C;
/),r - nhiet luong lien ket cua mroc, kl/kg.
Cuong 0(1 truycn nhiet IU tac nhan say den vat say <tuqe th~ hi~n
(, cong thue (2-4) sau day:
/ I
q == -F I
, F,
qdF == -F (Q 1 + Q ~) =

(2-4)

rrong do:
F - M mar cua v~t am, m=.
Tir cong tlurc (2-4) ta bien d(;i va thu dugc phuong trinh (2-.5):
C dt du
q == p".R, ..r(1 + _. -)- (2-5)
r du dt
rrong d,):
R,. - I)' s6 th~ tich tren be m~( v~t ~:
R,.= R,o(I + aFII)-n (2-6)
V
«; =p (2-7)
o

\' - the tfch v~t am, m";

F., - di~n rich be m~t v~t kilO luy~1 doi, m':
af - h~ s6 co b~ mat ciia v~t say;
II - dai Iuqng khong dbi;

" - dQ chua am trung hinh cua v~t say;

C .-.;:J¢\ dung. ricng cua v~t am,
kJ/kg.dO-
Khi say neu kich thtroc cua v~t s~y khong thay dOi thl R, = Rw
=: - bieu dien 51! gia tang nhiet dQ trung binh cua V~I sA:y,con gQi

la t6c dQ nung nang;

:: - sl! thay dbi dQ fun trung binh cua vat say, con goi til t6c d<>

say.

2.2. cAe GIAI f)O~N SAY

Trong qua trinh slly, d¢ lim cira v~t s~y lien tuc thay dOi theo
huong giarn d~n. Tuy e~u tao cua v~t s~y va phuong phap slfy rna d¢
tim va nhi¢t dQ cua vat s~y (} cac phin trong va tren be mar cllng khac
nhau theo tirng giai doan say. Cac giai doan s~y g6m: giai doan ~u
hay con goi ta giai doan nung nong v~t say den nhi~t d¢ bay hoi cua
Am, giai dean th(c nhat hay giai do~ eo tee de? say khong dOi, giai
doan th(c hai con 89i Ia
giai doan toe de')say giam dan.
~ giai thieh cac giai doan say ta sa dung qua trtnh say d6i hru.
o day ta dung tac nhan say Iii khong khf co d¢ fun urong d6i (fPI)' nhiet
d() t.; tac d() w" la 6n dinh (khong 'hay d6i). V~[ s~y mong, qua trinh

.34
 say cham sao cho d<)~ va nhj~'1d(\ (1moi ch6 la nhu nhau.
o giai doan dau (nung nong), nhi~1 ~ lac nhan say cao hem
nhiet d~ bay hcri cua im, nhier elQ ella vat sct'y duoc nang len den nhi~t
d¢ bay hoi cua am.
Thai gian cua giai doan d~u dlIC.JC tfnh tit cong th(k sau:

o o

Qua trinh say chi c6 th~ xay ra khi nh.i~1 d{) ella v~t say can hon
nhict d(l di~m suung ella tac nhan say, neu nguoc lai, hoi nUlle III Ilk·
. nhan say se ngung va thAm van V~I say.
Trang giai doan say thu nhat, nhiet d¢ cua v~t say bang nhiet de?
bay hoi cua rurcc. T6e d¢ bay hoi -nudc va nhiet dl) ella var say la
khong thay d6i. Nhier lucng tit hk nhan say truyen cho vl)t s~y cap het
cho mroc hay hoi:
q == aflt-Im) (2-9)
Tir phirong trinh (2-5) va (2-9) fa co the thu duqc phuong trinh
(2-10), tll <16giai thfch arm huong ella tirng y~u t6 de"n t6c d¢ say.
Trong giai doan thu nhat, chu yeu lam bay hoi ruroc 11! do trong
V~I s~y. HC1ibay len til be
mat v*t s~y Ilkhoi mroc baa ·hoa, nhiet hoa
hoi dung bang nhi¢t hoa hoi ~ua
nUDc tv do. Vi v~y. phuong trtnh
(2 -I 0) da don gian hoa thanh (2-1 1):
dr
dll
art, - t m) - c·Po·Rv -
dr
--=--------------~
dt
(2-10) .

(2-11 )

trong d6:
a - h~ 56 toa nhiet III rae nhan say cho vat say:

35
 nhiet d(l tac nhan say;
It -
nhiet dQ bay hoi ella ruroc;
Ib -
rn -·nhi~t hoa hoi ella Olroe Lt! do;
II - d9 Am trung blnh eua v~t say;

r - thm gian say.

D6i vcri v~t sa:y khong co kfeh thucc, a giai doan thtl nhat cua
qua Irlnh say C,lI.; thong so b ve phai cua phirong trinh (2-11) lit cac
hAng so. Neu V~I say cO co kfch th110c chut ft 1m a va R, se thay d6i
lang 16n nhung ty s6 cua cluing khong d6i (aIR,. = const). Nhu v~y eo

ng hiHI I'a -.- vav grai

du :: consl. Vi1 vay ai .. uoan
f Ihuu n h'al con
x d uoc gQI. l'a grai
..
«r 2 J
doan t6e do say khong d6i. t
De eo
t6c d<) s:1:y
khong ddi, hrong am
dii
bay hoi phai bang luong
am sau ben trong truyen
ra M m~t cua vat say.
Neu d~ ~ khong kip
bay hoi thl vung bay hoi
ftm se Ian sau vao phia
lam cua Y~{ say. Khi d6 a x
v~t say hinh thanh ba Hinh 2-1. Vung bay hoi sau V80
vung eo nhiet d<) khac trang v~t s5y.
nhau (hinh 2-1). Vung 1-VUngam; 2- vuog bay hoi;
3- vung·khO.
ram cua vat say goi la
vung fun, vung tie'p thea
ia vung bay hoi Am, vung thU' ba la vung say holm thanh. Nhiet dQ
11I<1llgimg cua nrng vung thoa man dicu kien sau:
(2-12)
Nhiet dQ cua vitng kh6 chfnh III nhiet d9 b~ mat cua V~l say
(tl lb)' Nhiet d9 cua
== tm)· Nhiet d(i vung hai bang nhier d<) bay hoi (11 ==

36
vung 3 se rang dan va bang nhict dQ lac nhan say (ll ~ II)' Vung 2
cang Hln sau vao trong thl vung I eo lai, vung 3 010 rong. Trong qua
trinh nay thl nhiet ot) trung blnh ella vat say tang tlftn. VI vay giai doan
nay goi la giai doan thtl hai hay giai doan tang nhiet dQ ala qua trinh
s!y,
Trong giai doan nay hicu (t, - l3) giarn dan do £3 tang d~ den
hAng I,. a vung 3 hat <Jau hay hen mnrc lien kct nen r > ro'

Nhtrng di~\I kicn d~u (.h\nden k~t qua lam giarn dll/d r, nen con
goi Iii giai doan giam dan t6e d(l say,
TO'!.:dO say khong d6i <1giai doan thrr nhal, giarn dan i1 giai doan
thtl hai, hing khong khi qua trlnh s~y hoan thanh. Ket qua 13. aQ am
ella san pham say dat 0(> lim can bang vOi tac nhan say.

2,3. cxc DL'ONG eO~G SAY vA T6c DOSAY

Duong cong bi~u dien st,I thay d6i dQ am ella v~t s~y theo thm
gian sa.'y goi Ht Quang cong say:
u=f(r) (2-13)
Dang ella dutmg cong say phu thuoc van nhieu y~u t6 nhu dang
lien ket giiia nt!<Jcva V~I say. hinh dang. kfch thuoc va d~c tfnh cua v~t
say, phuong phap va cM d¢ say. Duong cong sa:yHi ham cua qua trlnh
say, VI vay tuy III lJ cac che dQ sa:y va phuong phap s4'y khac nhau
nhung dang dirong cong ll\ nrong tu,
Hlnh 2-2 bieu dien Quang cong s4'y khi say d6i hru v~t s4'y c6
kfch thl1ae mong, b ch€ d¢ s4'y khong dbi (cac thong 56 cua lac nhan
dy khong Ihay d6i).
Tir hlnh 2-2 ta thay, trong khoang thCrigian III 0 - r, la giai dean
<1~ucua qua trinh say. Trong giai doan nay n~u nhiet de} rae nhan s4'y
cao hem nhiet dQ ella v~1 say (It> () lhi dirong cong say la doan Ud - A
(vat say bi d6t nong), neu ( > It thl dllbng cong say la Il'd - A (v~r s~y

37
du<;1C lam nguoi).

1I
U'
q
uti \.
tt"'" const
I
I
Cft ~ const
I ~.,.. const .
I
I
I
UB ---~---I
I 0: I
~ ---r-------.!+
o
Hinh 2·2. DlliJng cong s5y

Trong khoang thOi gian To - 'I la giai doan thu nhat ella qua trrnh
ssy. Toe d¢ s~y trong giai doan nay la khong d6i, nen n6 con dllqc !Wf
la giai doan say toe d(>khOng d6i: (A - B).

(2-13)

Khi say v~t c6 kfch thlloc rat mong thl giai doan dAu (Ud - A) rat
nglin d€n mite co th~ xem nhu giai doan say thu nhat bat d:lU tir khi t =
O.
Nguoc lai khi say var say co kfch thtloc hm (day), dQ thapthl am
giai doan say thU nhat rlit nglin (doan A- B qua ngan) c6 the 00 qua,
khi do gan nhu chi co giai doan slIy thu hai (giai doan toc d~ say giam
dan).
Trong khoang thOi gian 'I - T~ fa co:
du
-= tgal (2-14)
d,

38
 Gia tri cua toe de) tfnh tlr (2-14) giarn dl1n nen goc (Xl giarn dltn

to' B - C. Duong cong sa:y li~m can v6i ham am can bang u., DAy Iil
giai doan s~y thu hai.
Diem 8 goi la diim chuyen Ill' giai doan say thu nh3:1sang giai
doan sg:y 1M hai. IIIl goi la d¢ ~m 16i han Ihu nhat ciia y~t s«y, n6 n6i
len tl~c tfnh cua vat say va lac nhan 'sa-y_
Duong cong IOC d<) say bieu dien quan h~ gifra l~ dQ say
(dll/d r) vs ham am /I cua v~t say:

~'; = I(II) (2-15)

Duong cong toc dQ sa:y thu ducc til viec dao ham duong cong
say theo thOi gian.
Hlnh 2-3 bieu dien duCtng cong t6c d(> say phu thuoc vao ham
~m. Trang qua trlnh say do hamim if giarn dan nen dirong cong toe d~
say bal dau til ben phai chay sang rrai. TiI luc bat dau say, t6c dQ say
tang rnanh va rat nhanh dat dt!n gia tri 6n dinh cua giai doan s~y thu
nh~t. Trong giai doan sa'y thu nhat, roc d¢ dy Ja khong dOl nen dirong
cong t6c do say chay song song vei true hoanh fir A den B. Til sau
diem B lhi toe dQ say giam d~ cho Mn khong, ling VOl dQ am
can
bang cua V~l sliy (u.). Duong cong t6c dQ say trong giai dean thu hai
nay phuc tap. N6 phu thuoc vao cau true cua v~t say, va dang lien ket
giii'a Am vOi v~t chat khO trong v~t say. Co sau dang duong cong t6c d¢
say (J giai doan thu hai (hlnh 2-3 va 2-4).
'Duong 1 img vOi s~y giay va cactong rnong, th~ hien sI! giam
tuyen tfnh ella toe dQ say vao ham fun II. DUOng2 cong sang trait n6
giong vOi qua trinh sliy hang det (viti, quan ao, ...), da, ml soi, rni 6ng,
v,v, Duong 3 tmg voi qua trmh say v~t lieu co tfnh xop. Duong 4 gay
khuc t~i B' c6 ham 3m Us' goi 1a
ham lim tm h~ thu hai (1m h~n thu
nhat 1a lie)' DlIang flay ling vcri qua tnnh s!y cat, pMn ho~c v~t kh.k
tUC1i1g tI,r. DuOng 5 U'ng'vOisay banh mL DuOng 6 it g~p.

39
 du
dr

A A
,
5
3
"<: "<:

u u
tic 118 ~ £I" l{ 11,8' U8 UJ

Hlnh 2·3. cae d/!ng tIt.Ji1ngcong Hinh 2-4. Cae dwng eong ph(Jc t~p
toe tIf? say cUa toe d¢ say.
Du(mg cong s~y (hinh 2-2) va de dui'tng cong tnc dO sl{y (hlnh
2-3 va 2-4) giup ta tfnh toan thi~t k~ h~ thong say. Chung xac dinh d~c
tinh qua trinh, dong h9C tach oim. thai gian say. Cling qua d6 chang' ta
biet duqc eau tnic cua v~t say. s~ lien ket ~m voi v~t chat khO (rang v~t
say.
Ole dUO'ng cong say (hlnh 2-2) va
duong cong t6e dQ say (hinh
.4-3) duqc xay dung blng thuc nghiem d6i vOi mot Ioai san pharo nao
46. cae duoog cong tren cilng c6 the bieu di~n bang cac phuong trinh
:g~n dung. D6i vOi ducmg cong t6c dQ s1l'ygifra hai giai doan c6 phuong
trinh rieng.
Trong giai doan say th(r nh:l't, do t6c dQ say 13.bang s6 N nen ta
d~ dang l~p phuong trmh sau:
du
- -- = N = canst (2-16)
dr
,D:l'u trir th~ hien stJ giarn dan cua ham am u theo thei gian say.
Neu xern thm gian nung nong v~t say la rat ngjin so v6i thOi gian
ella giai doan say th(r nhal va tfch phan phuong trinh (2-16) Itt

40
r = () d~n r, ta co:
lid - 11 = N. t (2-17)
trong do:
(2-18)
Phuong trinh (2-17) III phirong trmh doan thrOng cong t6c d(>s~y
i'1 giai doan ihrr nh(\t .
Toe dQ si'ly N bang lang ella g6t: nghieng uUOng cong say (hinh
2-2) thirc nghicm cho loai V~l s:~y cu th~ nail Ut1.Khi khong t:(, soli¢u
ihuc nghiern thi N C() Ih~ tinh nhu sau:
VI trong giai doan th(r nhal, nhiet hrong III tac nhan say truyen
cho vat say dung hang nhiet IU<Jngcap cho hrong ~m bay hoi. nhiet d¢
V<}.I say khong dt~i nen t a L~6:
q :;::p".R,..r <Iii = p~.R,..r.N (2-19)
dt :
trong d6:

N=-..!..q- (2-20)
P• .I( ..r

vi q = (1m .r ncn:
N=~ (2-21)
p~.R,
Phuong trinh dutmg cong say co dang:
q",
If = Ji,I- --.r (2-22)
p".R -,
qm Iii mat ti(>dong hoi ntl(;rc tir bt m(lt v~t say toa vao lac nhan
say hay con goi la cuong d¢ say. Quan he giua ham am
va wang dQ
say a
thi hien phuong Trinh sau:

41
 du '
Qlll=Po·R,,- (2-23)
dr
Cuong d<) say qUI In ktl qua cua qua trinh truyen nhiet va tryuen
Am gura lac nhan s~y va v~rsay, no phu thuoc vao be m~t v~t say, phu
thuoc vao nhiet d¢ I, dO am luang d6i (/)1> toe dt? w, cua (lie nhan say.

dtl
dT dv
~ 8 liT
r--
/1 .2
Y1/'I
I .3
I
I
I I I
I
J ~ , 1<:
I
I
I
II I
I
''1' I
0
tt lis, Ii Us u
0) b)

all
aT ~r-!5_8_-.-

O'--"--LL----L.- __ HInh 2-5. Phuong phfJp do th!

lie U8=lIS1 t1 X8c trmh ham am giJ a.inh
c) cOO; giai do;}n sly !hI! nMt.

42
 Viec xay dung phuong' trinh cho doan duong cong t6c d¢ s~y a
giai doan say thu hai la. nrong d6i kh6 khan. C6 nhieu hQCgiA Slr dung
phuong phap v~t 19 de khai quat thanh cac phuong trinh thuc nghiem
hoac ban th,!c nghiem ill m91 va; s6 lieu thirc nghiern. Sau day Hi
phuong phap cua Fisher.

Fisher thay duong cong bang doan th~ng sao cho it sal so. (hlnh
2-5).
Nhu v~y cac duong cong dang 2. 3, 5 eta dU<:1c thay bang cac
doan Ihang urong irng c() gl~ nghieng V"khac nhau. la
Do each thay nhir tren nen diem B da lfa thanh di~m gia dinh B1
co ham elm la (tBl' Khi ~y phirong trlnh duong t6c dQ say giai doan a
hai co dang sau:

- ~~ = K (II - uJ (2-24)

Tfch phan phuong trlnh (2-24) ta c6:

u - u .
In = B, < =K.r (2-25)
II -II.

trong d6:
Il- lie = (UBI - Ue) exp (-K.1) (2-26)
K Hi h~ s6 sa'y:

K = tg\jl = --- N (2-27)

uB, -uc
K co thi tra tren dO I~ tlurc nghiern,
Trong qua trlnh say, n~u giai doan dau ngan (hI co the 00 qua va
dung duemg cong say ttr diim A (hlnh 2-2). VOi.cung mot loai v~t say
co et¢ am ban dliu nhir nhau duqc say trong cac ch~ dO sa'y khac nhau
thi thu duoc dirong cong sa'y cung dang nhirng mire d¢ cong khac nhau,

43
thai gian say cung dai nga.n khac nhau. Nhu vay chc d¢ say anh huang
rat Ian de'n thoi gian say (hinh 2-6).
Tuy tung loai v~t s1fy rna chon che d~ s~y phil hop thl moi baa
dam chfit luong cua san pham say. Chc d~ stiy d6i luu duqc thi hien a
cac thong so cua tac nhan sl(y (l" ({J" 0\-.). Chang han v(:rithoc e6 d¢ Am
ban dliu WI % cao dcrn say vOi che d9 t, cao, CPtthap, w, 160 se lam gao
mit, thoc gi6ng co dQ nay rnam kern,

_ 7: (fh>

Hinh 2.fi. f)uUng cong say vdi esc eM dq s§y khac nhau
Trang say d6i luu thi nhiet d¢ ella vat say dUQC quyet dinh bCri
nhiet d¢ ciia lac nhan say. Trong qua trmh say, nhiet d¢ cua V~l S:lY
tang nhanh b giai doan dfiu, khong d6i b giai doan th(r nhal, lang dan (j
giai doan thii hai den bang nhiet do rae nhan sAy (doi voi V~( say
mong, che oo say nhe). Doi vcri vat say co kich thuoc 1(1n(hose xep lap
day) thl nhiet dQ be
mat va a tam khac nhau. Nhiet d¢ be mat var say
tang nhanh va bang nhiet d¢ bay hoi cua am (nuoc) lb va bang nhiet d¢

44
bau lim I~l cua tac nhan say.
r.o
tm=/h=lM=tl- -~ (2-28)
a
In, - nhiet do be mat CUll v~t say;
I". r - nhi~1 d(> hay hoi, nhiet hoa hoi ella :lm (nude trong vfll
say);
11,/,,1 - nhiet d¢. nhiet <1<) bau uat cua tac nhan say;
a - h~ s6 tOil nhi9t ttl lac nhan sAy dcn v~t say;
(/'"- ctrong d(> say;
I - nhiet d¢ cua V~l say.
Nhiet d¢ trung blnh giiia b~ mat va tarn v~t say 18.lIb diroc th~
hien (f bal dimg thirc sau:
II > I~I > c;» tn: khi f < t;
lIt> > ton > t:o.l < I, khi t > t;
o giai doan s~y thu nM't (t& dO say khong dOi) ta co hal dang
thue sau:
t, > tM = tm ~ lib •
Trong giai doan s~y thu hai se 13 bl1'tding thuc sau:
t, > i;» 1).1 ~ fIb

Den cuol qua trinh s~y ta eo:

trn =t; =1,
Hlnh 2-7 bieu dien quan he giiia nhiet dQ cua v~t say va ham ~m
trung blnh ella n6 trong su6t qua trinh say. Duong net lien 18.nhiet d¢
~ mat, duang net diit dean 18.nhiet d¢ lam ella V?l say. Diem B la k~l
thtic giai doan say lhu nhat va bill dau g iai doan say lhu hai. Diem 8' la
Ilk nhiet d0 b~ mi;tt va lam v~t say hang nhau. Hlnh 2-7a tIng vai say
vi}.Isay mong va co ngot con hinh 2-7h lIng vOi v~t say day va khong
co ng6t.

45
 rc

1\ I"
1 " I', 8
I ~~
.......
--'""'- r---------------..........
I "-- ...
1
1 I I "
1 I I '\
1
1
I I \
1
I! \
I I I \
LI

0) b)

Hinh 2·7. Cae (/uong wng nhj~1(/9 eua V?l s'§·y.

a) vOi V~l s~y mOng va co ng6t.
b) vd; vf!t say day va kMng co ngbt (klJ6nggkim kich thtftk).

2.4. THClI GIAS SAY

Thm gian say k9 hieu la r, n6 la thong s6 quan trong dd tinh
th_iet ki5h~ thong may say:
(2-29)
f., r~- thoi gian say ella giai dean thtl nhat, giai doan thtl hai.
Thai gian sAy e6 the suy ra HI phuong trlnh dllang cong t6c di?
say a ca hai giai doan, xern phuong trmh (2-19) va (2-2.5).
Ta cling co Ih~ tfnh Ihm gian s~y thco phuong phap eua
A. V.Likov nhir sau:

(2-30)

46
 VOi .v (UBI- IIJ = I va cac dieu kien sau:

ta thu diroc phuong trlnh (2-31):

( 2-31)

trong do:
ham am ella v~t say {J th0i diem M't ky, ham fun dciu.
II, lid' II, -

ham ~rn can bang;

IIBI - ham am
gia dinh cua v~t say (hlnh 2-5);
N - t6c d<) say cua giai doan thu nhat:
.v - h? s6 turing d6i giira h~ s6 slry K va t6c d¢ say N:
K t
.r ;: - = (2-32)
NUB. =u.

ThOi gi an say con e6 th~ tfnh theo phuong phap cua nhieu lac
gia khac nhau, xern tai lieu tharn khao [1].
T61 nhal la veri mOi loai v~t say, ta tien hanh s~y thi nghiem b
ch6 d¢ thfch hop d~ de dinh lhCJigian say, lir do tinh thiet Iceh¢ thong
may say thirc 1ccho san xua't.

47
 Chuong 111

Cong nghe say

Cong nghe noi chung Iii mOl khoa hoc trong san xuar. No bao
gom hang luat qua trinh don gian Vll phirc rap tac dong len nguyen li~ll
han tUtu n~IO do u~ thu duVi.: san pham cuoi cung then )' muon. Lira
chon cong nghc san xlIal tot se thu uU<!Csan ph&m co chat luong cao
va gia thsnh ha.
Cong nghe say Iii qua trlnh Hun giam ~ trong v~t ~m den dQ fun
mong muon. Vat lim tnroc khi dem say thutmg co nguon goe thirc v~t,
dong vat, khoang v~t. San pharn say duqe dem sir dung ngay, dcrn bao
quan hoac rnoi la hanthanh rh~m ella cong nghe nao d6.
Lua chon cong nghe say phai dua tren tinh chat v~t lim tnroc,
trong khi say va san phAm say. D~ lua chon cong nghe say cho mOi
loai san pham ta dua tren nhtmg kinh nghiem lau elm
cua nhan loai
durn sir chi dao ella cac I)! thuyet vd say va nhirng k6t qua thirc
nghiem, nhtrng lien h() khoa hoc ky thuat lien quan den qua trlnh say,

3,1. ~H(~G Ti~H CHAT CONG NGHt CLA cAe SAl'i PH~M
~ .. I'!'-' A'

THl!C PHAM LA DOl TU'O~G SAY

Cac san pham thuc pham co nguon goc th~rc var, dQng v~t hay
khoang v~l. VI vay rnoi loai co nhirng lt~C tfnh ricng. M6i loai cu Ih6
deu Cl) cell: thong so rieng nhu: hoa Iy, elf 19, nhiet v~l ly, dien V~I ly,
hoa hoc, sinh hoc v,v, Chung Ju9'c g(Ji la nhirng tfnh chat cong ngh~
cua v~t li¢u say (v(lt say). Tat ca de tinh chat tren dtu chiu dung cac
sir thay d()i, nM't la thay d6i fun (.hrm I,k dung ella nhiet Irong qua

48
trlnh say. San pham say cang gifr nguyen nhirng tfnh chAt ban dau. hoac
tang cuong tfnh chAt tot nao et6 thi cong nghe say eta lua chon la phil
hop.
Tat ca cac san pham thuc pharn deu co tfnh keo, x6p - mao dan.
Trong qua trinh say, cac san pham thirc ph~m m~l di phan Ian
luong Am (co khi d~n 80'* boac 90%) eua cluing e6 {h~ dan tm lam
giam chat luong. S~rtruyen im, bay hoi Am Ian (t6e et¢ say cao) va
khong dong deu se lam cong venh, nlit vo san phAm. Khi nhiet dO s11'y
qua cao sc lam cho caramcn hoa duOng, sl_Jhoar d¢ng eua cac enzirn
lam toi mau san ph.im. MOi loai san pham deu quy dinh mot nhi~1 dQ
say cao nhcfl goi 1a nhiet dQ say t6i da cho phep (tlllu). Thirong chon
nhiet d¢ vat say trong qua trinh say nho han 1_•.
Say cac loai hat gi6ng can chon nhiet dQ thap, t6c dQ say khong
16n d~ bao \'9 mdm hat. Th6c thirong ph.im cung .khong dlIgc slly b
nhiet di} cao, t6e d(? 16'0,vi nhu vay se lam g~o bj n<itkhi che' bien.
DQ ~m ella san pham s:iy duge quy dinh phl;l thu¢': VElO phirong
phap bao qui,", thm gian bao quan hoac COng.ng~ ch! bien ti!p theo.
MQt s6 san phAro thl_Jcpham dOi hOi dy d€n dQ Am phil hop. Siy kiet
~m se lam cho mot s6 eM! hoat tinh sinh hoc mat kha nang phuc h6i.
Say kiet Am trong say thang hoa lam pha vo toan ven ella .lop phan til
M m~t, dan 1m Hun giarn thOi gian bao quan 00i tac dung cua moi
tnrong.
sty Jc!n Ji} cim con cao hon JI) cim yeu ~auding khong du~.
I)i~u kien C(1 ban de
bao quan san pham s~y trong moi innmg khong
khf la dQ Am cua nO ph8.i thap hen dQ Am can bang phu thuQc vao dQ
~m urong d6i (/)eua kh6ng khi co gia lr! h~n ehe' s'l_JpMt trien cua nam
m6~ hay cae vi sinh \·~t n6i chung. GiOi h~n dum cita dQ Am kh6ng khf
d6i V(1i sl,I' sinh s6i eua cae l0<.:li nhu sau:
Nam moe: rp= 47%
Nam men: (/)= 88%
49
 Thu6e sat trung: ({J = 95'7r:
Cac vi sinh v~t : rp = 6991.
Khi chon u(> 1im ella san pham say cung dn chu 5' den viec han
ch~ toi da hoar d!)ng cua cac enzym lam toi mall san ph~m.
Chat luong ella mot s6 san ph.1rn thuc phdrn con Iii mau sac va
huong V!. Co nhtmg loai sau khi say cang gilt nguyen duoc rnau sac.
huong v! ban ·dau ding tot, song lai 1.:6thti can co mau sac dac tnrng
moi sau khi slry nhu: thu6c la, eli phc, ca cao. Sl! rhay dc5i mau g:in lien
voi W thay d6i hOtt hoc dum tac l
dung keo dai ella nhiet. Nhiet
d9 cao, t()I.: uQ say Ian lam bay
hoi nhieu huong d~e mrng cua l
. p h'am.
san 02

LOI
Tinh chat cong nghe quan
trong khac cua san pharn say III J
su co kfch thuoc. L03

Hinh 3-1 bieu dien sl!

thay ddi kieh thlTOc ella san u8 IJ
phAm s~y trong qua trlnh say. Hlnh 3·1. Cae df!ng 'hay tIo; kfch th~c

Hau he-I cac san pharo tht;rc cUa v~'

dy trong qua ltinhsdy
phAm khi say cO quan h~ giua
kich thuoc I va ham Am u III tuyen tfnh (dlfCmg I). Duong 2 chu ta thay
cac v~t say co klch thua-c ruyen tfnh trong giai doan say. tha nh~t, va
khong co kich thiroc trong giai doan say thtr hai. Duong 3 thi ngiroc lai
so vCfi duong 2.

Bang nhfrng khao sal thuc nghiern, nguoi ta chimg minh duoc su
co kich IhWJC cua V~I say trong qua trinh say 13 tuyen tinh:
1= l,,( I + llt·u) (~-I)
trong do:

50
 l, - kfch thuoc khi ham Am /I = 0, v(1idtrong I va 3 hlnh 3-1 thl ta
co:
/.,\,1,,3 - kfch thuoc that, con lo~ la kfch thuoc c6 dieu kien;
al - h¢ soC(\ kfch thiroc.

.1- -r
a, = -'"_ = _l!!!._ (~-2)
/I I. £II'

y nghia vat 19 cua a,la s~r thay d6i nrong doi ella kfch thu(lc so
"(1i t hay ct6i m<)1 don vi ham am.
Phuong trinh (3-1) phu hop v(n qua trinh say nhe, khi qua rrinh
say vOi cuong 11(>rnanh thl quan h~ giua I = feu) duoc the hien nhu sau:
0-3)
trong do:
11- h~ so phu thuoc vao dang v~( say:
a'l- h~ s6 co kfch thuoc tfnh theo ham Am (rung binh,
St! (hay dOi kich thiroc cua v~t say eo tM tfnh thong qua he s6 co
kfch thuoc luang d6i <5;:

s: __ " -l~
'-'l (3-4)

trong do:
'I
II' f; - kfch thlfOCdai cua v~t .wac va sal! khi s~y.
Quan h~ gilia al va <5; the hicn a quan h~ sau day:
6
al = '-
(III -11:)-0,/11
(3-5)

S~r thay doi kfch thuoc dai ding lam thay d6i (hi tfch cua v~t
say.
F = \".,(I + a_.•1I) (3-6)

51
trong d6:
F.}. th~ uch cua cha't kho tuyet d6i trong v~t say:
a, . h~ s6 co the tfch:
1 elF
a,. = _._ (3-7)
\'0 du

Tmmg tv ta c6 h~ s6 co the tich urong d6i 0..:

0, = "I~ I
\11 (3-8)

irong d6:

(3-9)

BAng nhieu s6 lieu thuc nghiem vOi cac loai v~t s~y khac nhau.
ngum ta tlrn diroc quan h~ giii'a al va a; nhu sau:
a,.= 3.a, (3-tO)
Trong tnrong hqp vat s~y c6 kfeh thiroc dang ke va 'm phan b6
khong deu, dllOi tac dung cua tnrong nhi~1 dl) manh Sf! Hun cho san
ph4m s~y bi cong venh, nUt v('Jra, do sV co kich thuoc giea cac vung
trong vat say khac nhau gay ra irng SU~I Ian hon hrc lien k6t cua cac
ph~ tutrong v~t sa:y..
CAn err vao tfnh cha:t cong nghe cua v~t say, ngum ta phan rich
va Iva chon oU9'c phuong thrrc va. cht! ul) s!y to! uu, tfnh ~ lMng s!y
phu hop c6 th~ thu duqc san phdm s~y c6 nang su{t cao, ch't hn;mg t61
va gia thanh ha.

3.2. Lt:A CHO~ PHlfO!"G PHi\P vA CHt f.)() SAY

Khi n6i: che d(> say 16t nhat, phuong pbap say phU hop nhat
trong M thong may say hien dai nha:t, crn dung cho rimg loai sanpharo
say Cl,1 th~. M6i loai V~l say doi hOi phuong phap va che' dQ say rieng.

52
 Can cO' VaG d~c diem cau tao cua V~I say, ch~1luong san pharn
s~y rna chon eh~ de) va phuong phap say tOi uu. can cO'vao nang suat,
hi~u qua kinh te rna la!a chon, thier k! va I.:hetao h~ th6ng say phu hgp.
Chang han d~ thu dircc sua bot gay, ta dung phirong phap sily
phun sua ttic1i da tach bo, D~ s~y cac loai hat co th8 dung nhieu
phuong phap, nhung t6t hem ell 13 trong thap say tulin hoan h~l v v .
H¢ thong may s~y can dap img cac yeu cau sau:
- Dap irng cac thong s6 cua che <19 say yeu cau de thu duqc san
phc1m say nhir y mu6n.
- Co cacchi so kinh Ie ky thuat cao nhir: lieu 16n It
nhien lieu, nang luong dien tren rn6i dan vi san pham hay tren rn6i
kg am bay hoi; nang suar rieng thea dien rich hose the tfeh buong say
phiU Ian; It lao dong phuc v1;I.

- MU'c dO co gim hoa va II! dQng hoa cao.

- Gia thanh ha; lAp d~t; van hanh, sua chua de, luOi tho cao.
- C6 the say mQt vai loai v~t Slly co kfch jhtrdc va tfnh eh(t grut
nhau.

53
 Chuang IV

Say doi luu

S~y dOl luu la dung khong khf nong hoac khoi 10 lam tac nhan
say co nhiet d9. d<j fun, toe dQ (II' (/J,. \1',) phu hop, chuyen d(mg chiiy
trurn len var say lam cho fun (mnrc) trong V~I say hay hoi r6i di thea
rae nhan say. Sau thai gian say nao do ta thu -diroc san ph Am say co dQ
~m thea yeu c~u. Say d6i luu co the thirc hien theo me (gian doan) hay
Hen tuc. Hlnh 4-1 lh~ hien sa dO nguyen 19"say d6i hru bang khong khf
nong. Quat I hut khong khf ngoai traj d~y qua caloriphe 2 d~ ducc
nung nang thanh rae nhan say roi di VI10 buong say 3, chay rrum qua
cac v~t say d?t trong buong, lam lim trong vat say bay hoi rOi cu6n
thea ra ella tM.L
San pMm say co thti lay ra khoi bu6ng say thea me hoac lien tuc
nrong Ung voi nap vao. Caloriphe 2 d6t nong khong khf co th~ la loai
caloriphe dien, caloriphe hoi mroc Y •• v.

Hinh 4·1. Sa d6 h~ thong s5y do; hill.

t-quat, 2· caloriphe, 3·buong say.

54
 Hlnh 4-1 chi la 5<1 d6 nguyen ly s~y d6i hru, kel cau thl!C cua h¢
Ih6ng rft <fadang, phu rhuoc vao rat nhieu yeu t6.

4.1. DAC Ti~H CHUNG vA PHAN LO~I cAe H~ TH6NG

S'AYe61 t.rr
D~ phan loai cac h¢ th6ng say d6i liru nguoi la dua vao nhtrng
yeu t6 sau: che lt~) lam vice. dang nguyen lieu dem say (vat say), kieu
each gia nhiet cho (.k nhan say, dang d6i luu hlc nhan say, chieu
chuycn dong cua t,1I.; nhan say \'a \'~\I say. each <.lieu chinh Iclc nhan
say, sa d6 lam viec ella h~ thong say, cau true buong say hoac ham
say.

4.1.1. Che dq lam vi¢c ella h~ th6ng say d('ji IUlJ

H~ thong say d6i hru co th6 lam vice gian doan theo chu ky hay
lam viec lien rue,
Say gian doan c6 nhimg lIU nhuoc diem nhu sau: don gian, d~
che' tao, d~ van hanh, viec nap nguyen lieu vA lay san pham thea me,
v~t say duoc phan b6 d~u va d~t tinh trong khong gian buong say d~
dang. c6 the say cac nguyen li~u khac nhau, gia thanh ha. Nhiroc diem
Iii nang suat thap, 160 nhieu nang IUQIlg,muc dQ CCI giOi hoa va It! dong
hoa (Mp, qua trmh slfy khong dong deu .
. Sliy thea chu ky III sau m&i khoang thm gian ha.ng nhau se n~p
vao buong say mot lirong vat say nhat dinh, d6ng thoi 13:y ra hrong san
pharn nrong tmg. Chieu chuyen dong cua v~t say va tac nhan say la
ngucc nhau.
Say lien rue ia \'~t say lien tuc nap vao va .san pham say lien rue
Hfy ra khoi buong say. .
Say thea chu ky va lien tuc co nhieu tru di~m nhu nang suat cao.
chat Iuong dong d~u. 16n II nang ltrong, rnrrc dQ co gim hoa va nr dl)ng

55 .
hoa cao, Nhuoc diem la gia. thanh cua h~ thong say cao, nguOi van
hanh phai co trtnh dQ cao han, khong say duqc cac loai v~t say kMc
nhau.

4.1.2. D~ng v~t say

Y~t lieu dem s!l'y co cac dang: hat, manh, la, rm xep 161'; dang
bot; dang kern; dung dich. .
Can ell vao dang v~t say ngum ta Iva chon he thong say phil hop.
V~I say co dang rnanh dinh hlnh, thai nat, cit doan, thuong xep
lap tren cac khay d~t tren cac tling khung co dinh, d~t rren khung treo
di dQng, x~p tren xe gong de say trong bu6ng sify hoac h~ bang
khong khi nong ho~c khoi 10.
V~t say dang h~t hoac gan v6i dang h~t thuong say d6i luu tren
khay cO dinh, tren bang tai, vft Iii, roi tt! do, thung quay, thap tuan
hoan hat, t~ng soi, dong liru dong.
V~I say dang b¢t, har nho lhuang say bang dong luu dQng (v~1
s4'y cung chuyen dong trong 6ng say vCtitac nhan say).
V~t say dang b¢t nhao (kern) duqc say tren khay c6 dinh, tren
bang tii, vft tc\i ,bAng tang co roto canh dao, v~t dem tang soi (dung cac
qua cdu nho cho dfnh bQt nhao r6i say tang soi), tren tang. tren phim.
Dung dich dugc s!l'y phun 13.tOt nhat, cnng co the sa'y bang tang
quay.

4.1.3. Can Ctl WlOap suit trong bu6ng say

Thuong ap dung cho say chan khong nhu say thang hoa chang
han. say chan khong boo dam v~ sinh, nhiet de{ say khong cao, v~t say
khong b~ oxy boa, chat luong san phflm sa'y cao, gia thanb ding cao do
h¢ thong d~t.

.56
4.1.4. Theo each nung n6ng khong khi thanh lac nhan say

~ nung nong khong khf ta c6 nhieu each vo; cac nguon nhi~l
khac nhau nhir: hoi mroc nong I~y tu 10 hoi thong qua caloriphe,
dien, bang hoi d6t, bang dau FO, bang than, cui.
Muon nung nong khong khf len 120"C den 150~Cta co the dung
hoi rnroc nong co ap su~t ttr .3 k'G/cm~ den 7 kG/cm~ (IU 0,3 MPa den
0,7 JVIPa).
Muon co khong khi d~t nhiet d¢ cao han l:'iO°C. nglr?Ji ta dung
caloriphc khi dill, khoi lo. V(ri di~n nang chi non dung trong phong thf
nghiem VI dAl.
Nell v~t sa'y co the true tiep tiep xuc veri khi nong (kh6i 10) thi
nhiet d~ say co the nang len den 800°C hay IOOO°C(say v~t lieu xay
dung).
Khi dung chat long nong de say ngurn ta hay goi la ran hoac
chien thirc ph~m trong dau, rna an duoc.

4.1.5. Can cu V30 chuyen d(mg ella tac nhan say

Nell khong khi nong dOt hru qua v~t s1(y mot each tl;f nhien thi
toe dQ chi dl;\tkhoang 0,7 m/s, khong lip dung may vi thOi gian say Ieee
dai.
De giarn (hOi gian say ta phai tang t6c d¢ tac nhan s!iy bang h~
thong quat Iy tam hay hirong true,
Say nguoc chien rhuong ap dung cho cac v~t say vOl Thanh phdm
khong dLrqccong venh, net va. Tac nhan say chuyen dQng ngugc vOi
dong v~t say.
Say cung chien cting diroc ap dung nhieu trong thuc teo Phuong.
phap nay ~o cuong dC)cao, tho; gian say giarn, san pharo fa khoi ham
d<1nguoi, kinh t€ han, ap dung cho cac san pham knong eM de
y t61
cong venh, mrt va.

57
4.1.6. Can cu theo sa do lam vlec
Theo so do lam viec cua h~ thong say ta co: say khong h6i liru,
h6i hru mQI phan hay loan b<) khf thai, say c6 gia nhiet b6 sung tac
nhan say, dy co di~u chinh nhiet d~ lac nhan say.

4.1. 7. CAn c(t vao cau true buopg say

Tlr du true buong say fa c6: IU say, buong slfy. h~m say c6 xe
treo hoac xe goong, say bang tai, viI (ai, thung quay, say 6ng thuy lire,
say phun, say tang soi, say thang hoa, say rang, say ran, sfly chien.

4.2. Tj~H TOAN H~ THONG SAY DOl LVU

4.2.1. Phuong phap tao dung h~ thong say

De tao dung dircc h~ thong say phu hop, ta phai dua vao nil
nhieu yeu t6 nhu V~I say, rae nhan say, nang suat va chat hrong san
pham say, cau true h~ thOng say, che dQ say, phuong phap van chuyen
v~t say trong buong say. ngu6n nang hrong cap cho h¢ thong say, rmrc
dQ CC1 gioi hoa va tv dong hoa v.v.
Can cd vao cac so lieu da coo ta tien hanh cac buoc nhu sau:
a) Lira chon kieu va S<1 dO h~ th6ng say
b) Tinh thi~t k! buong say:
- Xac dinh kh6i luong mroc bay hoi til' v~t say thea nang suat dii
cho.
- Tfnh kich thuac bu6ng (h!m) say bao gom: dai, rOng, cao va
v~t lieu cau tao nen bu6ng say_
- Tinh khoi lirong lac nhan can thiet phai chay qua buong say.
- Tfnh tdn tMt nhier,
- Xac dinh qua trtnh say thuc t! tren do till I-d cua khong khi.
- Tinh nhier hrong tieu 16n cho qua trinh say.

58
 c) Chon mua hoac thi~t ke ch€ tao caloriphe
d) Xac d!nh klch thuoc cua cac tuyen ong dan Ilk nhan say, X3e
dinh tdng t6n lh:lt tro luc duong ong.
e) Chon mua hoac thiet ke che' tao quat, chon d(mg co co cong
su1ft va Yang quay phu hop. .
g) Tfnh ket cau chiu luc cho buong hoac loan b~ he Ih6ng say.
h) Tinh he thong van chuyen g6m: dua vat say vao buong say,
van chuycn Vc~l say rrong buong say va let)' san pham.
i) Xclc dinh cac chi lieu nans lucms
• .... • t:.:
\'a vat ur iicu hao tren m()i
•

kg san pharn hay tren mot kg Am bay hoi.

4.2.2. Tinh hrong am bay hoi

Sau khi say lhl kh6i hreng cua V~! say giarn di. Ntu xcrn khoi
IUQI1gchat kho tuyet doi trong V~I say la khong d6i thi phan kh6i
luong giarn di cua vat sty dung bang IUQI1gruroc dll bay hoi la flU:
(4-1)
trong do:
mi. 11l= - khoi hrong cua v~{ say tnroc va sau khi slfy:

(4-2)
mo - kh6i Juqng ehlft kho;
W1,W! - d¢ Am eua v~t slfy tnroc, sau khi say.
trong do:
/111 ) - w2
-=--
1tI. i- WI

Khdi Iuong nil'm~ cling co th~ tfnh duqc thong qua ham am cua
V~I say truck va sau khi sify 13.Ltl, u~:

59
 1111 = 1110 (1 + til)
1111=1110(1 +tI~) (4-3)
trong d6:
1111 1 + III
-=--
IIll 1+111

Tir cong thtrc (4-1) ta thu duoc:

til, III
t1U = mJI--~)= m~(-I-I) (4-4)
III I /}/~

Thay cac gia IIi 1111, ml IU (4-2), (4-3) vao (4-4) ta c6:

(4-5)

U III - liz III - 112

t1 := fill = III 1 __:__--=- (4-6)
1+111 1+1I:

Khoi luong cua vat s~y rnroc va sau khi say duoc tfnh nhu sau:

1-\1', 1+111
11/1 =1112--- =111,-- (4-7)
l-l\'1 -1+111
l-w I+u
1111=1111-_1 =1111--2 (4-8)
1-1-1'2 1+111

III~ cling chinh la khoi luong san phdrn say.

Kh6i luong 1111> Ill! diroc tfnh thea cong thuc (4-7) va (4-8) v<1i
dieu kien 1110 = const.
Trong thuc te qua trtnh say co tdn that vat chat kho tuyet dOi
trong san phAro say. LIl9l1g tdn th~l chat kho phu thuoc vao san pharo
say (c6 de bi cuon thea tac nhan say hay khong), phu thul)c ch€ dl)
say, h~ thong say, Neu tfnh den tdn that tht In\, In! dllqc tinh nhu sau:

60
 111: 'l1-'1'1':
1+ II,
1- WI 'J' ={ml ( ----
={ml __
1+",
')

trong d6
;- h~ s6 ((in th,n kh(), gia tri ella no phiii Ian bon 0,95.

4.2_3_ Xac dinh cac kith thmrc co ban cua blu:.ng say

K{Ch thuoc rong, cao, dai cua buong say phu rhuec vao kfch c(j
cua v~t say, thOi gian say va nang suat cua buong say cung nhu kfch
thuac cua phuong tien mang v~r say (phuong tien van chuyen). V~I say
va phuong tien mang n6 dugc s~p x.ep trong buong say sao coo lac
nhan say chay trurn deu len rnoi v~t s:lYtrong khap khong gian cua
buong say. Co nhu v~y mdi bao dam su d6ng deu cua san pharn say.
Kh6i hrong 111 caa v~t say co trong bu6ng say dlIgc tfnh theo
phirong trtnh (4-9).
ml+m,
m= -r (4-9)
2
r - Iha; gian say.
V(1ibu6ng say gian dean Ihl cac kfch thiroc ciia n6 duoc tinh chi
phu thuQc vao kh6i hrong lUI cua m¢1 me va kfch thU<1C he? phan xep
V~I say.
Neu buong say lam viec lien tuc, V~I say dugc sap xt!p tren xe
gong thl so
xe goong dugc linh nhu s~u:
111,
z=- (4-10)
m
trong d6:

61
 z - s6 xc vao hoac ra khoi bu6ng say trong m6i gio;
Ill, - kh6i lireng v~t SAy dua vao buong say mOi gio, kg/h;
III. - kh6i hrong V~l say xep tren m6i xe, kg/xe.
S6 xe gong (hoac xc treo) t6n tai trong buong say Iii II:
II =z.i(chi~c) (4-11)
trong do:
r - IhCri gian say, gib (h).
Nhu \'(Iy kfch thu(l.,; buong say phu IhuQC vao kich IhuGe xe
goong, sci luong xc (II I;\'y s6 chifn).
Truong hop say bang tai thl chieu dill bang Lb dUQC tfnh nhir sau:
III
Lb= -r, (m) (4-12)
111."

trong do:
III - nang sua,say, kg/h;
fJlb - khoi lirong Y~l say. m~p rren m6i mel bang, kg/m;

r - IhOi gian sfiy, h.

T6c dQ bang rai la Hll: dul,.1ctinh nhu sau:
, I,,,
~\lb= -, rn/h (4-1:\)
r
T6c dQ WI) duqc dung d~ tfnh bQ truyen dong.
D6i voi cac may say tang quay, say phun, say thap lam vice lien
tuc thl elk kfch thuClc cua chung du<?,cxac dinh tren C<1 s6 khOi luong
Am bayhoi tren mQt mel kh6i dung tfch hay tren mQI met vuong ella
buong say If! Av va AF trong m6i giay:
.&1 J
A, = T 'kg/m .s (4-14)

.t1U ,
Af = -. kglm-.s (4-15)
F

62
trong d6:
F - dung rich bu6ng say, m';
F - h~ m~t lam viec eua buong say, rrr';
M/ - hrong am
(ruroc) bay hoi, kg/so
Cac gia tri ella A\·, AF lily tir thuc nghiem d6i vOi v*! slry cu the
va che d¢ say phu hop, hoac lay thea gia IIi cua Ioai v~t say gdn giong
nhau du ~(j ihuc nghiern.

4.2.4. Tinh htc!ng kh6ng khi can thiet cho qua trmh say

Dti xac dinh GUllc luong khong khi dn Ihier cho mot qua trinh
s~y d6i hru nguoi ta thief l~p phuong trtnh can bang v~t chat cho
buong say (hlnh 4-))
(4-16)
trong d6:
kh6i luong cua v~t say di vao, va san phsm say di ra;
111i, 1112 -

WI' wl- dQ Am ella v~t

say, san pharo say;
d, d~- ham am cira kh6ng khf vao, ra;
Gi, G1- khoi hrong khong khf vao, ra.
Tir dang thtrc (4-16) ta eo:
Ill, "'1- In: w~= Gld~- G, d, (4-17)
Neu 00 qua t<Soth~t khong khf tai buong say ta c6:
G. =G:=Go=G
han nira: 1111WI - m: 11': = t:J.U
Thay cac gia Iii tren vao (4-17) ta co:
G(d:_-d1)=MI (4-1 R)

L1U
hay: G=--- (4-19)
d1-dl
Dern chia G cho Mt ta thu diroc luong khong khf kho can coo
63
mOi kg am bay hoi khoi v~t si1'y:
•
G'=£;:: I (4-20)
t1U d, -dJ

G' goi la hrong khong khi kho tieu ton rieng de lam bay h<1i m¢t
kg nUGC (kg.K.K/kg.cim bay hoi).
Khong khf di qua caloriphc, ham Am cira n6 khong thay dOi:

(;'=--- (4-21 )
d : - cil)

Tu phuong trinh (4-21) ta th~y. G' phu thucc vao gia tri cua ham
dm tnroc caloriphe va sau bu6ng sa'y. d, dugc xac dinh phl;! thuoc vao
12 va 'P1 sao cho san ph~ sa'y dar dQ Am yeu cau va khong VUQ1 qua
nhiet dQ cho phep. Nhu vay G' chu y!u phu thu(>c vao do. Neu d" co gia
tri 100 thl lueng khong khf G' 100 len va nguoc lai.
Nhtrng vung e6 khi h~u nong am
thl G' IOn.
Go la kh6i luong khong khf rna quat phai hdt va dliy qua
caloriphe vao bu6ng say (hlnh 4 - 1). Til Go ta rinh duqe tM tich \'0:
v o =.s_ (4-22)
Po
p; - khoi hrong rieng ella khong khi ngoai troi;
G" = G - ven qua trinh sll'y khong hOi hru khf thai.
Tnrong hop quat d~t sau caloriphe lbl n6 phai hut the tfeh til
F 1 > \!" vl nhiet de?lang Jam kh6i luong rieng giarn.

4.2.5. Tinh toan nhiet h~ thong. say

Dt tfnh loan nhiet

h~ thong say d6i luu ta d~a vao cac phuong
trinh can bang nang lirong. Nhu v~y voi qua trinh sa'y trong h~ thong
slly xac dinh thi tOng nhiet IUQl1g mang vao bang tdog nhiet luong

64
mang ra (hlnh 4-2) ..

I,;'
0-,
,
, .._,
Qk .....~

G,l;,
A

3.
t::'"
Hinh 4· 2.So do can bang nhi(lll~ng cho h~ thOngsKy dO;tuu bllng
khOng khi kIlO nong.
t-quat: 2-caloriphe; 3-bu6ng say

Ttr hinh 4-2 ta thiet lap duoc prurong tOM can bang nhiet sau
day:
G./o+QK+I1IIC1LI+m'l"ll+Qb=G.i;+QT+m!Cl1+m':;C:.t'1 (4-23)
trong do:
G.(,- nhiet luong do khong khf mang vao;
QK - nhiet IU<Jl1g do caloriphe cap;
mlClt, - nhiet lUQIlg do vat sa:y Am rnang VIlO;
m'\C'Jt'J - nhiet luong do phirong ti~n v~n chuyen mang vao;
Qb - nhiet hrong b\) sung (neu co):
G.!;- nhiet hrong khi thai mang ra;
1J11C:I:; - nhiet hrong do san pharn mang ra;

Qr - nhiet hrong tOn thal qua vach buong s~y;

m'lC':;!': - nhiet IUQJ1gdo phirong tien v~n chuyen rnang ra
(m'l ;: m', ("1 5: ("1)-

Nhi~t luong do V~l say am mang vao cling c6 th~ tinh thong theo
phuong trinh (4-24) sau:

65
 (4-24)
trong d6:
tJ.U - IUQT1gnuoc co trong fill se bay hoi khi s~y;
C, - nhiet dung rieng ella mroc
Til' (4-23) va(4-24) ta thu du<;IC(4-25):
QK=G(/~-ID)+m~C~(l
~-tI)+111' 1~'I(t'2-t'I}+QrQb-Cu/).Ull (4·25)
Dem chia hai ve ella (4-25) cho 6(J ta c6 qK Hi nang luong can
cung cho h~ thong slfy d6i luu tinh rren m¢t kg Am bay hoi:
r-» III~C~ /11', (", , I C
qy. =u (/: -/(')+---;;u(l~ -tl)+--;;u(l: -tl )+qT -q~ - r,l,

(4-26)
Ta d~t:

trong d6:
=
Eq q\"s + q.; + qr
qK= G'(l~- 10)- /). (4-29)
/).= qb + Cntl- !:.q (4-30)
. Khi tfnh can bang nhiet cho rieng caloriphe (xem nhu khong c6
t5n tM! nhiet) ta co:
qK = G(ll - fo)
QK = G(I, - 10) } (4-31)

Tbay qK tir (4-31) vao (4-29) ta c6:

66
 G(J~-I)) = fl (4-32)
.1
12 = II + G' (4-33)

Phuong trlnh (4-3~) bieu hien sl! thay <l5i entanpi cua tac nhan
s~y khi di qua buong say. Tir (4-33) va (4-21) ta co:

': -I) =L1 (4-34)

(/.1-do

Khi ~ > () thl lin + C''/I > 'f.q, nghia 13 eruanpi cua tac nhan say
lang khi say~kill ~ < 0 rhl ngiroc lai. Trong qua trinh say Ihl!C Ie
thuong 1Ii b:. < 0 VI khong cap nhiet b6 sung (qb = 0) con C of I I,;hAcchin
nho hem "Lq (Cntl < Lq).
Khi l/b + Cnll = rq co nghia Iii b:. :. 0 va 12 = ii, do chfnh la qua
trlnh say Iy thuyei.

r:'-I

Hlnh 4-3. Bieu dien qua trinh sdy oof tuu

bang kh6ng khi khOn6ng va; d < 0

67
 Di~m A (t", 10' do. 'Po)xac dinh trang tMj khong khi
ngoai troi, Diem B (1.. II' d; = d, 11',) 13 trang thai khong khf sau
caloriphe va truce buong say.
Diem e
(l~, I;. d., 'P~) la irang thai rae nhan 'say (khong khi) sau
buong say. Mu6n dung diroc duong Be ta phai xac djnh cac tOn th~l
nhiet, chinh 1ft nham xac dinh !lltf dieu kien (4-~0).

4.2.6. Tinh b6 sung nhiet bu tOn that

Trong qua trmh say, tfurc Ie hao giu cling co 16n that ncn I<k
nhan ph:~;tiuqc d6t nong h6 sung, d6 tu qua trinh say ly Ihuy~t B' - e
thanh qua trinh say thirc Ie III B - C (hlnh 4-3). De dL!J1gdu<;fCduang
say thirc te B - C ta phai tfnh gia Iii I::J. rir phirong trinh (4-30). Tir (4-
30) ta tfnh cac dai hrong: q; (06u co); C i h Lq sau do xac dinh duoc fl.
Neu khong co (Ib tlii ta tfnh Culf va "f.q r6i tfnh n. Ta d~ dang tfnh duoc
Cnll, con Lq tfnh nhu sau:

(4·35)
trong d6:
q;.., q,.C' qT - nhiet hrong ton that do v~t say, phirong tien van
chuyen mang ra. t6n that qua bao che (nen, luang,
tran va cira) budng say Ifnh tren mOi leg Am bay
hoi:
_ m:e~(t: -11)
q" - I::J.U (4-36)

AU - hrong ~m bay hoi IU V~I say (xern rnuc 4.2.2);

111:, C~- kh6i luong, nhiet dung rieng cua san pham s§y~
11' t~ - nhiet d¢ cua v*t say Iuc vao, ra khoi buong say;
qvc - nhiet Iuong 16n that do phuong tien v~ chuyen mang ra
khoi buong say.

68
 Do phuong li¢n v~n chuyen khong thay d6i kh6i lirong nen:

t: )
q vc = In' C' (6(1
I I
l~-
- I (4 ~7)
--

C'l' 111\ - nhiet dung rieng, kh6i luong ciia phuong tien van
chuyen hie vao buong say;
I'" I'~ - nhiet d¢ CUOt, (tall ciia phuong ricn van chuyen;
+ qr"
flr= qT' (4-38)
q'T - nhiet hrong tOn th,lt do truyen nhict qua bao che;
q"; - nhiet Itn.1ngIdn thai do cira h! hb:

qT
I
= "'i.K,F,6
6(1
tbl (4-39)

K, - M so trao dOi nhiet giira tac nhan say chay ben trong va
khong khl ben ngoai be mat truyen nhiet tM i (nen, luang,
tran) bu6ng say:
F,.- be mat cua nen, nrong, trdn buong say;
~bt - hieu nhiet dQ trung binh gifIa ben trong va ngoai ~ mat
truyen nhiet thu i.
Neu be mat truyen nhiet Hi phang thl K, se la:
1
,K. (4-40)

trong d6:
ai' a2 - he so loa nhiet ben trong, ben ngoai b~ m~t truyen nhiet;
b; - dQ day cua tirng lOp cau tao nen be mat truyen nhiet;
Al - h~ so dftn nhier cua moi lap.
a" ~ ph", thuoc vao nhieu yeu t6 nhu: t6c dQ cua tac nMn say,
toe dQ cua khong khi ben ngoai, cau tao cua be m~t. vi in
ciia be mat toa nhiet (nam ngang, thing dtrng).
Trong cac bu6ng say doi hru, khi van t6c ctia tac nhan scfy 100

69
han 1mis, nhiet dQ It = 70°C - 90"C th] co thci liiy:
al = (8 - 12) , W/m~_uK
Khi buong say cl~t trong nha thl:
~ = (7 - to,5), W/ml.0K
Khi buong s~y d~t ch8 tr6ng co gio thOi vOi v~n t6c Ian han
2m/s thl:
~ = 24 , W/m~.oK
Khi van toe khong khf manh hon Ihi a: se c6 gia rri 1611hon (It
khi gap), Gia tri ella K, tfnh Ilr (4-40) phai nho sao cho vita kinh Ie khi
k!t du bao che vira khong dong strong len mat trong urong; va nhi?t
dQ mat ngoai nrong, tran khong Ian hem +40°C de
dam baa an roan lao
dQng.
Ta co th~ tinh nhiet dy ella mat trong 1m.. va mat ngoai lm.n nhu
sau:

Im.t = lb K ,b
1, - -(t, - tx. )
al
} (-4-H)

trong d6:
IK - nhiet d¢ khong khf ngoai troi (hoac trong nha eo mai chc,
nrong bao);
t:
b _ nhiet d¢ trung blnh ella lac nhan sa-yo

Ta co lh~ chon tnroc K, = 0,9 -:- 1,75 W/m2_oK d~ tfnh each nhi~
cho wang nen, tr~ buong say, sau do chon each nhiet thee dQ day tieu
chuan cua v~t lieu each nhiet r6i tfnh lai K,.
~('.blhieu nhier d¢ trung binh giua tac nhan slfy va khong khi
-

ben ngoai thuoc ~ m~t truyen nhier thu i:

70
 A.
til,.bt = t,,I. - EK (4-42)

Truong hqp Mm s~y c6 nen d~t rnrc tiep tren n~n dD:tcira nha
xUOng thi tOn tMI nhi~t 11Igngphu thuoc vao nhiet dc) trong buong say
va khoang each tir buong say c.1t!nbe m~( nrong ngoai ciia nha.
Q. = qn.F'J> (W) (4-43)
trong do:
QI1 - nhiet hrong reSnthat qua n~n cua ham say;
(/" . nhiet IOn that rieng ella nen ham s~y. tra bang 4-1, W/m~;
F" - dien rich nenh~ say, nr'.
Tu Qo ta chia cho flU r6i cong voi cac tdn that nhiet qua luang,
tran tlnh tir cong thrrc (4-39) ta se co nhi~1tOn th~t qua bao che cua
buong say.

Bang 4·1. T6n mal nhiet ella nen

NhiAt do trong buong say, °C
x,m 20 40 60 80 100 150 250
u, 22,0 35,0 48,5 61,9 74,5 107,1 173,0

r-L 17,9 27,8 39,1 49,3 59,5 86.2 137,5

u, qn 16,1 24,5 34,4 43,0 52.4 76,1 121.1
31,9 40,1 690
rL 15.2 23,4 48,1 110.2
5 15,1 228 310 385 45,6 668 1043
"Kfli x >~m Ihl vAn lay cac gia ttl nnu x =S m.
q:r dugc tinh tuy thu¢<: vao dQ ha cua cira buong s~y va lip sua:t
trong bu6ng say (neu (Pt < Pa) thi khong khf ehui V!lO; P, > P, thl tac
nhan say tran ra ngoai).

}
" GK,CKt:J
q T= AU (4-44)
" G,C,/)J
q T= AU

71
 GK• G,- khOi hrong khong khi chui vao, tac nhan chui fa;
CK, Ct - nhiet dung rieng cua khong khi ngoai rroi, ella tac nhan
s~y;
L1t - chenh 19Chnhiet dQ giua tac nhan say va khong khi ngoai
tr(ri.
Tfnh chinh xac GK hay G, ~akho, vi v~y ta co the I~y G, = G" =
15 m3/h. 1m doang voi cl'ra bit kin telt. Neu doang bit kin kern thi lay
=
GK = G, 40 m3/m.h.
Trang tnrong hop buong say eo dang htnh tru (say tang quay)
hoac hinh cau lhl khi Ifnh K, phiti dung cong thuc pnu hop vOi timg
loai.
Sau khi xac dinh ducc 11ta xay dung dugc qua trinh say thuc t6
tren d6 t~ trang thai ella khong khf (i - d). Sau d6 xac dinh hrong
khong khi (rae nhan say) va nhiet hrong can cho qua trlnh say.

4.2.7. Xac tf,nh luong nhi~t va khong khi tieu ton rieng trong qua
trmh say

Nhiet luong tieu t6n rieng duqc tfnh thea di~u kien (4-31).
Luong khong khf tieu t6n rieng duoc tinh theo dieu kien (4-21).
Trong qua trinh s~y d6i luu bang khong khf nong, trang thai cua
khong khf ngoai trOi (rnroc caloriphe) eo anh huang Ian d!n hrong
khong khi va nhiet )ugng tieu t6n rieng cho robi kg fun bay hoi khoi
v~t say. Trang thai ella khong khf phu thuoc vao vung dja ly, vung khf
hau; khac nhau thee mila, ban ngay va ban demo Tu dec H3i van tra fa
Bae, ta chon cac thong s6 ella khong khf tnroc caloriphe thea nhiet d¢
trung blnh mua dong hoac nhiet d(} trung blnh cua mua he. Til' Da
Nang (fa vao cac cao nguyen Trung BQta chon cac thong s6 cua khong
khf thea nhiet dQ trung binh trong nam.
Trong qua trinh s~y d6i hru bang khong khi kho nong, thuong
ph3.i·can elI VElO tfnh chat cua v~t say, yeu cau cua san pham slfy rna

72
chon nhiet dQ va dQ Am (t!, 'Pi) cua tac nhan hie rai bu6ng say, hoac
chon nhiet dl) d~u (t I) va mot trong hai thong s6 cuoi (t2 hoac qJl)'
Vice xac dinh cac thong so cua rae nhan say co the thuc hien
theo phuong phap phan tfch hay d6 thi.
a) Phuong phdp phon tich .
Cac thong s6 cho tnroc ta
CPo. I:, (/J; (hmh 4-3) ci(n tim A. G',
In,
qK,. va II' DJ tfnh du<:1Ccac dai hrong tren truce het ta xac dinh ham im
do. d-;

) (4- 45)

trong do:
P - lip sual cua khong khi ngoai troi;
Ph.2 - ap suat rieng ciia hoi mroc.
I
G'=--- (4-46)
d2 -do
Entanpi cua khong kill ngoai trm va sau buong say Iii. I., va I:
duoc tfnh nhu sau:

I; = I. + (2500 + 1,86 to) do

I~ = t~ + (2500 + 1,86 [2) d: } (4-47)

Sau khi tfnh dugc 6 (xem muc 4.2.5 va 4.2.6) ta tfnh dugc qK,:
(4-48)
Giai h¢ phirong trinh sau day se tim dugc nhiet d('i cua khong khi
sau. caloriphe Hi t.:
a« = c (I, -fo)
/1 = I, + (2500 + 1,86/1) d,
} (4-49)

73
 qK
I,::: I + to (4-50)
G (1 + 1,86.d())
Caloriphe phai nung nang khong khf III nhiet dQ to thanh II de n6
tra thanh tac nhan say,
Tnrong hop bi€t tnroc '", (/)0' (1) ta phii xac dinh G, ql(, 'Pl.
Xac dinh zl urong t~(nhu tren ..
Trong qua trinh nung nong khong khf bang caloriphe thl ham am
ella no khong dcii:
d, ::: d, (phuong trlnh 4-45)
Entanpi ella khong khf tnroc va sau caloriphe tinh tll (4-49) va
(4-47):
Giai h¢ phuong trlnh sau se tfnh duqc d-:
G(d1 do}::: 1
-

G'(I! - 't) :::!l

} (4-51)

_ -II + Mo
11
d1 - (4-52)
z - 2500 -1.86t:
d, p
~= w (4-53)
- 0.622 + d1 ~1.2

Cac gia tri G', q« tinh III(4-46) va (4-49),

b) Phuong pll(lp do thi
Day la phuong phap X8C d!nh de thong s6 trang thai cua tac
nhan sa'y, dung dU<mg say thirc t€ tren d6 thi I - d cua khong khi..
Qua trinh say ly thuyet vm entanpi cua lac nhan dy la hAng, con
qua trtnh say thuc te thl n6 thay d6i:
Ll·
I2 -I-- (4-54)
1- G'

74
 VOi cac gia IIi to. (/Jo. (z, (/J: ta d~ dang xac dinh diroc diem
A (10)' (/)0) va C (ll. fP!) (hlnh 4 - 4 va 4 - 5). Tu diem A va C ta xac dinh
dU<Jedo)va d.. Ke dlcang CD vuong goc v6'i duang d; = const, ta e6:
(4-55)

trong d6:
Md - ty l~ xfch ella ham Am khi dung do thi I-d.
Ta de dang xac dinh dU'qc GO:

G'::;: 1 ::;: I (4-56)

d~ - du CD.M,,!

Tuy thuoc vao dau cua !l rna ta ke doan CC' len tren hay xu6ng
diroi sao cho:

CC'.M, = ~ (4-57)
G'
Mo - ty I? xich cua 1
entanpi.

N~u !l > 0 thl ke CC'

xuong dU'Oi. vl I~ > II' Nguoc
lai !l < 0 thl ke CC' len tren VI
12 < II' Ti'l diem C ta ke dU'O'ng
I! ::.const va tu C' dung duong
=
1\ const.
d
Diem cAt
nhau giua
duong 11 = eonst va dirong do =
const Hi diem B La di~m dn Hinh 4-4. Qua tlinh sdy Iy thuyst B·C

tim. Doan BC bi6u dicn qua trinh say thuc te. Doan AB la qua trinh
nung n6ng khong khi bang caloriphe.
(4-58)
Gia tri II - If) Iii hrong nhiet can thie, de nung nong 1 kg khong

75
khf IU diem A len diem I
B.
Nhiet luong rna
caloriphe can cap cho G'
kg va G kg khong khf la
e« va QK:
qlf., :;; G'(I; - I,,)
Q" = GUI -/0) (4-59)

Trong tnrong hop

cho tnroc cac s6 lieu t;
(/Jo. 1I, t z va .6. ta dung
duang say Ih~e tc nhu
oJ
d
sau (hlnh 4-5b).
Ta xac dinh diem I
A(lo,(/Jo) va diem B(ll,do)
VI qua trinh nung nang
khong khf ttl to len l\ thi
do = canst = d.. Ta ke
duang ham am khong
d6i vm gia tri bat
ky nhung 100 hem do
((l, :;;::canst> do). Duong
d= canst car duong 1\ =,
const ke qua diem B tai
d
di€m e. TiT diem e ef ke c4-d, ~,.c{
vuong goc voi do = const. bJ
Hinh 4-$. Qua lrinh sly Ihf,ICu
Tir do ta xac dinh ,dugc
a) Cho fMC (film Alto. 'flo) va C(t1.'fJ1);
G":
'b) Coo IMC dilm Arlo, <pol va t1• 12>a
 G"- 1 _ 1

I - II
- d-do
!!.
-

-
= Go = Ee.M
ef·Md

1
} (4-60)

hay:
, Ee
G(I-I1)=-=-I1I,... =..1 (4-61)
ef
trong d6:
MI
m =-
M Md
Til (4-61) ta co:
- - ..1
Ee=e!- (4-62)
mM
Diem E{l, d) chinh la diem nam rren duang say thuc t~. Nhu vay
ta ke duang th!ng t~ B qua E keo dai cit dUOng t2 tai C, BC IS. qua
trinh say thirc te'. Tit day ta se xac dinh dUQc d2 = d., sau d6 tfnh dUQc
G' va G, qK, QK,.
Doan eE len tren khi fj. > 0 viI> II va eE xu6ng dum khi I:l < O.

4.2.8. Cac sa d6 Jam vi~ cua h~ thong say d6i hru

Trong say d6i luu, tac nhan say chi dUQC dung met 14n goi sa la
s1£ykhong h6i luu tac nhan say (hinh 4-2). Neu tai sit dung Lac nhan
say [ttl duqc' goi la h~ thong slfy co tuan hoan mQt phan hoac roan b¢
tac nhan slfy. Tac nhan say c6 thi Ia khong khi dugc dOt nong bang
caloriphe hoac Ia kh6i 10. Ngoai ra con c6 h~ th6ng say c6 d6t nong b6
sung cho lac nhan say v,v: Sau day 18 mot s6 so d6 cu [he.

77
4.2.8./. Hf th{ing say doi luu co tudn hoan m~t phlin lac nhdn say
a) T ae nhdn sdy tn khong khi nong
Hlnh 4-6 the hien he thOng say d6i luu bfulg khong khf n6ng c6
turut hoan mQt phan.tac nhan say, hlnh 4-7 the hi~n qua trinh sa:y tren
do t~ l-d.
2
Gt

C
~~
Gh

Hlnh 4-6.Hq IMng sdy do/luu cO tuAn holm (hOj luu) mQt phiJn tac nhfln sly.
1.bu6ng MoaIrQn: 2·qu'lll; 3-C8Ioriphe; 4·bu6ng s~y.
I 8
Qua trlnh hoar
dQng cua h¢ thong nay
nhu sau: tic nhan sa:y
ra kh6i buong sa'y c6
trang tMi di~m C (12,
fP,., d2) dug<: hoi luu v6i
kh6i lllqng G~ va thai t..
G•. Kh6i hrqng Gil dug<: _..::_-.,-:--
hol tren v6i khOng khf
m6i c6 trang thai di~m
A (to, (/)0' do) v(/i kh6i
luong 130 Go. Diem M
(1.,.17 dM) la trang thai ~ d... a:z d
eua khong khf sau khi Hinh 4-7. Chu trlnh sly hOI hAJ ~t phAn.

hoa tron co kh6i IllQJ1g

78
18.G duC,JCqU!.'1 2 hUI va d~y vao caloriphe d~ gia nhiet den trang thai
diim 8'(/1, lb') r6i d~y vao buong sl\y. V~l fun c6 kh6i luong In. di vao
buong s{y. san pharo IA m-: Tac nhan di qua buong s~y da nhan hoi
ruroc bay hoi tu
v~1 say dong thoi bj mat nhiet nen trang thai cua n6 I~
diem C (t1• (/):, d:). qua trinh s9:ychay 8' den C. tu
Ty s6 h6i hru la 11 diroc tlnh' nhu sau:

(4-62)

trong d{):
G'h' (;'0 I;) kh6i luong hie nhan, khong khf men, tfnh rren t kg ~m
bay hoi.
Khoi hrong tac nhan say di qua buong say·kY hieu 1a G duqc lfnh
nhu sau:
G = Go + G = Go (I
h + II) (4-63)
G' = G'; (l + 11) (4-64)
Pturong trinh (4-63) va (4-64) cho ta thay Hi khi say c6 h6i luu
tac nhan s~y thi luong rae nhan say chay qua bu6ng say (I + II) Ian
nhi~u hon so veri sll'y khong h6i luu.
Ham am d", va nhiet ham 1M ella ditm M duqc tfnh theo nguyen
tac can b~og Am va nhier:

d _ do + lid: }
M - 1+0 (4-65)
I _I. +111:
~I - 1+11
Tit d6 (hi f - d ta 00:

(4-66)

79
 Thong thlIang khi tfnh thic!'t ke h~ thong sa:y co h6i luu m¢l phrut
tac nhan sa:y thi cac thong s6 cho rnrcc Hi: di~m A (to, (/)0' do), diem C
(I:. fI>:.) va nhiet d(> Ulc nhan tnroc khi vao buong say III t r- Tinh gia tri
t:. cling 11Iqng tl! muc 4.2 ..".
Tren d6 th] 1- d ta de dang xac dinh di~m A va ditm C. Ttr di~m
(' fa ke CD vuong goc vm do =. const va de dang tim dlr<Jc G'K khi
khong co h6i 11I1I:

C'K = 1 (4-67)
CD.Md
- II
MI.CC' = G'
o

Tir C dung doan CC' thAng dUng len tren VI bao giG t:. < O. Qua
=
di~m C' ke l, const, no dt d~ = coma tai R. RC chlnh III qua trtnh say
khong hOi hru.
Di~m 8' la trang thai cua lac nhan sa:y tnroc hu6ng say trong h~
thong say h6i luu mot phan, dlIqC xac dinh nhu sau: B' Ia diem dt
nhau giiIa Be va nhiet d9 t, cho (mac. TiI diem B' ke B'M thAng dUng
(do· = const = dM) cat
AC tai M. Nhir vay qua trinh thay dbi trang thai
khong khf bay giG se Iii A - M - 8' - C.
o; CD
;:::;- = = = I+ JI (4-68)
UK CD'

(4-69)

Cac gia tri tren co th6. tfnh IiI cac (am giac dong dang t:. MCD' va.
!!. ACD.
NAng luong lieu t6n rieng qK vQi say ·i.:6hOi Iuu dut,Jc tinh nhu
sau:

80
 MB' M MB'
ql(=G'cCJo·-I"t)==·_1 ==IJIM (4-70)
. . CD' Md CD' .

Tir hai lam giac dong dang tlMCB' va MCB, ta co:

MB' AB

hay:
-=-=-=-
CD'

q ..
AB
= =111'1
CD
CD
} (4-71 )

Phmrng trinh (4-71) n(li len rang: nhiet luong lieu ton cho 1 kg
am bay hoi VOl say co
hoi luu hay khong hoi hru 18.nhu nhau sir nell
dung khong khi ngoai trrri co trang thai nhu nhau va rae nhan s:fy hie
roi buong say cotrang thai nhu nhau
b) Tac nluin S~Y la khoi 10
Hlnh 4~8 bieu dien he thong s~y d6i hru dunh khoi 10 lam rae
nhan say, co hoi luu mot phan. Tren hinh 4-8, neu ta bo nhanh h6i luu
khi thai thl no tra thanh he th6ng sa':ykhong co h6i hru. Hinh 4-9 bieu
dien qua trinh s~y khong h6i hru, con hinh 4-10 la
qua trinh s(y co hOi
luu mot phan tac nhan say,

Hoi' /VII
Char do!

K,G..... G", M
I .2
.A Kho'i/o 8'

Hinh 4·8. Sa do he 'hOngs~y Mng khoi 10co hOituu m¢, phan khi thai
'·16 dot. 2.bu6ng hoa tron, 3-bu6ng say, 4-qur;tt

81
 I

Hlnh U. Say bang kilo; 10khOng hOi tuu HJnh 4-10. Say bang khOi /0 ce hOi tuu
kllithai kllithai

H~ thong s~y bang kh6i 10 hoar dOng nhir sau: Nho sue hut cua
quat 4 nen khong khi rnoi (ngoai troi) di vao 10 dot d~ dOt chay char
dot (dang r~n, long, khi). San pham cua qua trtnh chay ta goi la kh6i
10. Trang thai cua khong khf rnoi la diem A(to, do. I.,), trang thai cua
khoi lola diem K(lK' dK, IK). Do chat dot c6 mroc nen duemg AK chay
nghieng sang phai, dQ amcua chat dot cang Ian han dQ am
khong khi
thl n6 cang nghieng nhieu sang phai, Kh6i 10 vai trang thai di~m K se
hoa tron voi khong khi moi e6 trang thai diem A, h6n hop thu du<,1cc6
trang thai diem M(11' ell' 11) la tac nhan say. Tac nhan say di vao buong
. say 3 de say kho vat am thanh san phdm say.
Viec xac dinh di~m A, K, M dUQC rien hanh nhu rnuc 1.2.3, sao
eho tM khong cao hem mire eho phep.

82
 Neu qua trtnh say bang khoi lo khong hoi luu khi thai thl dung
<lllang say thuc (1 hinh 4-9, cac blIOC lien hanh gicng muc 4.2.7.
Khi sa'y h6i liru khf thai rhl phai dl!ng dlIemg say thuc I! nhu b
hlnh 4-10.
Tir hlnh 4-8 La Ihay, khi khong hoi luu khf htai (Gh = 0) thl l¢ hoa ty
rron K gitia khoi ]0 va khong khf mOi duoc tfnh nhu sau (hlnh 4-9):

K- 0,.\ _ C'.>. _ MK _ elK -dl (4-72)

- GK - G' K - AM - d I - dc,

GM = G.>.+ G K == G K (I + K) (4-7.3)

G A == G.r '~I K K+ 1 va'G' K =

G'
J:\1
1
K +1 (4-74)

Nhier luong lieu ton rieng tinh tren 1 kg am bay hoi khoi vat say
laqK:

qt:.. == GK·/K = G'M.f1 - G.>..lo~ C'M (II -/0) == AB /JIM (4-75)

CD
Khi say co hoi luu khf thai thi thuong bi6t lWaC cac thOng s6
diim A (I." (/)0)' di~m C (l~, (/J~), nhiet de.>ella tac nhan say hie di vao
buong say Ill. il• can ell va<> buong say ta tinh duoc !:J. nhu each dii bier.
Sau d6 ta dung qua trinh say nhu sau (hinh 4-10).
Ta d~ dang xac dinh ducc cac di~m A (to, 'Po), K (tK, dK),
C (t2, 'P2)' TU phla trai di~m C fa dung dU(mg bitt kY d = const each
C mot doan Iii "if, 1'6i tinh doan eE thee oong thuc (4-62). Di~m E
nam ~n e n€u 6. < 0, va nguoe lai, Dirong thAng di qua hai di~m C
vii E xac dinh qua trinh ~y thuc t~. Duong CE cat dUOng tl = const
tai diem B' va cat AX tai M. Tu d6 tlnh dUQc ty 56 hOi hru 11-:
G' ===
MB'
11=_1_, (4-76)
G'~l 8'C

83
 c; = nG'M va G'B' = G\. (1 + II) (4-77)

trong d6: G' = GA • G' = GK • G' = GM •

A su ' K so ' ~1 su '
G G,
G 'h--'
- h. G'
J
B •
.=-,
fj,U l! •..W

6U 1ii hrong cim dil bay hoi khoi v~t say.

Qua trinh say co hOi luu khi thai xay ra tren hlnh 4 - IO·nhU' salt:
Tai huang hoa tron 2 khf nong IU 10 dot co trang thai diem K hoa tron
vm khOn~ khf moi tai diem A tao Thanh hOn hop khI co trang thai diem
M. Sau do h6n hop co diem M
lai hoa tron v6'i khf thai hoi hru co trang
thai diem C nen tao thanh tac nhan say co trang thai diem B' r6i di vao
buong say. Khi ra khoi buong say thl trang thai cua tac nhan say 13.
diem C va duoc gQi Iii. khf thai, N6 duoc hOi hru mot luong H~Gh, con
G, thai ra ngoai. Vi v~y qua trinh sct'y nay diroc goi Ia qua trinh say
bang kh6i 10 co hoi luu mot phan khf thai.
Say co hoi luu so v(1i say khong co hOi luu khf thai co' nhung uu
dibn nhu sau:
- Do luu luong tac nhan cfi qua buong say nhieu hem, nen van toc
tok nhan tang len lam tang cuong truyen Am fir M mat v~t say eho lac
nhan say.
- San phAro.kho d6ng d~u hon.
- Nhiet dQ tac nhan thap hon, nen phir hop voi v~t ~y chiu nhiet
kern.
- DQ am nrong d6i cua Lac nhan cao hem, nen (phil hop voi v~t
say de cong, nUt vcr) khong Hun cong venh, nUt va san pham say.

-1.2.8.2. H~ th6ng say tudn hoan loan b91ac nhan say

Hlnh 4-11 bieu dien so d6 he thong s~y vm tac nhan s~y la

84
khong khf dU'<JchOi hru toan b¢. Hinh 4-12 bi~u dien qua trinh dy xay
ra trong h~ thong say b hinh 4-11.
. .~

Hinh 4-11. H~ thOngsdy tu~n hoan loan b¢ lac nhan s~y

t-quat: 2-caloophe; 3-bu6ng say; 4-lhiel bi tach OltOc (lam ngLftlghoi nvac Ilttac nMn dy).
1 B
Tac nhan say co t,
trang thai diem B' (11) 11,
d1) di vao bu6ng say. Qua
rrinh say Hi 8' - C. Diem
C o., I", fPz, dz) la trang
thai rae !lhAn say khi ra If-I
khoi buong say. Qua
trmh C . E - H ia qua
trinh tach rnroc khoi lac
nhan say trong thiet bi d, a:z . d
nglffig tu. Diem H (t H, I H, Hinh 4--12.Chu trinh sdy luan hofm tolm b{l
d 1, /PH ~ 1) I a trang thai lac nhan say
cua tac nhan say sau thiet bi ngirng ru tnrcc caloriphe, H - B' 18.qua
trinh nung nong lac nhan say bang caloriphe (hoi nl16'c nong, dien
nang, hoac dan ngung cua h~ thong lanh), Nhtr vay; B' - C - E - H- B'
la chu trinh kin cua tac nhan say,

85
 NAng suat ella buong say cling. Ill. ella ca he thong diroc tlnh theo
nguyen lieu fun till hoac thanh phfun /11:.
H¢ thong say llIan hoan 101m bo tac nhan say cling dugc tinh
loan nrong tlf nhir say khong hom toan va them phan tfnh thier bi
ngung tu hoi nude (t6 tach n6 ra khoi tac nhan say de
tai sir dung lai.
Uu, nhuoc diem cua h~ thong say tuan hoan loan bl? rae nhan
s~y nhir sau:
- Khong phu thuoc vao khong khf ben ngoai.
- Phu h9P v(1i cac san pham chiu nhiet kern, tiC cong venh, nUt v(1
- Ap dung cho vung co khong khf n6ng ~m Iii r{lt t6t.
- san pham khong hi {> nhiem hOi bui va hoa chat co trong khong
khf.
- C6 the thu hOi cac hirong lieu d~ bay hoi khi say.
- Nhuoc diem 13 lieu t6n them nang hrong cho h~ thong lam mat
cho thiet hi tach mroc.
- Neu ta biet sir dung h~ th6ng I~nh h<Jply thi lai nIt kinh Ie (dan
lanh phuc ~ tach ruroc khoi tac nhan say, dan ngirng d~ gia nhi~t rae
nhan say). .

4.2.8.3. H~ thong say co dot nong b6 sung cho tdc nhan say
Hlnh 4-13 biiu dien h~ th6ng say dOl luu, chieu chuyen dQng cua
tac nhan say nguoc vOi chieu chuyen d¢ng cua v~t s~y, rae nhan say dugc
d6t nang b<5 sung sau m6i vung say. Kh6i hrong rae nhan say di qua ~
vung say 1~nhir nhau. Nhiet d¢ rae nhan sau m6i Ian d6t nong b6 sung co
th~ lay bang nhau hoac Wc nhau, Trong thirc t€ nguoi ta thuong l~y
nhiet eft? etau va cuoi cua laC nhan say cua cac vung slfy la luang irng bang
nhau (hlnh 4-15), hay noi each khac la hieu nhiet dC)gil1a tac nhan say va
v~t say trong rnoi vung s~y cua h~ thong say Iii nhir nhau. Luong am
bay
hal khOi v~t say trong mbi vung co £hi rfnh theo hai each: bang nhau;
ho~c khac nhau nhirng thci gian say bang nhau (hinh 4-14).

86
 3
-___ m,

H;nh "'13.H~ thOngsay co clot nong tx'i sung.

1. 2. _3.cae vung say cua bu6ng s~y;
ON,. DN2• tlNrcac caloriphe d6t n60g; Q·qu~t tMy.

"

aJ b)
Hinh 4-14. Cach phBn chia l(1I:)ng am bay hoi theo vimg (khoang) trong buOng sdy
a),1u, = Llu} '" LiUl: b) Lir, = Lit'1>= Llr;r

87
 Neu theo each thu I
nh~t (hlnh 4-14a) thl
thai gian s~y (1 cac vung
(khoang) sc khac nhau
do t6c d¢ slfy khac nhau.
Vl v~y cac khoang phai
co chieu dai khac nhau
ne"u t6e d<?chuyen dong
cua v~t scfy (xe goong,
xe tree, bang tm) I~ (Mu.
Thco each lhu hai
(hlnh 4-14b) tht do thai
gian say nhu nhau, t6c
d<? v~t stfy bang nhau I
nen che' dQ say phai khac
nhau.
Hlnh 4-15 bieu
dien qua trlnh sA'y thuc
te trong cac vung khac
nhau cua bu6ng (ham)
say.
Viec tfnh ton that
nhiet ta c6 the tfnh rieng
cho tirng khoang tinhde
A hoac tfnh chung eho
do 4,.1 d"2S
ca. buong (h&n say) S&~ I
a, h) b)

d6 phan b6 cho nrng Hinh 4-15. Chu trlnh sir cO at nang bO sung
vung ty I~ thuan voi
hrong ambay hoi.
Liu, 4u2 LluJ
=
A, A- ; A, A-
,1U
; A3= A-
.,1[1
= su
(4-78)

88
 Luong tac nhan say G di qua buong say dllqc tfnh nhu sau:
Mf till, 611, ~lI3
G= = = =-_..::~ (4-79)
d23-do d~l-do d2~-d21 d~J-d~2
Luong rae nhan say can cho I kg am bay hCfilit G:
G,===-l_ (4-80),
C\D,Md
Nhi~t hrong can cho i kg am hay hoi ia qK:
AB
q", =I}/~I = (4-81)
C).D
-- -- --
AB = AB, +CIB2 +C1BJ = AB, + C,C,T+ CIT B2 +C1C: + C; B]::

=AF+C,c~ +c2ci +C)CJ =AF+C1CT =AP+FB

AB AF FB,
s, = 111M
==m!>1 =+mM ==G (l~-/0)+1..11
CJD CJD C3D
qK = G'(/! - fo) - ~ (4-82)
Nang ltrong neu ton rieng cho timg vung tinh tren 1 kg am bay
- hoi duoc tfnh nhu sau:
AB, CIB, C,B]
qK, =mM =; 'l«. =1Il~1~; q"J =mM _:__ (4-83)
CID, - C:Dz C~D~
Mu6n tlm cac diem Dl• D~, D3 thi lll' C)1C2, C3 ke dUC'mg vuong
goc de'n do, d21, dll.
S~y co d6t nong bei sung co nhimg uu di~m nhu sau:
- Nhiet d¢ tac nhan s~y khong cao, nen phu hop vci cac v~t say
chiu nhier kern.
- San pham say khong bi cong venh, mrt, vts.
- Do chuyen d9ng ngiroc chieu v6i v~t say, nen c6 the say den
ham Am cua tac nhan say cao, dan ten G nho di, it lieu t6n dien nang
cho quat,

89
-1.2.8.4. IJ~ thong say co dol nong' ho sung vd tudn hoan timg phiin
uic nhan say
Day Itt h~ thong s~y tinh hoat, n6 t<;IO fa nhieu kha nang dieu
chinh ch6 d(l say trong cac vung khac nhau cua buring s~Y. phil hop voi
yeu c;1u cua san ph~m sl1'y.Nho v~y rna no dlfQClIng dung r(lng rai
trong cong nghiep chc bien cac san pham kern chiu nhiet, d~ bien
dang, dt nUt vB.
Nguyen 1y cau tao ella h~ th6ng ki~u nay diroc the hien a hlnh
a
4-16, qua Hi nh say the hien hinh 4-17.

2 3

Hinh 4-16. H~ thOngco dOtoong bOsung va tuan hoSn tac nhan sdy.
1. 2. 3- cac vung say trong bu6ng say; H- buOnghoa tron; f),. ~. f))- thist bj
dOt nOng lac nMn say; al• ~. <lJ. ~~ Iy tam.

Q()
 J

Hinh 4-17. Qua trinh sfiy cil dot nilng bO'sungva wan hoan lac nhfln stiy

Hoat dong cua h? thong nhtr sau: Tac nhan say rm vung 3 co
trang thai C3 dltqc hoa trQn vm khong khf mci trong bu6ng H. Trang
thai rae nhan say sau khi hoa tr(>n la ,tiem M, duqc quat QI hut va day
vao dubng 6ng chung d~ hoa tron vm luong rae nhan say co trang thai
CI do quat Ql day toi, k€t qua trang thai chung Ia MI duoc th6i vao dOt
nong Vi di trO rhanh trang thai BI' r6i di vao vung say 1. Tac nhan say
rm vung I co trang thai diem C1 duoc chia Hun hai nhanh. Met phan di
d~n quat ~, phan con lai hoa tron voi laC nhan sau vung 2 co trang
thai diem C2 do qU~1Q3 dely toi va Iro thanh diem M!. V6i trang thai
M! rae nhan say dircc d6t nong trong dot nang V! nen trang thai fa B'1
di vao vung sriy 2. Tac nhan rm vung say 2 co trang tMi C! diroc chia
lam hai nhanh; m¢t nhanh di den quat Q), phan con .l~i hoa tron v6i hie
nhan sa"y roi vung 3 do qU~1~ day toi ncn trb thanh di~m M3• ttr diem
M3 tac nhan diroc d6t nang bOi DJ nen rrang thai thanh dj~m B'3 r6i di

91
Val)vung 3. Sau vung 3, tac nhan c6 trang thai diem C3 dugc chia Hun
ba nhanh de den quat Q4> buong hoa tr(m II. phan thai ra ngoai.
V~t Am c6 kh6i hrong -tn, di V~1O buong say tlr vung 3. san phAro
co kh6i hrong "': rm buong say (:j vung I.
Tir chu trinh say a hlnh 4-1.1 ta tinh dugc luong khong khi G' va
luong nhiet q« can cho lkg Am bay hoi thea cac bieu thirc (4-80).
(4-H I) va (4-82).

-1.2.8.$, II~ thiitlg vua say vua b6 sung nh~1 cho lac nhan say
Day chfnh 11ih~ thong say eo II ~ O. Tac nhan say dU'gc dot nong
b~ng caloriphe va h6 sung nhiet bang thiet bi d6t nong ~t ngay trong
buong say (hlnh 4-18 va hlnh 4-19). Nhln hai hinh ta tMy qua trinh
A - 8 - C til qua trinh thay d6i trang thai ciia tac nhan say trong h~
thong say Slr dung mot Ian va khong co dOt nong bO sung (tl < 0). Gia
tri cua 6. dugc tfnh nhir sau:

Hlnh 4-18. H~ thong sAy co bl) sung nhf~t trong qua trinh s5y
1-qu~1; 2-caloriphe; 3.bu61l9 say_

1..6.1= m~1FB = I Call - '" q , (4-84)

- CD £....

a
Neu caloriphe giam di mot hrong nhi~t dung bang hrong nhiet
bO sung cho tac nhan s~y ngay trong buong say Iii qb = Illl, thl qua-rrtnh

92
say se la F - C (qua trinh say 1)1 thuyei).
N~u tiep tuc giarn nhiet Iirong qK (1 caloriphe va lang nhiet hrong
b6 sung 'It> sao cho (qK + q.,) == const fh) elk qua trinh say luang .mg SI!
lit BI - C; 8~ - C; .., A - C, trong d6 qua trinh 81 - C la qua trtnh say
ding nhiet , A - C co cuong dO say Ihap VI hieu nhiei de:)g.iUa lac nhan
say va V~1 say thap, nhiet dl) v~t say cling .hap.
I ~

Hinh 4-19. Qua trinhsay cO ¥ sung nh~! cno lac nMn stiy
Nhiet hrong qK. va hru luong Hie nhan G' tinh tren Ikg Am bay
hoi dUQc tfnh nhir sau:
AB·
q!(j = 111M. CD
I (4-85)

Gt==~_= _ (4-86)
CD.Mel d: -d~

AB AB; AS - AB;
I./~ =qK-qKJ =mM=-IIIM=-=",,.,
CD CD CD

93
 _ HiF BF
- fII'l=- + 1I1~1 =
'CD 'CD
8F
hay: «; == 111M ~D +(Co i, - I,ql
Qua cac muc tren ta thay, tho (1) lit s~y co hl)i hru, co dO. nong
h6 sling Ihl nhict luong can cung c11P cho khong khf (A tac nhan st"{y
cling van bang khi say sii dung m<)t htn tae nhan say. Cac gia tri G' va
q x chi phu thuoc VHO trang thai dfill va cu6i cua Hie nhan say rna khong
phu Ihu()(: vao SCI drl I:huytSn d(mg \,~l each I.:ap nhic: cho no (tck nhan
say).

4.3. cAe YEl' TO A~H HlJO~G DE:" eHE DO VA cuoxo

nO SAY
Nhu chung ta dc1bict, say d6i luu Iii d~1 v~t say lim vao buong
say r6i cho tac nhan say chuyen d(mg chum Ito v~t say. Do hk nhan
say eo nhiet dl) I, cao han nhiet d¢ t cua V~I say nen V~( say nang len
den nhiet dQ ta bay hoi cua am
(mroc). Mar khac, do d(> Am luang d6i
<P, cua tac nhan nho nen hoi nUt~ctiI v~( say rruyen rnanh vao lac nhan
say. T6c d9 w. cua lac nhan s~y cling anh huang ian Mn cueng d¢ say.
Qua trlnh say gom hai giai doan la: giai dean thCrnhat con goi la
giai doan toe 09 say khong d5i, giai doan thu hai ia giai doan toe dO
say giam d~n (xem rnuc 2.3).
D~ qua trinh say xay ra nhu nhau cho moi vat say d~t trong
bu6ng say. thi cac thong s6 ella tac nhan say gom: t:,
CP. va w. phai
khong dtroc thay deli d6i vOi b6 mat tiep xiic cua moi v~t say.
Trong qua trinh say, thuc te thl nniet d¢ t, giam dan, con CP. lang
dan, tOe dO .1', phu thuoc vao dien tich t~ do khong bi v~t say chiern
ch6 (IllY hlnh dang. kfch thucc va each s~p xep cua vat say, call tao
cua buong say). VI vay trong th~c Ie bao gio che dQ say cling thay d6i

94
bi'Ji su Ihay dOi ella t., (/)\.w,. Sau day IA nhtrng cinh hubng cua 1,. (/)\.w,··
den qua trlnh say,
u
4.3.1. Anh huang cl'1U
. nhit;t d(J tac nhan say

1)6 xet SI.! anh

hU(1ng cua nhiet d() (lk
nhan say den dong hoc
qmt trinh say lhl lac
nhan ~ay phai ~6 cac
thong so nhtr sau: l{
t, thay dOi (tp, = const,
W, = const v.v).

0) r
Nhin hinh 4-20
ta thay. nhiet cl9 tac du
nhan say cang cao th] dT
thm gian s~y cang I-
t
giam va t6c dti sA'y
~
tang, ham <lm luc k!l
thuc giai doan thu nhA'1 ('
t
cang cao. DO Ia do
chenh lech nhiet dQ t;/
giiia rae nhan sa:y va
nhiet de}b6 m~1 V~I say
tang thtlc d~y qua trinh
truyen nhiet va rruydn
am cit trong V~I sa:y va
IU b6 mat V~l say sang Hinh 4-20. Anh huiJng rua nhi~t 09 lac noon

hie nhan say. sfiy (I,' < I," < It' den dgng hI;JC qua trlnh siy
a)- aLfOng cong say; b)- dLfOng cong toe d¢ say

95
4.3.2. Anh bmmg
cua dl) ~m hie nhan
say
Tren hinh 4-21
ta thay, <It;> ~m urong
doi cua tac nhan say
ding cao thl thai gian
say lang, ham rlm cua
vat say Ide ket thuc
giai doan Ih(r nhat
giam
T
(118) < u B~ < /I 8\ ) . a)
Giai doan say th(r hai
(toe dt? say giiim dan)
co diem chung la B',

4.3.3. Anh huimg

eua toe d(> tac nhan
say
T6c dl) tac nhan
s4y cang Urn thl thm
gian sA:y cang giam,
cuong d() sA:y (1 giai
doan thd nhat tang, 1/
ham gm cua v~t sf1y b)
lUcMt thuc giai doan Hlnh 4.21. Anh htldng eua d9 am tlJ1:)ngdo; cUa liie
thd n ian
hat ho n
nMn sUy den dgng hqc qua trlnh sUy ''PI < r:? < ~.

(hlnh 4-22). a) dlltJng cong sdy; b) dlltJng cong 16cdq say.

Toe a¢ say 11anh hll'(mg den wang d¢ say trong giai dean say

96
Ihlr hai. Trong giai doan u
nay qua trlnh s'y phu
thuoc vao c~u rrdc ella
v~t say, su lien ke't ella u.t
am v(ri vat say (xem muc
1.1.4 va muc 2.3).

4.3.4. Anh hUlmg ella

cae thong so che dQ
say den ham .lm cua
v<;it say giira hai giai
doan say

Ham am ella v~t

say luc ket thiic giai (1)
du
doan li.1I.: ul) say khong dT
d6i la ham cua cac thong
s6 che d¢ say (r" lA,W,):
"8 = fJ (II);
lI8= f~(~); w;
"8=f3(w,)
Tren hinh 4-23 ta
thay, ham liB = fJ «I) co
eire dai. Co nhir v~y Hi VI
voi st! tang nhiet d¢ lac
nhan s~y (khi nhiet dQ II
con thap) lam tang b)
cuong d(? say; den khi Hinh 4-22. Anh huttng W8 toe oQ fac nhim sdy
nhiet d¢ da cao thl nhiet (w', < w·, < w··J den qua trinh sA'y.
d9 dog rang lam gia a)- duiJng cong say; b)- dt./t}ngcong toc 09 say

tang h¢ sn
khuech lan
am. kel qua Iii ty so giua curmg dl) say tren h~ so khu~ch Htn ~m luc
diiu gia lang. sau d6 giam dan.
97
 T6m lai, d~ 1.:0san pham say co chat luong cao theo yeu eltu; lUY
loai v~t say, muc dich sir dung sau khi say rna lira chon che u(>say (I"
<Pt, 11',) eho ph\! hop. DOng thOi tinh den hieu qua kinh te ella qua trinh
say.
D~ tranh IOn han nang lirong 100 cho quat, ta nen chon W, =
=
5 m/s trong giai doan say thl1' nhat; w, I mls a giai doan Ihl1' hai. ~p
xep V~l S,lY trong buong say sao cho II lro luc nh9:t rna it ilOh huang
den qua trinh sll"y.

tt/~,Wt
Hinh 4-23.'Anh hwng ooa cec thOng sO eM dQ say
'ti8n ham am v~ ~y sau giai do,!n 1MnMt

4.4. SAY D61 LUU cAe V~T LI~U ROI XEP LOP

Trang say d6i hru cac v~t li~u roi thl cac thong s6 nhu hlnh
dang, kfch thuoc, SlJ sAp xep cua cac V~( say; chieu chuyen dQng va su
phan be tac nhan say d6i VOl cac lap v~t Slly Hi rat quan trong. Tuy
hinh dang va dQ 16n nhi) cua v~t sa'y rna lua chon each sAp xep thich
hop, sao cho ~c nhan s~y tiep xuc deu voi moi v~t say. Neu v~t say co
.d~ng hlnh kh6i hop lap phuong hay chl1 nhat vOi kich thiroc luang d6i

98
Ian thl xep chung thanh hang so le tren cac khay c6 dinh hay tren xe
treo hoac xc goong. Tac nhan sify chuyen dQng ngang hoac doc thee
cac lap V~I s~y. Neu v~t say la cac loai hat, rnanh thai hay car tit cac
v~t IOn hon thi ncn 'xep I<Jptrcn cac khay co 10. xep trong Hi hay buong
say. Cac khay <luge rai mot lap v~t s~y dong deu. Cac khay duoc xep
c6 dinh each deu nhau trcn khung gia e6 dinh hoac tren xe goong hay
xc treo. Cac \'~t say n)i co Iht xep Illp tren bang tai. Tac nhan say
chuyen d(lng ngang, doc hay xuyen qua lap v~t lieu say.
D~c di6m cua say dui JlIU v~t lieu rm· xep lap tinh hay chuyen
d(>ngcling X~ goong, xe treo, bang tai Iii van toe rae nhan say knong
lam sao rron cac v~t say. Nghia la toe d<) lac nhan say nhc han van toe
lang cua v~t say. .

4.4.1. Cac quy lu~t trong say diii luu v4}tIi~u rot xep lop

each s!\p xep, dQ day cua lop var say, chieu chuycn d9ng cua
uk nhan say am hirong Ian den d¢ kho <long dc!u va nang suat cua qua
trlnh say. Tuy tnrong hop cu th~ la c6 thi ap dung phuong phap daa
tron.
Cling tuy vao hlnh dang, each sip xep cua var say va chieu
chuyen dong cua tac nhan say rna tfnh t<SnthA't tri1 luc trong buong say.
Tro life thuy lire cira lop vat dy Iii I).P duqc tinh thea cong thtrc
(4-88) sau day:
,
t:J> = C. PI wI- .!!....) .h (4-88)
. 2 E

trong do:
f - he s6 nrong duong cua tra lire:
8K
J!=-+K (4-89)
':0 _ Re U

Re - sO Reynold, Re ~ 2.1Ql;
K, K; - Ira bang 4-2;

99
 P. - k.hlfrlul}I1g rieng ella Hie nhan say. kg/m";
w, - t6c d<)cua tac nhan s:{y di qua lap v~l sc1:y, m/s;
e - dQ xop cua lap v~t say; £= 0,36 + 0,42;
h - chien cat) lap v~t say, m;
a - he m~( rieng cua cac V~I say trong mor don vi th~ tfch, m=/m3,

BOllg 4-2, Cac gia tr] cua K va K.

K K
E>~ctinh cua lop v~t say D f) D 0
->10 -<10 ->10 -<HI
d d d d
Cac v~t hir" ~au nh5n 4,55 4.8 0.45 0,385
Cac v~t d~ng hlnh tru 4 6.9 0,585 0,68
Cae vat dang bat ky 8 6.9 0.75 0,68

Gia tri ella a <luge tinh thee cac dieu kien (4-90) va (4-91) nhu
sau:

0=
6(1 - e) khi1->
0 10 (4-90)
d1b ell"

a=
6(1 - e) +9'Gl-<khi D to (4-91)
d1b '. d,t>
trong d6:
D - dirong kinh thj~t bi;
d'b -duong kinh trung binh ella cac vat sAy khi kMng phai la
hinh cau:
Ol - M mat rieng ella thanh thiet bi, m1'm3;
tp - tra tren dOth] hlnh 4-24,
Duong kfnh trung blnh cua vat say khi khong phai hinh cau <luge
tfnh theo di~u kien (4-92) v~ (4-93):

dlh = ; , khi v~t ~cfye6 kfch tluroc gi6ng nhau, (4-92)

tOO
 d'b = (ri~l
Y;.I~)-' khi V.~l say co kfch tlurocWe nhau,
d,
(4-9~)

trong d6:
d - duong kfnh cua hinh c~u co th~ tfch bAng th~ tfch v~t sAy
khong phai htnh cdu;
f - h~ s6 khong hmh cau (di cau);
Y,,/;, d, - kh6i luong, h~s6 elj cau,duang kfnh ella V~l say thu i;
s6 v~t say trong mot I(:tp.
II -

Gia tr] diafeD th~ tfnh then dieu kien (4-94) nhu sau:
F
r
, == 0,207-
\i
(4-94)

trong d6:
F, V - Mmat va the tfch cua v~t say khong phai hlnh cau;
f cung co tM lay nhir sau;
f = 1.15 ~ 1.5 d6i v6i v~t co hlnh b~u due;
f = 1,5 d6i v6i v~t dai va SU SI;
f> 1,5 d6i vOi v~t rat SU si:
Chuan s6 Reynold dugc
tfnh theo dieu kien (4-95):
4Wt,
Re=- (4-95) ....... ~
.4.V
/
t, - d~ nhot dQng hoc,
V
I
Neu lOp vat sa:y chuyen
0.4
dong v6i v~n toc 1a w' > 0,2 w I
thl trong cong thue (4-95)
thay \Ii' = w + ew'. I·
I
Khi hie nhan say di qua 0.2 £t4 0.6 as 1,0 dtf>
lap v~t say la khong dAng Hinh 4-24.Sl/ ph~ thu¢c eua rp vao dID
nhi~t thi cac d~c tinh lll'y theo
101
nhiet dl) trung blnh.
P~ucmg phap tfnh M nhir tren ap dung trong say d6i hru cac V~l
raj xep lop voi van t6c cua tac nhan say luon nho han van t6c lam lap
v~' say mat 6n dinh va chuycn sang dang tang sOL Di~u d6 duoc the
hien a dieu kien (4-96).
t!J'
--::: 06 (4-96)
pgh '
trong de):
p - kh6i luong rieng lap v~t say, (kg/m"):
i -gia 16c trong tnrong, (m/s');
h - chieu day lap v~l say, (m).
sa:y d6i luu duoc ti~n hanh trong cac h¢ thong say co cau tao da
dang va phong phu.

4.4.2. Buong ~ay

Buong sa'y eo hlnh dang kh6i hQp I~p phuong, kh6i hop che
nhat dtrng hay nam, hlnh rru dUng hoac nam. Thanh bu6ng say duec
boc each nhiet va each am,
c6 cira de
nap va lay san
phAro . V~t say
ducc reli deu Thanh 16(>tren cac tang khay d~t gac len khung gia trong
bu6ng say. BQ phan gia nhiet cho tac nhan say c6 the d~t trong hoac
ngoai buong say. Tac nhan say duoc d6i luu HI nhien hay cuong birc
nhc 'h~ thong quat. Qua trtnh s!fy III gian doan hoac theo chu ky. NI;lP
va thao san phAro bang thu cong hay CC1 gim.
Budng say diroc ong dung rat rong rai trong cong nghiep che
bi~n cac nong, lam, thuy hai san VB che bien thuc pham, duoc pharn,
thirc an chan nuoi, N6 co th~ say cac vat sify bat k! cr dang nao (dan
chiec; dang hat, mieng rnanh nho xep lap; dang bet nhao, dang long).
Buong s~y e6 cau tao don gian; d~ ch€ tao, lap d~t; de van hanh; v6n
dau tu ft.

102
 Buong say co nang su~t ti)'
20kg dt!n 50 kg iim (nuoc) bay hoi
trong mQt gil) ·Ia loai nho. Buong
say trung hinh co nang su~t tu
50kg den 100 kg fim bay hoi tron$
m¢1 gio,
U(1 qua trinh s{iy til gian
doan va chu ky nen IUQIlg nhi~t
tieu t6n d6 nung nong thrum va gia·
du rrong huong say gifra cac h1n
say nil dang ke. Ton sue lao dong Hinh 4-25. Bu6ng say xay bang g~ch
chan lay, phai tra luong coo nhieu 1·tl/{jng: 2.OOg gia nhiilt; 3-v~t sly;
ngiroi phuc vu, kho dam
bao v¢ 4-ong thai
sinh luy~1 d6i. San pharn kho
khong d6ng dcu. Muon eo
dQ 6
d6ng deu cao cfu phai dao tron
sau m6i khoang thm
gian nh~t dinh tuy thuoc vao
v~t sA:y.
Buong say e6 kich thlICrC
tu
nho duoc goi Iii say. Sau day
lil mot 56 dang cau tao cua
bu6ng say.
Hlnh 4-25 th~ hien mat
elit ngang ella bu6ng say duoc Hinh 4-26. Bu6ng sfrt dOi IlAJ ctJi1ngbrk lac
xay bang gach ngay tren nen nMn s5y bang qu~t hUdng trvc-
phan x ubng , lran duoc lat bang 1- ttXlng bu6ng say; 2- cac canh phan ph6i

cac tam be tong cot thep. Cac tac nMn say; 3- cae khay chlta v~ s~;

6ng gia nhiet dU<;1C d~t phia 4· caloriphe ~ ph~ cap n~);
5- cl?a lay khOng khi mOi; 6- etta thili;
du(1i vat Say. Tac nhan s:iy d6i
7· qu~t;8- cila chinh Il..fQnglac nhan .
hru nr nhien qua vat say r6i
s~y hoi luu.
theo 6ng thai ra ngoai, Loai
103
buong dy nay eo nang sual thap, san pharn kho khong dong deu,

C~Utao buong say nhu hlnh 4-26 lam tang tee dQd6ng thoi phan
ph6i d6u lac nhan say d~n moi khay chua v~t say. Nho vay nang suat
va chat luqng san pham cao hon. Nho cira 8 rna ta c6 the tien hanh say
khong Iuan hoan, lu~n hoan mQI phan hoac roan b<) rae nhan say phi)
hop voi cac giai doan sll'y va cac vst say khac nhau. TUCmg huang Slly
co diu tao bang khung chiu luc IU cac thanh thcp dinh hinh, ben ngoai
diroc h9C each nhiet. V~t say duqc xep len cac khay co
due 10 hoac
khong. Cac khay duqc xep vao khung gia c6 djnh trong huang say
hoac xep len xe goong (lily vao.
Hinh (4-27) the hien cau tao cua luang buong say. De tranh cau
nhiet thl nrong nen co.khung gO, hal l!Un IMp trong va ngoai lap each
nhiet (bong thuy tinh). duqc b~t vft vao gO va khong tiep xuc vOi nhau
(hinh 4-28)

Hinh 4-27. M9t cach c§u t90 tlli1ng bu6ng say.

1- tllOng each nh~t; 2· khung chiu 11,fC.

Gia dO' cac khay c6 the la.p c6 dinh len cac cot hay xa cua h~
khung chiu lire lam tir thepdinh hinh.
Htnh 4-29 the hien nguyen 19 cau tao cua buong say c6 ruan
hoan va d6t n6ng b~ sung tac nhan say.
Bu6ng say co cau tao nhir hinh 4-30 co san pham say v6i dQ kh6
d6ngd~u han vi tac nhan say di xuyen qua khay chua v~t say tao fa SlJ
tiep xnc d6ng deu cua vat say voi tac nhan say.

104
 1
-,
IV~ EJ:A ~
-. .\ .. . .
~
- .
( .'1: , + ••
~ ~ r.
/
,.,.',o.,JI :'.. -I, v~, ."
:.' -:\
/'S
se: ~
f{. '/ _" r-
'11. ~
.,.
.. ".,..
'. .:..
:
:'" :..-
.; ,.
.
..
::'!. ..... _
'

- - - - ~ "

Hlnh 4-28. Cfju t~ hli:1ng OO6ng say

1- khung g6: 2- IMp tam: 3- each nhi~t:4- khung ch;U h,Jt; 5- dinh 6c

Hinh 4-29. Buong s5y co tuan hOEm va dot Hinh 4-30. Buong say c6 IU811holm
nOllg bOsung tac nMn s5y lac nMn say. tac nMn 55y
1- caloriphe chinh; 2- cac khay dlfng \I~I di xuyim qua lop v~1say
say; 3- quat; 4- caloriphe dOl n60g b6 sunq, 1- tam c~n: 2- khay co 16 (h* 11Ia.l;
3- ca!oriphe; 4- ~

Hinh 4-31 th~ hien cac qua trinh s~y xay ra trong cac bu6ng say
co nguyen ly cau tao va hoat dong nhir 6 hlnh 4~29 va 4-30. Khi hra
chon k€t cau buong say phai can ClI vao ket qua tfnh cong nghe say
105
(xem rnuc 4.2). Ket cau 1
budng sriy 'sat voi
phirong thtrc s~Yda chon
sc cho k~t qua sa:y phu
hop vOi tfnh toano
Twang hop c6 h~ thong
StlYche' tao s~n , thi can
chon tac nhan say co cac
thong s6 phu hop, che'
U<l say dung cho tirng
loai V~l say CI! the moi
co ket qua sa:y t6t.
Thong tlurong vOi
buong say nen chon van
t6c rae nhan tir I
0,5 (rn/s) den 1,5 (m/s),
doi khi c6 the lay den 5
(m/s) neu dlrqC (khong
lay Ian hon van t6c lAng
cua v~t say, san pham
say). Chieu day eua 16p
v~t say dang rm (hat,
manh nho) nen chon
trong khoang ttl 30 den
50 (rnm). Nang luong
tieu hao tren m6i kg am
bay hoi khoang 8000
(kJ), nrong dirong nhiet Hinh 4-31. eo thj say bang khOngkhi nilng.
ngimg tu ella tu 1 den a) Qua trinh s6y ttong buang sly d hinh 4-29
2,5 (kg) hoi mroc bao b} Qua lrinh say trong buOng say a hinh 4-30.
hoa. Cuong d¢ say
khoang 0,12..;..5 (kg/m.h).

lO6
 Mu6n co d¢ kho cua san pham say dc3ng.deu thi trong budng say
khong co vung l~ng gi6 (hoac gio yeu) va 1& de, laC nhan s~y phai }(10.
De lam dllqc dieu d6 ra dung buong say d; voi phun lac nhan say the
hien (1 hlnh 4-32 va hmh 4-33.

q) b)
Hinh 4·31. Buong s~'yc6 vo! phun lac nMn stiy. khi tac nhiln say /a khOngkhi n6ng.
a) Nguyen Ii cfiu t~toeua buong say
1- quat; 2· voi phun lac nhan say; 3- buOngsay; 4- 6ng thai; 5- cac kh~y d.,mgv~t say.
b) Qua trinh say tren d6 Ih! /·d

oj b)
Hinh 4·33. Bu6ng stir co va; phun lac nhan say, khl tac nMn say /a khOi10.
a) Nguyen IY diu t~o cua buong siy
1· quat: 2- voi phun; 3- buong say; 4- ong thai; 5- cac khay dl,ltlgv~\ say
b) Qua trinh stiy trim ao thi I-d.
T6c d¢ cua tic nhan say We rm voi phun vao khoang til' 30 den
50 m/s. S6 luong voi phun co tht It, nhieu, khac nhau. H~ s6 phun F
duoc unh til hlnh 4-3"2 b:

107
 F = cil - ciM ~,/I - t..., (4-97)
d~ - d, 1'1 -tl

trong do:
F - h~ so phun ; .
d., d! - ham ~m cua tac nhan say I~ diem dau, cuoi qua trinh
say;
dM -ham Am cua h60 hop hoa trc)n gifta khf thai va khong khi
moi;
II - nhiet d() ella lac nhan say hie dau qua trinh say;
II' - nhiet 09 tac nhan say sau caloriphe.

TiI roc dQ rae nhan say a mieng voi phun, luu hrong rae nhan say
ta tinh duqc duong kinh voi phun, sO' voi phun. T6e d9 ciia rae nhan
say 6 sau ong con (hinh 4-34) duqc tinh thea cong thue sau:
s L.
(4-98)

trong do: 5,
F - h~ s6 phun;
Gz
WI - t6c dQ tac nhan say

tai mieng voi phun: 6,

)1'1=30 + 50 (m/s);
~'3 - toe d¢ rae nhan say

sau 6ng con, (rn/s);

,; - tong tra lire gom yoi
phun, bu6ng hoa tron, 6ng con,
v.v.
C6 th~ lay:
bJ,
,; = (0,57 + 0,72). Hinh 4-34, Kich thlldc vo; phun, ong cOn
Neu mieng voi phun la lrong bu6ng say,
hlnh vuong thl Quang kinh voi a.Hinh chieu d(lng
phun lay bang canh rnieng phun. b.Hinh chie'u bang.

Hlnh 4-34 the hien kich rhuoc cua cac voi phun trong bu6ng say.
108
Cac quan h~ giua chung duqc the hi¢n nhu sau:
D = 1,55d(1 + F);
S
L>4D
= 3.25(0,37 + F)d;
} (4-99)

trong d6: .
d - dUCmgkinh micng voi phun;
D - dllang kfnh mieng ong con;
S - chien dai ong eon;
L. - chicu olii phan kenh gio con lai:
F - h¢ sCi phun.

4.4.3. Ham say

Ham say co ellu tao khac bu6ng say la chieu dai e6 kfch thircc
100 gap nhieu l~n chieu rong va chieu cao. Hfim say diroc dung de .
say cac V~l say kern chiu nhiet va kh6 kho, V~t s~y rhuong a dang
fai xep h'Yp nhir cac loai hat, ell, qua dt lat, che, rau, ...). Cac khay
ducc xep tren xc goong, xe treo, tren bang l!li. V~t siy cung phirong
tien v~n chuyen (xe goong, xe treo hay bang tai) di vao dllu Mm va di
fa (1 cu6i ham. De keo cac xe 800118, xe treo ta dung xfch tai. Tac nhan
say chuyen d¢ng ngugc chieu, hoac cung chieu v6i vat say, D~ tac
nhan say khong tran ra ngoai, hoac khong khf (J ngoai khong bi hut
vao ham ·thi b dau va cu6i hdm say co khoang xep de n~p va I~y nrng
xe mot. H¢ Ih6ng quat van chuyen lac
nhan va b¢ phan gia nhiet duqc
lap ben ngoai hoac ngay tren noc h~m s~y, caloriphe cung co the lap
trong him say.
Can eu vao phuong tien van chuyen Mrn s~y gom co ba loai:
ham say l'6 xe goong, ham say xe treo, ham sify hang tai.

-I•.J.J.I.Cac h{i'm say co xe goong

Hinh 4-35 the hien cau I~O ella hilm say co xe goong (khong the
hien h~ th6ng quat va thiet bi gia nhiet lac nhan say). Chieu oai ella

109
ham bAng tOng chidu uai cua cac xe goong xcp irong ham, cong vOi
chieu dai noi l~p cira hut, dily tac nhan s~y, cong vOi chieu dai khoang
xep b hai dau (neu (6) d~ nap va Hfy xc ra.
Ham dai nhat co the d~n 60 m. N6u ham ngan (It xe) thl nap va
Ia'y xe ra co th~ dung SIfC ngum day va keo. Khi ham dai (c6 nhieu xe)
thi phai co h~ thong C(1 giai nhu xfch tai, co c~u thuy lire d~ nap va Hiy
xe goong. Xc goong c6 bon banh Ian tren duang ray hoac trong long
hai thanh thcp goc. Sau khi Hiy san ph~m say, xc goong thea duang
vong hen ngoai hAm di quay lai phfa dau ham. Khi dil nap day cac
khay chUa V~I siiy. xe dIT<!C dira V~IO helm say. Thoi gian say chinh Iii
thc/i gran chuyen dt)ng cua moi XI.! goong di IU dliu den cuoi ham say.
NAng suat cua ham say bang nang suat cua m(>txe nhan v6i s6 xe vao
hoac fa trong m6i gi<J. Neu goi thoi gian gifra hai xe lien tiep 13.mot
chu ky thl nang suat cua ham say bang nang sUat cua mot xc nhan v6i

7 7

H;nh 4-35. Ham say cO xe goong

B.Hinh chieu cfl/ng; b. Hinh chieu Mng.
1· xe g06ng: 2,3. Clta hUt,ella d~y tac nMn sAy; 4- xich keo (~y) xe goong; 5· b~ ph{1O
dan d{ing xfch (d{ing co va hl}p giam t6c); 6- dlf{jng ray vong; 7· hai xe dlla, dOn xe gobng.

110
s6 ehu 'Icy trong mOi gio. Can ell van d~c tinh ella v~( say d~ truet ke
elk khay. Chieu dai va rong cua khay chon sao cho m~t ngtroi be hay
hai ngum khuan de dang. Chieu cao khay phu rhuoc van chieu day cua
lap v~t say sao cho kho deu. Kich thuoc xe goong phu thuoc vao so
khay xep tren xe. Moi rang cua xe goong co the xep mot hoac hai
khay. Chieu cao xe phu thuoc s6 tang xep khay nhan vm khoang each
g ilia cac khay. cong v6i chieu cao cho banh xe, ray v,v.
Khoang each ella cac khay phiti phu hop voi t6c dQ tac nhan say.
Khc ho gifra xc goongvoi nrong. tran, ncn helm say phai nho nhat.
V(Yi ham siiy ta co lh~ lien hanh de qua trtnh Sir), da dang: say
khong h6i hru khi thai, say co hOi luu mot phan hay toan b¢ khi
thai, chia thanh nhieu vung say phu hop v6i cac giai doan say, say
co tl6t nong b0 sung tac nhan say v,v . Tac nhan sily co the chuyen
dqng cung chieu voi xe goong (hlnh 4-35), vira xuoi vira ngiroc
voi xc goong (hinh 4-36) chuycn dong cat
ngang voi xe goong
(hlnh 4-37).
12

15

Hinh 4-36. Ham say co hai vung say

1- 6ng d~y; 2- caloriphe;'3- quat: 4- dai Ihang; 5- d(mg co di~n; 6- d9n9 co di~n; 7· dai
thang; 8- quat; 9- caloriphe; 10- ong d.§y;11- ~ng co di~n; 12- ong thai; 13- quat; 14- xe
900n9; 15· be?ph~n d~y xe qoonq vao ham say.

Hinh 4-37 the hien nguyen ly cau I~O cua ham say co nhieu vung
say, tac nhan say chuyen d¢ng dt ngang chuyen dong cira cac xe
goong. D~ tao ra chuyen dong phirc tap cua rae nhan S:lY nhu hinh ve,
phai dung nhieu quat htrong true. TUng cum quat nhan rruyen dong IU
III
true chung d~l ben ngoai buong say. Day cung la han che cua phuong
phap nay. Bu lai ra co nang sUal va chat hrong san pham sily cao han.

Hinh 4-37. Ham say cO nNeu vling say

1· Clta thai; 2- cac qU<;I1
huang true; 3. xe g0609; 4- ella I~y kh6ng khi; 5- ong h6i hru.

Viec tinh roan qua trinh say trong ham say phai can Ctl vao ket
cau ham da hra chon, che dt) say wong img. Cac buoc tfnh loan ua M
cap 0 muc 4.2.

4.4.3.2. lJa'm say co xe treo

Loai ham say co xe tree ding diroc dung d~ say cac v~t say rm
xep lap (cac loai hat, manh cAl nho). Cau I~O cua loai ham say nay
gam: ham say c6 ket cau ngAn vA rong, cao, ben trong chia thanh
nhieu khoang phu hlJp vm h¢ thong xfch v~ chuyen cac xe va chuyen
d¢ng cua tac nhan say. Chieu dai cua xfch nam trong buong say phu
thuoc thOi gian say, toe d¢ ella xfch. Chi~u dai t6ng cong ella xfch
being chien dai phan nam lrong ham sify cong voi phan dli thao san
phfun say va nap rnoi V~I say. M6i xe treo co th~ co ffi¢l hay nhi~u
khay. Neu m6i xe chi co m¢l khay thl viec nap vat say va thao san
pham say d~ tl! dong hoa, qua trinh say til lien rue (htnh 4-.38). Neu
moi xe co nhi~lI khay thl thco nguyen lac say Hen tuc nhimg cac xc
duCJctreo len xfch hay Illy fa Ian luot tirng chiec mot. Cac moe trco xc
phai co banh Ian ircn ray trco.
Nhln hinh 4-38 ta (hay xfch llii chuyen d(mg ngang nhung chong
len nhau va len cao dan den d9 cao thao san phclrn sily (vat say dii kno
d~1d¢ fim yeu cau), sau 06 chuycn oQog xuong ot nap v~t say con am.
112
Nhu v~y khung xe treo phai hep d6 khOngbi wang (hlnh 4-39).

Hinh 4·38. Ham say co xe treo nf!p va tMo lii!u lien .tl/C
a- Nf!p Ii~u (vat say); b- Cac xe tree trim )(Ieh;e· Cae pheu tMo san pMm :
d- C~ xci vao (hung ehlta tMnh phfim
5

1
1

b)
Hinh 4-39. Khung xe treo tren ray
a.Hlnh chieu d(mg; b.hinh ehi¬ uqmh.
1- khung xe treo; 2· ray treo; 3· banh xe:
4· gia treo ray; 5- xii chiu Ir,st(d~ ~p cac gia treo ray); 6- mac treo xe

113
 Dd don gian ta co the chi dung mot banh xe rna khong can hai
banh nhu hinh tren.
Ta c6 th6 cho cac xc (reo cung xich chuycn d<)ng ngang trim
dirong ray uon khiic nhung cung narn trcn mot mat ph~ng ngang.
Duongnhien trong
tnrong hop nay viec nap var
4 s
say am
vao cac XI.! cling nhu 6
I~y san pham khoi xc d6u (1
tflm vui cua con ngu{1i. Muon
dua san pham vao hunker 3
(thung krn) dt! bao quan thl
phai dung gau till (v61 hat), 2
bang ,iii (vcri vat rffi co kich
thucc Wn hon hat). Tnrong
hop nay khong hao gia xe
treo bi vircng vao xfch va Sanpho:n
ray, sua chua de dang. 4--'- -'--

Ngoai fa cac xe treo va

Hinh 4-4(J. Ham sdy dt!ng IMp
xfch tai eo
the chuyen dQng
1- Xlch tai: 2· than thap; 3- ctJavao eua lac nhan
theo chieu thing dUng (hinh s~; 4- c{ta thai; 5- banh xich;
4-40). Trong tnrong hop nay 6-xe treo; 7. 8- Clf'a thai
h~ thong say duqc goi la thap
s1(y.

4.4.3.3. May say hang Iti;

Nguyen tAc cau tao ella may say bang tai g6rn co ham hoac
budng say, bang tai lien rue chuyen dQng trong buong. V~t say
duoc nh d~u tren bang tiii nha CC1 cau n~p lieu, san pham lien tuc
du<,1c Ia'y ra i:J cudi bang tai. Tac nhan say Iii khong khi nang hay
kh6i 10 chuycn d9ng cat ngang qua chicu chuyen dong cua bang tai.
Chieu dui va toe d¢ cua bang tai phu thuoc van thoi gian say. Chieu
f¢ng bang (cling ia chieu r¢ng lop v~t say) chieu day Ibp v~t sAy va

114
l<")c de) hang. phu thuoc nang suat ella may. ~
khong gay fa trl1lVl:
Ion, sim phiim co <l~kh6 <l~uthi lOp v~t say tren bang c6 chieu day
III SO d~n 250 mm. V~l say x6p (hat, manh dt nho) thi chon thien
v~ s6 Ion, v4t say dang hOt nhao thl chon v6 phia s6 be.

7 b)
Hinh 441. May s<fy mot Mng lai.
a.Hinh cNeu dUng; b.hinh ch;eu cvnh.
1· xich tili; 2· banh xfch; 3· 16pv~t say; 4· cac khoang say; 5· quat tu~n holln tac nhan
say Irong m~i khoang. 0.. qu~1hut khi thai; 7· eva tU8n hoan tac nhan say; a. etta lay kMng
khi moi; 9- ealoriphe trong mOi khoang

Bang lai co cau tao r4't da dang: co th~ la bang duqc chI! tao tu
hang dci, lum thep, bang thep due 16, cac khay due 16 hoac khong, lap
tren true quay, hai dau true l~p vao hai xich lai. Hai cHu khay v~ phi a
xfch <tulJckeo mrot tren long thanh thcp goc. Den vi tri thanh thep goc
efa khong con, do la hie khay xoay va de) v~l say xuong cac khay dum.
Day cling Iii bien phap dau iron v~l say. Cac khay co Ihci xoay quanh
true gifra hoac theo ban Ie
nhu canh ~tia. Sau day la
mot s6 dang cau
tao cua may say bang tai.
Hlnh 4-4 t Ihi hien ~au tao cua may say m<)1 bang tiii co nhieu
vung say. R,ing till lit hem thcp duoc Lip tren hai xfch tai, chuyen dong
nhil hai cap banh xfch \'a h(l truycn d('Og llr dong CCl. Thea chieu dai
cua hang, buong say diroc cnia thanh cac khoang say. M6i khoang co
quat caloriphe
\'~I rieng. Nho vay ra co Ih6 dieu chinh dU'<;1Cch€ d9 say.
nang cao dlCt1(' nang sual va chat luqng san pham say.

II~
 Minh +42. Nguyen ty cau tt;lO cUa may say nhittu bAng tai.
1· caloriphe: 2- cac Clla gi6; 3-·b~ng tili san phAm: 4- b9 ph~n nap li~u:
5- bang lai; 6- ella thai.

Hinh 4-42 thi hien nguyen ly cau tao cua may say nhieu bang
(ai. V;)t say dang roi duqc nap vao nhanh tren cua bang tai rren cung
nhb bQ phan nap lieu. B9 phan nap lieu co nhiern vi} rru d~u v~t say len
bt m~t bang dang chuyen dong sang trai. BAng lai diroc tao hb:i cac
khay l~t d~t lien tiep nhau rna hai dau true ban Ie lAp len hai xich (ai.
Khi gan 1m banh xich lrai thl hai thanh do dall khay bi hang, khay se
l~t va dO v~t say xucng nhanh bang lui phia dm)'i (chinh la d6 len cac
khay vua ttl tren Yang z
xuong). Khi cac khay
(J nhanh du~ gan tro
v~ gan d!n banh xich
ben phai thl vat say
lai duqc khay l~t dd 1
xuong bang liii phia
dum. elf nhu vl)y cho
den bang tai dlM
cung, san pharo dugc Hinh 4-43. Bang tai khay I~t
d6 len bang tai san 1-thanh do khay; 2-ccickhay I?t; 3-xfch tlU.

116
phAm. Hlnh 4-43 va hlnh 4-44 th~ hien cllU tao ella bang tAi khay )~t.

Khay l~t nhir hlnh 4-43 chi lam viec (chua v~t sa:y) mQt phfa
khay, trong khi do
a hlnh 4-44 thl khay lam
viec a ell hai m~t.
DOl vOi v~t s~y a dang nhso (~t uct) ta dung may sa:y bang tAi
bang vai.
Lap bQt nhiio tren bang khong nen qua day. San phdm dircc dao
boc ra khoi bang tai (, vi trf lang cu6i (hlnh 4-45).

4. .--..._
Ir " \
)

Hinh 4-44. Bang lai k/lay ~ /<iIu b8n 16

1- v~t s4'y; 2- xloh Uti; 3- khay I$t kitSu ban Ie.

Hinh 4-45. May ~y Mng t9i bing vSi

1- qu~ hUOngtrl;lC d~ dOi I\.AIlac nhAn say; 2- caloriphe; 3- bAng t8i; 4- q~ Iy tAm hUt khl
thai (lAc nhan s~ sau qua trinh s~); 5- dao b6c S~ll ph'm

De sa:y b¢t nhao dinh nguci ta dung may. sa:y bang tai treo ga:p
khuc the hien " hlnh 4-46. Bang tii li'l Ium thep c6 etu tao nrong tt!
117
nhu day xfch, Chieu dai cua bMlg tai bang tong chieu dai g!(p khuc
trong khoang say va chieu dill can thiet de nap lieu, thao pham va san
quay Yang lai. Hoat dong cua may nhir sau: V~t say tir pheu nap Iieu I
qua b<';lphan n~p lieu 2 diroc dinh dAy len bang liroi thep, Chieu day
cua lap bQT nhao dung bang chieu day bang (10 - 15) mm.
A-A

Hinh 4-46. May say bang 18ibang Il.IOiIMp lrao gap knuc.
t , phllu chUa; 2- ~ ph~n nap lie~;3- b~ng tiii; 4- true ep; 5- xich Ireo bAng lai; 6- bUa~p
vao Mng ,iii d6 Iiiy san ph~m;7- vlt hii I~y san ph~m;8- qUlllt;9· caloriphe.

Khi bang luoi da dfnh d~y bot nhao di qua hai true ep 4 thl chieu
day lap bQI dung bang chieu day bang. Sau d6 bang tai dugc dua len
cao hon cap xfch 5 d~t nam ngang. Xfch 5 chuyen dong cham hen
bangtai r1l'tnhieu, Hai day xfch nam ngang va each nhau 100 hem
chieu rong cua bang tai. Tren bang teli lip cac thanh ngang v(ri hai dAu
nho ra ngoai bang teli va dil d~ gac ngang qua hai xfch 5. KIDthanh
treo cham xfch 5 thi bang se yang xu6ng. Khoang each gitra cac thanh
treo tren bang, t6e d¢ xfch treo 5, t6c de) bang 3 quyet dinh chieu eao
cac dean bang bi treo. Bang each nay, ta rut ngdn ducc chieu dai
khoang say. Khi di het khoang say thl vat sAy dii kho. Btia 6 lien tuc
d~p len bang de
Hun roi b¢t kho xu6ng mang nghieng va theo vit leli 7
ra ngoai. T<1.cnhan s4'y dugc d6t n6ng nho caloriphe 9 va d6i luu qua
khoang say nho quat ly tarn 8.

118
 Tfnh thiet k! may say bang tai duge thuc hien nhu sau:
- CAn elI vao tfnh cha:t cua v~t s~y, nang suat va chat hrong san
pham ta lua chon tac nhan say Iii khOng khf duge gia nhiet bAng
caloriphe hoac tac nhan say 18.kh6i l~.
- Chon nhiet dQ cu6i va ham am cu6i ella tac nhan say. Dung do
thi qua trinh say 1y thuyet va thuc te tren dO t~ l-d cua khong khf am.
Viec dung dO thi say con phai can ell vao phuong thirc say c6 hay
khong hOi luu khf thai, eo d6t nong be sung hay khong (muc 4.2).
Neu chon nhiet d¢ dau va cu6i ella rae nhan sll'y eho phU hop voi
v~t say, thl can xac dinh d¢ am eu6i ciia tac nhan s~y eho phu hop vm
dQ am cua san phAm say theo yeu duo Sau do dung do thi ly thuyet va
thuc te ella qua trinh s~y.
- Can eu nang suat, d¢ am dau va cu6i ella vat say de xac dinh
hrong Am bay hoi .
. - Xac dinh kh6i luong tac nhan say.
- Chon t6e d<)tac nhan sil'y di xu yen qua 16'pvat say va bang tai
sao cho nh6 h<1n van t6e ling cua v~t say d3 kho theo di~u kien (4-96):
- Chon so bQ chieu day h ella lop v~t s6'y tren bang trong khoang
tit (50-250) mm.
- Tfnh khOi luong v~t say tren mQt met vuong bang tAi Iii m-.

mF m
=-= p ..h (kg/m
k 2) (4-100)
Fs
trong do:
F s - dien tfch bang tai co v~t s!y nam trong khoang say, m2;
m - nang suai say, (kg);
p - kh6i luong rieng cua vat say tren bang tro. (kg/m";
h - chieu day lap v~t say tren bang, m.
- Xac dinh M mat neng cua lap v~t sll'y tren 1m2 m~
bang tai la af:

119
 6(1- E)
aF = G." = d .(.11
(4-101)

trong d6:
a - be mat rieng cua vat say tren m¢t met khoi v~t say, m1/m3;
E -= 0,36 - 0,42 d~ x6p cua v~t say;
d - duong kfnh trung blnh etta v~t say (khi khong a dang cau till
l:iy duong kinh trung-binh (dtb), (m);
.r - III he s6 di cau cua vat say.
- Tfnh he 56 toa nhiet a giira lac nhan say va lap vat say tren
bang tai.
- Tfnh t6c dQ sa'y N etia giai doan say thl! nhat.
- Xac dinh be mat lam viec F s (~ m~t bang uij c6 chua V~l ~y
nam trong khoang say).

Fs = -,F (m') (4-102)

OF

trong do:
F • bt m~t cua cac v~t say nAm tren dien rich Fs, m2;
aF• be mat cua lap vat say nam tren I m2 bang tai.
m mat lam viec etta bang tlU ding co the tfnh theo dieu kien
(4-103): .

(4-103)

- Chon chieu rong bang tai IlkB, m.

- Tfnh chieu dai bang tai nam trong khoang say la L:
F
L = ; , (m) (4-104)

- Xac dinh t6c d~ l' cua bang tro:

120
 L
l' =-. (rn/h) (4-105)
t
trong d6: t l~ thOi gian sliy, h.
Neu ta dung mot bang tii thl L cung la chieu dai khoang say.
Chieu rQng cua khoang slly lay rong hon chieu rong cua bang m~t it.
TO' do ta se tim dtroc chieu dai t6ng the cua bang tai (gem phlin lam
viec va khong lam viec). Chieu dai phan khong lam vee phu thuoc vao
dUCmg kfnh hai rna xfch dau va CUOI, phu thuoc vao khoang each giua
hai true ilia xfch V.v.
Truong hop dung mot bang d~ tru tm
chieu dai khoang say qua
Ian thl ta dung may say nhieu bang t<ii, bang lam viec m~t m~t hay hai
m~t d6 giam chieu dai va tang chieu cao khoang say. Chon chieu dai
khoang say la L1 thi s6 bang tai se la n:
- Khi bang lam viec mot mat:
L
II =- (4-106)
LI

- Khi bang lam viec hai mat:

L
n=- (4-107)
2LI

Chieu cao ella khoang say phu thuoc vao s6 bang tai, dirong kfnh
dIa xich, khoang each gitra hai dia xich, eira vao va fa cua tac nhan say
V.v.
Cac d~c tfnh ky thuat cua may say bang tai noi chung khong
nhtmg phu thuoc vao d~c tfnb eua
vat say, rna con phu thuoc chu trinh
say, ch~ dQ say. Sau day Hi mOt 56 chi tieu d~ tham khao, cac gia tri
deu tinh tren mQt kg Am bay hoi:
- Kh6i luong tac nhan say: G' = (75 - 100), (kg/kg).
- Nhiet Iuong c!ip cho caloriphe: qK = (5000 - 7400) , (lcJ/kg)
- Dien nang: N = (10 - 20), (kW.h/kg).
121
4.4.4. Thap say

sa:ythap HI.qua trinh say dien ra trong buong sa:y c6 chieu cao
100, VI vay ta got bu6ng say lii thap say cling duqc. Qua trinh say dien
ra trong (hap cling til qua trinh say doi luu. V~l say duqc gau tru
dua
len va r6t vao dinh thap roj chay xuong day thap duOi lac dung cua
trong luc, tac nhan dy ducc quat th6i vao thap tit phfa du(ri thea kenh
dan di len. Tac nhan slly tiep xuc v(1i cac v~t say va Him bay hoi ~m tU
vat s1(y.

0) c) d)

Hirth 4-47. cae bi~n pMp cUp lac nhan sfJ'ycho thap.
s- dung kenh <J d.iy IMp; b- dung ong trung tam;
c- dung vach ngan; d- dung chOpdf!ng rna; nhil.

Chieu chuyen dQngcua tac nhan say my thuoc vao cllu tao cu
the ella kenh dan ben trong thap sa:y. Htnh 4-47 bieu dien mot s6 each
cap tac nhan say trong thap say. orp tac nhan say nhu hinh 4-47a chi
dung trong tnrong hop chieu cao cua thap khong 100, lap vat say
khong day. Cap tac nhan say nhu hlnh 4-47b duqc dung trong tnrong
hop duang kinh (neu thap dang tru) thap khong 100, than thap co 10
thoat lac nhan say sau khi da di qua lap vat say. Phuong phap nay chi
ap dung khi say khong tuan hoan khf thai. Hmh 4-47c dung cho thap
co ti!t dien ngang ]a hinh vuong hoac chii' nhat: Long thap duqc chia
thanh cac kenh thing dirng bang cac vach ngan co 16; kich thiroc cac 16
nho hon kfch thtroc hat; dien tfch cac 10 phai 160 (nhieu 10 nhu hroi);
de kenh d~n hat (vat say) rong hon kenh dan
hie nhan say) d~t xen ke
nhau. Cau tao nhu hinh 4-47d, goi la thap chop: Ti~t dien cua thap

122
cOng la hlnh vuong hoac
chtr nh~t; cac chop (dang
mai nha thu nho) ducc
lap thanh cac lop chong
len nhau; tac nhan say di
vao cac chop lap dum
r6i di qua Iop hat dang di
chuyen xuong, sau d6
theo cac chop Icp rren
thoat ra khoi thap. 0) h)
Clfu tao nhu hinh
4-47c, d co the ap dung
qua trinh say c6 tu~n
hoan khi thai.
Hlnh 4-48 th~ hien
~u tao cua cac chop va
khoang each gitra hai lop
chop lien tiep (1 m~t cit
dung d.t ngang cac ch6p
trong thap, Cac ch6p
dllqc dap hoac go tir thep c) d)
t~ c6 chieu day sao cho
khong bi lCip hat lam HInIJ 4-4 •. ~u t~ ella cae ~i ch6p
a- diJng clio h{it 06 kJch thlft)c IOn; b- dun~ coo h~ 06
bi~n dang 13 dllqC.
kich thlJl:je vua;
Chung ta eo the chQn c, d- dung coo h~t cO kich thU'dc M.
c«u tao cua cac ch6p nhu
hlnh 4-48a,b,c, d tuy hat
c6 kich thuoc to nho khac nhau.
Hinh 4-49 cho ta th~y each la.p cac ch6p vao than thap, Than
thap duoc che tao til khung thep chiu lire, boc bang thep thl ta dung
each nhir hlnh a; cac ch6p ducc gac len cac tai v~ V30 than thap, Ta

123
c6 thi lap chop bang bulong nhu hlnh b. Khi than thap iii be tong c6t
thep thl ta chua 16 cac ch6p khi d6 be tong than thap, sau d6 b~t vit
mot dau ch6p vao {aj due c6 san 016 cua than thap. .

a) b)

Hlnh 4-49. Cae each lap chOp vim iMp

a-Khi lhan thap Mng thep: 1·ch6p: 2- giil gac ch6p; 3- tai chOpd' Om vao gia 2.
~ Dung buJOng dai oe bilt 1aau chOp
c. Khl than tMp liJ be tong cOl thep: 1- chOp; 2- tMn lhap; 3- rnc5ichen kin;
4- tai b~tvit vao chop.

Hklh 4-50. COclW thao ~u gilm dOf!n

1- tam ch~n (ta van); 2, 3- khung 'lip cac Iii van; 4- phliu thao hat; s.. tay dong va rna van;
6- dOn b'y; 7-thanh g~ng.

124
 De thao san phdrn khoi thap, nguci ta sir dung co cctu thao san
pham lap b day thap. Nhiern vu clla 00 cau nay phu rhuoc van qua trinh
say la gian dean, chu ky hay lien tuc. Hinh 4-50 the hien co cau thao
san pham dung cho thap say co qua trtnh s:fy gian doan hoac chu kyo
Day thap duoc chia thanh nhieu day chop lien tiep nhau, t6ng chieu
rong cua mieng chop bang chieu dai day thap, chieu dai cua chop bang
chicu r(mg (My rhap. Cac hi van bit day chop duoc hip tren mOLkhung
dich chuyen diroc then phLFl1J1gngang nho co cau don bJy dieu khicin
bang lay, co vi Irf rna va dong.
Hlnh 4-5 I tht hien dlU tao cua co Call thao san pham lien rue
<lieu khien thu cong. Day thap <llT<Jcchia thanh cac kenh dan hat da
kho nho' cac chop co kfch thtroc khac nhau d~t xen ke, G6c va khoang
each cira de chop sao cho khong xay ra lAc do bk du hat. khir tlk oe
do bilc cau (ncu xay ra) ta dung cac thanh Hie dieu khien bang tay. Khi
ta rut lei van 5 tht hat sc lien rue chay ra rnQt each deu dan, Khi dong
van 5 thi qua trtnh chay sc dirng dan
til dum len tren (nell trong thap
con hat). Mac dil mieng chop dum rong hon day chop tren nhung hat
khong chay ra ngoai, vl mieng chop dum dang cao hem uay chop tren.

Hlnh 4-51. Ca clu thito ~u fVchay

1· ella thao li~u; 2- cac khoang chay truytSn;3- cac chop; 4- lam di6u chlnh dong ~t;
5- van day thap.

125
 Hlnh 4-52 th6 hien cCJcau thao hat lien t\_IC cnay bang d¢ng co.
Banh dai 12 nhan truyen d¢ng tCr d¢ng co lam
cho true lech tarn J 1
quay tron, thong qua tay bien lOrna khung va cac hi van lien· tuc lac
qua lai ben dum cac chop 6 M hat chay ra lien rue va deu. Ole chop 6
duqc lap tren rn<)1 khung c6 Ihe chinh cao len hay ha lhlfp xuong duoc
de di6u chinh dong chay cua h~t.

H;nh '-'52. Co c§u tMo fi~u lien tuc

1- bimh xe; 2- tam eh~n (la van); 3- khung dao dQng; 4- cac ¢leu; 5- gia dd ph&.!;
6- cae ch6p day thap; 7- dOng ~t; 6- cac chOp; 9- IMn tMp; 10- thanh lruyen;
11- true I~ch lam; 12- banh dai.

Qua trinh s~y trong thap co the la say khong hOi hru khi thai
(khong tuan hoan me nhan say), s!y c6 hOi hru mot phdn hay toan bo
126
khf thai, sll'y co d6t nong bO sung cho tac nhan say. Cach tfnh cho timg
trirong hop CI;I th~ da diroc de cap {1 rnuc 4.2_ H~ th6ng sly dtrgc xay
dung tren cC1 sa tinh loan qua trinh s~y <fa19a chon phil hop v6i nrng
loai \'~l say, nang suar va Chal hrong san pham slly. H~ th6ng S!ly thap
ban gl'lm cac bO phan sau: Thap say; h~ thong v~n chuyen h~t (gau tai,
bang tai, vit tai tuy tnrong hop cu th~); H¢ thong d6t nong (caloriphe)
va van chuyen (h¢ thong quat) uk nhan say. V~t s~y chuyen d<?ng ttl
dinh xuong day thap co th~ di qua cac vung say khac nhau, mOi vung
co h¢ thong quat va d6t nong lac nhan say rieng phil hop voi cM d(l
say ella m6i vung. Vung day (hap Ii! vung lam nguoi h~t. Thong
thirong trong h~ thong say thap co hai thap say lam viec song song, cac
khoang cap rae nhan say duge b6 trf giira hai thap. D~ rang hieu qua
qua trinh say nguol ta tron mC)1 phan hat kho (san phjm cua qua trinh
u
say) v(yj hat cirn <fern rOi moi cho vao thap say. Trong tnrong hop nay
ta goi la he thong stly thap ruan hoan hat, lirong hat tuan hoan khong
can lam nguoi. Sau day 13.mot s6 ~
h(} th6ng say thap dung de s~y cac \
san phsrn nong nghiep co dang hat \
(Ina, ca phe, v.v.) .........,.;.,,-
....
Qua trinh s4y dien ra trong
h~ th6ng s4y 0 hinh 4~53 xay ra
nhir sau: Dong hat Am til ben
ngoai cling hat kho H(y til day hai .
tMp (dong hat tuan hoan) cilng 2

duge gau tAi J dO van thung u 4.

ThCYi gian u tuy thuoc vao nrng
loai v~1 say, Dung tich {hung u 6

phu thuoc vao then gian u

va nang'
suat cua hai thap say. Trong qua
Hinh 4-53. Thap s6y h~t tu~ hoBn
trinh it dien ra cac qua trinh
1- gau lsi; 2· cae q~t; 3- cic thap sly; 4-
truyen nhiet Itl hat kho sang hat
thung Uv~1s~y;5- cac khoang pMn pM;
am va truy~n Am IU h~1 ~m sang ~tacnhim s~y; 6- gau la; san pMm
h?t kho. NhC1 v~y khi dong h?t
127
chay xuong hai rhap say lam viec song song thl qua trmh say se nhanh
hon, san pharn dong deu hem. Tac nhan say uucyc dot nang bang cac
caloriphe dC co nhiet de) ban
dau phu hCJPv6i cac vung say
khac nhau Ilr dinh thap xuong 5
day thap. Tac nhan sa'y cua mei __ I
vung do m6i quat da.y vao tUng
khoang phan phoi nam giua hai
thap say. Tir khoang phan phoi
Hie nhan di vao cac chop (kenh
gi6) lop dum roi ehui qua lap
hat de
thirc hien qua trtnh say,
sau do di vao cac chop l6p tren
va di ra ngoai. Nhir vay qua 3
trlnh say (J day til qua trinh
khong tuan hoan rae nhan say
(sir dung tac nhan say mot Ian).
Tir thoi gian say ta unh
diroc chieu cao thap say, tie',
dien ngang cua cac thap phu
thuoc vao nang suat S:lY. Nang
suat gau tai 6 phu thuoc nang 10

suat say. Nang su:l't gau rai J

bang nang suat say tinh tren v~t Hinh 4-54. TMp s§y h~t tuafl hoan c6 dot
Am ban dau cong vOi nang suilt oong ~t bang dng khl dQng IVC
cua dong h~t h6i luu, Liru luong 1· ong dlm h1(lttu~n bean; 2- Clla lay san
tac nhan say cua tirng vung do phcim; 3· cUa kMng khl vao; 4- vung say va
tung quat dam nhiern. Can cd' lam ngu¢i; 5· vUng u; 6- qUC1>thUthie nMn va
vao cac s6 lieu tren ta se thiet lrong ong khl d(mg IlfC 8; 7· quat hilt
hC1>t

k€ h~ thong say thap gorn: cac khong khl di vao ctJa 3 qua vung 4; 8· 6n9 khl
d(mg IVC;9· dong h~t ~m; 10- tac nhan sfiy
IMp S:lY,cac gau {ai, M thong
c6 nhi~t d¢ cao; ". khong khl ngoai !roi.
quat v..v sao cho d6ng bo.

128
 Do sir dung rac nhan say m~t IAn nen COn lang phi' nhi~t luong.
Tac nhan s~y th6i thang vao khong khi nen chi dung say cac loai hat
khOng san sinh bui hoac khf co hai cho moi tnrong song.
Nharn tang cuong dQ trong qua trinh sa'y, nguoi ta H\p them bl?
phan nung nong nhanh v~t s~y nhu 0 hlnh 4-54.
Tren hinh 4-54 ta th~y, qua trmh s«y dien ra nhu sau: Hlp 4m
cong vci hat kho (hat lUAn hoan) diroc tac nhan s~y. co nhiet dQ cao cho
phep cu6n len thea 6ng 8. Qua trinh ti~p xtic vm lac nhan thl cac hat
duqc nang nhiet ra"t nhanh, luqng am tt! do da bay hoi theo tac nhan
say. Khi vao khoang 5 tht h~t roi 8
xu6ng chsr d6ng, khi d6 xay fa
truyen 1m tit trong h~t am fa be m~t 7

va truyen mot phan sang b~ mat.hat

kho. Xu6ng d!n khoang 4 thi hat
ti~p xuc veri khong khf mat, (1 dAy
xay ra ~ua trlnh s«y vA lAJ:nnguQi
hat. Quat 6 co nhiern vu t~ fa dong
khf dong la rae nhan s(y di trong
6ng 8 co v~n toc Ian hem v~n t6c'
Ung cua hat. Chieu cao cua 6ng khi
dong lire quyet d!nh thOi gian d6t
3
n6ng h~t. DuOng kfnh 6ng phu
thuoc vao nang su«t 'sG:y. 2

Qua trlnh s~y xay ra trong h~

thong (1 hlnh 4-55 cllng nrong tv
nhir (1 hlnh 4-54. Chung chi khac Hlnh U5. ThSps6y h~t tu~n hoim cO
nhau b b¢ phan d61 nong hat. dot n6ng ~ churln d9ng~m.
Khoang d6t nong 6 hlnh 4-55 co 1~h{Il ~m;2- ~t t~n hoan;3- san
chieu cao khong Ion, ti!t dien ph~; 4- thap dy va lam n~;
5- khoang 0; 6- lac nMn s4y;
ngang do Ian va co cac 6ng nlrn
7· khoang d6t n6n9 h~t; 8- gau tai;
ngang d~t so Ie thea I6p. Khoang
9-qu~t; 10,11-qu~; 12·khongkhf
each gifra cac 6ng vA dirong kinh ogoai 1,01
129
cua chung phu thuoc kfch thuoc hat, sao cho hat chiy cham han rei tl!
do. Tac nhan ~y c6 nhiet dQ cao vira pbai du nung n6ng hat khi chang
chay qua khoang dot n6ng.
Ngoai ra ta c6 the su dung thie't b! tling sOi hoac tang soi tuan
hoan de dot n6ng h~t trong h~ thong s~y thap .
Nhln chung v6i say thap c6 (ulID hoan hay khong tuan hoan hat
thl cuong dQ say phu thuoc chu yeu VaG nhi~t dQ va tOe dQ tac nhan
s~y ill qua top h<:lt.Nhiet dQ lac nhan say va thOi gian tie'p xuc v6i hat
tuy thuoc VIlO tirng loai hat, Toe dO tac nhan s9:y di qua lap h~1 cang
Ian cang tot nhung se lam t6n tM't nhieu nang hrong coo quat
va cuon t)..,,') eli nhirng hat
nhe, Tbong rhirong ngum ta
l~y toe dQ tac nhan s4y
xuyen qua 16p hat tinh tren
dien tfch tiet dien thap la
(0,2 - 0,7) m/s. Khi d6
luong Am bay hoi tfnh cho
lm? dung tich thap VIlO 1-
khoang 50 (kg/h).
CtrongdQ s4)' trong 1
thap th4p hon so v6i s4)'
bAng tang quay va
s4y dng 1
soi, d~ xli)' ra tAc do hAc
c'u--I1~t trong thap, tra 19c
IOn. ID
Chi phi dien nang, Hlnh +56, Th8p sly t!Ia quay
nhiet nang. luong khong 1· than (yo); 2· cae ala nhO; 3- cae cf"1a to;
khf tinh tren san pharo va 4· phi\un~py~t~m;&- b9 ph~ng~1lren
tren 1 kg Am bay hoi nhu m6i rna; 6,7·cae c(ra cho lac nhAn dy;
sau: 3,5 (kWh/t), 7500 ~ ~p b8nh rtlng c6n; 9-1n,Ic;10,12-cac ~

(kJ/kg), 75 (kg/kg). cua true: 11- vt tSi san pMm

(30
 Ngoai fa con m~
s6 dang tMp s4y nhu thap
s4'y dia quay (hinh 4-56),
thap s4'y tuabin (hlnh
4~57). Thap dia quay co
I I
c~u tao g6m t11,lC thing
dang c6 lap cac dia tron
r'
1/
tII
c6 duang kinh to nho
khac nhau d~t xen ke.
r +
True quay tron oM ,
cap banh rang con nhan
truyen dong tiI dQng 00.
Tren mOi rna co b¢ phan
canh g~t tinh sAp xep
theo mQt g6c nghieng
nguQC nhau. Khi dia quay
thl canh gat tren dia to
gom v~t sd'y vao tam roi
qua 16 hOng xu6ng dia
dum; cOn b dia nhO duOi
thl canh gat lai diy d~
v~t dy dat ra ngoai va roi
xu6ng dia to tiep theo.
cu nhu vay, v~t &n
duqc nap til dia cao nha:t,
san pharo ImOla:y ra lJ dia
dum cung tac nhan s4'y
Hlnh4-57. Th8p sly tuBbin
duoc quat tMi vao va hut
1· Wa Ya<> ciJa lac nhin~; 2- cUa ~ v~ "';
ra khoi thap. 3- etta khI thi\i; 4-1n,Ic ~
Thap sd'y tuabin !). qu.t; 6- r~o; 7- cUa tMo san pMm; !l- vo thap;
(hinh 4~57) co
cau tao 9-khay
gom roto co cac gia theo
l31
hu6ng kinh de 19p duqc cac khay hlnh de qU~L
Giii'a cac dia cung t~g co khoang each de
nguyen lieu bi gat roi
xuong dia a t~ng dum d~t l~ch voi dia tren, V~t am duqc nap {j ting
dia tren cung, san phdm duqc lay (:)cira ben dum dia dum cang. Trong
long roro co cac quat dang tuabin lAp tren cung mot true dUng. Quat
quay nhanh hon roto.
ca hai dang thap s~y -nay deu co kef cau phuc tap, nang suat
khong cao.

4.4.5. May say thung quay

Qua trlnh sa:y trong may sl(y thung quay ciing 1a s«y d6i hru. Sa:y
thung quay ducc ap dung rQng rai M sa'y cac v~t Am dang h~t, manh
vun co kich thiroc nho nhu d~u dO, ca phe, ngo hat, ducmg kfnh, mu6i
an, qua va cu dt nho, g~manh, man cua, cat
v.v. May say thung quay
c6 nhUng iru diem ian nhir lam viec On dinh, nang su~t cao, r~t kinh tc!.
Cau tao va hoat dt>ng cua may sa'y thung quay gom c6 (hinh
4-58):

Hinh ....58. May sdy thiJngquay

1- bu6ng d6t t~o lac nMn s~y I~ kh6i 10;2- b9 ph~n nap Ii~u y~Othung say (~p v~ s~);
3- d~ kfn mi~ng thung; 4, 7- v~h dai IAn; 5- bam rang; 6- thung siy; 8- ella nOi vOiquat
hUt kh! thili eung h~ thOngxyclOOv~ IQc tui; 9- canh dAo; 10- c\ta lay san p'Mm; 11- cac con
IAnch~n d$ thung ~y khOngtut; 12, 15- con Ian da; 13- ~ ce: 14- tl(lp giarn tOe vf) banh
rang dAn d(lng; 16- hl)p d~m kin hinh ~g IUI;JC.

132
 Thung hlnh tru lam bu6ng say d~t nAm nghieng, lien rue quay·
trong qua trinh s~y. Tuy tfnh chat cua v~t s~y,
nang su~t rna chon cac
thong 56 dubng kfnh D. chieu dai L trong khoang UD ~ 30 v(ri
D :5: 3,5 m; goc .nghieng ciia thung III v = (5~ _,../5 ); vong quay
n = (0,5 .,. 8) vg /pn. Ben trong thung co cac canh dao tron vat say, V~t
Am dU'<}Cnap ~ d~u cao, san phfun I~y ra 0 dau thap cua thung. Thai
gian hru cua v~l s~y trong thung phu thuoc vao dirong kinh, chieu dai,
goc nghieng, vong quay va canh dao cua thung. Tac nhan sKy c6 tbe la
khong khf ducc dOt nong nho caloriphe, khoi 10. Chieu chuyen d()ng
cua tac nhan s~y co the cung chieu, nguoc chi~u hoac cat ngang dong
v~t say.
- Cac cann dao (hlnh 4-59), hlnh dang v~ each lap chdng trong
thung phu thuoc vao v~t s~y. D6i vOi v~t s~y c6 kfch thuOc 16n. ~ bam
dfnh vao thung thi dung canh nang v~t s~y len cao r6i dO xu6ng tao
rnua hat (hlnh 4-59a). £)6i vOi y~t s~y co kfch ttnroc nbc bon, de chay
thl dung dang canh nhu a
hlnh 4-59b, c, goi la
canh phan ph6i. Hlnh
4-59d la canh hinh quat duqc dung trong tnrong hop v~t say c6 kfch
thuoc Ian hon va co trong luong rieng Ian. Hlnh 4-5ge la canh dito tron
dung cho v~t say co kfch thiroc nho nhir bot. .

Hinh 4-51. cae d{lng cflnh aao

a- canh nang, do; b, c- canh pMn chis; d- canh hlnh qu~t; e- cllnlt d80 Wn.

- Be?phan bit kin a

d~u va cu6i thung quay. Nhi~m Vt,I:~ua b¢
phan nay la bit kin khe ha giiia thung quay va bQ phan dUng yen a hai
d~u thung nham eh6ng lai s,! xam nhap cua khong' khf khi 'p su4't
trong thung nh6 hon ap su4't khi quybt (khi dung quat hut) va kMng
133
coo t'c nhan s~y xl ra ngoai khi ap su41 trong thung ian han ap su~t
khf quyen (khi dang quat dAy).
Hlnh 4-6.0 thi hien hai loai h~p dem kfn thltOng dung trong may
s~y thung quay.
HQp dem co c~u tao nhu hmh 4-60a, bit kin t6t nhung can chu y
chon v~t lieu lam d~m phai chiu nhiet khong gay tOn th~t rna sat lan,
d~e biet khi bi nong len. Hop dern nhu hinh 4-6Ob bit kfn nhO {Ta 19c
cue b~ khOng trier de
nhung khOng gay tOn th~t do rna sat.

Hirrh"0. Cle Iol!i hl}p f!~mkIn

8- Dung villlh dsi va d~m; b- H9P cai r4ng luge:
1· thAn thUng; 2- vanh dai; 3- cac v6ng d~m; 4- h9P cai ~ng l\l~.

- H~ thOng quat van chuyen tac nhan.

Nhiem vu ella h¢ thong quat Ii\, tao fa dong chay cua tac nhan
say qua thung s~y co hru hrong dung nhir qua trinh ~y yeu cau. Chieu
chuyen d~ng cua tac nhan ~y co the cung chieu, nguoc chieu ho~c cat
ngang dong var say. Th~ng tlurong nguoi ta chon dong cMy ella tac
nhan co chieu ngiroc v(ri dong v~t s{y VI nhir v~y cac hat v~t say nhc
va bui (trong loai v~t say nao d6) khong bi cu6n thee nhieu. Truong
hqp tac nhan thOidt ngang lap v~t sa:y (hinh 4-61) thl cuong ~ sa:y
co tang nhung tra luc d6i vm h¢ thong quat bi tang them <';'\;0 (N/m2),
h~ th6ng cap tac nhan say cho thung quay tro
nen phrrc •.

134
 I

'. Hinh U1. Tae Man rJi qU8lhp v~t sly

1,' cita lay san pMm; 2- ~ khl thai: 3- th~
sltt quay; 4- cita ~p v~ sItt;
5- c~ vao tac nhan s~y; S- v~t s~y d~ng hat, mimh nho.

H~ thong quat trong may s~y thung quay co the lam viec theo
ch~ d<>hut, hoac Vlia hut vira dAy. D6i voi eh~ dQ hut thl tral'!c' phia
hut ella quat gom tral'!c gay ra do: bu6ng d6t, buong hoa tron (neu tac
nhan la kh6i 10), caloriphe (tac nhan s4'y la khong khi nong kho),
thUng s~y, 6ng dAn, cac dOt rna dOt thu, ddi chieu chuyen dOng; tral'!c
phia day do xyclon, loc nii, duemg 6ng vi'! tra Iuc cue bO gay nen. Nhu
a
v~y cht dO hut thl thung quay luon co ap su~ chan khong tuy thu<>c
vao tdn thll"t tralt,rc phla tnroc n6. Vm che' dQ vUa dAy wa hut thl h~
th6~g quat co the dieu chinh sao eho ap su4"t trong thung say 18 chan
khong a
rmrc ttr (-5 d~n -25) N/m2. Mu6n tfnh t6ng trin th(t tral,!c cua
h~ th6ng quat phai dl!a vao k~t cau Cl;1 ~ va
hru hlQllg rae nha.n sly
can co (xem giao trinh Bam, quat, rna)' nht; S6 lay Hoa c6ng). Thong
thu<'Jng tro
l",!c ciia cum xyclon, loc da chiemtm tu
(50 - 90)% tdng tm
luc cua ca M th6ng. .
-. H~ th6ng' din dOng quay cho thung say. Trong 1Ut;1ngthUng
quay g6m trong luong thung (vo + cac canh dao), trong luqng v~t ~r'.
chtra trong thung. MOmen can quay gem mOmen do trong hrong cua
~6i v~t s(y bi nang len, do I,!c rna sat 0 cac con li1n dO. con IAn ch~
rna sat gitta
ew banh rang b! dAn lAp ben ngo& thung v~ banh rang dAn
nhan truyen dQng. til h¢p giam t6c. COng su~t d¢ng 00 ph:li Ihang duqc
cac momen can quay cua thung sA'yva mOmen can de ..at ella g6i

135
da banh rang d!n, ~u tOn th~t do hQp giam t6c va truyen dQng gay len.
- Tfnh thiet k~ may s~y thung quay thee cac buoc nhu sau:
1- CM cti' nang su~l't,d¢ Am d~u va cu6i clla v~t s~y de tfnh hrgng
Am bay hoi .dU kg/h.
2- u,a chon tac nhan ~~y c6 nhiet dQ d~u va cu6i phu hQ'p vOi
vat sty da cho.
3- Tfnh thung say:
The tfch cua thung s~y 13.\'1 duqc tfnh theo dielt kien sau:

(4-108)

trong d6:
Av - tAi trong bay hoi Am thee thi rich thung, kg/nr', h;
Av = (1 + 185) kg/m", h - phu thuQc vao v~t sAy, eh~ dQ say.
ChQIlh~ s6 chea d4y p.
p= 0,15-+ 0,2 (4-109)
Dumtg kfnh thnng Ia D, nh6 han chi~u dai thung 13.L; thee tj s6
sau:

(4-110)

Luu IUQ11g tac nhan l3. G dugc tfnh thee dieu kien (4-111)
1T 2
G=-Dt (l-PJWt OPt , (kg/s) (4-111)
4
trong d6:
Wt - toe d¢ tac nhan sd'y di trong thung s~y, m/s: l~y WI C 0,5
mls;
PI-.kh6i hrqng rieng eua tac nhan say, kg/rn".
Chi~u dai L, duqc tfnh tu cong thtrc (4~110) phai bang gia -rri caa
n6 duqc tfnh tU (4-112):
136
 4\,
4 =-t.(m) (4-112)
tcD,
ThCYi gian sll'y l~ r.
-r = 2 p,p. UI - U2 • (hY (4-113)
Ay 2 + ul + U2
trong d6:
f3 - h¢ s6 chua day;
P - kh6i Iuong rieng trung blnh cua v~t say, kg/rrr';
A" - tai trong bay hen ~. kg/rrr'ih;
Uh U2 - d¢ am
dau, eu6i cua var say.
Nang su!t vat sll'y am la \' ,:
I _ ml _ • 3
\I- - - F" .B,» I ,(m Is) (4-114)
PI
trong do:
PI - kh6i lirong rieng cua 'v~t s4'y kg/m '; am,
m1 - nang sul1:ttfnh theo kh6i luong v~t say Am, kg/s;
""1- van toc v~t lieu di trong thung say, m/s;
F, - dien tfch li~t dien ngang ella thung s!y. m".

F; = tr.D; ,(m2) (4-115)

4
DtrOng di ella v~t sll'y trong thung khong phai la duang thAng, no
phu thuoc VaG vong quay n, duong kfnh D,. g6c nghieng ycua thung va
M s6 nang cao x ella v~t say, nen ta c6:
w, = x.ntgyi), (4-116)
x = 105 dO. voi thung khong c6 canh dao boac canh dao nang dO
(hmh 4-59a)
x = 20 d6i vOi canh nhu hlnh 4-59b,c
x = 40 d6i voi loai canh dang trung binh ella hai loai tren.

137
 Tu hai dieu kien (4-114) (4-116) ta c6:
4.nll .
n.tgy = 3 . (4-117)
PI.j3.tr.D( .x.
Tir dieu ki¢n (4-117) ta chon n thl se tinh dl1QCgoc nghieng r
hoac ngiroc 1~. Thong thtrong vong quay ella thung ta n e6 gia tri nhir
sau:
II = (0,5 + 8) (vg/ph).
G6c nghieng cua thung Hi yeo gia tri sau:

r =C~ 5~)+

Dung phuong phap tfnh ben de xac dinh chieu day ella thanh
thung.
Cong suat de quay thung say la N dllqe de dinh thea thuc
nghiem
(4-118)
trong 00:
D, - dltoog kinh trong ella thung say, rn;
L, - chieu dai thung say, rn;
PI - kMi hrong rieng cua v~t sc1'yAm, kg/m";
n - Yang quay cua thung, v/ph;
a - he s6 cong susi, phu rhuoc dang canh va M 56 chua day /3,
tra bang.

Ballg 4-3. Anh bWn&ella C! vao dang canh dao v~ ~ 56 chUa'd~y

Dana canh dao B 0.,1 0.,15 0.,2 0.,25

Canh nang, d6 .0.,0.38 0.,0.53 0.,063 0,0.11
Canh pMn chia '61 0.,0.23 0.,026 0,038 0,044
Canh d~g quat 0.-..1 0.:015 0.018 0,020 0,022
I
Canh c:!ao trOn 0,006 0,008 0,010 .. :..0,Q11

138
'.5. SAY001 LtJ1J cAc v ~T LI~U ROI Ll"U f)()NG

4.5.1. Cac d~nh tu"t ve hru dc)ng tang 80i va phut

Ta hiy khao sat hien nrong sau day: DO mQt lap v~t lieu dang
hat len lum nam ngang ben trong 6ng d~t th~g dUng, ti~t dien ngang
eua 6ng c6 the la hlnh tron, vuong, chi;-nh~t; h~t khong lot lum. ThOi
khOng khi di qua lOp hat chieu tu dum len, trang thai eua cac hat va ca
16'phat phu thuoc ra't Ian vao van 16c cua dong khf di xuyen qua lap
hat (hlnh 4-62).
Tren hinh 4-62 ta (hay, khi v~ t6c dong khi nho thi life do no
sinh ra be hon trong hlQllg hat nen cac hat dUng yen. Tang t6c d('l dong
khi din len d~n gia tri x~p xi v~n t6c lAng cua h~t thl se xay ra hien
nrong cac hat dQng d~y lam th~ tich khci h~t Ian len. Luc nay xem nhu
l,!c dliy cua dong khf can bang trong luong hat. Tang ti~p van t6e dong
khi, ta th~y hien nrong
hat va khf chuyen
dong giong het qua
trlnh sOi (cac bong khi
xuyen qua lOp h~t r6i
nO bung (J b~ mat lap
hat, tao ra chuyen
dQng manh li~t va hOn t
dQn cua hat, Tnrong a) b) c) d)
hop ti~t" di¢n ngang HJnh U2. Anh hudng cua v~n toc dong kill den
t~ng thai lOp ~t tran lur1i
6ng din nho, 16'p hat
a- h~ dang yen; b- 1M tJef!/<h6i/wilt Ic)nian;
day thl co the xay fa
c- esc h~t va J<hichuydn di;mggiOngh~n t~ng
hien nrong cac bong sol-gQi Iii tang sfJi; a- ph8n ~p
khi nhap lai vOi nhau
ben dum cac lop hat tao fa SI! phan lop.
Neu ta thay 6ng co tie-t dien d~u bang 6ng c6 tie't dien thay dOi
nhir hlnh nOOchAng han (hlnh 4-63) thi se xay ra hien nrong phut cong

139
vm soi, tuan hosn, nen ta goi 18.
soi tuanhoan,
Ap dung hien nrong tren
de s~y ta goi la s«y tang soi va
s~y tling soi tuan hoan, Cac qua
trinh nay c6 trao dOi nhiet va
truyen am
giita tac nhan s:iy va
vat sj(y voi cirong dQ cao, thai
gian sa:y giarn xueng, nang suat Hinh 4-63. Oua trlnh soi tusn hoan
tang len.

f)~ng l,!c hoc va sire can trong tdng soi va tdng soi
4.5.1 .1.
tudn hoan
Khi dong khf di qua lap hat thi n6 chiu sue can khf dQng do lap
hat gay nen. Tra ll!c khf dQng phu thuoc vao t6c d¢ dong khf (hinh
4-64).

tjp
11 8
e

Q) b)

Hinh 4-f4. Anh ~g eVa t6c d9 dOngkhJ 46n tid ~ khI dQng cUa /(Jp 11ft
a- khi stiy lang s6i; b- sly tang s6i luAn hoim.

Khi roc dQ dongkhi W K S W'K tm

lap hat dUng yen. T6c dQ tang
tit 0 d~n W K thll!p ty l~ thuan
vm binh phuong t6c dQ. £X) x6p cua lap
hat Iii E = 0,4, chieu day lap h~t Hi H :: const, WK.1h goi la t6c dQ t61
140
han. Tang t6c d¢ dong khf len W K.1ll > W' K thl IIp d¢t ng¢t giAm di m¢t
gi~ tri dung bang h.rc lien k~t giiia cac hat, cac hat bAt d~u xa nhau va
qua trtnh soi xay ra,
Ngiroc Iai ta giarn t6c dQ dong khf ttt gia tri W K.th xu6ng 0 thl !lp
giam d~n rna khong c6 buoc nhay nhu khi tang. Di~u do du<;1Cgiru
thfch nhu sau: ne dira cac hat tU trang thai tinh sang dQng can nhieu
nang hrong han (de khAe phuc hrc lien ket giiia cac hat) giii cho cluing
6n dinh chuyen d¢ng.
Tang t6c d¢ dong khf W K > W K dAn tOi chieu cao 16'phat H tang
=
len lam cho a¢ x6p e cling Ian len (s 0,55 - 0,75), trong khi do f1p
gAn nhu khOng d6i. Khoang t6c dQ dong khi W K ~ WK S WK.l la vung
soi 6n dinh, W K.I goi Ht t6c d¢ lang cua hat, Khi t6c dQ dong khi la
w K ~ W K.l thl hat bi cu6n theo dong khi H =
00; d¢ x6p dat gia trj 160

nhat, che' d¢ t~g soi bi pha va va chuyen thanh che' d¢ van chuyen hat.
Tuong tlJ trong sify phun tuan hoan ta c6 d6 thi 6 hinh 4-64b.
Doan OA rmg v6i lap hat dung yen; khi tang van t6c dong khi WK =
~ K till cac her bi thOi tung len, de'n ph~ t.i6t di~ 60g rong cac hat bi
giam t6c d¢ (vi dong khf bi giam t6c dQ) nen chung roi xuong gan
It.nJi
M rOi lai bi thOi len. Khi lap hat da b! tMi len thl tro IlJc cua n6 'giam
mac du y~ tang v~n 16c dong khi ttt W: len W: tlng v6i doan BE.
Khoang v~ t6c khf W: de'n wi' goi III van t6c 6n dinh qua trinh soi
luan hoan, T~ diem B thl tro hrc cua 16p h~t la C,!C dai.
Trong tfnh toan thi!t k~ may sify tang soi va t~g sOi lU~ hoan
thl cac d~i luqng: tr611!c lap h~t tlnh /).p, trcr l\fc Ian
nhat /jp=.u v~ t6c
t6i h~ Clue bAt d~u sOi) WK.tlI> v~ t6c lling WK.I (hlnh 4-64a). V~n t6c
dati Wi va cu6i wi' (blnh 4-64b) lit fA't quan trQng.

D6i v6i qua trlnh say lAng sOi khOng tutin hOM (ti6t di~n ngang
cua 6ng la khOng thay d6i) thi tro IlJc !lp cua tAng sOi dugc tinh nhu
sau:
(4-119)

141
trong d6:
p, PI<. - kht'll luong rieng ella lap v~t say, tac nhan say, kg/m";
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, m/s2;
Co -dQ x6p ella lap hat dUng yen;
H; - chieu cao ella lap hat dUng yen, m.
Trong thuc t~ thl su khac nhau gHi"al!.pmu va l!.p kill soi 6n dinh
la khong nhieu:
(llfJrrm - tJ.p) :: (0,0 15 + O,fl5)
Nhu vay l!.pm'~ chi IOn hen tlp khoang tlr.i,5% d~n.5%.
De
tfnh toe dQ dong rae nhan hie Mt d~u qu~ trmh sOi ta can err
vao s6 Reynold tm
han Ret:,:

Re!.h (4-120)

trong d6:
Ar - s6 Archimedes; .
C-dQ x6p ella lap hat:
Vm e = 0,4 (khi nii lap hat bAt ky)
ta c6:
Ar
ReLh = rt= (4-121)
1400 + 5,22..; Ar
Lac k~t thtic qua trinh soi chuyen sang che dQ van chuyen hat
rmg vm v~n t6c ling W K.l ta c6 gia tri chuan s6 Reynold ling Rei:
Ar.c4.75
Rei == ----;:::=== (4-122)
18 + 0.61~ Ar.c4•75
Khi dQ x6p e =1, ta c6:
Ar
Rei = rr: (4-123)
18 +O,6..;Ar

142
 T~ (4-123) va (4~121) ta co:
K = WK.l = ReI = 1400 + 5.22.[Ar (4-124)
mn WK.t.h Rel.II t 8 + 0.6JA;

Kmu = (8,55 -77,1) ta ham s6 cia Ar.

Km.. cling co the tra d6 til! a t~i lieu tham khao [t 1.
Ta cung co the tinh ty s6 giiia v~n t6c lang va v~n toe tm han
nhtt sau:

WK!h =0.1175- 0.1016 (4-125)

WK.I 1+O.OO373Aro.6

Cac dieu kien tren phu hop v6'i 1(1phat s~y cling loai va khOng
khac nhau mlly ve kfch thtt6c.
D6i vm s~y ~ng soi turut hoan (hlnh 4-63) khi doan 6ng hlnh
=
n6n cut (bu6ng say hlnh n6n cut) co g6c non (/) (300 - 50°), ty 56 giiIa
=
dttO'OgIdnh day 100 D va day' nho do La Dido (2 + 4) thi ta dung cac
phuong trinh sau day:
Reu,=KI.ReJ (4-126)
Red = K1.Rel (4-127)
trong d6:
Reu• - chuan s6 Reynold tm han (Ung v6i v~ t6c tm h~.luc bat
<Uu sOi tufo hoan);
Rei - chusn s6 Reynold tmg v6i van t6c ling;
Red - chuan s6 Reynold hie bat d~u qua trinh sOi tu~ hoan dn
dinh.

K,=0·1:' -Ir(tg~r (4-128)

Kl = 1,94 KI (4-129)
Tra It,rcella t'ng sOi tu~ hoan la &P dttgc tfnh nhtt sau:
143
 6P = (0,64 - 0,75) g.p (I - £,,) H, (4-130)
trong d6:
g ~ gia tOe trong tnrong, m/s2;
p - kh6i luong rieng cua lap hat, kg/m";
Go, H; - dQ xop, chieu eao lap hat khi dUng yen tren lum, m.
Sau khi da tfnh duqc gia ttl chuan s6 Reynold thea cac dieu kien
(4-121), (4·123), (4-126), (4-127) ta can cO'vao phuong trinh chuAn s6
Reynold ta se tfnh duqc van t6c tm
han WK.Ih, Wl<.l cua rae nhan s~y:

(4-131 )

(4·132)

trong d6:
"K - dQ nhot dQng cua tac nhan say, m2/s;
dtb- duong kfnh trung blnh cua hat, rn:
Duong nhien khi tfnh RetA• Re. ta phai tfnh Ar thea phtrong trlnh
sau:

(4-133)

trong d6:
d - dubng kinh cua h~t (co tM) l~y b~g dubng kinh trung bmh
d1b, duong nhien trong s~y t~g sOi thl cac h~t khOng qua khac
nhau), m;
p - kh6i lirong rieng cua hat, kg/rn";
PK. "K -
kh6i luong rieng, d¢ nhot dQng ciia lac nhan ~y, kg/rrr',
m2/s;
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, m/s2.
Duong kfnh nrong duong cua cac hat duqc.,t.ll1hnhir sau:

144
 «, =v n.n.p
m ,(m) (4-134)

trong do:
In - kh6i hrong cua 1000 hat, kg;
11= 1000 hat;
P - kh6i hrong rieng cua hat, kg/rrr'.
Can etl vao nang SUal say tfnh thea nguyen li~u ~, ta tfnh nang
sua'! theo me say, tu doxac dinh chieu cao lap hat tinh tren lum la H".
Chieu cao IJ~ phu rhuoc vao luu IUQng rae nhan say (xern muc 4.2),
dien rfch IUm (ghi): dien tfch luOi cling dong thoi iii dien tich cua
buong say tling soi khong tuan hoan. D6i v6i buong say tang soi tu~n
hoan thi dien tich luCrichinh ift dien tich day nho cua buong say hlnh
non cut.
Dien tfch lucri F L duc,1c tinh nhu sau:

(4-135)

trong d6:
G - kh6i luong hie nhan say, kg/h;
W K.tb • v~n t6<: 1m han ciia rae nhan say. m/s;
PK - kh6i luqng rieng tac nhAn say, kg/nr'.
Sau khi xay dung bu6ng say, tfnh nhiet, tfnh chon ~c thi~t k~
caloriphe, thu h6i san
pharo, IQc bui, ta xac dinh h~ th6ng say, tfnh h~
th6ng quat. Ta co the chon M th6ng quat d~y ho~c vita day vira hut.
Qua; phai c6 ap suat du d~ khk phuc rnoi lra hrc eua h~ th6ng, trong
do co tra luc lap h~l va co luu luong rae nhan say nhu da tfnh.

4.5.1.2. Trao d6i nhi~l va truye'n tim trong tang soi

Qua trinh trao dOi nhiet va truyen am gitra v~t say (cac hat) va
tac nhan say trong tang sl)i xay fa ra'i manh. D6 l~ k~t qua ti~p xuc,be

145.
m~t 1&1.giiia cac hat roi chuyen dong hOn loan trong dong tae nhan say
chay r6i. C6 rlit nhieu tac gia dua ra cac phuong trlnh chuan s6 Nusselt
de tit d6 xac dinh h~ s6 toa nhiet a giira tac nhan slfy va cac hat:
Nu.J..
a::: -d- (kcal/m.h.de) (4-136)
I.d

trong d6:
J.. - h~ so dan nhiet cua tic nhan say (khong khf) lay theo nhj~t
dQ trung blnh, kcal/m.h.do;
~.d - ducmg kfnh urong dirong cua hat, m - tfnh tir (4-134).
Chuan so Nusselt ducc tinh nhu sau:
-0.34
«« =00151Fo.
• ~.
74 ReO.
l.h
65 !!_
d ( )
(4-137)
Ld

v 6i Fe ::: 30 + 100
0.34

N u = 0.0283F.O.6 . Re ~i.65 ....!!__ (4-138)

( )
dl.d

VOl Fe = 100 + 200

trong do:
H - chieu cao lap hat khi soi, m. d6i vOi hat ngu c6c ta co the
=
chon H (0,18 + 0,25) m, sau do tinh kitm tra:

- A 4.g 1- PK
F .-""t.d3 2 (4-139)
3VKPK
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, m/s2;
PI' P'e kh6i luong rieng cua hat, tac nhan say, kg/m";
"K - dQ nhot dQng cua rae nhan say, mlls;
PK, l'K - tra thea nhiet dQ trung blnh.
Mu6n tinh chieu cao H cua lap hat ta d~a vso phuong trinh
truyen nhier sau:

146
 6111a.Lit U
d. =L1.r (4-140)
PI t.d
Tu (4-140) ta tfnh dug<;kh6i h.r<;mghat TIl ella hat nam tren lum.
L1U.r.{JJ.du (k )
TIl = 6.a.L1t ' g (4-141)

rong d6:
flU -Iuong ~m bay hoi, kg/h;
r - nhiet hoa hoi cua kcal/kg: r am, = 825 (kcal/kg)
a - he s6 toa nhiet, ttnh tu (4-136), kcal/m .h.d<};
dt..4 - dl100g kinh luang dirong ella hat, m;
PI - kh6i hrong rieng cua hat kg/nr': am,
!:J.t - hieu nhiet d9 trung blnh gitra be m~t hat va rae nhan s~y, d¢.

(4-142)

trong d6:
tKI .tKl - nhi~t d~dh, cu6i cua tac nhan s~y, °C;
nhiet dQ cu6i cua hat, "C,
12 -
Ne'u ta l~y 11 ~ 'X2 - 1 hay tKl - 12 = 1, ta c6:
t - t
6t = 1(., K2 (4-143)
In(t /(l - 12)

Chieu cao cira lap hat khi soi La H dugc tinh nhir sau:
tn
H=--,(m) (4-144)
Fvp'

trong dO:
F L - dien rfch lucri (ghi), m";

147
 p' ~kh6i luong rieng cua lap hat soi, kg/rn";
p' = 750 (kg/rrr') vrn har ngu coc.
Neu qua trlnh say Ia gian doan thl m ding la kh6i luong hat am
nap mOi liin vao buong say. D6i vOi say lien tuc thl tren hrOi (ghi) luOn
co kh6i hrong hat sci la m, khi do thm gian luu rrong ling soi cua hat
la t:

(4-145)

trong do: 1/1" I/I~ la khoi luong hat am, kho, kg/h.
4.5.2. Cac h~ thong va thiet b] say tang soi
Dua tren nguyen Iy
say tang soi d3 d~ cap a
cac muc tnroc,
nguoi ta thi~t ke h~ thong say tang soi ruan hoan hay khong tufu hoan,
K~t cau Cl;1 th~ cua he thong say phai phu hop voi tirng loai v~t say, co
nang suat cao, chat hrong t6t va khong gay () nhiem moi truong, gia
thanh ha baa nhieu t6t bay nhieu.
May say tang soi duoc ap dung rat rong riii de
say cac v$t say
dang hat, dang bot nhao, dung dich, v.v. D6i v& cac v~t sa:'y dang bet
nhao, dung dich thi ph iii dung cac v~t mang dang hat tro voi v~t say.
khong tham mroc, chiu va d~p va chiu nhiet. V~t say brun dfnh len be
mat ngoai cua cac hat mang (hat chir). Qua trinh s!J:yt~g soi dien ra
d6i vCli cac hat c6 dinh vat say dang nhao, San pham say thu dllQc b
dang bQt, duqc thu h6i nho cac xyclon va 19c nii, Cac ¥~t mang l~i
duqc tron vClibQt nhao d~ say tiep,
Cac h¢ thong may say tang sOi c6 c«'u tao dan gian, lam viec lien
tuc hoac gian doan, cuong d() s«'y cao han hin so vCli say thap va s«'y
thung quay. H¢ s6 toa nhiet thea dung tfch IA a; = (5800 - 12000)
(W/m3.ctQ, he s6 bay hoi :im tren dien tfch hr6i (gbi) la AF = (60 -
3000) (kg/m/.h), thOi gian say ngan, san pham kho Mu, ch«'t luong t6t.
Nhiroc di~m ciia may s«'y tang soi Ia phai t~o ra toc dQ lac nMn I
.,
148 ,

I
say du 1(;0 d~ duy In qua trtnh s6i lam tang chi phi nang hrong coo
quat. Tac nhan s:J:y pMi duoc dp d~u tren toan dien tich tum (ghi),
neu khong thl che d¢ sci bi pha vo. can phai e6 CO c~u dilO de tr~nh
hien nrong cac hat lien ket va b~l bat 16 luoi cling pha va che dQ soi.
Phan loai may say lang soi dua rren cac d~c di6m nhu : viec lam
lien tuc hay thea chu ky, hinh dang det dien ngang ella buong say la
hlnh tron hay ttl dien, cac hat vira soi vira chuyen dich then mot hirong
quy dinh hay khong, buong sl(y c6 mot hay nhieu tang sci v:v,
Hinh 4-65 th~ hien cau tao h~ thong say tang soi voi buong sl(y
co mot tang soi. Nguyen lieu am
duoc nap vao buong say nha vir tai.
Quat lam viec theo ch6 dQ diy. San pharo chu yeu la:y ra b cfra ella
bu6ng say, san pharo co kfch thuoc nho bi eu6n thea tac nhan sl(y dUc;1c
thu hOi hang xyclon va loc tiii. Cac etta )l(y san pham d~u phai co bQ
phan dong gi6 (lay san pham nhirng rae nhan say knong lot ra ngoai).

Hlnh "5. H~ thOng may s~y tang s6i

1- quet; 2- caloriphe; 3- hA:li(ghi); 4- vi tSi nap I~u;
5- nguy6n li~u am (cac ~t am); 6- bu6ng s8y t~ng s6i;
7- xyclon; 8· khr thai sacb; 9--1<;>ctui; 10, 11, 12- san phSm khO; 13- khOOgkhf

NAng su~t cua vit tii nap lieu dung bang nang su~t cua h~ thOng
tfnh theo v~t sa:y am_
H~ thong nay co eau tao rat dan gian van de
149
 hanh, no co the Iam viec lien tuc
hoac thea chu ky (timg me). Trong
tnrong hop slry cac loai hat kho vo thl
.chi e6 cira 12 la l~y san pham , eon
cira J 0 va II Ia bui. Thong thirong thi
bu6ng s~y 6 la hlnh tru; n!u Ia hinh
1ch6ih<>pthl ti!t dien ngang nen la
hlnh vuong, tie-t dien hiM chi! nh~l
thl canh dai khong nen I~y Ian gap
doi canh ngdn, vi nhu vay de
tao fa
vung khong soi, Dehan che cac
manh san pham It bay thea rae nhan 7
thl bu6ng sAy hoi loe d~ ve phia
tren, G6c loe giea hai thanh bu6ng
s~y bAng 14°_16° (khOng nen l~y ·d!n
Hlnh 4066. Bu6ng sdy m9t tAng soi
20°).
cO canh dao h<)t
Hlnh 4-66 the hien k!t e{(u 1· tac nMn ~ do qu~t th& tt1i; 2- ~
bu6ng s{(y dung eho qua trinh s{(y (ghi); 3- ciInh d80; 4- khl thai di dtSn
t~g sOi cac h~ khong d6ng nh~, de cae xyclon vii IQc lUi; 5- nguyoo !$I
dfnh b!t tao fa cac kh6i hat lam pha &n; ~ 00 cau row I~\J d6ng gi6;
vo ch! d<>soi. Oinh dao 3 lien tuc 7- co cau thaD san ph~m va d6ng gi6;
quay dech6ng s~ v6n Cl.clccua cae 8- trl,lC canh dao; So bu6ng say
hat. .

~ tranh hien nrong kho khong dOng deu gitra cac vung tren luCri
c6 kich thircc rQng (bu6ng s{(y 1{m) thl ta tao ra dong soi chay til cira
nap lieu d!n cira thao san phdm. Co rll't nhieu each de tao ra dong soi
chay theo mot huang trong bu6ng say. Hlnh 4-67 the hien e~u tao ella
may sll'y Ung soi chay thea dong til cira vao d!n cira ra, Cac hat &n
dugc r6t vao sat thanh buong s:(y chay nhe xuong lum. Tac nhan sll'y la
kh6i 10 tao ra nhcr bu6ng d6t nhien lieu dang long (dau FO chang han)
duge quat 6 hut. Tac nhan thea 6ng dAn 10 chui qua tum va lap hat,
tao ra qua tdnh soi chay eua cae h~t.

150
 sa eli cac h~t vtra soi va vita chay theo huang lu cira vao dtn cira
fa Hi nho d~t lum (ghi) nghiengxuong mQt g6c tir 1°_40 ve phfa cira ra,
d6ng thai thu hep d§n tum.
Ngoai fa co the
tao fa quli trinh soi va
chay cua lap hat bang
lum khuyet va canh
quay nhu hlnh 4-68.
cae hat lien rue soi rren f

hrci giua cac canh,

d6ng thai b] cac canh
quay gat dtn vung 1um
to
khuy~t r6i rm xu6ng
cira thao ra ngoai. TOe HJnh 4-67. May sdy tang soi eMy
1· Ihi6t b! d6t: 2· bu6ng dot dc1u:3- eU'a "1M> v~t s4y
dQ quay cpa canh sao
~ng h~t ~m;4· builng say; 5- khf thai; 6- q~;
cho thci gian luu cua . 7- xyclOn;8· C<I c8U Ihlio san ph'm ~i:'c byi;
h~t tren hIm dung bAng 9- bAng lSi san ptmm; 1()..k6nh dAn tile nhAn;
thoi gian s~y. 11- c\Ja thiIo. san ph~m. .
Neu trong buong
s3:y c6 nhieu t~g soi till ta goi la bu6ng sG:ynhieu t~g soi. Qua trlnh
soi b cac t~g la nhu nhau, nhimg nhiet dQ dQ va am
ella tac nhan sa:y
cho m6i tAng thuOng la khac nhau. Nho cac 6ng chay truyen, dQ d6c
tu
ciia ghi rna v$t s~y dang h!,lt cua nap Un lugt cluiy qua cac tang soi,
khi dli dat dQkho thl chay ra ngoai.
Bu6ng s~y nhieu tSng soi cho phep dieu chinh che dQ sa:y (di~u
chinh nhi~t dQ, dQ amcua tac nhan) cho phu hQP vm dQ cu.a v~t am
s~y. No r~t phu hop cho qua trinh say cac v$t say co Iuong lien ka am
cao, san pharo kho d6ng deu. Bu6ng s~y nhieu tang soi co ktt cG:uphrrc
tap hon.
Hinh 4-69 the hien d{u tao cua buong s{y nhi!u t~g soi nAm
ngang. N6 gom co 4 tang soi d~t theo phuong ngang. nam
151
 Hrnh 4-70 the hien
clu tao ella bu6ng s!l'y
nhieu t4ng sOi thing dang.
V~t s!l'y am
dang hat diroc
nap vao tang sOi tren cung, .3
san pharo l!l'y ra a tang dum
cling. Cac hat chay chuyen
til l~g tren xuong tling
6
dum III be? phan 'chay truyen
(hlnh 4-71). Tac nhan s!l'y
dUQc c~p rieng cho rnOi
tang sau khi di qua ghi v~
lap hat chung thea khoang
rieng r6i cang di ra eira tren
dinh bu6ng say,
Cuong d¢ slfy trong
bu6ng say nhieu tang sOi
cao hem bu6ng co mot tAng
soi, Co the say d~n ham ~
r!l't th!l'p d6i vOi cac vat s!l'y Hinh ~B. Bu6ng sly tang 56i c6 vach ngen

co hrong am lien k~t Ian.

(c{mh) h~ng kJnhquay
1- ella tMo san ph~; 2- ccinh quay;
BQ phan quan trong 3- Soong s;{y; 4-ln,lc cUB ccinh; 5- c\ta ra rua
trong may sll'y tang sOi la khl thai; 6- cila vao cOa tac nhan say;
Iu& (ghi) phan ph6i gio, De 7- lU\'1i(ghi) khuyet
c6 qua trtnh sOi d6ng deu
tren toan dien tfch ghi thl ap suat tac nhan s!l'y phfa dum ghi phai d~u.
Dieu d6 din tm tra 11!ccue b¢ ella ghi Iii dang k~. ~ ~6 tro l1!c 1&1thl
tdng dien tfch 101!l'y bang (3 + 10) % dien tfch ghi, Dubng kfnh 10 phai
nhb d~ co nhieu 10phan b6 deu tren dien tfch ghi. Duong kfnh 16va s6
10 xac dinh sao cho van We rae nhan say di qua 101m g!l'p (7 + 10) Ilin
. van t6c l~ng ella hat co dubng kinh bang dtrang kinh 10 ghi. Nham

152
phan deu tac nhan
say ta e6 the up 7

ghi phu ben dum

ghi chfnh voi
khoang each (50 +
60) mm. DUCmg
kfnh 16 tren ghi 73
phu b~g va nho
hon 25 mm, Idng
dien tfch 16 la
t t 12 . t t
(40 + 50)% dien \"
tfch ghi. H;nh 4-69. Bu6ng sfiy co nhi6u tang sOl n~m og8ng
Cau tao cua 1,2,3,4-esc l~n9 soi; 5· san ph~m; 6· van di~u chlnh sim
ph~m ehay nhj~u hay It; 7· bu6ng say; 8· kill thai; 9· nguy~n
ghi phan phan ph6i
lil)u ~m; 10- nhien li~u long; t t- khOngkhi; 12,13· buong dot
gi6 r«t da dang 5
(hlnh 4-72). Ghi co the la tarn thep
batt
dl;lC 10, tU cac thanh thep tron
ghep vm tam thep due 16, ghep lai tl)
hai t!fm thep d\lc 16 lech nhau each
nhau mQt khoang nho, gom hai tam
thep due 16 d~t each nhau (50 + 60)
nun va giiia chang la cac hat chiu
nhiet dO lQn xon, ghi e6 the Iii hlnh.
tron, vuong hay ehu nMt theo tic!t
dien ngang ella bu6ng say t~ng soi.
Ghi co the d~t cO dinh hoac
quay dl1qc de d6 cac hat xuong ghi
phfa duOi nhu hlnh 4-71 a. HI"h 4-70. buOng sdy sly nh~u tang
s6i thAng dUng
Tuy dang v~t s!fy rna sil dung
1,2,3- lac oMn say c~p choba t~ng
bQ phan nap lieu cho phii hop. Dang 8oi; 4- v~t say am ~ng h~t; 5- khl thai;
hat thl ta dung co cau quay nhu: vlt 6- san ph~m

153
tAi, roto c6 canh quay trong
hQp (may dong gi6). Dang bQ{
nhao hay dung d~ch phun vao
cac hat a
t~g soi thl dung co
cau thuy hrc, dia yang v ;v .
TInh thi~t ke: may sa:y
tang soi c6 th~ thuc hien thea
I 0) h) c)
Hinh 4-71. Cae ph~ng phSp cho hiJll
cac buoc sau: Dira tren co so ly ch8ychuyen
thuyet a rnuc 4.2 va cac dinh 8.Di1l1g ghi quay; b.6ng chay chuyen cO
a
lu~{ ve. tang soi muc 4.5. co c8U tMo; c. 6ng cMy chuyen.

0) h) c) d)

Hinh +72. C6u ~ cUa ghi

8. Han til cae thsnh tMp trOn; b. elk thanh ghi; c. Ghl hsl k}p Mng IMp t~ r!VC10; d.
a
Gam hai tIm th6p aile 10, giaa c6 It}p r!~m Mng cae hiJltch!u nh~t_

- Dua vao cac s61j~u da eho ~ tinh hrong am bay hoi la I1U.
- Lua chon tac nhan s:l"yla khong khf n6ng hay kh6i 10.
- Chon buong s:l"ymQt hay nhieu tang soi.
- Xac dinh 'tOng tOn th:l't nhiet,
- Dung qua trlnh s~y thuc tren dO thi I-d cua khOng kbi d~ am
xac dinh 1uQIlg tac nhan c.1n thilt, hrong nhi~t cln coo qua trmh s:l"y.
- Xac dinh t6c dl) Hun viec cua hie nhan s:ry thea di~u kien sau
day:
(4-146)
hose:

154
 WK = (0,1 + 0,3) WK.l, (m/s) (4-147)
- Tfnh dien tfch lum FL theo di~u kien (4-148):
\'
FL =~,(m2) (4-148)
WK
\' K - tM tfch hie nMn say, m~/s
- Tfnh h~ s6 truyen nhie; va hieu nhiet d¢ trung blnh giira tac
nhan sd'y va hat (vat sll'y)
- Xac dinh chieu cao lap hat can ell vao kh6i lirong hat nam tren
lucri va dien tfch lum.
- Xac dinh kich thiroc buong say va IhOi gian say. chieu eao phfa
tren tang soi la H = 2H" + (1,5 + 2), m.
- Xay dung he th6ng say g6m day du cac trang thi!t bi nhu:
buong say, caloriphc (hoac bu6ng <16t), bu6ng hoa tron, tuyen 6ng dan
tac nhan, cac xyclon, lQCnii, quat.
- Tfnh tdng t6n that trb Ivc cua h~ thong de chon quat.
- Tfnh chon hoac thi~t k€ co cau nap lieu va thao san ph~ .

4.5.4. Cac dinh lu*t v(ri lOp rung

Chuyen dQng rung dl1<JCap dung de
ehe tao ra cac may va thiet
bi nhu: sang rung de phan loai hat, lam
toi hat, d6ng thung che thanh
phdm, v~ chuyen hat, slfy cac san ph~ hat va dang hat.
Chuyen dong rung duqe tao fa nha may rung. May rung g6m b¢
phan tao fa chuyen d()ng rung, bQ ph~ rung (sang, thung, mang v.v.),
Khi ta dO lap hat len be mat phang e6 due 16 ho~e khong, nhAn ho~c
nham (tuy vao tl'rng rnuc dfeh) dang rung thl cac hat cling se chuyen
dong rung. Lap hat e6 chuyen dQng rung phu thuQc vso cau tao cac va
thong s6 rung ella b~ m~t chua hat, Tnrong hqp don gilin nha::t la
chuyen dQng rung cua cac hat tren M mat phang nam ngang va rung
thea chieu thing dUng. Khi do chuyen dong ella m~t phang so v6i he

155
toa dQ dung yen thea man phucmgtrlnh sau day:
)' = Acose = Acosw.t (4-149)
trong d6:
A - bien dQ,m;
<p - goc pha, rad;
w - tan s6 goc, rad/s;
l - thCti gian, s.

Chuyen d{lng ella hat so voi mat phing thoa man phuong trmh vi
phan sau:
(4-150)
trong do:
m - kh6i lUQ11g hat la bang;
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, m/s2;
A - bien d¢, m;
<po w - g6e pha, tan s6 goc, Tad, rad/s;
N 7 - phan 19c vuong goc voi mat sang lac dung len hat, N.
Truong hop hat khong tach rbi m~t phang dang rung, nghia la
h{lt khong c6 gia toe so voi mat phang. Khi d6 v€ tTCii ella phuong trinh
vi phan (4-150) bang khong va phan 19c N p ~ 0:
Np= mg + mAwcosfP (4-151)
Khi hat tach ra khoi mat phang thl phan hrc ella M mat len n6
bang khong (N p = 0). Nhu vay tU (4-151) ta c6:

Aw2 =--g_ (4-152)

cos I}'
Tir phirong trinb (4-152) ta thay, gia t6e rung nbc nhat khi h~t
tach khoi be mat rung Ia ung voi <p = 0 va tp = 1t' hay' cos I}' = ± 1, khi ay
ta c6:
AW2
K=--=1 (4-153)
g

156
 N!u m~t phang rung co due 16, ta th6i khf (Hie nhan say) qua, thl
h~t se chiu them cac luc nhir luc can cua dong khf, hrc day
Archimedes. Ltic d6 gia toc de tach hat khoi be mat rung se lAK':
, Aw2 Pc +P",
K=--+ >1 (4-154)
g m.g
trong d6:
Pc hrc can cua dong khf, N;
PA - luc day Archimedes, N.
Khi K < I (khong thOi gi6), K' < I (co th6i gio) thi hat nam yen
tren m~1 phimg rung. M¢I h~1 nam yen cling eo nghia HI.ca lop hat
cung n~m yen (rung y nhu m~1 phang).
Kill K ~ 1 hoac K' ~ I thl cac h~1 trong lap hat Mt dAu cua quay
(xe dich so voi nhau) va La goi d6 la
tan chay rung. VOi K > 1; K' > 1
thl cac hat bat dau chuyen dong hOn loan tren ~ mat phang dang rung,
do chfnh la trang thai sei rung.
o day chung ta dang xer ve say doi ltru rung nen chi xet v(1i.K'
rna thoi. Chieu va toe d¢ chuyen dong cua tac nhan say co itnh huang
16'11d~n chuyen dOng soi rung cua cac hat tren m~t phing rung. Doi vOi
cac hat co kfch thi.tCJcnh6 hoac trong hrong rieng nho thl nen cho tac
nhan s~y chuy~n d()ng v(1i.van toe nho hoac cho chi'eu chuyen d¢ng
xuyen qua lap hat tU tren xu6ng de khong cucn theo cac hat.
Trang kY thuat s~y rung noi chung, ta c6 the phan thanh cac loai
sau:
- Sl(y lap sOi rung tren ~ mat nong.
- Say lap soi rung tren be mar phang khong due 10, thOi tac nhan
sl(y d9C m~t phang.
- say Iop soi rung tren b~ mat phang co due 18 va thOi rae nhan
sliy thea phap tuyen (vuong g6c) v& mat phing.
Quan h¢ giua chieu cao dang eua 1(Jp hat Iii AN, d() xop s, bien
dQ rung A. t!n so rung v, the hien nhir sau:

157
 Khi: A = (0,55 ~ 2,5), \/= (30 ~ 80) Hz thi:
t:J-I = 5,48 A (4-155)
Trong sd'y lap soi rung rna lac nhan sa'y chuyen dQngvuong g6c
ven lap hat tu
dum len lhi v~n toe 1m han cua dong tac nhan 13 W K.Ih:

WK.tJ.
10.(,3(~.'
= 0.12(.E: J
)0 33
dO.?,)
(
1 - 0.995 A.w-
l )
(4-156)
Pl... \. g
trong do:
o, PI.s - kh6i luong rieng cua har, lop hat soi, kg/m";
y - tan s6 rung, Hz;
d - dtrong kfnh hat, m;
A - bien dQ, m;
w - tan 56 goc, rad/s;
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, m/s2.
Tro lire cua lap hat sci rung Iii. 6.P phu thuoc rat nhieu yeu t6
nhu de?am va duang kfnh h~t) cac thong so rung, toe d(> dong rae nhan
xuyen qua 16p hat:

(4-156)

trong do:
M>0 - tra I"G cua lap hat tinh;
A - bien d(> rung, m;
w - t~ s6 goc, rad/s;
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, m/s=;
Il = 0,41 + 0,198 d.p

Qua trlnh trao d6i nhiet va chuyen kh6i trong sa'y tang soi rung
ra't phrrc tap, kh6 tinh chfnh de duoc.
Khi ~ mat rung cling d6ng thoi la ~ mat ca'p nhiet cho cac hat
sOi rung (khong dung tac nhan say) thi he s6 loa nhiet a tu be m~t
158
nong cho cac hat chiu rum
huang bbi bien d¢ A va tAn s6 rung v. Neu
trong 16p hat si» rung c6 ~t cac be m~t truyen nhiet thing dUng (cac
canh tannhi~1 cua be m~t nam ngang chang han) thl M s6 toa nhiet
giiia mat dUng va 1(1phat se cao han so v6i be m~t nAm ngang, Trong
tnrong hop nay ta co the tfnh a nhu sau:
(4-157)
trong do Kl, 112 phu thuoc vao v~t lieu va di~u kien rung. Hose ta ciing
c6 the tfnh rruyen nhiet luang tl! nhu say Uing soi.
be
Khi b~ mat rung khong phai 13. mat cap nhiet thl qua trtnh say
Ia say d6i luu. H~ s6 toa nhiet giira tac nhan s~y va lap h~.t soi rung 16'11
han tit (5-25) lru, so vm lap hat dirng yen. H~ s6 a trong tnrong hop
lOp hat soi rung dU'qc tfnh phu thuoc vao chufn s6 Nu:

Nil = 1.l6Re( H
;\ )O.8( v~w)0.96 (4-158)

j 2 )0.04
Nu =0.142 R"l A; (4-159)

trong d6:
Re - chuan 56 Reynold, tfnh theo di~u kien t6c dQ dong khf tm
han ere c6 16p soi rung;
A - bien dt), m;
w- Urn s6 goc, rad/s;
y- t~ s6 rung, Hz;
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, tuls',
Khi chon cac thong s6 rung ta can clI vao ch€ d¢ soi rung lien
tuc ciia 16p hat, thoa man dieu kien sau:

~tr2 p2 + 1 s Aw2 s Jn2p2 +4 (4-160)

g

159
trong do:
P - s6 chu ky dao dong cua be
mar rung trong thm gian hat bay
(thm gian ti'r hie hat bi day ra Mn We tiep xuc lai v6i mat
rung)
Ta co the chon cac thong s6 nhu sau:
A.w1 = (1,3 ~ 5)
A = (0,5 + 10) (rnm)
v= (5 ~ 50) (Hz)
Mu6n qua trinh s~y lang s6i rung duCJClien we, ra tao cho tap
hat vita soi rung vita chay thco huang nha:t dinh, T6c dQ chuyen dong
ella lop soi rung phu thuoc vao tfnh chat hru bien va .dQ amcua hat,
csu tao cua be mar rung (nhan, xu
xl, due 16), gee nghieng cua be mat
rung, bien dQ va goc cua hUOng rung v.v. T6c d¢ eua lOp soi III WI ..
duqe tfnh nhir sau:
- VOi bt mat phang lien nhan:

WI,s = K.A.wcos BJl- e12 (4-161)

- VOi m~t phing due 16:

_ ;r.KI8
Wl.s - (4-162)
w.tg.p
- VOi ~ m~ congxoan dang vit:
WI.. = K2Aw.cosB (4-163)
trong do
Cac h~ K, KI• K2 va c - xac dinh bang thtrc nghiem.
B - goc cua phirong rung () = 18° + 40°.
P - goc nghieng eua m~t rung p = 8° -;. 10°
Cac buOc tfnh thi€t k~ may say lap soi rung cung nrong tl! nhu
s,,"y t:illg soi, ngoai ra con phai tfnh eo cau t~? rung tren CCJ so cac s6

160
lieu nhu: A, w, v, 0, /3, V.v.
Sau dAy Hi mQt s6 may say lap soi rung.

4.5.5. May say lop soi rung ,

Trong cac may s~y lap sOi rung thl cac vat slly d~ng hat cling
soi, nhung su sci ella lap hat duqc tao bOi be
mat rung hoac k!t hop
giua b~ mat rung va chuyen dong cua dong rae nhan say. Can ell vao
do rna ta co the ehia may Slly lap soi rung thanh hai Ioai: may say lap
soi rung va may say lop soi rung khf dong.
May say lap soi rung va soi rung khf dong co iru diem Hi:
- Dung M 'say cac v~t slly dang hat, mieng rnanh co kfch thuoc
160, M dinh nhau, ho~c kfch thuoc nho nhu bot, hieu qua hem say tang
soi blnh thuong; VI cac v~t say nay co ch~ d<)soi khong gi6ng nhau khi
Slly tang soi blnh thuemg
- Qua trmh soi rung va soi rung khf dong nit 6n dinh.
- Khong can t6c dQ dong khi (tac nhan say) cao cung soi dl1'~
nen it t6n nang hrong cho quat,
- Cuong d<)say cao.
Nbuoc diem ella loai may say nay Ia eliu tao phtrc tap, d~t hen
may slfy trutg soi blnh thirong.
H~ thong may dy lop sOi rung g6m cac bQ phan sau:
- Be m~t rung rna tren do lOp v~t say dang h~t s()i rung. mat Be
rung c6 thi III mat phang tron hoac due 10 d~t nAm ngang hay nghieng;
m~t cong dang vit xoan. M~t rung nh~n truyen dong tit eC1e(u rung. Co
cau rung g6m cac thanh do bang 10 XO, bo ph~ tao rung thuong Iil luc
quan tfnh do chuyen dQng quay ella kh6i lech tam nhan truyen dQng tu
dong co.
- Toan bQ b~ mat rung co lOp vat sa'y soi rung dtrqc d~t trong
bu6ng say, c6 cil'a nap lieu, cira thao san pham, etta quan sat, cira la:y
161
miu thir.
- H¢ thong quat diy, hut hoac vtra hut vila diy, xyclon, loc lui,
v.v.
- BQ ph~n cap nhiet la caloriphe; khoi 10.
Hlnh 4-73 the hien c~u tao cua may si.y rung nAm ngang vOi lap
soi rung chuyen dQng ngang, Nguyen lieu Ill.cac v~t s~y dang hat dU'qc
n~p vao cira 8 vao be m~l rung gi6ng nhu sang rung. Tac nhan s~y
duqc dua vao bu6ng sa'y JO qua.cira 9, di qua sang xuyen qua lap hat
sci r6i di ra ngoai qua cac cira 7. Cac hat chuyen dong soi nba mat
rung (sang rung) va rae dong ctia dong tac nhan say, LOp hat vira soi
rung vira cuay ve phia cira 6 thi kho. B¢ phan tao rung Ia khoi lech tarn
J quay iron nho dai truyen va dong co 2. H~p s~y 10 dUQc treo tren
khung 4 bang cac thanh 10 XO. Hop say ]0 cung rung vOi sang (m~t
rung). Khung 4 dUQCbat xuong mong nra tren d~m cao su dan hdi. T6c
d() chay cua dong hat soi rung phu thuoc vao goc nghieng cua sang,
bien dQ rung, Urn s6 rung. Trong hlnh 4-73 khong th~ hien h? th6ng
quat va caloriphc.

!J

Hinh 4-73. May s5y rung nAmngang

1- b~ ph~nI~h tam quaytrim tl,\O ru"9; 2- dQng CO; 3- m6ng may; 4- khung da; &. ~ ~I
rung d~ 16;~ ella thao san ph~m;7- cac ella khi thSi;8- clla ~p Ii~u;9- ella vao Clla lac
nMn s;{y; 10- bu6ng (h(lp) s5t.

162
 Hlnh 4-74 th~ hien ca:u tao cua may s'y lap soi rung thing dUng,
b~ m~ rung c6 dang vft 'loin quan 'lung quanh 6ng
tunh tru thing
dtmg, dinh canh vit e6
thanh vay dang vit d~
,. " ,

v~t sd"y khong roi ra

ngoai. Khoi hlnh tru c6
canh vft dircc d~t tren
bQ phan truyen rung 2,
dinh diroc treo bang
cac 10 xo 20 vao dinh
ella vo tru I. Khi b¢
phan 9 rung thl kh6i
tru e6 canh vft cGng
rung. Cac hat am duoc 14--11-"";;:::::1

nap vao canh vit thap

nhat nho pheu 12. L(1p
hat vtra sci rung vita
chay ngiroc len canh
vft cao nhat thl kho r6i 12
chay qua dla 17 ra '
ngoai. Be mat ella vit "r~W~~~~~~~:-I't- .....
10
rung uep xuc v6i lop
hat phai co dQ nham
nhar dinh va g6c
nghieng cua vft ciing 7 S' 5 "
phai phu hop v6i cac HJnh4-74. May sdy'/ap sdi rung Urlng d(tng
hat dem say. De lop 1- vo hinh trl,l dl'mg ylln; 2· Ihi61b, IruyAnrung; 3· chAn
hat vita soi rung vita da (gia); 4- lc1'mchAn d~; 5· m6ng may; 6- banh dai;
chuyen dong len thl 7· )6 xo nhip; 8- khOpnOi10xo; 9- b9 ph~n I~ rung;
10- lam phAng; 11- blch; 12- ella n1(lpIi~u; 13- k~h
kh6i tru co canh vit
v~n chuy'n ~ng v{1xo~n; 14- oog tru; 15- ella quan
phai nhun xu6ng ra't
sat16- caa I!y m~u thli (ki6m Ira); 17- caa thao san
nhanh d6ng thm xoay
ph~m; 18- n~p; 19- gia treo; 20-16 xo !reo
sang traiva
tra lai, Tan

163
s6 v?l bien dQ rung tuy thuoc vao kich thu6c va kh6i IUQIlSrieng ella
hat, Thai gian stfy phu thuoc vao chieu dai vlt va t6c ~ di chuyen ciia
16p hat rung. Nang sutft s~y phu thuoc then
gian s~y va chieu rong til
chan de'n dinh vft. Tac nhan s~y co
the chuyen d¢ng xoAn theo 16p hat
rung, ho~c tir 6ng trung tam di ra qua 16p hat soi rung (hlnh.4-75).
Khi canh vft rOng ben trong thi ta c6 the ctfp nhiet Mng hoi nuoc
nong. Trong tnrong hop nay 13 co may stfy lap soi rung tiep xuc vm
m~t vit n6ng (hinh 4-76).

Hlnh 4-15. Taenhan sly tli ra tlJ6ng 'am Hirth 4-16. May sAy ~p sOi rung tiep xlic
1- IIit rung; 2- 110may; 3· khOng khl; 1- b¢ ph~n tao rung; 2- mtOc ngung; 3- vo;
4- calOfiphe; s.. qu~thlXlng true: 4- vII rung d6ng th<liUIcaloriphe; s.. hoi nlJOc
6- san pMm; 7- khl thai. n6ng bao hoil; 6- khi lhili; 7- san ph~m:
8- cac ~ ~m; 9- dQng co.

May stfy lap soi rung noi chung c6 ke't csu phirc tap, gia thrum
cao, nang suar s!iy khong 16n. Nang sutft bay h<1i rieng tren met met
vuong b~ mat lam viec (b~ mat rung) la AF: AF = 215 kg bay am
164
hoi/ml.h (khi lam bay hoi ro~t dung dich nao do, c6 cac hat nen). Nang
su~t bay hoi Am theo th~ tfch ~ay 13 Av: Av =) 50 (kg/rrr' .h). Lugng
tac nhan s~y va nhiet luong c~ cho l kg Am bay hoi laG' =: 50 (kg/kg),
=
a« 4200 (kJ/kg).

4.6. SAY D61 t.uu cAe V~T- LI~U RCH 'vA DUNG DlCH
TRONG DONG LUll D()NG

Khi ta cho cac hat ran hay long b dang phan Ian vao dOpg khf c6
van t6c Ian hon v~n t6c lAng ella hat thl chiing bi cu6n thea dong khf.
Ngiroi ta dd ap dung phuong phap nay de
van chuyen hl;lthoac s~y cac
nguyen lieu am dang hat. Khi s~y tIU dong khf chinh la dong rac nhan
say. Qua trinh s~y xay ra khi dong hat bay thea dong tac nhan say.
Di~m khac nhau giiia van chuyen hat va s«y hat ia: mat d~ hat khi v~n
chuyen IOn g~p hang chuc tham chi hang tram 1~ mat dQ hat khi say.
Qua trmh s~y nhu tren, duqc goi Iii s~y trong dong hru dQng.
Can elI vao dang cau tao cua buong say va dang chuyen dong
cua dong luu dt)ng rna
ta chia ra: buong dy 6ng, budng s~y xoay USc,
buong say xyclon, buong s:fy phun.

4.6:1. Cac dinh lu~t ve say t.rong dong luu t1c)ng

Trong muc nay ta se nghien ciiu chuyen dQng ctia ca dong khf va
h~t ve m~t khf dQng va sac can khi d~ng, truyen nhi¢t va chuyen kh61
gin hat va khf (tac nhan s~y), tren eo sb d6 se xa.y dung cac h¢ thCfng
say phu hop. .

4.6.1.1.DiJ.e t(nh eua dong btu d9ng khf-~ .

Xet thea phuong tien v~ chuyen thl dong luu dong khf-h~t c6
cac d~e tfnh the hien qua cac h~ so luu hrong kh6i luong (Ji), ~ s61uu
hrong the tfch (P'), n6ng dQ kh6i hnmg thl!C x, n6ng dQ the rich x,
thanh phan va dang cua hat, trall!c chfnh dien ella dong hat v:v,

165
 H~ s6 hru hrong cua dong hru dQng khi-hat lit u, p' dUQexac
dinh nhu sau:

(4-165)

trong do:
p , m, l' - kh6i luong rieng, kh6i htQllg,th~ tich ella hat, kg/rn",
kg/s, m3/s;
/)y., WK, V K - kh6i lU<;Wlgrieng, van t<Se, the tfch cua dong khi (tac
nhan say), kg/rrr', mls, m3/s;
F, - dien tich ti~t dien ngang eua 6ng dAn(bu6ng say), m2•
N6ng dQkh6i hrong, nOngdQthe tfch thirc la x, x' dugc tfnh nhu
sau:
m m
X=-=-- (4-166)
V' w.Fo·

V m
X'----- (4-167)
V' p.w.Fo
trong d6:
V' - th~tfch dong hat phan tan trong dong khf, ml/s;
w - v~ t<Se cua hat, m/s.
Til'cac di~u kien tren ta c6:

p' = p PK (4-168)
P
, wI(.
x=x,P=P,PK - (4-169)
~,
Khi sa:y thl J.I s 1 kg/kg; Khi v~n chuydn don thuan thl
u = (1,5 7 100) ho~c 16nhan.
166
 Hlnh dang yh kfch thtroc ella hat c6 anh huang de'n chuyen dO~g
eua dong hat. Khi cac hat la hlnh cliu thl kich thuac hat n
duoog kfnh
della hlnh c~u. Ne'u hat knong phai hlnh du thl fa dung durog kfnh
luang duong dt.d:

V
d',d = 6:h (4-170)

trong d6 t'b la lhli tfch ella hat, rrr'.

Ty s6 giua be
m~t cliu co duong kfnh dl.d va dien tfch ~ m~t
thuc ella hat goi Iii h~ s6 ({J:

(4-171)

trong d6:
F C" - dien tfch m~t cliu co dlA, m':
Fb.- dien tfch M mat hat, m",
H¢ s6 blnh dang ella hat fa ¢ dugc tinh nhu sau:
¢= a.I (4-172)
trong d6:
a,- be mat rieng theo thi tfch cua hat, m2/m);
J - chieu dai cua hat, m.
Tac6:
61
<p=- (4-173)
¢.d"d
¢ = 6 - khi hat c6 dang kh6i l~p phuong hay dang cau.
¢ = 4 - khi hat dang tru.
¢ = 2 - khi hat dang tru lun (tlfm)
({J = 0,77 - khi hat dang hltu due.
({J= 0,66 - khi dang cong.
(/)= 0,58 - khi dang thanh.
167
 tp = 0,43 - khi dang tam mong (tru lun),
H~ s6 tro luc chinh
dien ella dong hru dong khf-hat diroc leY hieu
IA ~c, n6 phu thu()c V80 rAt nhieu yeu t6 nhir: hlnh dang va kich thl10c
cua cac hat, cac dieu
kien chuyen dong ella dong khf-hat, chuyen kh6i
giiia cac hat va khf (tac nhan say) V.v.

~c = K1.K2(O.462K3 ~ ~~) (4-174)

trong do K, la h? s6 tinh den cac dieu kien day d~c cira cac hat dang
chuyen dong va tac dung nrong hOgiira chang voi nhau.
K\ = (1 - X,)4.7S= S4.1!. (4-175)
.r' - n6ng dO the tfeh thirc;
s - d<) xop;
K; - h~ s6 fmh huong cua ong dan.
- Khi chay mang:

(4-176) .

d - dtl?ng kfnh cua hat hlnh cau, nsu khong phai hlnh eliu thl lay
duang kinh nrong duong, m;
D - dUOngkfnh 6ng dAn,rn.
- Khi chay rei:

(4-176)

H¢ s6 K) H, sl! cinh huong cua hlnh dang cac hat:

K3= 11-10q> (4-177)
q> dtl<Jctfnh til weu kien (4-173).
H¢ s6 tr6 11!ctinh ttl' ditu kien (4-174) ap
dung cho cac hat dang
cliu va b~u due. D6i voi cac hat dang tru, dang dia, mieng mong thl h¢
168
s6 tra luc chfnh dien dUQc tfnh nhu sau:

~c =K1K2(1,18+ :J vmRe=O+2.1~ (4-178)

~c = KIK~( 1.19 + ~~) voi Re= 0 + 106 (4-179)

O~e tfnh ehu yeu ella dong. hru d9n~ khi-hat la v~n t6c lAng ella
cac hat. Khi Re <1 thi van t6c Bing ella hat Iii W 1<.1 duoc tfnh theo
phuong trlnh ella Stoekes:

WK1 =_!_g.d1 (p- PK), (mls) (4-180)

. 18 vK PK

trong do:
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, m/s2;
d - dlIOng kfnh hoac duemg kinh nrong dirong ella hat, m;
y[{ - d<? nhm dQng hQC cua khi, m2/s;
P - kh6i luong rieng ella hat, kg/m':
A - kh6i hrong rieng cua khf, kg/m".

4.6.1.2. Khf dljng h!JC va s«c can kit! ~ng cIla dong IfIU dljng
khl-hl!l

Chuyen dong cua cac h~t trong dong luu dong khf -hat dugc xac
dinh bOi cac ngoai hrc 'rae dung len chdng nhu; trong luqng, strc can
ella dOng khf. hrc rna §t gitra cac hat v6i nhau, luc rna sat
giira cac hat
vA 6ng dan,lt!c ly tam khi chay trong 6ng congo
Phuong trlnh chuyen d<?ng ella m<?t hat trong 6Dg thing dtrng va
nam ngang nhu sau:
VOi 6ng thang dUng:

(4-181)

169
 V<1i6ng nAm ngang:
d(m.W) = +J! 1l.d2 • PK W~.ld (4-182)
dt -'::>c 4 2

trong d6:
m - khoi Iuong hat, kg;
W - van toe hat, m/s;
'( - thOi gian, s;
g - gia t6e trong tnrong, m/s2;
~ - h~ so tra ilIc chinh dien:
d - dUOng kfnh hat, m;
W K td - van t6c nrong d6i ella dong khf so vOi h~t, m/s;
p« - kh6i hrong rieng cua khi, kg/m",
Cac da'u cua cac s6 hang ben phai eua (4-181) phu thuoc vao
chieu vee to van t6c chuyen d¢ng vOi trong luong va van t6c nrong d6i
cua hat va dong khi. D!u ella s6 hang ben phai cua (4-182) ph':l thuoc
vao chieu vee to v~n t6c chuyen d~g va
van t6c nrong d6i gilia hat va
dong khf.
BAng phirong phap tfch phan hai phuong trinh (4-181) va (4-182)
ta se thu dltQC cac d~c tinh chit y!u ella chuyen dQng h~t trong dong
luu dQog khf-hat d6 Ia: thai gian chuyen dQng ella h~t trong thiet bi
(60g) ~y, t6c dQ urong d6i gilia h~.t va khf, chieu d8i ~ tang t6c
v,v. D6 Iii cac thOng s6 quan trong de tinh thiet ke may s~y dong luu
dQng khf-hat, Vi~ tich phan hai phuong trlnh tren g~ kh6 khan 1(1n
bbi h~ s6 tralt,rc ehinh dien ~ e l~ ham s6 e6 nhitu bitn 56.
Quan sat
chuyen dQng cua hat tir etta nap lieu cho den ella ra ta
th~y eo giai doan tang t6c, giai doan dn dinh va sau cimg la lang (1
thiet bi thu h6i san pharo. T~ dra nap, hat duqc dua vao dong khf dang
ehuy~n dQng vOi v~ t6c 1(1nhan v~ t6c ling ella hat, nen hat bi eu6n
theo dong khf (tac nhan say). Tuy chieu va
dQ IOn ciia van We hat (W)
va dong khf (W K) rna hat chuyen dQng nhanh them hay cham lai. Tra
170
hrc k.hi dOng hoc va v~n t6c nrong d6i gHia khi va h~t c6 gi' hi I~
nh~l tai ciia nap, cluing giam d4n vOi sl! tang d~ ella v~n ~6ch~t. D~~
khi nao cac lire tac dung len hat Ia can bAng thi hat chuyen dong se
a
deu dieu kien van toe tuong d6i giO'a khi vOi hat bAng van t6c lang.
Chuyen d()ng cua nhieu hat trong dong hru d()ng khf-hat phirc
tap hem nhieu. Cac hat co trong hrong va hlnh dang, kich thuoc khac
nhau sc chuyen dOng khac nhau. Cac hat khong co dang eau se c6
chuyen dong xoay, hat nhe chuyen dong nhanh hon hat nang. Ket qua
lit xay ra va d~p gifta cac hat,
D6i voi dong hru d()ng khf-hat trong ong thing uUng xay ra de
hien nrong "pittong". D6 III hj~n urong cac hat duqe nap vao voi mat
dO Ian (h~ s6 hru lirong p 1611)din t6i van t6e lling 16n len lam cac hat
dung lai rOi nhap voi nhau thanh timg 1ch6i choan roan bQ net dien
ngang ella ong. Tra hrc chfnh dien We nay dung bang tra luc ella 16p
hat rna dong khf phai di qua. Van t6e lang cua ea
kh6i hat (pittong)
nho han til 8 d~n 9 l:in van t6e lling eua timg hat rieng le. De tranh
hien nrong tao pittOng thl nen lam 6ng sa'y c6 tiet dien ngang Ian d4n
v6 phfa tren dong thm van t6e dong khi l~y lon hem v~ t6e ling thea
dieu kien sau:
(4-183)
Sl! chuyen d¢ng ella dong hru dQng khf-hat trong 6ng nfun ngang
thi v~ tOe dong khf du1611d~ tao ra h!c nang can bAng vOi trong luong
ella hat. Ty s6 gitra van t6e dong khf WI( va v~n t6e hat W goi la h~ sO
tnrot, icy hieu Ut i,sao cho c!~tgia t~ sau:
W
't =........!..
W
= 1.1 + 1,7
COng thue thl,fe nghi~m de nnh i, d6i vCridong hru dQng trong .
6ng s~y nam ngang nhu sau:

it =l+c
(
..L-l
)
(!!.-).
0.661 0667(
1+ 200
)
(4-184)
PK D Fr+ FrLb

171
trong do:
p, PK- kh6i luong rieng ella hat, khf kg/rrr';
d, D • dtrong kfnh hat, dUO'ngkinh 6ng, m;
e = 0,014 + 0,02613 h~ s6 phu thuoc dang hat;
Fr, Fr.; - chudn s6 Phrud thuong, (de tOi han diroc tfnh thea WK
va WK,lh'
Gia tri ella WK 14'ynho nha't rna khong dy ra lang hat. WK,tb duoc
tfnh nhir sau:

(4-185)

Khi dong luu dQng khf-hat di trong doan 6ng cong thl co sl!
tham gia ella lire rna sat giiia cac hat vOinhau va vci thanh ong, luc ly
tam. Trang truong hop nay toe dQ ti~p tuyen cua hat d6i vOi cung tron
eo ban kinh R dUQc tfnh phu thuoc t6c dQ W K va ty s6 trnqt nhu sau:
-V6i WK S 20 mls thl:
O,j
.E: d
it = 1+0.]6
. s( PK R ) Re--O·163 FrO.27 (4-186)

-WK> 20 m/s thl:

i, =l+O,09{:' r(~rm (4-187)

D6i vOi bu6ng sa'y co dang xyclon hay xoay 16c thl chuyen dQng
cua dong luu dQngkhf-h~t con phirc tap han so vOidoan 6ng congo vi
trong trumg hgp nay con co them nhieu thong s6 3.nh hubng khac nua
nhir: mat dQ luu luong u, dang va kfch thlI6c cua bu6ng s!y, van t6c
dong khf-hat tiI c\ra vao budng sa'y. Khi mac dQ xoay tha'p thl dong luu
dQng khi-hat di vao phfa tren buong sa'y, cac h~ se roi xu6ng vung
xoay cira ra (1 tarn rOi di ra ngoai, Khi muc dQ xoay cao thl cac hat se
xoay trong khong gian hlnh vanh tru. Duoi lac dung ella luc Iy tam nen
172
cac hat c6 XU huong dat ra thanh thi~t bi (bu6ng say). Nhc lien tuc nap
a
rnoi dong hat nen cac hat vung xoay cilng t~p trung b vung tam r6i
thee cira ra ngoat. Nhu vay ta thay vOi buong say dang xyclon thl h~t
khong lAng trong xyclon rna trong do xay ra qua rrinh sa:y cac hat
trong dong luu dQng. .
Van tOc dong khf Him thay dOi che' dQ khf dong c6 thi tinh thea
phuong trinh thirc nghiem sau day:

ReI h
J D)O.64( dD)1.13 .ArO.6
= 0.2",\ h (4-188)

trong do:
II - chidu cao cira vao xyclon, m;
d - duong kfnh hat, rn;
D - dirong kfnh thiet bi xoay (xyclon), m;
Ar - s6 Archimedes;
ReUl - chuan s6 Reynold tm han.
Ty s6 giiia kh6i hrong cac h~t dang xoay trong thiet bi va luu
hrong dong hru dQng chay qua thiet bi duqc goi 13.kha nang keo dan,
IcY hieu til qd:
(4-189)

(4-190)

trong do:
A, B cac he s6. A ~ 3 d6i vm cac hat c6 dQ rm cao;
A = 1,45 + 3 cac hat c6 dQ fiJi nbc;
B =D,7 + 0,9. B ~ 1,15 v6i cac hat kh<Xtg co dang c:1u nhung g~
dang cau;
W K.o - t6c dQ ella dong khf tai cira vao, m/s;

173
 HIK.tb - t6e dO tai han cua dong khi, m/s;
n-s6 cira vao xyclon (buong s!y dang xyclon).
Cac t6c dQ WK.o, WK.tb d~u tfnh hI phuong trtnh chudn s6 Reynold
da biet sau khi tfnh diroc R. tic (4-188);
GK luu luong khf chay qua thiet bi, kg/so

Trong lhi6t bi s~y phun, cac hat dung dich duqc phun vao bu6ng
s~y nho cac voi phun hoac dia vang, rae nhan ssy duqc th6i vao thee
phuong tiep tuyen, tu
tren xu6ng hoac nguoc I~. Cac hat dung dich
vira chuycn d¢ng theo phuong thang dung vira theo phuong huang
kinh. Van t6e tuyet doi cua cac hat dung dich Iii W duqc tinh nhu sau:

(4-191)

trong d6 WhK• WI Ill, van t6e ciia hat dung dich thea huang kfnh, thang
dUng mls.
WhK, Wt duccrfnh thea cac diBu kien (4-181), (4-182).
Tro hrc lchf dong cua dong hru dQng khl-hat chay trong cac 6ng
hay thi~t bi s~y duqc tfnh nhu sau:
(4-192)
trong do:
MK - tr6' ll!c ciia dong khf (tac nhAn s«y);
M ~- trb}l!c ciia dong hat (v~t say).
MY.. = MI+ 6P1+ llP3 (4-193)
trong d6:
M 1-TOnth!t tro luc do rna sat;
11P1 - T6n that Iro hrc cue bo;
!:J>3 - ap suat tinh eua CQl khf (rae nhan say). 1:!.P3 dirong kill cira
vao (1 tren va nguoc lai n6 co Mu am.

Y. = (I-X')P.[ (,t ~ H)~~ 1

+ ±gL (4-194)

174
trong d6:
Pr..- kh6i luong rieng cua khf, kg/m";
x'- nong dQ the tfch;
A. - h~ s<5rna sat cua thanh 6ng, thiet bi.
A = 0,0052 + O,5Re.{i·32 ven 6ng tron va chc d9 chay c6
Re = (3.103 + 3.106). ta eo the tra bang de tim A..
D..L - duong klnh, chieu dai <5ng,thiet bi say, m;
? - tra Il!C Cl;IC bQ, tra bang;
H-'k - van t6c dong khf di trong (')ng, thl~t bi, m/s;
g - gia t6c trong truong, m/s~;
L - chieu dai hoac chieu cao 6ng, buong say, m.
M\ = t:.P4+ t:.Ps + t:.P6+!:JP1+ Me (4-195)
trong d6 M4 la tdn that ap suat do rna sat giUa cac h~t voi nhau, giua
cac hat v6l thanh 60g hay thie't bi, gitra cac hat v6i khf:

M4 = J..' !:..x' p.w2 (4-196)

o 2

A'=27Fr-(J,75 _ vOi D > (20+25)

d
trong d6: d - duang kfnh hat, m

A.' = 4.25( ~

6Ps I~ tdo that ap su!'t

r s Fr -0.75 - vOi ~ < (20 + 25)

de can b~g trong luong cua· cac hat:

=
Ms pS' .g.L (4-197)
6P 6, !lP7 - t6n th:l't dong hQC va tinh hQC trong doan tang t6c
(doan 6ng sat v6'i ella nap lieu).

6P6 = (P-PK}lI wi'ln (W~ -WK -WK.lXWd -WIC +WK.I) (4-198)

p.F(J 2 (We - Wy. + WXJ XWd - WIC - WKJ
175
 M>.7 = !!!_(w
Fed - w) (4-199)
o

trong do:
p, PK - khoi luong rieng Clla hat, khf kg/m";
F b - dien tich ti~t dien cu6i mieng doan tang t6c, m";
m - khoi lirong hat kg/s;
W K - van tOe dong khi 6 tnroc 6ng tang toe, m/s;
We. wd - van t6c hat 6 cuoi, dau ong tang t6c, m/s;
W K.I - van t6c lang cua hat, rn/s;
6Ps - l(~nthat ap suat tai cac tro luc cue bo do hien dien cua cac
hat trong dong khf:

AD _ 1 pW2
tsr8 - I"c 2 (4-199)

trong do:
,te - h~ s6 rna sat cira hat len thanh 6ng.
D6i voi dean 6ng co dirong kinh D va cong vOi ban kinh R ~
2,5D thr ta co:
1
I1.c =a.p. F r -0.75 (4-200)

trong do:
Fr - chuar. s6 Phrud;
a - la h~ s6 dang cut cong va vi trf cua n6 trong h~ th6ng.
Truong hop dong chay thay d6i tlr phuong th~g dUng sang
phuong ngang thI:
D)o.5
a=69, -R (
Neu dong chay tU phuong ngang chuyen rhanh phuong thAng
dirng thi:

176
 D)0.5
a= 4,1 ( Ii
trong d6: D, Ria dirong kinh 6ng, ban kinh u6n 6og, m
Chieu dai cua dean 6ng tang toe e6 the tfnh nhu sau:

L - WK [(W -W 'an We - WK -.WK,I -(w _ W )In We - WK +WK'l]

I - 2g K K.lJ1 Wd _ WK _ WK.I K K.I HId - WK + WK.l
(4-201)
We = 0,95 (WK - WK,I)
~ tfnh tra lire khf dong cua dong hru dong khi-hat trong tmet bi
xyclon ta dung bietJ thue sau: .

M>K;:;:). ~(1_X')PK;Wi. (4-202)

W~
M>h =p.x'L- (4-203)
R
Voi Re = (3.10" ~ 1,3.10 5) thl .A. = O,0815Re-o.13•
D, R - duong kinh, ban kinh cua xyclon, m;
A - h~so rna sat cua thanh xyclon;
L - chi~u dai xyclon, m.
Trcr luc khi dong cua bu6ng s€y dang xoay 16c ducc tinh phu
thuoc vao h¢ so trC11"c cue bQ tinh theo v~n toe (1 cira vao:
H¢ s6 trbll!c khi khong hii:

L:.hX -b )o.S(-Do )-2.3

q=1O.9 - ( D D D
(4-204)

Khi c6 tai:

~=(1+0.6,.u'\D
-{ b )0.35(D; )-o.2[9'\D
J"£h)1.7 +4,4exp(-4.6D)
]
(4-205)
177
trong do:
II - chieu cao cua ranh xoay, m;
b - chieu rong cua buong xoay, m;
D, Do . duong kfnh cua vong xoay 100 nhat, ~honhat, m.
D6i v6\ buong say phun thl tra life cua cac hat co the b6 qua VJ
n6ng dq ciia cac hat dung dich trong tac nhan s~y Ja khong dang k~.
Nhu v~y chi co tra luc cua dong khi (tae nhan say) trong thiet bi ccng
voi tro h_rccue bQ a cira vao va cira ra.
4.6.1.3.Truyin nhi¢l va chuye"n khoJ.d6i vUi dong luu tl.qng kl,'.hf!l

Qua trinh rruyen nhiet va chuyen kh6i trong say dong luu dong
khi-hat xay ra gili'a be mat cac hat va tac nhan say (cling la dong khi
v~n chuyen hat), Qua trtnh truyen nhiet va chuyen kh6i co wang elQ
Ion nha't a vang tU (2 + 4) m dau tien cua thiet bi (eng) say tinh til' cira
nap li~u, vi trong khoang nay t6c dQ LUang d6i cua tac nhan say so vm
t6c d¢ hat 13 IOn nhaL Cuong dQ truyen nhiet va chuycn khoi giam dan
thea chieu dai cua thi~t bi. o
khoang each til' (8 + 10) m tinh til' cira
nap lieu tlU nhiet d¢ va ham :im ciia hat d~t gia tri 6n dinh.
Di tfnh toan truyen nhiet trong bu6ng say dong luu dQng khi-
hat, ta dira vao cac phuong trlnh ehuan s6.
H¢ s6 toa nhiet a ttY tac nhan say eho be m~t cac hat ctuqc tinh
nhir sau:

NU·).K
a = -- d , (kcal/m 2
.h.dn). (4-206)
.

trong d6:
AK - h~ s6 dan nhiet ciia tac nhAn sllY, kcal/m.h.de;
d - duong kfnh cua hat hlnh cau: neu cac hat khac hlnh cau tlU
lay duemg kfnh nrong ducrng,~, m.

~d = v-;-,
,{6V;
(m) (4-207)

178
trong do \'b~the tfch cua hat khong dang cau, rn'.
Neu cac hat co nhieu dang khik nhau thi d\fOng kfnh d duQC thay
bang d\fOng kfnh trung binh d,b:
_ L.d(ni ( )
d Ib- , ,m (4-208)
r.d
i-nj

trong d6:
eli - dllCmg kinh trung blnh ciia nh6m hat thu i, (i:= 1; 2 ...);
II, - I~ s6 hat cua nh6m thu i.

Chuan s6 Nusselt dl1gc tfnh nhu sau:

Nu = 2 + 0,51 Reo.52 PrO.3) (4-209)

trong do: Re- chuan s6 Reynold tfnh theo v~ t6c lAng W 1(.1 nen Thanh
Re.J:

Rei = W1ud (4-210)

I'K

trong do:
W t.1 - van toe dong khi lam cac hat lang, mls;
VK - dQ nhat dong cua tac nhan sty tty theo nhiet dQ trung binh
khi vao vil ra khoi buong (6ng) s~y, m2/s;
d - dUOng kfnh hat hlnh cAu, m, neu khong cau thi l~y ~, nhieu
dang h~t thl 14'y dlb• m.

WK.I=_!_·gd2 .P-PK ,(mls) (4-211)

18 IlK PK

trong do:
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, mls";
p, PI< - kh6i luong rieng cua hat, cua khi (rae nhan s~y). kg/m' ;
PI< - l~y theo nhi¢t dQ trung blnh cua tac nhan sty;
Pr - chuan s6 Prant:

. ]79
 Pr=2 (4-212)
a
trong d6 a 13 s6 dan nhier ella lac nhan s~y .
Dien tfch b~ mat truyen nhiet dung bang dien tich be mat ella
cac hat, ky hieu la
Fb;
6m , .
Fn =-, (m'rh) {4-213)
. d.p
trong do:
m - nang suat say Hfy thea san ph~ (rn=rn.), kg/h;
d - uUUng kfnh hat cau, m. (hoac dw, du,);
p - kh6i luong rieng ella hat, kg/m",
Thai gian s4'y la 1: duqc tinh nhu sau:

r = 3600Q ,(s) (4-214)

«s; .!:J
trong do:
Ilt - hieu nhiet d() trung blnh giua tac..nhan s~y va hat, d();
Q - nhj~ luong rna lAcnhan s~y truyen cho cac hat, kcal/h.
Nhiet hrong Q dung bang nhi~t lugng lam hrong Am !:J.U bay hoi
va lam nong khOi hat,
TiI v~n toe lAng WK.I ta tinh duqc v~n t6'e Lac nhan s~y la W K nhu
sau:
WI(= 1,25 WK.t, (m/s) (4-215)
hay WK = 10,.5 + 0,.57 WKJ, (m/s), (4-216)
Chieu dai bu6ng (6ng) s4'y la L1:
t, = (WK- WK.I) 1:, (m) (4-217)
Chieu dai tOng cong ella 6ng ~y la L:
L = L, + L1,(m) (4-218)

180
trong d6
~ = 0,5 WK.d, (m) (4-219)
L~- la chieu dai bO sung, m,
Duong kinh (Jng s{y duge tfnh nhu sau:

VI(
D=

trong do:
\: K - hru hrong tac nhan say, m3/s.
L11U hrong tac nhan s:fy duqc tinh tit chu trlnh s:fy thirc dung tren
do thi l-d cua khOng khf am. Nong dQ 111U luong trong s:fy dong l11U
dong noi chung la nho: 11 = 1 kg/kg.
De tfnh toan bu6ng say dong hru dOng dang xoay 16c, ta ap dung
cac phuong rrinh sau:
- D6i v(1i che"dQ tren t6i han:

(4-221)

- D6i vol che dQ du6i tm han:

Nu=O.019Reoo~ ArO.3S ( d
D )-00' ( h
d
)-<l.l (4-222)

trong d6:
qd va qd.lh dugc tinh ttl (4-189) va (4-190);
Ar - cbudn s6 Archimedes;
d, D - duang kfnh hat, dtrUng kinh thitt bi xoay (xyclon), m;
h - chieu cao ct'ra vao, m;
Re - chudn s6 Reynold.
D~ tfnh nhiet trong say dong hill dong khf-hat ta cling c6 the
181
dung h~ s6 toa nhiet theo the tfch buong say la av:
av = a.ia.x', (kcal/m~.h.oQ) (4-223)
trong 06:
Of - be mat rieng theo the tfch cua hat, m /m 2 l;

a . h~ s6 toa nhiet, tfnh thong qua phuong trmh

chudn s6 Nu, kcal/m'ih.de;
x' - nong d¢ kh6i luong xern (4-167).
D6i vai say phun dong ngu<;1Cchieu thl Nu de tfnh a va sau d611\
a.,. tfnh theo phuong trtnh sau:
m d°.4
Nu = 5,688 2 ( II> )0& (4·224)
PKF WK.I ±WK .

trong 06:
m2 • nang suat say tinh theo san pharo, kg/s;
py.. - kb6i hrong rieng ella tac nhan say, kg/m";
F - dien rich ti!t dien.ngang ella buong s9:y, nr';
du,.duang kfnh trung blnh cua nhieu hat, xem (4·208), m;
WK.I - van t6c dong khf khi cac h~t lAng, mjs;
WI< • t6c d¢ khf Ian han ho~c nho hen W K.I> mls.

4.6.2. Cac h~ thong say dong luu dQog dang ong, xyclon, xoay lOe
Dua vao,nhung tinh toan eta neu l:J tren, nguoi ta thi~t k! vi\ ch!
tao cac h¢ thl5ng say dong liru dong khf-hat, Chung dugc dung d~ say
cac v~t lieu dang hat, cac loai hat, tinh bot, cac eM pharo sinh hoc v.v.
D~c diem chinh cua qua trinh say dong hru dQng l~ cac v~t lieu
sa:y hru lai trong bu6ng sa:y ng~ (thm gian say ngan) nen ham ~ clla
chting thay ddi khong nhieu. Luong am bay hc1itrong bu6ng say eM
yeu la am tl.l do tren be m~ cac vat say. Thm gian sa:y ngan cho phep
sit dung tac nhan say c6 nhiet dQ cao ngay ca vm v~t sa:yc6 tfnh chiu
nhiet kem.
182
 H~ th6ng sa:y hru dong c6 buong s~y dang 6ng thuong d~t thAng
dffilg. Tac nhan say va v~t lieu slfy cung chuyen dQng til dum len.
Luong v~t lieu sa:y va tac nhan say e6 trong 6ng sa:y khong nhieu vi
v~y eng say con dU<;1cdung de
say cac v~t lieu d~ chay nd. 6ng sa:y
dm;rc dung de nung n6ng hat trong cac ~ th6ng slfy tMp hay sa:y thtg
sOL Khi do n6 chi Hi met b<>phan ella h~ th6ng say thap ho~c sd'y t4ng
soi (hlnh 4-54). Truce buong sa:y c6 cira nap v~t lieu s{y, sau bu6ng
slfy co b¢ ph~n thu hoi san pharn va lam sach khi thai. B<> ph$n tao ra
tac nhan sdy (khong khf n6ng hay khoi to) va h~ rh6ng quat ding c6
cau tao nrong t~rnhu trong cac h~ thOng sa:y khac, '
7 . 5

Hlnh 4-77. H~ thOngsly hJu dQng Hinh 4-7'. ~ tMng sify dOngIw dQng
~ng6ng d~ng ang cO tjet d;~n thay dOi.
1- b{l ph?f1n~p I~u; 2· v~t (j~u sly; 1- ca/oriphs; 2- q~t; 3- b{l phtn ~ ~;.
3- ang s4y; 4-](~d:>n; 5- k;Ic lui; 6- khltM;; 4- bu6ng sify dl!ng OOg; 5- d¢ng C(J ro bI,Ii tlI
7- san pham nIH! ho~c bVi; 8-san pham sKy; IQc tUi; 6- ir?c tui; 7- nJIi sl!ch khf thai; 8- chAt
g. khOng khl; 10- q~ thai; 9- i:Ua /lfy san ph6m; 10- c~ X8 b¢
f 1- caJorlphe; 12- clla thong ho~c My san phifm nh~; 11- xycion.

183
 C~U tao CI,l the cua cac he thong say dong hru d(?ng rat da dang,
tuy thuoc vao tfnh chat che' bien ella cac san phdm,
Hlnh 4-77 the hien du tao ella he thong say dong hru d~ng dang
6ng don gian. Tren hlnh ta th~y: Buong say 3 lil mot 6ng thing dirng.
Khong khi ngoai troi dU"gcquat 10 hut rOj dAy qua Calorriphe J 1 de
tao thanh Hie nhan s~y lien tuc th6i vao 6ng say 3. V~n t6e tac nhan
s~y di trong 6ng ph{liIan hon v~n t6c 10 lirng cua h~t (W K > W 1<.11) de
vita s~y vira day cac hat len xyclon 4. V~t lieu say dang h~l duqc b~
phan nap lieu dang vft (ai (co th~ dung co c:l'u khac nrnr roto, canh quat
v..v) lien tuc cap vao 6ng say. San pham Sl1YehU yeu dircc lay ra day a
xyclon 4, cac manh .va nho han duoc thu hoi 0 bo phan 19c tui 5. VI Iy
do nao do cac hat bi bAe e~u va tac 6ng ngay dean nap lieu ella 6ng
say thi ta rno cira 12 de thong.
Nhtroc diem cua h~
thong say nhu hlnh 4-77 Iii
cuong d~ c~y khong cao, VI 7

dong hat va dong tac nhan say

tuy c6 van t6e khac nhau
. nhung On dinh, S,! sao tron
giua dong hat va dong tac
~'
9
nhan s1l"ycang Ion thl cuong
d~ s1l"ycang cao. De
tao ra xao
tron gitra kill va hat tang len
(van t6c tuong d6i giiia khf va
h~t 160 len) ngcrCrita che tao
Hlnh ....79. H~ thOng cdy dong lUll 119n9cO
buong (6ng) sa'y c6 ti€t dien
buong sdy thay l10i
thay dOi (hlnh 4-78).
1- khl d6t; 2- boong dOt+ 3- Mng !iii rl?P v~t
Hmh 4-79 bieu dien he s~y; 4- 6ng sdy; 5- buong sdy t~ng s6i wAn
thong say dong hru dong khf- holm; 6- khl thai; 7- qU{lt; 8- xyclon; 9- san.
hat v6i buong sAy co ti€t dien pham s~y; 10- fac nhiln sly /8 khOi /0;
ngang Ion nho khac nhau. 11, 12- khOng kh(.
Thuc cha:t la sl,l k€t hop gitta
184
6ng s:iy va bu6ng s:iy tang soi
tu~n hOM. Tac nhan s€y la kh6i 10
(c6 bd sung khong khi d~ eMu
chinh nhiet <1"
va dQ am). V~t lieu
sa'y dang hat chao phep ti~p xiic
true tiep voi kh6i 10 (tac nhan
say). Trang 6ng 4 cM y~u qua la
trtnh nung nong vat s:iy va lam
bay hoi am
be mat. Trang buong 5
cho van t6c giam dan nen xay ra
qua trmh slfy tling soi tuan hoan.
Khi cac hat da kho thi chung hi
cu6n sang xyclon r6i tMo ra ngoai
thanh san pharo say. Tac nhan s:iy
siI dung mot Ian r6i thai ra ngoai
(can lam sach tnroc khi thai).
D6i voi cac v~t s:iy c6 tra Hinh 4-10. Budng say d"ng ang nhieu c6p
lire dan amben trong (kh6 Ian 1· lac nhan s(ly III caloriphe ho~c 16

truyen Am til ben trong ra be m~ 00t !{Ii; 2·~t ~ .~y ~ h~;

3- 6ng sI;y th(f nhAl; 4- bu6ng lAng
nat), nen sir dung h~ th6ng sa:y
th(J "hat; 5- 609dan tao nMn s~y;
dong Iuu dQng dang 6ng nhieu ca:p 6- khi thai; 7. qu~ 8- xyclon;
a
dtl<;1cthi hien hinh 4-80. Trong 9- bu6ng lang th(f hai; 10· b4,Ji ~ san
6ng say 3 chu y~u lam
n6ng hat ptJ.im d~ng bui; 11· san pMm s(ly;
va bay hoi Am tv do be mat caca 12· ~ng d!n hat; 13- 6ng say Ih{thai.
hat. Do van t6e dong khf giam nen
hat hi lAng (J bu6ng 4 r6i thea 6ng 12 chay sang 6ng dy 13 va g~p tai
tac nhan sa'y.HI' bu6ng 4 va trong 6ng 12 Iii thOi gian de am tir trong
truyen ra b~ mat hat r6i bay hoi trong ong say 13. san phant sa:y duge
lAng a bu6ng 9 va di ra ngoai qua co cau thao san pharo. Bui hoac san
pham dang bui se lAng a xyelon 8. Khi thai sach duge quat hut va day
ra ngoai, .

185
 Tren hinh 4-81 ta thay, 7
6
bu6ng say c6 cau tao g6m
hinh tru "hai vo. M~t trong
.cua vo la ~
m~t truyen nhie; 5
cho cac hat va d. dong kill
tro v~n chuyen hat. Ben trong
vo c6 vlt vo tan, dinh canh vit
sat voi m~t trong cua vo. Nlur
v~y da tao thanh ranh xoay
dang vlt vo l~n. Dong luu
dong khf tro-hat chay trong
r1inh xoay d6 ttl dum len tren. 15
Trong qua trinh chuyen dong
nhu vay, cac hat lien tuc dap Hinh 4-11. H~ thOng s§y Iw d9ng v{jj
vao be
mat n6ng cua vo. Cac buong s§y dljlng klmh vit )(oAn

hat n6ng len va

xay ra qua 1- may nap I~u (v~t~); 2- v~ say Wn:
3· v~t say da kh6 (san phcim) tuan holm;
trmh sA'y tiep xuc va d6i lull.
4- san pharo; 5- xyclon; 6· khI thai; 7- ~g
Nhb v~y cuong dQ s~y trong co quay ~ ph~ Itim ~ ben trong bu6ng say;
tnrong hop nay kha cao. San 8, 12- hoi m.tOc n6ng; 1" 13- nuttc ngUhg;
ph~ duqc thu hOi nho ~ ntJOclam mal khithSi; 10· thi8t b! nglJllg
xyclon 5. MQt hnmg hat kho hoi ~ tit dOng khr tMi; 1:4- c6c tach nlb:;
duqc tuan hoan va tron v6i 15- khllro bcSsung; Is:. quat; 17. 18- ntt&:
rita ben trong bu6ng sly; 19- budng dy.
cac hat Am nap vao buOng s~y
nham tang cuong qua trinh
sA'y. Khi tMi (gorn khf tro + hoi DUCIc) duqc dua qua thiet b! trao d6i
nhiet 10M lam mat va tach mroc d~ tai su dung.
Nhuqc c1i.bn cua ~ th6ng nay lil c6 cau tao phrrc tap, kh6 lam
sach M mat trong cua vo (M m~t trao ddi nhiet) nh~t 13.cac vat s~y e6
dQ dinh btt cao, tdn th~t tro luc IOn.
Hlnh 4-82 Ii\ c~u tao cua bu6ng s~y dong hru dOng dang xoay

186
loc. Dong khi-hat di vao .,
rinh xoay nguoc chieu
kim d6ng hO roi di' ra
theo chieu kim dOng h6.
Dong khf mang hat dOng
thm la Lie nhan say, no Tocnhan
va -;"1:;:::;;;±::(
c6 the Ill.khong khf nong v?!/iict say
hoac khoi 10 tuy van san
pharo s!y yeu cau. LAp Hinh 4-B2. Bu6ng say dong flltJ d¢ng di!ng xoay fi5c
bu6ng say nay vm t- ninh xoay; 2.4- hai ~p; 3- hai b~ng IMp
caloriphe hoac bu6ng coon IMnh him xofJy I6c
dOt, h~ th6ng quat,
xyclon, bo phan lam sach khi thai,
bQ phan nap lieu v~ thao san pham
ta se co he thong s!y dong hru dong
dang xoay 16c. H~ th6ng say nay co
tro luc nho va nang suat cung khong
Ian (htu hrong rae nhan s~y cao nhllt
13. 7 (kg/s), va he so Iuu hrong ill. f.l =
1 (kg/kg).
Ngoai ra con co bu6ng say
dong luu dQng dang xyclon. au tao
cua bu6ng ~y nay cung giong nhu
xyclon dang de ling va thu hoi san
phAro ho~c bui, nhung trong bu6ng
say dong luu dong nay thi eli v~t say
(cac hat) va tac nhan say lien rue
xoay r6i thea 6ng tam ra ngoai rOi
rom tm xyclon ling. Bu6ng say dang Hinh 4-83. &l6ng s5y d~ng xycloo
xyclon co chieu dai Ian hen chien ,- lac nMn say; 2- v41 6~ d~ngh~;
dai cua xyclon ling, ti~t dien hlnh 3- san ph~m~y vA kill thai; 4- oog .
lam; 5- yO; 6- nllp day khlt tk n9U cO.
vanh khuyen gitta 6ng trung tam va
187
vo hep hon so vm xyclon lang (hlnh 4-83). Lip bu6ng s~y xyclon v6i
h~ th6ng quat, xyclon lAng, caloriphe hoac bu6ng d6t, co cau tMo san
pham va nap lieu ta sc c6 M theng say dong luu dong dang xyclon.

4.6.3. Cac h~ thong say phun

H~ th6ng say phun g6m e6 bu6ng s~y phun, b¢ phan nap lieu la
nhiing voi hoac co cau phun, he thong quat, caloriphe de
cap nhiet cho
tac nhan say, b¢ phan thu h6i san pharo s~y.
H~ thong say phun dung dCsay cac dung dich, huyen phu, kern
phan tan. Trong cong nghiep che bien thuc pham, h~ th6ng say phun
dung de
s~y dung dich sua da tach be thanh sua bOt, long do
trung ga,
ca phe hoa tan, mroc qua ep cac loai, narn men, vitamin v.v,
Nha cac bo phan phun rna
nguyen lieu s!l'y dl1gc phun thanh
nhiing hat r~t nho vao dong lac nhan S!ly di trong bu6ng s~y HUll tang
sg tiep xuc giua hai pha. Nho vay rna cirong d¢ say ra:tcao, thai gian
say ngan, sil dung tac nhan s~y co nhiet d¢ cao. San pharo s~y phun c6
ch~t luong cao, x6p, de hoa tan, tien cho sir dung va che bien, De dang
chon lua cac thong s6 che d(') say(nAng suat, kfch thuoc hat phun, nhiet
dQsay, then gian say, kfch rhuoc va dang bu6ng say).
H~ tMng say phun e6 nhiing nhuec diim nhu sau: Iuu hrong rae
nMn Ion, t60 kern trong khau chuAnbi dung dich (nguyen lieu say) va
h~ th6ng phun c6 gia thanh cao, h~ thong c6 kfch thiroc 160, nMt la khi
sir dung tac nhan ~y c6 nhi¢t dOthap.
Sau dAy chang ta chi cap Mn cac bQ phan quan trong cua h¢
th6ng say phun nhu co c~u phun, bu6ng s1t'yphun; cac h~ th6ng quat,
caloriphe, xyclon thu h6i san pharo, loc tui v:v, cung nrong tl; nlnr cac
h~ th6ng s!y khac, Tac nhan s1t'ytuy¢t doi s~ch, san pharo s!y phiU'
duqc thu h6i dtn rouc cao nh~t d~ tranh lang phi va 0 nhiem mOi
truang. Chuan b~nguy~n li~u s!y (dung dich dem phun) la m¢CcOng
do~ cua day truyen cOng ngh? ch~ bi~n thgc phlhn ho~c dU<;fc phAro
v.v.

188
4.6.3.1. Ca eau lIa phuqng phdp phun

Nhiem Yl;1 cua ce c(u phun la pMi phun dung dich thanh cac hat'
phan tan c6 kfch thuac deu nhu yeu cAu, nang sua:t cao, lau rnon, d~
thay the va gia thanh phil hop. Co ca:u phun g6m: cac voi phun thuy
hrc, cac loai dia YAng, cac voi phun co hoc.
Voi phun co h9C
noi chung co csu tao don
giAn (hlnh 4-84), nang
suA't cao (4000kg/h tra
xu6ng). Cong phuc Yl:' va
chi phi nang hrong thap
(2 + 4) kW.h/t. Voi ph un
co h9C co cac nhuoc
diem nhu sau: kh6 dieu
chinh nang suat, doi hoi
lip suat phun cao, 10 nho

*
nen d8 tiic. Vbi phun co
hoc thuong de phun cac
dung dich keo, dung dich 0) . h)
c6 dQ nhOl Ion, khong Hinh 4-14. Vol phun co fl9c
dung de phun cac loai a.Volphun thimh dong h"t: 1- kep noi;
huyen phu, cac loai kern 2- YO;3- voi phun.
(b¢t nhao). b. Vol phun Iy fam: 1- 6ng dan; 2- dai 6c;
Voi phun co cau 3- yO; 4- voi phun.
tao nhu hlnh 4-84a lam
viec theo nguyen tAc: dong ohay v(ri t6c dQ ra:t 16'0 phun vao doog khf
(tac nhan sA'y), do rna sat Ian vci dong khf rna dong (tia) long bi r6i
tung thanh cac hat r!'t min nhu sirong. De
lam duqc nhu vay thl ap suat
dung dich tnrac voi phun bang til (2+20) MPa va dirong kfnh 10 voi
phun phai nhc VaG khoang (0,8+ 1,5) mm. DuOng kfnh cac h~.t long sau
khi phun la d=(20+100) J.U1l. DQ phan tan phu thuoc vao tfnh ch!l't vat
19 ella dung dich va khi (tac nhan say), cA'utao cua voi phun. DQ phan
tan cang cao khi t6c dQ phun 100, ap sua:t tnroc voi phun cao, mat dQ
moi tnrong khi cao.

189
 Voi phun co hoc ly tam (hlnh 4-84b) co ap suat lam viec th~p
(0,2 + 0,5) MPa do cau tao cua mieng voi phun nen dung dich chay
xoay voi v~ 16Cly tam 100 lam tung thanh cac hat nho. DOng hat phun
ra co dang hlnh non vm goc dinh bang Itt 90 U4o 140°.
Cac voi phun thuy life <1u<jeirng dung rong rai hon (hlnh 4-85).
Nguyen 19 hoat d(\ng ella chring la dong dung dich phun ra MP. dong
khong khi hoac hoi qua nhiet co- ma: dQ Ian. Do chenh lech t6c dQ rna
xuat hien luc rna sat lam cho dung dich phan {an thanh cac hat co
dirong kfnh llr (6 + 7) urn. Voi phun thuy lire chia lam hai loai: ap su~t
khi thap PK S 0,01 MPa va ap suat khi cao 1\ == (0,15 + 0,7) MPa.
l

a) b)
Hlnh U5. Vol phun thut 1!,If:
8. C5p khl (tae nhiJn say) bang O"ngIIlJng tam, dung d;eh ai vao thea dl1i'1ngUep tlJyen:
1- ella e~p khl; 2- etta ca'p dung dich; 3- mi~ng trong; 4- mi~ng ngoai, rna hinh n6n.
b. C5p khl ngoal, c5p dung d!eh tlOng: 1- Clla cap khi; 2- ella ca'p dung dlch: 3- dai 6c;
4- yO; 5- mi~ng ngoili; 6- mi~ng IIOng.

Loai thap lip co he s6 luu hrong Ia: Ikg dung dich can
(4 + 10) kg khong khf (tac nhan say). Loai cao ap la lkg dung dich dn
(0,5 + 0,7) kg khong khi (rae nhan say). Voi phun thuy lire thuong
dung de phun hau h€t cac loai dung dich kt ca bot nhao loang, huyen

190
phu, D! dang di~u chinh nang su~t va dO phan tan. Nhuoc di~m ella
chung lil: chi phi nang hrong cao (60 kWh/t), nang suat khOng cao, khi
tang nang su~t len (600 + 650) kg/h co anh hOOng chut It d~n d¢ dbog
d~u cua cac hat.
De e!p dung dich, huyen phu, bQt nhao loang dmJi dang hat nho
li ti vao bu6ng s~y phun con co cac cC1 ctu dia vang ly tam (htnh 4-86
va hlnh 4-R7). Nguyen uk hoat dong ella dia yang ly tarn nhu sau:
dung dich, huyen phu hay bOt nhao loang diroc cap vao gan true quay
cua ilia, dia quay tlr (4000 + 20.(00) vg/ph tham chi 50.000 vg/ph.
Du(ri tac dung ella luc Jy tam nen nguyen lieu bi Yang thanh rnang
mong quanh dia vao moi tnrong tac nhan say trong buong say vOi van
toe rat IOn. Do co h!e rna sat ella tac nhan sa'y rna nguyen Iieu bi xe
nho thanh elk hat co ducng kinh trung binh d..b :: (8 -<- IS) urn.
Oi co vong quay nhanh cho dia vang ta dung tuabin khi, tuabin
hoi, dong CC1 di~n cao t6c, hose dOng co dien va hQp tang t6c. Chi phf
nang hrong cho dia vang khong 1&1(5 -<- 10) kWh/to

0) h)

Hlnh 4-16. cac c1fa v~ng Iy tam

8. OTa yang nMn: 1-6n9nap~u;
2- true quay; 3- dia.
b. OTa YfHlg cO canh: ,- caM; 2- dia \lAng;
i 16 I~p tJvc quay; 4- ~ n{IP 1$1; 5- nap.
c. eTa vang cO vo;: 1- v6i phun; 2- cac 009
nap 1i~u;3- true quay; 4- dia yang.

191
 b)

Hlnh .f.87. Dra yang nhi;~utang

B. era yang nhieu lang khOngcanh: 1- oguy6n ~u; 2- dia trim; 3- d"ta giii'a;
4- dla dllOi; 5-10 I~p trye quay.
b. eTa yang nhieu tang cO cent» 1-10 lap tn,x:; 2- dia dl.lOi; 3- dIa giiia;
4- dia trim; 5- nguyen li~u; 6- cac canh.

Dia vang co be mat

nhan (hlnh 4-86a) co the lam eho nguyen
lieu tnrot tren mat dia dan t6'i r6c dl) ly tam giam khong tao ra diroc
cac hat nho va dong deu thea yeu cau s~y. D~ tranh hien tuong tren
nguCri ta dung rna co canh ho~e ilia co voi (hlnh 4-86b, 4-86c). D~ clap
Ung nang suat Ian ngirci ta dung dia nhieu tling nhir a hlnh 4-87.

4.6.3.2. Budng vd co chI' say phun

Viec b6 trf C(J c~u phun, cira c~p tac nhan s~y vao buong say:
hinh dang v~ kich thuoc buong say: phuong phap tach san ph&n slly fa
khoi khi thai V.v. C6 anh huang Ion den su hoa tron dong deu giua
dong tac nhan slfy va dong hat vat lieu s~y; trrc Ul rum hUCmgi60 d~n
cuong dl? slly, chat Iuong va nang suat qua trmh say.
D6i ven cac bu6ng s~y sil dung voi phun thi each b6 trf voi phun,
ella e~p tac nhan s~y, eua Illy san pham, eua eho khi thciidugc the hien
ohlnh 4-88.
Tren hlnh 4-88a ta thay, dung dich diroc cac voi phun thang
tu dinh bu6ng say xu6ng, tac nhan say diroc phan deu tren toan ~
tiet dien ngang cua buong s:fy nha co t:fm chan due 16.Tac nhan
say c6 nhiet dQ cao chay churn Ilfy dong hat dung dich phun ra til
192
cac voi phun cling chuyen deng xu6ng phfa dam. Cac h~t long b]
d6t nong dt nhanh den nhiet d¢ bay hoi eua ~m, qua trinh bay hoi
xay ra manh liet, Lirong am
tl:{ do bay hoi het, nhiet d¢ nhan say me
giam xuong banI! nhiet d¢ bay hoi.

-+ ....... -+

(1)

Hlnh 4-8S. Cac buong say sf) d\mg voi phun

a. DOnglac nMn sdy va dong h~t cjungdjch cung chieu, san phfim va khi tMi ra theo hai
c~ riimg; b.Ha/ dong cling chieu, san pMm va khl tMi fa cung m(J1c0'9.
c. Hai dong ngll9c chieu; d.OOngMn hqp; 6. DOnghan hQP.

Luc nay con lai cac hat ran e6 be m~t kho va bi€n thanh giong
nhu "vo". Sau d6 nhiet dQ ben trong hat lang len bang nhiet d¢ bay
hoi, lam cho 1im ben trong bay hoi va pha va lap "vo" de ra ngoai. Khi
de"n eu6i bu6ng say thl san pham s~y di ra thee eua day, lac nhan say
di ra thee ella ben de"n xyclon va loc ttii (neu can). Duong nhien eua
l~y san pham phai c6 co cau vua Ilfy san pham vira khong eho rae nhan
s~y xl ra thee,
ahinh 4-88b, cac voi phun huang vao tarn bu6ng say, lac nhan
say thee phirong tiep tuyen vao phan dinh r6i chay xoay chum lll'y
dong hat, San pham va khi thili cung thee cua day di ra, Phuong phap
nay c6 nhtroc di~m Iii cac hat chua kho bi luc Iy tam lam dfnh vito
thanh bu6ng say, khi kho tao thanh lap dang ke, khi roi xu6ng co the
lam tAc cira ra.
Nhiroc diem chung ella dong cung chieu til tren xuong Ia can
chieu cao buong say 100 hon loai khac.

193
 D6i voi dong cung chieu nhu (:}hlnh 4-88c c6 th~ dung de se:y
dong hat c6 kich th\t6'c }&1hem hat trong dong cung chieu. Kfch thu6'c
hat dung dich du 16'11de van toe lAng ella n6 Ian hon van t6c dong tac
nhan s~y di nguoc tir d\t6'i len. Dong hat dung dich di d.in xuong dum
bi d6t nong Hun lim bay hoi. San pham ra thea cira day, khi thai ra thea
cira dinh. Do nguoc chien va t6c d9 dong hat cham nen san phdm d~t
den d¢ Am rat thap (kho kiet).
Nmrcc diem cua plurong phap nay la c6 nguy co cho san phAm
neu nhiet d¢ tac nhan s~y cao qua muc cho phep.
Theo phuong phap nhir (1 hlnh 4-88d thl: Ilk dau dong nat mm
ph un ra l.-ill.lyen dong cung chieu tir dUC1ilen vOi lac nhan say. Cac h~l
dung dich c6 kich thuoc nho bi dOt n6ng nhanh hon, am
bay hoi nhanh
hem, nen ca. san phAro va khf thai theo cira dinh ra ngoai de
d€n ~
phan thu h6i. Cac hat e6 kich thiroc 1(10hem thi: hie dau chuyen dQng
cung chien tac nhan s~y, sau d6 cham dan rbi chuyen dong ngiroc
chieu tac nhan s~y (do v~n rec lang 1&1hon van t6c tac nhan say). Khi
da khO thl san ph!im theo ct,a day ra ngoai. D6i vm cac hat kfch thuoc
trung blob till c6 quy d~o chuyen dong phuc tap hon (hie len, hie
xu6ng, Inc 10 lUng). Khi khO till theo lac nhan sty fa cira tren dinh.
Chieu cao bu6ng s{y du<;1Ctinh cho s{y khO cac hat c6 kich thiroc }&1.
Vi trf d~t voi phun phu thuoc vao van t6c tac nhan s~y va v~n t6c lAng
clla h~t dung dich, Cac voi phun fa dong hat c6 kfch thUC1c be phai d~
xa dinh budng sA'yhon voi phun ra cac hat to.
Vm phirong phap dong hOn hqp nhu hinh 4-88e thl: hie d~u 18.
dong nguoc chieu, sau Ia cung chieu, Cac hat be c6 quang duang
nguqc ngdn hon so v6i hat to, cung nhC! vay rna san phdm khO d~u. San
phAm ra thea cil'a day, khi thai va san pham tn.in thea eua ben
clplh di ra ngaM {6i ({e'nthi€t b! thu h6i san pharo m~n.
cac bu6ng s~y sir d~ng dia vc1ng c~p dung dich deu lam vi~c
thea nguyen tac dOng cung chi~u. Dia yang luOn ~t tren dinh tvJ6ng
~y (hlnh 4-89). Chum h~t vang ra thoo m~t phLlg nam ngang, tac
nhan sll'y thoo cira tiep tuy€n cMy xoay ehum lay cac hl;lt cung chay
194
xoay xuong du6i. ~n
kinh ciia chum hat
yang ra Ia can cu d~
xac dinh ducmg kinh
buong say. Do dia
Yang quay nhanh nen. 0) b) c) d)
n6 cling giong nhu Hinh 4·89. Buong sKy sl]' dvng efTayang cap v~t {~u sKy
chiec quat hut dong a. Tile nhan s5y chay .roay chUm len dia yang, san ph8m
tac nhan say va cac ra cung khi thai; b. San pMm va khl thai fa khBc nhau;
hat dung dich len trcn. c. Tee nMn .roay chum len dTavang III phia drJt}i;
Neu dia vang'd~t gan d. Lay san pnam nhi1 cao
dinh se diin t(1i hien
urong dfnh b6t v~t say len dinh buong say. Phuong phap c~p tac nhan
say nhu (J hinh 4-89a, b, d da khac phuc dUQc hien urong tren. D6i v6i
vat lieu say kern chiu nhiet tht c6 the cap tac nhan say theo each nhir (J
hlnh 4-89c. Mieng 60g cap lac nhan say cong sao cho dong tac nhan
say chay xoay thea chieu quay dia vang.
Ul'y san pham bang cao nhu (J hlnh 4-89d HUll cho chieu cao
buong say giam di dang k~.

4.6.3.3. Tinb thiiC kj' bu.6ng say phun

Tfnh thiet k~ buong s~y phun la tlm dung tich, chieu cao va
duong kinh ella n6.
Dung tfch bu6ng say co the tinh dua tren h¢ 86 toa nhiet the tich
a; hoac cuong dO bay hoi am theo the tfch Av.
Neu dua tren he 56 toa nhiet the tfch a; thl dung tfch buong say
la \' dtrcc tfnh nhir sau:

(4-225)

trong d6:

195
 (Xv - h~ s6 toa nhiet the tfch dugc tfnh rheo phuong trinh
(4-223);
Q - nhiet hrong rna tac nhan say truyen cho cac hat dung dich de
lam bay hoi hrong am
~u va lam n6ng dung dich d€n
nhiet dQ bay h<1i,kcal/h;
~l!b - hieu nhiet dQ trung btnh gitra rae nhan say va V~L say (cac
hat dung dich), dO.
Q=~U(600+0.44tK! -t2)+l1J2C2(12 -II)' (kcal/h) (4-226)

trong 00:
m, - 'lang suat say tinh theo san pharo say, kg/h;
t" t! - nhiet dQ d~u, eu6i cira v~t lieu say. dQ;
(1(2 - nhiet dQ cuei ella tac nhan say, dQ.
'~U -Jtrong am bay hoi, kg/h:
MI = nll - m!., (kgJh)
ml> m, - nang suat say tfnh thea v~t say ~m, kho, kg/h.
!:J'b= At. (l -X) + &lX (4-227)
~tl la chenh lech nhiet dl? giiia tac nhan say va vat say trong
giaidoan t6c dQ say khong dOi (ing vOi qua trlnh thay dOi ella tac nhan
say tir B den C' (hlnh 4-90).
(4-228)

t; - nhiet k~ b~u u6t, "C;

12, duqc tinh phu thuoc vao dr
l000.~U
d2, == d1 + , (glkg.K.K) (4-229)
GK
GK - hru hrong tac nhan say, kg/h.

196
 I

Hinh (·90. Qua trJnhsly c10iIw trong buOngs4y phun

ill
2
= ~Kt -ll1)-VK
t
1
- t
-tJ ' (OC) (4-230)
In 1(2' It

tK2 -12

t2 - nhiet dQ cu6i cua v~t say, °C

I. ) w'-w2 0
12 =\'K 2. =!«
W -w
,+/II'(C) (4-231)
1

WI' ""'2 - dQ am dliu va cu6i eua v~t say, %;

W' - d¢ am thuy dQng eua v~t dy. %;
X -la ty l~ thai gian say cua giai doan co t6c dQ'say giam d«D so
vci thm gian s!l'y tOng:
(4-232)

197
trong do:
W. - dQ dm can bang ella vat say, %.
Sau khi da tfnh diroc dung tfch Vella buong say ta rinh duoc
chieu cao H, neu chon duemg kinh D cua n6, hay nguoc I~ chon H r6i
tinh D:
4V
H=--, ,em) (4-233)
".D-
H, D - chieu cao, duong kinh buong say phun, m.
Ty l~ gilia cluing nhu sau:
- D6i voi buong say dung rna vang ta chon:

~ = (0,8 + 1); ilia vang d~t each dinh tu (I + 1,5) m

D ~ (2,8 - 3,4)Rc , (m).

Rc - ban kfnh churn hat vang ra t1r dia, m.
- D6i v6i bu6ng say dung voi phun ta chon:

~ = (1,5 +2,5) v6i t6c dQ rae nhan say di trong buong s:ly

W K = (0,2 + D,S) tals.

Khi mu6n thu san pharo say c6 cac hat v6'i kfch thiroc nho min
thl tY s6tren c6 thi My t1r 5 d~n 7.
Day n6n ella bu6ng say phun tuy vao san phdm say" phuong
phap thu h6i san pharo.
Khi dung voi phun co khi de
c~p dung dich (nguyen Iieu say)
cho buong say till cong suar d¢ng co bam pittong dung bom dung de
dich <luge tfnh nhir sau:
N = p_g.Q.H (kW) (4-234)
de 1000.11'

trong d6:
p - kh6i luong rieng ella dung dich, kg/m";
g - gia t6c trong tnrong, m/sl;
198
 Q - hru hrong dung dich m1js;
II - lOng tOn thll't ap luc bao g6m cQt lip thuy tinh cong vtri tOn
lhll't dirong 6ng, m CQtchat long;
,., - h~ so hieu dung tdng: '7 = (0,6 - 0,85).
Khi ta dung voi phun thuy k.hi thl cong sua! nen khi duqe tfnh
theo cong hnIC (4-235).

(4-235)

trong do:
\' K - luu luong khf nen, m3jph;
1"1 - nhiet dQ khong khi ngoai troi, "K;
PI - ap su~t khong khi ngoai trci, at;
p2 - ap suat khong khi sau khi nen, at;
'7v - h~ s6 hieu dung the tfch;
tlc - h~ s6 hieu dung co khi;
tl.- he 56 hieu dung chi thi,
Khi dung dia yang ly 'tam thl cong su4't dQng CO quay dia dUQ'c
tfnh nhu sau:
N = 1,9110·3Q.w (4-236)
trong dO:
Q - hru luong dung dich, kg/s;
w - van t6c dong cua dia vang, mjs.
De quay dia yang ta co tM dung tuabin khi nen, khf Il'ycong su«t
ciia may nen khi duqc tfnh nrong tv nhu cOng thrrc (4-235).
H~ th6ng quat dl1qc tfnh sau khi tbitt lap xong h~ thong s~y
phun.

199
 Chuang V

Say rang
(Say tren be mat vat nong)
5.1. QuA TRINH SAY RANG

Say rang la qua trtnh say rna V~l sa:y tiep xnc tnrc tiep voi be m~t
v~t cap nhiet va co dao tron V$t say hoac khong. Phuong phap nay
diroc U'ng dung rat reng rai trong dan dung va cong nghiep et~ say cac
v~t dang rAn rm (cac loai hat: rau, CU, qua, cay bam nho), cac loai bot
nhao (dang kern), cac loai dung dich (ruroc hoa qua ep, sua v.v.).
Be m~t v~t nong co the phang, hinh long chao, hlnh cau, hinh
tru. Nang hrong cap cho bt rn~ nong c6 tM lay ro ngon lira, nang
luong dien, hoi nuqc nong, nuoc nong, trong et6 t6t nhat 13 hoi mroc
nongva .nuae n6ng co nhiet dQ 16'0 hem 100°C. V~t lieu ete che tao vat
n6ng phiii co h~ s6 dan nhiet cao, c6 d¢ Mn CCI, nhiet va chong an rnon
cao. Nhiet et¢ t>e mat nong etlt<;1C
quy dinh phu thuoc nhiet d¢ cho phep
cua timg loai v~t say. Trong rnQt s6 tnremg hopra co the dung v~t nong
dang hat dltqc d6t nong tnroc roi trQn d~u v6'i v~t sa:y dang hat, Phuong
phap nay c6 be m~t tiep xnc IOn va d6ng deu.

C6 thi! ket hop say rang v& say d6i hru theo hai each: vira say
rang vtra thOi khong khf tren ~ mat cua lap v~ SS:y; say rang tnroc
(nung n6ng v~t say) sau d6 thOi khOng k.hi de
say thea phuong phap
t~g soi.
Qua trinh truyen nhiet va chuyen Am trong say rang dien ra nhu
sau: Nhiet lmmg ti'r ngu6n nhiet cap cho ~ mat n6ng (v~t nong) r6i
truyen cho vat say. Nhiet h.rqng rna v~t sa:y nhan dUQCb~g nhiet luqng
200
cM de nung n6ng v~t s~y d€n nhiet d¢ bay hoi cua am
va cap cho qua
trtnh bay hoi am.
Qua trinh tren ph", thuoc VaG cac thong s6 nhu: nhiet
d<}, v~t li~u va c~u tao ella M m~t n6ng; dien tfch tiep xnc giua v~t s~y
v& be mat nong; d<}chua am cua v~t s~y; nhiet d<}va d<}am nrong d6i
cila khong khf (tac nnan say) th6i tren be m~l lap v~t s~y (htnh 5~1).

Hlnh 5-1.Sdy fren b9 m~t nang

\I~'
1- hoi nl!bc n6ng; 2- v~t 06ng; 3- K1p say; 4- khOngkhl (h!jcnMn say); 5· nt/&: ngung.

Tren hrnh 5-1 ta thl{y, khi ehieu day cua lap vat sa'y Ia dang ke
va khong dao tron, thi qua trinh truyen nhiet va truyen .1rn phu thuoc
r~t Ian
VaG nhiet dQ be
m~t tiep xric cua v~t nong ttn:
Khi t", S (65 .;. 85) °C thi nhiet hrong tir v~t nong truyen cho v~t
sa"ychu yeu bAng dan nhiet.
Khi tlIl 160 hem nhiet d<}bay hoi cua am
thi: lap v~t s4:y tie'p xuc
tnrc tiep v& v~t nong se nhanh chong dat nhiet d<}bay hoi cua Hoi am.
am di xuyen VaG lap v~t s~y phfa tren co nhiet d¢ con th~p, chiing se
ngimg 1~ va truy~n nhi~t cho lOp v$t s~y do. Khi nhiet d<} cua toan Iop
v~t s~y tang len bang nhi¢t dQ bay hoi am
thl hien tuqIlg ngung dong
chAm dUt. Da.y}a thai diem bit dau giai doan say thu nM"t (v~ t6c sa"y
khong d6i). Hoi am
bay len se d~ tac nhan sa:y cu6n di. Do truyen
nhiet tir v~t nong sang vat say khong dii rna cuong d<}bay hoi 16'0, am
lam cho nhi~ d<} t caa v~t s4:y (1 cu6i giai doan sa:y thu nh~t giam
xuong m<}tIt (hlnh 5-2).
Giai dO?J1 say thO' hai cling nrong tv nhu cac qua trtnh say khac.
201
 125 2,5 du ,%
dr:
100
t-, t'\ V tOe

~,,
,
2,0

\.J 75
\
1\
<, L./

U-;'
~
100

80 8
/0
[\.
-- du
t
- \
..... d'C

\
)
~ u ::J' 60 6
1.0
J
1\ o,s
4() •
/
o 0.5 1,0
r-, ~
/,5 2,0 2,5
20
.0
2
0
o
v SO 100 ISO zoo 250 300
__ ~,ph u:~
Hlnh 5-2. f)uong cong stiy u, va Hinh 5-3. f)uong cong toe d¢ sdy ~. va
duong eong nhi~t dt) t duong cong nhi~t d¢ t

Hinh dang cua be mat v~t n6ng (be m~t tiep xuc) c6 the ta mat
phang, mat tI1J, mat cau. Tuy van tinh chill va dang cua v~t sa:y rna
chon dang v~t nong cho phu hop.

5. 2. cAe KltU MAy SAY RANG

Viec lua chon hlnh dang cua be

m~t nong, ke't cau va hoat dong
cu th~ cua may say phu thuoc vao timg loai vat sliy va c6 arm Ian d&l
nang suat, chlft luong va ghi thanh ella san pham sliy.
v~t say dang h~t ta c6 the dung may say rang ki~u
De say cac
thap dia the hien l:J blnh 5-4. Cau tao ella may g6m than hlnh tru thlmg
dUng, ben trong e6 cac tang dia d~t n~ ngang. Cac rna d~u l3. hlnh
tron co 10 l:J tam, nhung We nhau b chO chang c6 hai co duang kfnh
ngoai va duang kinh 10, Cac dia co dtrong kinh nbc) va IOn d~t xen ke
nhau; chang d~u la hop kim loai rOngtrong de dua hoi mroc nong van
va lay mroc ngung ra. Tren mOi dia c6 canh dao voi g6e nghieng ngiroc
nhau va lien tuc quay thee tI1,lC th~g dling'o tam thap, V~t sily dang
hat duqc nap vao cira tren cung chay xuong dia dum cung. Nho canh
202
d.ao rnadong hat chay Illn luot qua cac dia til tren xu6ng. V~t s:{y duQC
rang tren cac dia nong d~n nhiet dO bay hoi cua am.
Khong khf dong
vai tf? 18. tac nhan say chuyen d¢ng til diroi len ngirec chieu voi v~t
say. Am bay hoi eli theo khong khi ra ngoai. True mang cac canh <tao
quay duq<;nha h~ thong g6m dong co, hop giam t6c va cap banh rang
n6n.
Be mat truyen nhiet cho v~t sa'y Hi tong dien tach b6 mat tren cua
cac dia.. Gin ell nhiet d('Jcho phep d6t voi timg loai v~t say rna chon
nhiet dQmat dia va nhiet dl) ngirng tu cua hoi mroc cho phu hop. ThOi
gian s~y phu rhuoc vao kfch thiroc dia, so lang dia, toe d¢ quay va gee
nghieng ella canh dao.
7

Hinh 5-4. May sAy rang /dIu tMp dTa

1- c\ta lay san pMm; 2- khOng khi vao thap; 3- cac tc1ngdia: 4- hoi mJ6e n6ng;
5- th:ln thap; 6- cac earth dao; 7- cll'a n~p v~t s~y <1m;8- c(ta khf thai; 9- nlfOc nglA1g;
10· h(>pgiam t6c; 11- ~n9 co; 12- c~ banh rAng n6n; 13- trI,IC quay.

203
 Neu khong khf dol luu tv nhien, thl viec thoat ~m tu v~t sa:y se
cham hem d6i Iuu clIang btrc. .
May s~y rang ki~u thap dia co cuong d() bay h<ri theo dien am
tfch cap nhiet (dien tfch mat tren cua cac dia) khong cao: AF = (l,5 +
8) kglm2.h. H¢ s6 toa nhiet c6 dieu kien tir mat rna cho vat say 1~
a = (35 + 85) W/m! -d¢.
May say rang kieu thap dia tuy c6 t6n nhi~u v~t lieu eM tao
(do Ap nho) nhung it tieu t6n nhiet luong tren m6i kg hoi: q = am bay
(700 .;. 1000) keel/kg.
Cong suar dong CC1 quay cac canh da~ phu thuoc van suc can cua
v~t say len cac canh dao, rna sat cua 6 do true, M 56 hieu dung cua b¢
truyen dong.

Hh7h 5·5. May tJy rang hlnh W flAm ngang.

1- bu6ng sfy hlnh trl;! hai ....
3; 2- etc c{ta c~ hoi nil&: n6ng; 3- true canh c.1ao;
4· h{>pgUlimt6e; 5- c{ta thoal khf va 1m; 6- e{ta nap v~t sfy d~ng hi\lt; 7· d(lng co;
8- C8Utao cua eanh dao; 9- cac c\.taxa mmc ngllng; 10· tay quay md ciIa thao
san phim s~y; 11- clla slm ph~m say. .

Hlnh 5-5 th~ hien may say rang nArnngang eo canh dao. Buong
say la thung hlnh tru hai vo-nAm ngang. V~t sa:y dang hat duqc nap qua
cira phfa tren, san ph!m thao qua cira phfa dum. Hoi niroc nong duqc
cap. vao khong gian gina hai vo bang cac eira phfa tren, mroc ngung
204
duqc d. qua cac elea phia dum. Be m~t truyen nhiet c6 the l{y bang be
m~t trong cua vo trong. V~t sa:y lien rue duqc dao rron nho cac canh
dao lip lien tiep tren true quay cham nho dQng co va b¢ truyen dQng.
May s€y loai nay lam viec gian doan (theo me), nang su€t khong
Ion. Cuong dQ bay hoi lim tren dien .Ifeh be m~t truyen nhiet 18.
=
AF (3 -+ 25) kgim2.h. H~ s6 toa n.hi~t tu be
mat nong eho v~t say la
a = (35 -+ 120) W/m2 .dQ. Nhiet lirong can cho rn8i kg fun bay hoi 18.
q = (6300 -+ 9500) kl/kg.
D6i voi cac v~l say a
dang dung dich, h9t nhao, ta co the dung
may stly tang quay (hlnh 5-6 va hlnh 5-7). Thong thuong tang hinh tru
diroc dOt nong tll ben trong bang hoi runic, vat s{(y duoc cap van m~t
ngoai dum dang mang mong d~u. Tang lien tuc quay rtft cham nho
dQng.co va bo truyen dong dai, h¢p giam lOC, cap banh fling. pham san
dUQcdao boc ra duoi dang mang mong (banh da nem, giay goi keo)
hoac dang bot. May say tang quay loai nay co nang suat tha-p. Mat
ngoai ella tang phru co
dQ tron va hong cao, kho che tao. Ngoai ra d~
mang san pham khO deu va khong rach thl d¢ day ella tang phai deu.

HlnhU. May s5y tang quay

1- Clla x8 n(/(:lcngllng; 2- c~ cap hdi mJoc n6ng; 3- vo; 4-tang quay; 5- c~ thoill hal;
6- c~p banh rAng; 7- h~p giam tiSe;8- be)truy~n dai thay d6i t6c d9; 9- <l9n9 ea.

Co nhieu phuong phap e~p v~t say len be m~t tang quay, khi lua
chon phirong phap phai dua van tfnh ch~t ella v~t say, nang sua-t, chat
IU<}Ilgsan pham. Hlnh 5-7 the hien ba phirong phap thong dung de ea"p
v~t s~y len b~ m~t tang quay. Hlnh 5-7a ap dung cho vat say dang a
205
dung dich c6 ct() dong ct~u cao, khong Iang. Hlnh 5-7b duqc ap dung
VOlv~t say co dang kern, bot nhao. Htnh 5-7c dung cho v~t s~y dang a
dung dich d~c, dang kern.

Hinh 5·7. Phvcng philp cap v~t s5y Ian lang stiy
8. Nhung tang vao nguyen li~u; b. Dung true can {boil; c. DUng co cau vang.
1· tang say quay; 2· dao b6c SilO ph5m; 3- v~t say;
4- b9 ph~n cap v~t say len m~t tang.

. Hinh 5-1. May stiy vsi

1- vai Sm; 2 -6n9 ~p hoi OlfOCn6ng; 3- tang s~y; 4- 6 da; 5- gia da;
6- viii kho; 7,8,9- coe xli mIce ngllng.
206
 May stiy lang. quay co th~ dung d~ sliy vii trong cong nghiep
det-nhuom. Trong truong hop nay nguOi ta dung nhieu tang lap song
song thanh nhieu cum nhu hmh 5-R. Chieu dai cua tang 1011hon chieu
rong cua bang val mQt It, goc om Ian han 1800• Ca hai mat vai deu
dU<;1ctiep xuc voi mat tang nong dang quay nhb luc keo ella t!In vru do
may keo vai kho tao nen. Nhiet hrong cap eho qua trtnh say My til hoi
nude nang dang ngirng W trong cac lang quay, ruroc ngung di qua c6e
xa ra ngoai. May sll'y loai nay con co len g91 Ia may say tiep xuc. Be
mat truyen nhier h~ng tong be mat tiep xuc ella vai va cac tang. May
say val loai nay co nang sufit I.:UO VI nhiet dO say cao, thOi gian s~y
ngan. Cirong dQ bay hoi ~m van khoiing (8 + lO) kg/m+h,

5.3. TINH THIET K~ MAy SAY RANG

Ta co th~ tfnh thiet ke may s~y rang urong nr nhir say <16iluu cac
vat lieu rm xep lap. Can eu dQ am dftu. cu6i cua v~{ say, nang suilt say
ta tim dlIgc hrong am bay hoi lli flU. Can cO' nhiet dQ cao nhat rna vat
say cho phep ta chon nhi~t dQ cua be mat v~t nang (mat tiep xuc). Neu
co cac h¢ sO'bay hoi rieng M mat A" ho~e h~ s6 toa nhiet a giiia v~t
say va tac nhan say ta d~ dang tinh dircc be m~t bay hoi F cua v~t say
theo cac cong thirc sau day:

F = ~U ,(m2) (5-1)
F

(5-2)

trong d6:
F - be mat bay hcri (h\ be mat cua lap hat ti~p xuc vOi tac nhan
say, cung xern nhir ia bt mat rna hat ti€p xuc vm vat n6ng),
nr';
AF - h~ s6 bay hoi be mat, kg/ mC.h;
flU - hrong am bay hoi, kg/h;

207
 Qn - nhiet hJ<!Ilg. nung nong v~t say, kcal/h;
Qb - nhiet hrong cap cho am hay hoi, kcal/n;
a - h~ so toa nhiet fiI v~t say cho tac nhan s~y, kcal/ml.h.d¢;
6ltb - hieu nhiet d¢ trung btnh giira v~t s~y va tac nhan s~y, tuy
thuQc chieu chuyen dong ella chung la cung hay ngiroc
chieu rna Slt dung cong thrrc cho phu hop, °e.

6L = {I K1 -I )-(I
I K2
-I)
2 C'C) (5-3)
th I - t •
10 ..!!....-~
f 1<.: - (:

(54)

Cong thrrc (5-3) ap dung khi dong cung chieu, cong thuc (5-4) .
ap dung cho dong ngircc chieu.
trong d6:
II(I ' txz - nhiet d{)dau, cuoi cua tac nhan s1(y, °C:
I\> l~ - nhiet de> dilu, cuoi cira v~t say, "C,
Neu kaong tfnh den t6n thl{t nhiet qua vo may sl{y thl nhiet
luong rna be rn~t n6ng truyen cho v~t say dung bang nhiet hrong rna
v~t say truyen cho tac nhan say va nung nong v~t say.
H~ s6 toa nhiet a c6 the tinh g1n dung thea dieu kien truyen
nhiet bang riep xiic giiia hai vat thi nhir sau:

2J}:ZP
a = ..[;r-.k • (kcal/m .h.0C)
2
(5-5)

trong d6:
A - h~ s6 dan nhi~ ella v~t say, kcal/m.h.do;

208
 c - nhiet dung rieng cua v~t sfi'y,kcal/kg.do;
p - kh6i luong rieng cua vat say, kg/m3 j
r - thbi gian say, h.
Phuong rrinh (5-5) phai thoa nam dieu kien (5-6) sau day;

--
s == 9437 (5-6)
=.;
trong do:
0- dQ day lap v~t say, m;
a - s6 dan nhi~t cua lap v~t say, m2/h;
1"mu - th<:rigian S'll'y t6i da, h.
Ttl M m~1 truydn nhi~t ta ket eo1'udugc may say rang. Til' thbi
gian s5y ta tfnh duqc chuyen d¢ng ella hat trong may say khi may lam
viec lien tuc, tren co s(J do tfnh co cau dao tron, Tac nhan say trong
mrong hop nay la.khong khi (J dieu kien thuong duqe d6i luu tl! nhien '
hoac cirong buc tren be mat cua lap v~t say. Luong khong khf d6i lUU
ph", thuoc vao trang thai dau, cuoi ella no (khi vao va fa) va hrong am
bay hoi flU.
Nhier Iuong cll'p cho may sll'y rang lien tuc dung bang nhiet
hrong lam nong vat say, lam nong khong khi, t6n that fa ben ngoai,
Ne'u Hun viec gian doan thi ngoai cac d~ hrong tren con phai tinh d<!n
lirong nhiet lam nong may say.
D6i vm say tang quay (hlnh 5-6, 5-7. 5-8), cac biroc tfnh thiet ke'
co the thl!C hien Ian luqt nhir sau:
1- ChQ__nnhiet dQ mat tang n6ng tn phu thuoc nhiet dO cho phep
ella v~t say;
2- Chon chieu day <5 eua lap v~t say;
3- Tfnh t6e d(>say (J giai doan thtl' nh!t Ia N:

N==_!k_ (5-7)
Po·Rv
209
trong d6:
q.; - cuong d(l bay hoi fun:
s; ::::;
am./ Pb.m - Pt.n) (5-8)

am.p - h~s6 truyen Am:

a,np = (4.77 + 3.26WK) lO-lI (5-9)
W K - van t6e tac nhan say; .
Pbm - ap suat hoi n\1CJcngay tren be mat lap v~t say (lay bang ap
suat hoi bao hoa);
PLn - ap suat hoi mroc trong tac nhan say;
Po - khoi hrong ricng cua eh1(t kho trong var say, kg/rrr';
R; - ty 56 th~ tfeh tren dien tich be m~t cua v~t s~y am;
Rv o - ty 56 the tfch tren dien tich b~ m~t cua v~t sa:y kh{); kh] v~
say It eo ng6t thi Rv::t' R,. : .
V
Ry =-
o Fo
" - the tfch cua v~t say, rrr';
Fo - dien tfch b~ mat nr do cua v~t say kho, m ' .
. 4- Tfnh m~t d¢ dong nhiet q:
A ,
q = <5 «, - t), (kcal/rrr' .h) (5-10)

trong d6:
A. - he 56 dan nhiet ella lap v~t say, kcal/rn.h.do;
<5 - dQ day lop vat say, m;
to - nhiet d¢ mat tang, DC;
t - nhiet dQ v~t say, "C.
5- Tfnh thoi gian slfy r:

210
 t: =
II
I
+ uc - -
1 {[I + In x( It ~ - lie) 1\
Jf ,h
N x.N
trong d6:
N - t6c d~ s~y b giai doan thir nhat;
Ill' dO chua am dau, cu6! ella v~t say;
U2 -

Ur - dQ chua lim can bang cua v~t say;

x - h~ s6 ty l~:
1
X=--- (5-12)
I/B - "c
LIB - d¢ chua Am cua vat s~y Ilk kct thric giai doan say thl1' nhat.
6- Tinh tlin s6 quay cua tang \;(:

\' = rp (5-13)
I r

trong do:
rp - M so Slr dung mat tang;
t: - thai gian say, s.
7- Tinh dlCCmg kfnh tang D,:

(5-14)

trong d6:
ml - kh6i luong h.rqng v~t say lim;
PI - kh6i luong rieng cua vat d"y am, kg/m";
B - chien dai tang quay, m;
is - chieu day lap vat say, m;
(J) - he s6 sir dung mat tang;

", - tlin 56 quay ciia tang.

8- Tfnh dong nhiet q tt! hoi nu6c nong dang ngirng tu truyen ra
mat tang quay:
211
 (5-15)

trong d6:
til' In - nhiet de? hoi rnroc dang ngirng tu, nhiet de) mat ngoai tang,
°C;
a1 - h~ s6 toa nhi¢t til' hoi mroc cho tang, kcal/m!.h.d();
0., A.. - chieu day, h~ s6 dan nhiet cua tang, m, kcal/m.h.do.
9- Can eli vao trang thai dnu va cu6i cua t~k nhan say (khong
khf), xac dinh hrong khong khf di qua may say khi da tfnh duqc !J.U
(luong am bay hoi).
10- Tinh chi phi nhiet, dien nang tren m6i kg am bay hoi (hoac
tren m6i tm thanh pham), tinh kinh t~.

212
 ChlllTng VI

Cac hmh thirc saykhac

6.1. SAY BU'C x~

say buc xa la qua trinh sil dung nang luong ella cac tia buc x~
phat ra tu v~t buc xa d~ Hun nong v~t say den nhiet d~ bay hoi am
khOi
v~t say, him giam d~ irn cua no dtn mire theo yeu cau.
Tir xa xira con ngum cia biet sir dung brrc xa m~t trm di say
(phoi nang) cac san pharn nong, ngir, lam nghiep v.v. Phuong phap nay
tien lc;ri nhirng phu thuoc nhieu vao thm tiel.. vung dia 19, thai gian say
keo dai, t6n nhieu sec hrc cho con ngiroi, kern v~ sinh.
Trong cong nghiep che bien nong san, thuc phdm, thtrong dung
cac tia buc xa nhan tao di say, Qua trinh trao dOi nhiet trong s~y brrc
xa co cuong <1~ cao hem. nhi~u trong sty d6i 1\IU va s~y tren ~ rn~t
nong (say tiep xuc ron goi la say rang). B! m~t vat say nhanh ch6ng bi
d6t nong, tao ra chenh lech nhi?t dQ Um giua M mat va 16p sau ben
diroi, Dieu nay de· dLi t6i cha:t hrong san pharo khong nhu y rnu6n
(cong venh, nUt ve, bien mau v.. v). Mu6n tranh dieu tren ta can cu vso
tfnh cha:l v~t say, yeu cau cua san pharo sty rna sir dung ngu6n tia birc
X1h di~u chlnh ctrong d('I buc xa va thm gian buc X~ cho phu hop.

May sty buc xa c6 cau tao don gian, de sil dung c6 kha nang
tang cuong d¢ say lJ giai <10~ thu nhar, rtt hieu qua voi top v~t say
mongo Tu~ tnrong hop rna thoi gian say c6 th~ giarn hang chuc tham
chf ca tram Ian so voi s1l'yd6i hru.
May say btrc xa can trang .,! cac thiet hi bao v~, di~u chinh eM
d~ say, quan tam thuong xuyen d~ c6 san pharo 161 va khong bi boa
hoan. May s~y btrc xa it dugc sir dung VI khong kinh t~ bAng s~y c16i
l\IU.

213
6.1.1. Co chi truyen nhi~t va chuyen kh6i trong say buc xa

a
Nhu da noi tren, nhiet luong ea'p coo v~t say nong len va cap
cho ambay hoi duqc la'y tit nang luong cua cac tia birc xa, VI v~y
cuong d() va ct~e tfnh cua qua trtnh truyen nhiet va chuyen kh6i trong
say bue xi! diroc xac dinh bcJi quang phd birc xa cua vat phat nang
IUQIlgbirc xa va kha nang hap thu nang hrong btrc xa cua V~I say,
Thong thirong trong say bUe xa, nguoi La dung v~t phat nang
lirong brrc xa lien tuc va cirong d() cao thuoc vimg quang phO hong
=
ngoai voi biroc song ). (0,77 + 300) pm, Btroe s6ng lon nhal .A.m •• va
cuong dt? quang ph6 btrc xa E: phu thuoc vao nhiet d<) clla vat phat
nang luong buc xa. Theo cac dinh lu~t clla Planck va Vin ta c6 quan he
sau:

E __E.::..." _,C...!_I __A-S

}. - e-c,n.T - 1 (6-1)

(6-2)
trong d6:
E,. - dQ den;
C I> C 2 -cac hang s6 Planck:
C1 = 3,74,10-16 (W.m2);
c1 = 1,44.10-2 (m.OJ<.).
Amu - buoe song Ung vOi cUClng'dQ btrc xa cao nhat.
Cirong dQ hUe xa dugc X!lC dinh theo dinh luat nhu sau:
. A=> T 4
E = J E:). dJ = E • Co ( 100 ) (6-3)
).=0 .

trong d6:
E - d() den ciia v~t bue xa;
Co - h~ s6 buc xa cua v$,t den tuyet d6i:
Co = 5,6687 (W.m-2_OK-4)

214
 Khi tia buc xa den v~t say tht nang hrong truyen cho v~t s~y phu
thuoc kha nang h~p thu nang luong cua v~t say. Tia buc x~ g~p vat sriy
th. tao thanh ba thanh phan: di xuyen 0>., phan xa R" va h:ip thu A)..
Doi v6i cac san ph~m thirc pham fun neu g~p tia btrc xa co
buoc song
thuoc vung hong ngoai: A. = (0,77 72,5) urn tm
R: va OJ. cO gia tri Ian
hon, voi A.. = (2,5 7 50) urn va A. > 50 urn thl Ai. Ion hem.
Hau h~t cac vat co d~c tfnh x6p mao dan khi say thl Di. tang v(ri
). = (1,4 715) urn va O'J,. giam v(ri). = (O,4 71,4) urn.
Khi v~t sa"y co ghl tri Oi. nho till lOp v~1 chat b~ m~t se bi d6t
nong nhanh con lap v~t chat xa be m~t It dut;1(.:<.16tnong dan tOi mrt vcr,
cong venh. Detranh hien nrong tren tm v~t say nen co
chieu day nho
(neu duoc ). D6i vOi v~t sa'y c6 Ds, voi gia tri 16'0thl nang hrong buc xa
se xuyen sau vao trong, d6t nong deu cac lap v~t chat ella vat say, san
pham say khong bi eong venh, mrt va.
Quan he giira mat d9 dong nhiet btrc xa tren b~ mat ia q; v6i mat
dO dong nhiet tai vung sau each b~ mat v~t say mQt khoang x dllqc the
hien cr cong tlurc sau day:
q.= qo.exp (-K}..x) (6-4)
trong do:
K;.= Q}.+~. (6-5)
Q>. - he s6 h~p thl,1anh sang;
SA - h¢ s6 tan xa,
1-'1
a). =--~ .s, (6-6)
1+1]).

21]). ,
S). =--'0). (6-7)
1-1];.

'rrong dO:
~. - d¢ suy yeu ella tia birc xa;
1]~.- kha nang phan xa cua V~I say v6'i chieu day 16n.

215
 8 =.!.ln1-R_.{ I1A (6-8)
A I D).
trong do: 11a chieu day v~t s1(y (lOp v~t say).
can crr V30 cae d~c tfnh ~ ,,---'~:--r--r--.,
quang phd va chieu day eua v~t R~
say rna
lua chon vat phat ria brrc ~ I----fl-I-\--l---+---I
XI!- cho phu hop. Hlnh 6-1 rhri hien .
elk d~c tfnh quang phd cua v~t
s9:y lil rnt 6ng co chieu dai I = 1,3
mm, de> chua am U1 =31,2% va

thach anh 18. vat pMt tia nang a 2

Iuong, Tren hmh ta thay, mu6n Hinh 6·1. Cae d~e tlnh quang phiS ella ml
d6t nong nhanh be mat (lap v~t 6ng va v~t pIlAt tia blic xI! Is th<!Chanh
sffy mong) thl dung v~t phat tia [)lIang 1·khi t=1162°c
buc xa co d~c tfnh quang phd 13 DllCng 2·khi t=1977°c
dlIbng J, U'ng vOi ghi tri DA va R,_
thlip. Nguoc I~, khi c~ d6t n6ng sau vao lap vat say ttd dung v~t phat
tia buc X~ co d~c tfnh quang phd nhu duong 2.
Tren hlnh 6-2 ta th~y, khi thai gian s~y r tang len thl nhiet de>
cao nha't cua v~t slfy khOng phai (J lap mat rna (J lap sau han mot It, vi
co dOi hru tk nhan s~y (khong khf) tang len lam giam ahiet d¢ be m~t.
Tren hinh 6-3 ta thay, khi mm s«y t nhc thl dQ am
l:J lop m~t nbc
han lap sau rat nhieu, vi lap m~t nhanh chong bi tia btrc xa d6t n6ng
lam cho am
bi dAn vao lop sau han. Khi thai gian say'! =
60 phdt thl
d¢ dm cua v~t slfy giam va chenh am
giiia 16'pmat va lap sau giam di,
VI nhiet dQ (j lap sau di duge nang len lam bay hoi Am va dAn fa am
ngoai.
D6i voi v~t slfy day nen lip dung qua trinh slfy btrc X~ voi cuong
dQ bue xa thay dOi detranh chenh nhiet qua ·1&1 gifra lap m~t va 16p
stu nham khic phuc nUt vo.

216
 t
"C
8S
u
~~ ~t\ % I I
80 P
rl'r\ ~~ ~~ 100 T:=IJOph IJ,

75
90
80 . =-9.'(0. '1..01~

70 ~r-.. i\.'"i\'i>-. 70 « '(.7

60 ,P -0

~
r-., ..A"·I II
65
'" ~ f... 50 ~ 'C,,60Po
\ ~
i\ C'

60 i\ I'.. 40
I I
o 10 20 ]0
L,mm
tam
H;nh 6·2. Trvong nhi~t a¢ eua v~t say H;nh 5·3. PMn b6 am trong v?t say
khi sAy Me Xf!

6.1.2. Cac he thong say brre xa

Trong he thong say buc xa, nang Iuong nung n6ng vat say de
d~n nhiet dQ bay hoi cua fun va cap eho qua trinh bay hoi Am la nang
ltrong brrc xa phat fa tu cac vat brrc xa d~t ngay ben tren he m~t cua
lap vat say. Am bay hoi di vao dong lac nhan say (khong khO r6i ra
. ngoai, Thong thirong cac v~t buc xa dUQ'clAp e6 dinh, v~t s:fy chuyen
dong lien U,IC nho bang tai, tv
chay, dong luu dong kill hat, tAng soi.
De qua trlnh bay hoi am
t6t va tranh eho vat s:fy bi d6t n6ng qua mire
ngum ta dung quat d6i liru cueng birc tac nhan sliy (khong khi). Cling
vi v~y rna he thong s:fy birc xa dugc goi la h~ thong sll'y bile x~-d6i hru.
Neu gan them d~c diem cua he thong van chuyen ta c6 ten goi c,=, the
a
hon. OIling han hlnh 6-4 la h~ thong s[fy bang tAi buc x~-dOi luu,
hlnh 6-5 la h~ thong say thap birc xa-doi luu V.v.
Kich rhuoc cua buong say trong h~ th6ng s:fy hlnh 6-4 ph,=, a
thuoc vao nang su:ft say. T6c dQ bang tAi phu thuoc vao thai gian say.
Chieu rong bang tal phu thuoc vao nang su:ft va chieu day lap v~ say

217
tren bang. 0 hlnh 6-5 tht thai gian slfy phu thuoc vao t6c dt) tI! chay
cua hat va t6ng chicu dai mang nghieng. Nang suit. sliy phu thuoc vao

Hinh 6-4. H~ thOng stir bang t8i bile XII·do; IIIIJ

1· clta nap v~t s:iy ~m; 2· cac b6ng den c6ng su~t Ibn; 3· Clla khf thai;
4· clla san ph~m dy; 5· bang lsi; 6- clla khOng khi vao.

chieu rong, chieu day, tOe dO chay cua

lop hat, Chieu cao cua thap phu thuoc 2
vao kich thltC1c, g6c nghieng va s6
luong rnang nghieng. Neu rna sat gil'ra
hat va mang Ion, goc nghieng nho thl
c6 thi tao rung cho cac mang mQt each
hQP 19.
Viec 1I,a chon loai vat btrc xa va
b6 to chung
trong buong s~y cung rtlt
quan trong cho qua trlnh say birc xa.

6.1.3. Cac thiet b] phat tia hire xa

De co cac tia btrc xa, ta c6 the Hinh 6-5. ThBp sly Me XI' h~1 II!
dung nhieu loai tm!'!t bi buc xa khac chay
1· eVa ~p cac hat ~m.
nhau nhu: den gtrong, den thach anh, 2- thAn thap; 3- cac v~t
que d6t dien trd, g6m. bite xa: 4- san ph~m say

218
 a. Den guang (bdu thuy tinh du<}Ctrang goong m()t pIdn lJ ben
trong de t~p trung tia sang ve mQI phia). Day t6c den II vonrram. cOng
suat tU (150 -;. 500) W. Nhiet dQ den la (2300 ± 1O(WK. H¢ s6 hi~u.
dung nang hrong la 709::, thm gian sir dung la (3500 T 6000) h.
Den co nhuoc diem dt vcr, quan tfnh nhiet kern (tit dien tlU
nguoi nhanh), t6n thAt nhiet 160, Ghi~u kbong d&i. Tuy co e{u t~ don
gi an, d~ sir dung nhirng den it dugc dung de sAy cac san phirn thl!C
phfun.
b. Dell {/l1g thach anh
Cau tao cua loai nay Iii day vontram xoan ~t trong tam cua ong
thach anh hinh tru, cong suAt cua n6 tlr (0, I 20) kW (wong duong vOi
(30 -;. 400) kW/m1 be m~t 6ng hoac (1 -;. 1,5) kW/m dai. Nhi~t d<) ctia
den loai nay Hi 2800 K (252JOC), tu6i tho 5000 h.
0

c. Que dOL Mug difll

Cilu.tao cua que <161 g6rn day hgp kim nicrom xoan hlnh 10 xo
d~t trong ong kim loai, each di~n bang oxid rnanhe, ox9t nhOm ho~e
cat thach anh. Cong suAt ella m6i dan que d6t d~ <!tn 25 (kW) (nrong
duong 4 kW/m dai), nhiet d" la 8oooe. DAy lil I~ que d6t thOng d~ng
nhAl.
d. \' ijl bta: xtf bang gain
DAy lit loai tien lqi trong cong nghiep ehe biM thuc ph~_ ~u
tao ella nO g6m day di¢n tro bang hqp kim nicrosn d~ ep vito trong.
long kh6i g6m. Cong suat mbi chiec III I kW vOi nhi~l dQ lam
vil}c tit
450°C d€n 700°C.
De
dam bao birc xa duqc d6ng d~u thl cac thiet b! bUc x~ plW cO
co diu (bo phan) phan xa nhu pha den.

6.1.4. Cac buOc C(J ban tinh thiet ki h~ thong say bue x~

Co the thuc hien tinh thi€t k€ h~ thOng sA'y boc x~ theo hai clch
nhu sau:

219
 a. Chon thjet bi phat tia nang hrong (thiet bi btrc xa) va b<5 trf
chung trong buong say sau do tfnh thm gian sa'y theo dieu kien (6-9):
(
1 B+KD(t2 -K)
r = -In-----='- (6-9)
KD B+KD(t _!...)
1 K
trong do:
D= a .
c.p.,.R" '
B -: qo -qm.r.K(
C.P,,·Kf·Rv
trong do:
((, t: - nhiet eo dau va eu6i cua V~l say, °C;
t - nhiet dt;> cua tac nhan S:lY (khong khf), °C;
K - ty s6 giua nhiet dt? be mat va nhiet d<) trung blnh eua v~t say;
K, - ty s6 gitra be m~t v~t buc xa tren M mat v~t say chiu btrc xa;
qo - m~t dQ bue xa, W /rn~;
a - h~ s6 loa nhiet tong, W/m:."K:
a=ad+Clt,
ad' ab - ~ s6 toa nhiet d6i hru, birc xa:
a = (18.6 + 23,2), (W/m2.oK).
c - nhiet dung rieng cua v~t say, j/kg.OK;
Po - kh6i Iuong rieng cua v~t say kho, kg/m";
qon - cuong dt? bay hoi am,
kg/m3.s;
r - nhier hoa hoi cua am, kl/kg;
R; - .ty s6 gifra thi tich ciia v~t dy tren b~ m~t cua chfnh n6,
m3Jm2.
b. Cho tnroc nang suat va thOi gian say, tfnh s6 hrong va b6 trf
cac thiet bi phat tia nang luong Hong bu6ng s1{ycho phil hop.

220'
 - Tfnh tOng tdn th«t nhiet de nung .nong v~t s~y dln nhi~t d¢ bay
hoi am,
nhiet bay hoi 'j,g, nung n6ng plnrong tien v~ chuydn, nung
nong khong khl v.v. Mu6n tinh pMn nay, can
klt ~u sa bQ buong s~y.
- Chon thilt bi phat tia nang hrong, sau d6 tfnh m~t dQ buc xa qo.
. Xac dinh dien tfch cua lap v~t sa:y chiu bee xa thea cong thirc
sau:

(6-10)

trong dO:
I:Q - tong t6n that nhier, W;
qo· mat ctQ brrc xa W/m2.
. Xac dinh cac kfch thuOc ella bu6ng ~:ry.
- Tinh thilt ke h¢ thong van chuydn v~t s:ry.
Neu h~ thong s~y birc xa ket hop v(1isay d6i hru vai tac nhan say
co nhiet dQ 100 han nhiet dQ M m~t ella lap v~t sa:y thi dien tieh chiu
brrc xa la F duqe tfnh nhir sau: .

(6-11)

trong do:
:EQ - tdng tdn th~t nhiet, W;
qo - m~t dQ btrc x~, W/m2;
a - M s6 toa nhier giil'a rae nhan s«y va v~t s4y. W/m2.0K;
III - hieu nhiet dQ trung binh giiia rac nhan s~y va be rn~t v~t
say, -x,

6.2. SAY THANG HOA

sa:y thang hoa Ia qua trinh lam giam dQ im ella v~t say bang
thang hoa (tit th~ rin thanh the hoi).
say thang hoa e6 iru diem rll't Ian rna cac phuong phap sa:y khac

221
khOng c6 d6 la; san pharo say c6 chat luong cao (giii' nguyen mau sac,
cau tnic, huong vi, tlnh thuy hoa), gifI gln hoat tfnh sinh hQC.
Trong cong nghiep ch~ bie"n va bao qUID thuc pham, say thang
ap dung
hoa duC_:1c de
s~y thit, ca, rau qua dOng hop.
S~y thang hoa cung duqc dung rat nhieu trong san xu~t duoc
pham.
Muon bao qudn lau thl san pham say thang hoa phai du<,'k:dong
hop ((6 dQ kin cao.
Muon say thang hoa, {mac tien phai lam lanh dong v~t sl{y de
bien fun trong V~l say thanh th~ ran. Sau d<.)d~t vat say da dong lanh
vao bu6f1b :;~y kin, tien hanh htit chan khong a ap suat thap hem lip
sulft diem ba pha cua mroc HI 610,5 N/m2 rinh thea ap su1(t tuyet d6i,
dong thm cl(p nhiet cho v~t say. Am thang hoa khoi v~t s1(y du<;1Choa
long r6i thai ra ngoai h~ th6ng say. Nhiet hrong ci'fp cho qua trmh
thang hoa phai vira dis, neu cap nhiet nhieu hem muc can thi6t se pha
hong qua trinh say thang hoa. •
Trong he thong may say thang hoa buong say vua lam nhiem vu
buong l~ dong v~t s~y. Nhir v~y trong buong say phai c6 dan lanh va
dan cap nhiet, Bu6ng sliy phai co cau tao phu hqp vOi nang sulit yeu
cau, co dQ ben va d" kin cao, n~p va thao san ph~ de dang, v~tlieu
che tao buong sfiy Ia thep khong gi, Sau khi v~t say du<;1Cnap vao
buong say thl tien hanh lam
lanh dOng nha h~ th6ng may lanh. Khi dii
hoan thanh qua trlnh lanh dong var say thl dimg may Ianh, hut chan
khong bu6ng say dOng thai cap nhiet cho v~t s~y, qua trinh thang hoa
Am xciy ra. BC1mchan khong c6 nhiern V\I duy tri ap sulit trong buong
say 6 gia tri 610,5 N/m:!.
Cap nhiet cho var say trong qua trinh say thang hoa c6 the thuc
hien bang tiep xuc hay birc xa hoac ket hqp ca hai each.
Hlnh 6-6 the hien trang thai ella HzO tren d6 tN T-S, hffih 6-7
the hi~n tr~g thai ella H20 trong qua trlnh say thang hoa. Hlnh 6-8 III
SCI dO nguyen Iy cau t~o va ho~t d¢ng clla may s~y thang hoa. V~t say
2 da dOng J~nh d~t len be m~t cAp nhi~t 3, phfa tren co thiet b~ dp
nhi¢t b~g buc x~ 4; tat ca
d~t trong buOng say thang hoa J.

222
 T

.5.
Hinh 6-6. Tr~ng tMi cua H,O Irim do tb! T-S
u

(;3 ~

Hinh 6·7. Tf9ng lhai cus H20 khi s~y tMng bo« cus v~t s5y 1m
1- H20 lon9 (mr&c);2- bAng; 3- n~ Ii&nket;
1,· thdi gian lam dOngli?onh
v~t s~y; ~- tMi gian s~y thang hoa: t)- thdi gian nhit

Buong say 1 n6i thong v(ri thi€t bi ngung tt;l hoi rnroc 5, cung co..
ap suat voi buong say. Born hut chan khong 6 luOn hut khi khong
ngirng de duy to
ap suar thap trong buong sa:y thang hoa, Chat tai Ianh
dugc may lanh 7 ha nhi~t dQ xuong thap hun rili.i~t dQ ella hoi nuoc
trong thiet bi 5 d~ lam cho hoi ruroc thang hoa tll' v~t say 2 se dugc
ngung tu h€t r6i chay fa ngoai. Nhiet lirong do thiet bi 3 va 4 el!p eOO
v~t say vira du d~ corp cho mot Iuong H20 thang hoa khoi v~t sA'y_ H~
th6ng say thang hoa loai nay lam viec gian doan (theo me). Ap suA't
chung trong bu6ng say bang (13 + 130)Pa, nhiet dQ b~g - 20(°C) d~n
-60CC); nhiet dQ vat say ttr -lS(OC)d€n- 40eC), nhiet dQngung tu ella
hoi mroc la -40CC) d€n -70CC), nhiet dQ ella char tAi lanh la
-50CC) den -80(°C).
223
 Thoi gian s~y thang hoa phu thuoc vao d6i nrong say, bang
khoangtil' 6h d~n 16h.

Hinh 6·8. NY~/im Iy ctlu t{lO va flo.,t dQng cua may sSy tMng hoa lam vi~c g/8n do,!n
1. buong s~y; 2. v~t 6~y dOng I{lnh; 3- thiet b! c~p nh~t: 4- thiel bj'b(/c xa nhi~t;
5- buong ngttng; 6- bom cMn kh6ng; 7- may lanh; 8- ch~1hli I~nh; 9- nttac ngllng;
1O-ngu~n nhi~t; 11- ngu6n di~n

Vqf say am d~nh()m

2 + t choniJ?ong
4-

+ San phon, say ,}/uCc ngung

Hlnh 6.9. Nguyilflly c6u 1/10va hO{lt c19n9 cua buang stly tfllmg hoa film tl,Jc.
1- buong s~y; 2- bu6ng nl\lp Ii+u; 3- thi~t bi cap nhi~t bang buc x~; 4- bang lei; 5- thi6t
bj ngllng ty; 6- thiet bi thao slm pMm.

224
 Ngoai s~y thang hoa gian doan con c6 s~y thang boa lien rue
(hlnh 6-9) ho~ s~y thang hoa thea chu leY.
Cac thitt bi 2; 5; 6 khi Hun viec phAi dam
baa khong lam lot
nhieu khong khf d~ tranh pha va che' dO s~y thang hoa,
Nhir tren da noi, mu6n co qua trinh thang hoa (rir the ran
sang
th~ hoi) thl tnroc h~t phai Hun lanh dOng v~t say, Qua trinh Hun lanh
dong v~t say duge thirc hien bang hai each. each thtr nhat la dung may
lanh dong hoac nito long de
lam lanh dong v~t say ben ngosl buong
say thang hoa, each thu hai la v~t sll'y h! lanh dOng ngay trong buong
say thang hoa bang hut chan khong,
Hlnh 6-10 bieu di~n duang cong say (u) va dOOng cong nhiet dQ
(t) cua v~t sa:y thea thOi gian say'! trong qua trinh say thang hoa rna
v~t say h_l lanh dong trong bu6ng say. Khi hilt chan khong, ap suar
trong buong say giam xu6ng; am tl! do trong v~t s!{y bay hoi manh,
Hun giam nhanh nhiet dQ ella n6 xu6ng dtn nhie; dO d6ng bang' (tB)
ciia am (dU'OOgA-B). Qua trinh d6ng bang ciIa am co toA nhiet nen
nhiet dQ cua v~t say tang len mot chut (8-CJ. Qua trinh thang hoa Am
dien ra khac voi qua trtnh say thu nh~t (t6c dO say khong ctOi) trong
say d6i luu l~ nhiet dQ t,
IJ
tang len mQt it thea thCri .A
gian s~y (doan C -D d6c .
len). Di~u d6 duge giAi
thfch 13. CJ lap sau Mn
'trang v~t.sa:y con c6 am
dan~ dong bang.
Giai doan say tht1'
hai Ia giai doan bay hoi
am lien k~t, nhiet de cua
v~t s~y tang nhanh.

Do ap suat trong r:
Hlnh 1-10/DiJi11'igcong sly va 4~ttg cong
bu6ng say thang hoa nho nhilt 49 sly trong s6y tMng hoB
han ap suat khf quyen
225
nen luon co khong khf lot vito. Born chan khOng co nhiem vu hut het
hrong khf khong ngirng tit v~t sa:y thoat ra vaca luong khong khi lQt
vao. Lu'tJng khf khong ngung til v~t s~y phu thuoc vao loai v~t say,
luong khong khf 19l vao phu thuQc vao cau tao cua buong say, nha:t Ul
(1 cac bQ phan nap lieu, thaosan pham, d mroc ngirng cua bu6ng say
lam viec lien tuc. N6i chung kh6 tfnh chinh xac cac dai luong tren.
Thong thuong nglfCrita CM Cll vao nang suat, cllu tao ciia buong say de
chon bam chan khong sao cho ' c6 luu lirong du 1&1 de co the di~u
chlnh duqc ap suat trong bu6ng sa'y bang viec rna them cira cho khong
khf vao phfa cira hut cua bom.

226
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230
 Pb, I,e 5. f)9 tim bao qudn ella h~t nbng stin

V~t Ii~u (I)~.n roTS (l.)tnU

llia mi,g~o 14 15,50 17

NgO 14 17 20
K6 13,50 15 17
D~u nanh 16 . 18 20
D~u 14 17 19
Hat 9i6ng hl({jng dl(ong 15 17 20
Hat day 11 12 14

Ph, I~c6. Nhi?t t19 cho phip kh! say h",t nang san

Thai gian Do~m W, %

say 1, phut 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
71,5 67,4 63,6 60,4 57,6 65,2 52,B
5
87,5 74,3 66,.4
--
61,1
--
56,7 53,2 50,6
68,5 64,4 60,6 57,4 54,6 .49,8
10 --
85,8
--
72.6
--
64,7
--
59,4
--
55
52,2
--
51,5
--
48,9
55,6 52,8 50,4
15
66,7
84,8
62,6
71,6
58,8
--
'54
--
54
--
50,S
58,4
--48
47,9

30
83,6
83,3
59,6
70,1
55,8
62,2
52,6
--
56,9
49,B
52,5
47,4
49
--45
46,4

45 -62
82.3
57,9
69,'
54,1
61,2
--
50,9
55,9
48,'1
51,5
45,7
48
43,3
45,4

so
60,7
--
81,6
56,6
68,4 60,5
49,6
--
55,2
46,8
--
50,8
44,4
52,8
47,3
--42
44,7

90 --
59
BO,7
54,9
67,S
~
59,6
47,9
54,3
--
49,9
42,7
46,4
40,3
43,8
45,1

55,5 51,4 47,6 44,4 41,6 39,2 36,8

180
78,8 65,6 57,7 52,4 48 44,S 41,9
Ch,. y: U:y gi' Iii rren haydwi gach ngang d~u duqc

231
 A C
TT V~t li~u
kcal/m.hoK W/m.oK kcaUkg."K kJ/kg.Of<

1 Dat set 0,15-0,8 0,17-0,93 0,20 0,84

2 Th~t.inh 0,80 0,930 0,20 0,84
3 ram each nhi~t 0,37 0,41 0,26 1,09
4 xi 0,10 0,12 0,20 0,84
5 Be tOng xi 0,19 0,22 - -

6 G~ s6i 0,18-0,31 0,21-0,36 0,33 1,38

:
7 G~ thong 0,30 0,35 0,33 1,38
8 G~ch do 1,14-1,33 1,33-1,45 0,22 0,92
9 Dfil 0,33 0,38 0,25-0,34 1,046-1,42
10 G~ch ch!u Ilta - - 0,21-0,24 0,87-1,00
11 B~ tOng x6p 0,63-0,81 0,73-0,94 0,18 0,75
12 SAl 60 71,58 0,12 0,50
13 £>6n9 320 372,16 0.09 0,38
14 GiofV 0,11 0,13 0,32 1,34
15 Carton 0,16 0,19 - -
16 Moo ctIa 0.~5-0.055 0,052-0,069 - - ,
17 Xi mAng 0,78 0,91 0,20 0,84
18 Nu&: ~,5 0,60 1 4,816
19 Cat 0,97 1,13 0,17-0,22 0,71-0,92
20 Than bun 0,07 0.081 - -

.232
 Ph", h~c8. Cdc liiu chui" tUn, d",ngchi,." Irong Icy Jhu~iIsay

Un gal Klhi~u COngthUc Y nghia v~t Iy

a,t
Fourier F. T thoi gian kMng th(t nguy~n

Raynald Re ~ trnh ch't chuy~n d~ng

v
13
GralgOp Gr P7,~t d~c tr\ll1g eho Ille II,(n~ng

~ quen tinh eua Irui1ng h,lerna sat

Prant truy'n nhi~t Pr
a va nhi~t d¢
v quan tinh cua tn.limg nrc ma sal
Pran! truy&n ch4:t PrO! Va n6ng d9 .
am
Nussen Iruyen
Nu
al cllitng d~ giiia truyen nhi~t va
nh~1 ). dAn nhi~1trong lap bi~n
s..! Wong dO giiia Iruyen eh~1 va
Nussen truyen chal NUm
~. dAn chat trong lap billn

BiOtruy~n nhillt Bi ~ cllOng d(l giiia Iruy~n nhill! va

~. dAn nhi~1trim b~ m~t '

Bio truy&1 cMt Bt" s..! Wong d(l gifta truyen ch~t va
}. dAn ch~t IrAn be m~t
i. Ctlang d~ gifta dong nhi!)t IrAn
A~o billn va dAn nhi~1bAn trang
Kirpichev truy~n ~ cllitng dO giila dong vAt chdt
Kim trAn biAn'va dAn chili ben'trong
ch4t 8mUoPo

!m. quan tfnh giiia trtlbng nhill! dO

Luikov Lu va tn/ong n60g dQ "
a
c dt quan M gitrs nhl~t 11I9n9dot
Rebinder Rb
m'au n6ng va nhi~lltI9ng c4n b6c hoi

Pamaran6 Po
g£, quan h~ gilla ogu6n nhi~! va
).~ dAn nhi~t trong v~t

PhMOrOv Fe
a:'.fd3 (Tv-Yklg th~ hi~n hle nAng giiia khOngkhl
V {Y'o va v~lli(1U slly
.sO (1V-Yk)9 th~ hi~n life nAng giila khong khl
Archimedes Ar
\.:.)\ va v~t li~u sAy

3(a.tlk19 th~ hi(1Oh!e nAng giiia kMng khl

Ly Ly
Yk·Yv·' va v~t li~o say
 Ph" h~c9. Thong so v~t Ij ella khOng khi khO

t,OC Co ua-2 q.10·e !J..10e v.1O·e

Pt
pp
kJlkg.oK W/m,OK m2/s N.s/ma m2/s kglm'

10 1,005 2,51 20,00 17.60 14,16 0,705 1,207

20 1,005 2,59 21,40 18,10 15,06 0,703 1,166
30 1,005 2,67 22,90 18,60 16,00 0,701 1,134
40 1,005 2,67 24,30 19,10
, 16,69 0,699 1,Q92
50 1,005 2,83 25,70 10,60 17,95 0,698 1,058
60 1,005 2,90 27,20 20,10 18,97 0,696 1,026
70 1,005 2,96 28,60 20,60 20,02 0,694 0,996
80 1,005 3,05 30,20 21,10 21,09 0,694 0,968
90 1,005 3,13 31,90 21,50 22,10 0,690 0,941
100 1,005 3,21 33,60 21,90 23,13 0,688 0,916
120 1,009 3,34 36,80 22,80 25,45 0,686 0,896
140 1,013 3.49 40,30 23,70 27,80 0,684 0,827
160 1,017 3,64 43,90 24,50 30,09 0,682 0,789
180 1,022 3,78 47,50 25,30 32,49 0,681 0,754
200 1,026 3,99 51,40 26,00 34,85 O,SBO 0,722

·234
 GIAo TRINH
KY THU~T SAY NONG SAN THVC PHAM
Tae gin: ~GLYf=~ vAN MA Y

Chiu. trach. nhiem. xuat btin. : PGS. TS. TO DANG HAL

Bien tq.p : NGUYEN NGQC-PHAMVAN
QUANG HUY

Vi! bia : HVONG LAN

NHA XUATBAN KHOA HQC vA KY THU~T

70 Tran Hung Dao - Ha Ncii
In 500 cu6n, kh6 14,5 x 20,5 em, ~ Xl nghi~p inThUdngmai.
Gi!y phep xu!t ban 86: 469-133. Cue XuA:tban cApngay 19/412004.
In xong va n9P luu chi~u thang 7/2004.
 204132
gil..l say nooJ;_ san IhlfC phan

24.000 VND