Drilling Rig Components

&
Land Drilling Rigs

By Jacques Orban
Advisor – SLB / SHTC
May 2009
 Drilling rig
Main purposes
• Well drilling
• Well isolation
• logging
• Installation of completion
• Fishing
• Easy to move and install at
drilling location

• Can perform work-over

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 2 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Drilling rigs – main functional blocks
• Main:
– Lifting & vertical movement control
– Handling of the drill-string
• Make connections between string components
– Rotation of drill string (torque generation)
– Hydraulic power and fluid management
– Well-bore pressure control and management
• Other:
– Power generation and management
– Installation and leaving the location

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 3 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Hoisting system
Crown block Handling of the drill-String

Mast

Traveling block

Source : A Primer of Oil well Drilling

By Ron Baker
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 4 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs Published by University Of Austin Texas
 Lifting measurements
Geolograph line Cable fatigue
Movement of drill-string
Recording of
while drilling
Pulley “force X
displacement”
(Ton-Miles)

Mandatory for
cable
Replacement
management

Hook Load
sensor

Draw work - Small winch for cable

encoder - Recorder versus time
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 5 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Drilling line

W = n Ff

Average efficiency factors Measurement of

for block-&-tackle system cable diameter

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 6 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Drilling line criticality
• Severe services
– Tripping out of the well
– Jarring (fishing procedure)
– The load must be ALWAYS below nominal breaking load
• Drilling line wear
– Fatigue of cable (multiple flexing around sheaves)
– Local wear and deformation
• Pick-up point in each sheaves
• Lap point of drawwork
• Drilling line must be maintained in good condition
• Consequences of drilling line failure
– Injury to personnel
– Damage to the rig
– Loss of drill-string in the hole

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 7 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Drilling line maintenance
• Slip & Cut program
– Slipping the line
• Loosening the dead line anchor
• placing a few feet of new cable
– Cutting the line
• Removing the line from the drawwork
• Cutting off a section of line
• Scheduled “slip & cut” program
• API recommendations
– Ton-Miles
– Typical values
• 500 Ton-Miles for 1” diameter drilling line
• 2000 Ton-Miles for 1,375” Diameter line
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 8 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 The rig structure and loadings
Mast loading
Mast
Projection of the
drilling lines
on rig floor
Rig
Loads:
floor
- Drill string
- Casing run in well
- Fishing & Jarring
Rig floor
Support
Rig floor loading:
structure - Storage of drill string
in vertical rack
- Setting in slip of the string

Rig floor support structure loading: combined loads

Casing run Fishing & Jarring
- drill string in vertical rack (load on rig floor) - drill string in vertical rack (load on rig floor)
- casing in the well - Heavy-duty fishing string in the well
either load on mast (when hanging to hook) Over-pull load
or load on rig floor (when in slips) Jarring load release
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 9 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Drawworks Motor with cooler
Winch

Gear
Bearing &
Park brake

Example / NOV
Wide range of power & lifting capacity
from 300 tons (1800 HP)
to 1200 Tons (6900 HP)
AC motor / Direct gear drive
Dynamic braking: Up to 3000 HP
Full regenative power / Water cooling
Park brake : Disk Brake / multiple hydraulic calipers

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 10 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs http://www.nov.com/

 Drill-string

• Drill-pipe
– Length : 31 ft
– Diameter : 2 7/8 to 6 5/8 Inches
– Constitute most of the drill-string
• Drill-collar
– Length: 31 Ft
– Diameter

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 11 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Drilling System Drilling parameters:
Kelly - Torque on Bit
- Weight on Bit
Mud Mud
- Mud circulation
Pump
Shale
shaker Drill Collar

Blow-out
Preventer
Tension

Drill
pipe
Well
Compression

Drill Drill bits

collar

Bit

Kelly Rotary
Drive table
Bushing

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 12 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Rotary Table
- Integrated in rig floor Example
-Transmit rotation onto drill string
- Variable rotary speed
- Can support heavy load
(drill-string in slips)
-Should allow passage of large items
(casing)

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 13 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Top-drive
- Torque generation at the hock
- Hydraulic or Electrical motor
- Reaction torque taken by slides in mast

Advantages:
- Drill with triple pipe = less stop
- No need to pull back to add a pipe
- No need to break triples between wells
- Upwards drilling (reaming)
- Pumping & rotation during trips

Inconvenient:
- Installation cost
- Height of the mast
- Weight at hock

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 14 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 EXAMPLE
Electrical top drive

Connection to
Travelling block
Motor

Torque K Ft #
RPM

Rotary head

Pipe handler

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 15 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 NOV Hydraulic portable top-drive

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 16 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Mud circulation
Triplex Pump Pulsation dampener

Source:
Garner Denver Source: Hydrill

Mud circulation

Mud flow

- filling of well
- Lifting of cutting
- cleaning of the mud
- adjustment of the mud
Source : A Primer of Oil well Drilling
Shale Shaker By Ron Baker
Published by University Of Austin Texas
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 17 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Mud pump
• Heavy duty
• Long operating hours
• High power / High pressure
• Capable to deal with wide
range of mud
– Density: 1 to 2
– Viscosity : 1 to 100 CP
– Particles (LCM – up to 10 %)
• Easy maintenance
• Multiple pump per rigs
– Insure continuous operation
– Increased safety (Well control)

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 18 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Piston pump Crankshaft
L
Discharge valve
R
Fluid end Plunger θ

Suction valve
Connecting
rod
2
X = R 1 – cos θ + L ( 1 – 1 – R---- (sinθ
θ )2 )
L 2

Q = A dx/dt
With A = piston area

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 19 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Mud pump description
Pushing rods

Discharge
manifold

Fluid end

Location
of crankshaft

Suction manifold

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 20 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Pump – cut view
Power-end case Motor
Pulse
dampener
Power
input
Connecting shaft
rod
Piston rod Discharge
valve
Cross-head
Crankshaft
Wrist pin

Suction
Power valve
End
Suction
pipe

Pony rod Piston Fluid END

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 21 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Mud pump : range
POWER = Flow rate X Pressure
NOV
- Wide capacity range
- Must be adapted to the well/ drilling requirements
- For a set power:
-Can adjust liner/ piston diameter

affect flow rate & pressure

- Multiples manufacturers

Example
National Oil VARCO

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 22 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Mud pump One example :

http://www.nov.com/

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 23 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Triplex flow rate
Displacement : Theoretical calculated volume displaced by the pistons
in one crankshaft revolution
= Piston Area X piston stroke X number of piston
Capacity : Theoretical calculated flow rate of the pump at a given speed
= Piston Area X piston stroke X number of piston X Strokes/min

Instantaneous flow
Theoretical flow Theoretical flow average Minimum instantaneous

1
0.96
0.9
Flow rate ratio

0.87
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 90 180 270 360
Crankshaft angular position (degree)

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 24 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Mud pump – Pulse dampener
• Flow rate is fluctuating (out of triplex)
• Fluid velocity change (acceleration)
– Force required => pressure fluctuation
• Dampener :
Gas
– Change of fluid pressure = change
of dampener gas volume
– Affect line fluid flow
– Counter-act change in line fluid
velocity
– Counter-act line pressure variation

• Gas pressure must be adapted to line

pressure

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 25 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Triple- pump monitoring

• Pressure gauge and sensors

• Pump stoke counter
– Approximation of flow rate (estimated pump efficiency)
• Electrical motor monitoring
– Voltage
– Current (torque)
– RPM

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 26 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Centrifugal pump – flow & installation

Fluid
discharge
Centrifugal effect on fluid particle tank
 Pressure generation Fluid
supply
tank Motor

Pump
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 27 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Centrifugal pump on drilling rigs
• Use to move fluids (water, mud,…) at low pressure
– Between tanks
– Into the jet mixer for mud preparation
– To feed the suction of triplex
• Better triplex cylinder filling
• Reduction of triplex cavitations
• Often driven at constant speed
– between 1450 to 1750 RPM
• Low maintenance system (apart of shaft packing)

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 28 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Centrifugal pump
Typical characteristic curves
Head = Pressure / g ρ
Best
Efficiency
with g = 9.81 (m/s2 )
Point (BEP)
ρ = mass/ vol (Kg/m3)

Mechanical drive power

= Torque X Rotational Speed

Brake Horse power

= Mechanical drive power (HP)

Hydraulic power output

= Flow rate X Pressure

Efficiency
= Power output / power input
= Hyd power / Mech power

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 29 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Mud management system
Purposes
• Cutting removal - Shale shaker
• Fine particle handling – Centrifugation system
• Gas removal –Low pressure separator
• Cooling – residence time at surface
• Property adjustment – mixing system & measurements
• Reserve

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 30 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 The Shale Shaker
• Removal of cuttings from Drive Motor
`Header Tank
returned mud out of well Shaking
basket
• Shaking screens (one or
more
– Efficient separation decks)
– Adapted screen to cuttings &
mud properties
• Multiple shakers may be used
– In parallel for high flow rate
– In series, for multiple filtering
range
• Risk: Gas is often present in
vicinity of shale shaker !
– Explosion / toxicity

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 31 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Shale shaker - description

Header Tank Feed Chute

Drive Head
Assembly

Scalping Deck

Secondary Screen

‘Pneumoseal’ Primary Deck

Clamping System

Thule VSM 100 shaker

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 32 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Dual Deck Shale-shaker
Operation Scalping
Screen

Primary Screen

Solids Dried on Coarse Screen

The different screen

Hydrostatic Pressure
Solids Crawl
sizes will give different
out of Pool
sizes of cuttings.

Fluid head Beach

Liquid to sand
traps
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 33 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Centrifuges

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 34 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Centrifuges

Solids Solids discharge with

absorbed liquid only

Colloidal
liquid
discharge

Feed inlet

Gearbox
Colloidal
liquid
discharge
Pool level controlled Feed ports Beach
by weir settings

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 35 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Mud circulation system -
summaryc
Purpose of the mud
- Filling of well
- Well hydrostatic control
- Lifting of cutting
- Cooling of the bit
- lubricating the bit
- Lubrication between drill-string
and well bore

The circulation system insures:

- Pumping of the mud into the well
- Re-cycling of the mud
Cleaning of the mud
Cooling of the mud
- Adjustment of the mud
- Reserve against well problems

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 36 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Rig floor Bell nipple Blow-Out Preventer
Annular
preventer BOP 
Closing Valve
of Mud
3 methods the well Pump
of closing

Kill line
Shale
shaker Choke
Pipe ram

Blow-out Choke line

Blind ram
Preventer
Cement
Casing
Drill
pipe Well
Choke or
kill line
Drill Mud
The BOP
collar is attached
Ground Top of the well
on casing
level Well cellar Bit
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 37 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Blow-Out Preventer
Annular preventer
-Seal on tubular
-Typical 5000 PSI
-up to 10000 PSI

Hydrill
Equipment
shown

Pipe rams : Typical sealing up to 10000 PSI

closing on
proper pipe

Blind rams :
Shearing of pipe
& well closing Typical sealing up to 15000 PSI
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 38 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 BOP
cut view

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 39 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 BOP :Closing the shear ram

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 40 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 BOP system

Reasons of use:
-lost of well control
- Gas build-up in well

After closing of BOP,

-Mud circulation via drill-pipe
or kill line (below BOP)
-Return of flow via CHOKE LINE
(Choke to “throttle”
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 41 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
flow out of well)
 Example :
Shaffer RAM BOP

Some models are H2S resistant

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 42 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Range for BOP
Example : Shaffer RAM BOP

Some models are H2S resistant

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 43 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Rams for BOP
Example : Shaffer RAM BOP

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 44 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Annular preventer Closing of
annular
preventer

Steel elements for reinforcement of the seal

Sealing element

H2S compatible Annular piston

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 45 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Annular preventer
Example : SHAFFER spherical Blow-out preventer

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 46 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Valves for choke & Kill line

Type
DB

Large flow bore

Minimum abrasion in valve
Can operate in presence of high pressure
High reliability required

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 47 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 BOP control system
Accumulator:
- Oil stored under pressure
- Pressurized Nitrogen
- Pump allows to pump oil
into the accumulator
-Allows BOP operation even
if no power on rig.

Control Panel on rig floor

Accumulator
bottles

Oil pump

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 48 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Choke manifold
Valve Allow to bleed the pressure contained in the well
Mud (after closing BOP)
Pump - Work at high pressure
Kill line

Shale - Multiple phase flow

shaker Choke -Presence of cutting in mud

Erosion , vibration
Blow-out Choke line
Preventer
Cement
Casing
Drill
pipe Well

Drill Mud
collar

Bit

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 49 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Hazardous zones US
Class 1, Div 1
EU
Zone 0
Zones where explosive gas may be present Zone 1
Class 1, Div 2 Zone 2
Class 1, division 1 = High Probability
- Cellars, sumps, distches
- Enclosed area below rig floor
- Enclosed area containing mud tanks, shale shakers Mud tank in
- Often 5ft from “gas emitting” devises ventilated area
10 ft
Class 1, division 2 = Low probability
- within 10 ft (and 18” vertically) from
well cellars, or class 1 Div locations
- within 10 ft radially of the center of bell nipple in open derrick
- Areas adjacent to mud tanks, pits, shale shaker,…

Restriction for use of electrical devices Reference:

Building Regulatins/
- Explosion Proof devices Special occupancies
- Intrinsically safe devices Div.11, art. 3, Ch. IX
- Need CERTIFICATION by UL, FM (US) or CENELEC (EU) &93.1100
- Special cabling and use of safety barriers (US regulations)
-….
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 50 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
 Moving & Installation of a rig
Rig fitted on truck
- The rig stays on location for well drilling
- It must be installed and moved away easily
- Move time can be important source of cost

The draw-work is used

to lift the mast

Rid assembled on location

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 51 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs http://www.hri-rig.com/masts.htm
 Example
Land rig

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 52 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Global view of a land rig

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 53 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 Progress?

JO 10/26/2009 Slide 54 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs

 References
• A Primer of Oil well Drilling
– Ron Baker
– Published by University Of Austin Texas
• Drilling Practices Manual (2nd editions)
– Preston L. Moore
– PennWell
• Applied Drilling Engineering
– A.T. Bourgoyne M.E. Chenevert, K.K. Millheim, F.S. Young
– SPE textbook series, vol2
• National Oil-Well Varco catalog
• Weatheford WEB catalog
JO 10/26/2009 Slide 55 of 55 Drilling rig components & Land rigs
Drilling Rig Components
&
Land Drilling Rigs

End of this section