Plant Archives Vol. 16 No. 1, 2016 pp.

37-44 ISSN 0972-5210

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN

RAPESEED-MUSTARD CROP IN BASTAR PLATEAU OF
CHHATTISGARH, INDIA

O. P. Sonvanee* and H. Pathak

Department of Agril. Economics, COA, Raipur, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur - 492 012 (C.G.), India.

Abstract
An attempt has been made in this study to examine the economic analysis of production and marketing of rapeseed-mustard
in Bastar Plateau of Chhattisgarh State, India. The study was conducted in Tokapal and Lohandiguda blocks in Bastar district
of Chhattisgarh State, India. Fifty two farmers were selected randomly from ten villages from these blocks to collect the
required information on the cost of cultivation, marketing and other aspects for the present study. The primary data was
collected from the rapeseed-mustard producers through personal interview method with the help of well prepared schedule
and questionnaire for the production and post harvest year for rabi rapeseed-mustard 2013-14. The average cost of cultivation
and input-output ratio of rapeseed-mustard was worked out as Rs. 11030.14/ha. and 1: 1.23. The average Cost A1, Cost B1,
Cost B2, Cost C1, Cost C2 and Cost C3 were observed as Rs.11026.84, Rs.11529.45, Rs.18121.71, Rs.19231.26, Rs.25823.47 and
Rs.18405.81 per hectare. The three type of marketing channel identified in the study area were Channel-I: Producer – Village
trader, Channel-II: Producer – Retailer – Wholesaler and Channel-III: Producer – Wholesaler. The marketable surplus of
rapeseed-mustard is observed as 2.85 quintal, 3.60 quintal, 4.00 quintal and 6.74 quintal per farm which is 99.30 per cent, 99.17
per cent, 93.00 per cent and 99.26 per cent to their total production at marginal, small, medium and large farms respectively.
The average marketable surplus of rapeseed-mustard is found to be 4.44 quintal constituting 99.32 per cent to the total
quantity produced. The quantity of rapeseed-mustard sold per farm was very less which was mainly due to low productivity.
Lack of irrigation facilities (89.00 per cent) fallowed by lack of recommended package and practices, particularly, doses of
fertilizer, insecticides and pesticides were perceived by 84.00 per cent of rapeseed-mustard farmers were major constraints in
rapeseed-mustard cultivation. More than 81.00 per cent rapeseed-mustard producers perceived that transportation of small
quantity of produce was not an economical option if they sold their small produce in the market. The study suggested that
urgent attention must be paid towards enhancing the productivity and marketing of rapeseed-mustard by providing improved
and high yielding varieties, technology, irrigation, marketing, price support, policy and effective extension.
Key words : Rapeseed-mustard, cost and returns, marketing and major constraints.

Introduction high protein content (28-36%). The amino acid

Rapeseed-mustard belong to family cruciferae and composition of mustard protein is well balanced; it is rich
genus Brassica. Rapeseed (Brassica compestris) in essential amino acids. Mustard oil has 20-28% oleic
commonly called is Sarson or Toria is herbaceous annual acid, 10-20% linoleic and 30-40% erucic acid.
plant shorter than mustard (rai) between 45-150 cm. India accounts for about 14.46 per cent of world’s
Mustard (Brassica juncea) common name is called rai. oilseeds area and 6.97 per cent of world’s oilseeds output
Rapeseed-mustard, its oil and its oil meal may contain (FAO Year Book, 2013). It has second and third rank in
anti-nutritiional factor such as goiterogens (thioglucosided the world in the production of groundnut (8.2%) and
or glucosinolates), tannic acid, erucic acid, sinapine rapeseed-mustard (13.7%). The vegetable oil
(cholinester), pectins and oligosaccharides. Mustard consumption in India is continuously rising and has sharply
stimulates digestion and salivary secretion. Mustard seeds increased in the couple of years touching around 13.8
have high energy content, having 28-32% oil with relatively kg/head/year. States ranking of oilseeds in 2012-2013 are
Madhya Pradesh (29.93%), Rajasthan (19.99%) and
*Author for correspondence: E-mail: [email protected]
38 O. P. Sonvanee and H. Pathak

Maharashtra (16.19%) (Pocket Book on Agricultural C – Family Consumption

Statistics, 2013). W - Quantity use for Wage
Total area under rapeseed-mustard cultivation is Cf – Quantity used for cattle feed.
47542 ha. while production is 26999 metric tonnes in
Chhattisgarh. The area under rapeseed-mustard in Bastar Results and Discussion
plateau is 4858 ha. (10.22%) and production is 2906 metric 1. Cost and returns of rapeseed-mustard
tonnes (10.76%) of total area and production in
The cost of cultivation of rapeseed-mustard production
Chhattisgarh. In Bastar district, rapeseed-mustard crops
is presented in table 1. It reveals that average total cost
were grown in 1630 ha. (33.55%) and production was
of cultivation was found to be Rs.25823.47/ha. which
1135 metric tonnes (39.06%) of total oilseeds area and
varies from Rs. 21215.90/ha. at marginal farms to Rs.
production in Bastar plateau. This district has 9th position
29000.13/ha. at large farms. The higher cost incurred on
in area and 6th position in production of rapeseed- mustard
cultivation was by medium farms followed by large farms.
in the state. (Commissioner of Land Revenue, 2014).
The contribution of total labour cost for cultivation of
Very few studies have been conducted in the past to crop was found to be Rs. 12806.61/ha. The average total
examine the production and marketing of rapeseed- human labour share to total cost for cultivation was
mustard in Chhattisgarh more so, in Bastar district and observed as Rs. 8446.63/ha. which was 32.71 per cent
so looking to above facts, a study is essential to undertake to the total cost of cultivation, which was higher at
through which a detailed insight can be obtained to analyse marginal farms Rs.8663.64/ha. followed by small Rs.
an economic analysis of production and marketing of 8629.10/ha., large farms Rs. 8616.33/ha. and medium
rapeseed-mustard in Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh state farms Rs. 7979.17/ha. When we see through the operation
with the following specific objectives: wise labour use, then the average intercultural operation
1. To estimate the cost and return of rapeseed- cost was higher, followed by harvesting operation. The
mustard in the sampled households. contribution of total bullock labour estimated was Rs.
2. To examine the disposal pattern of rapeseed- 3493.61/ha. (13.52 per cent) which ranges from Rs.
mustard in the study area. 2291.00/ ha. (7.99 per cent) at large farms to Rs. 4145.94/
ha. (17.45 per cent) at small farms. The average input
3. To identify the major constraints in production cost for cultivation of rapeseed-mustard crop was
and marketing of rapeseed-mustard and suggest observed as Rs. 16403.28/ha. (63.52 per cent) which
suitable measures to overcome them. varies from Rs.14490.84/ha. at marginal to Rs.17772.59/
Methodology ha. at large farms. The figure shows that total input cost
increased with farm size. The average fixed cost was
1. Cost of cultivation
found to be Rs. 9420.19/ha. at average farms which was
The cost concepts approach to farm costing is widely 36.48 per cent of the total cost.
used in India. To work out the cost of cultivation standard
2. Yield, cost and return of rapeseed-mustard at
method of cost of cultivation employed by Commission
the sampled farms
on Agricultural Costs and Price (CACP), Directorate of
Economics and Statistics, Government of India was The yield, value of output per hectare and cost of
adopted which include Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost production per quintal of rapeseed-mustard on the sample
B2, Cost C1, Cost C2 and Cost C3. farms have been worked out in table 2. It indicates that
the average yield per hectare of rapeseed-mustard came
2. Disposal pattern
to 12.74 qtl./ha. where higher yield was found at medium
To examine the marketing pattern of major oilseeds farms (13.33 qtl./ha.) and the lowest was observed at
at different categories of farms, simple analysis was done. marginal farms (11.62 qtl./ha.). The average gross return
To estimate the marketable surplus of produce, total estimated was Rs. 34778.77/ha. which varies from Rs.
quantity used for different purposes was estimated as 31025.40/ha. at marginal farms and Rs. 36454.42/ha. at
under : large farms. The average net return was calculated as
MS = P – (C + W + Cf) Rs. 8954.73/ha. which was higher at small farms
Where, (Rs.11017.04/ha.), followed by marginal farms (Rs.
9809.50/ha.).
MS – Marketable Surplus
P – Total Production
 An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing in Rapeseed-mustard Crop 39

Table 1 : Input wise cost of cultivation of rapeseed-mustard on the sampled farm.

S. No. Particulars Owned Marginal Small Medium Large Average
/hired
A. Variable cost
1.Human labour cost i) Field preparation Owned 560.81 637.84 355.37 369.77 476.72
(2.64) (2.68) (1.22) (1.29) (1.85)
  ii) Application of manure and Owned 114.86 340.54 111.57 237.94 198.73
fertilizer (0.54) (1.43) (0.38) (0.83) (0.77)
  iii) Sowing Owned 682.43 843.24 756.20 604.50 725.93
(3.22) (3.54) (2.61) (2.11) (2.81)
 iv) Intercultural Owned 1885.13 1605.40 1623.97 1369.78 1620.93
(8.89) (6.75) (5.60) (4.78) (6.27)
    Hired 0.0 145.94 247.93 347.27 188.14
(0.00) (0.61) (0.85) (1.21) (0.27)
  v) Irrigation Owned 270.27 0.0 0.0 289.38 129.15
(1.27) (0.00) (0.00) (1.01) (0.50)
  vi) Plant protection Owned 756.76 832.43 557.85 553.05 671.29
(3.57) (3.50) (1.92) (1.93) (2.60)
    Hired 0.0 0.0 0.0 64.30 14.84
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.22) (0.06)
  vii) Harvesting Owned 1344.6 1291.89 1384.29 1337.62 1341.26
(6.34) (5.43) (4.77) (4.67) (5.19)
    Hired 0.0 194.6 231.84 594.85 252.8
(0.00) (0.82) (0.80) (2.07) (0.98)
  viii) Transportation from field Owned 1344.60 875.67 739.67 823.15 932.53
to threshing place (6.34) (3.68) (2.55) (2.87) (3.61)
    Hired 0.0 48.65 165.28 286.17 125.88
(0.00) (0.20) (0.57) (1.00) (0.49)
  ix) Threshing and winnowing Owned 1298.78 1277.76 1089.89 1040.8 1173.73
(6.12) (5.37) (3.76) (3.63) (4.54)
    Hired 0.0 97.3 231.84 311.9 163.18
(0.00) (0.41) (0.80) (1.09) (0.63)
  x) Transportation from field to Owned 405.40 437.84 483.47 385.85 431.52
home (1.91) (1.84) (1.67) (1.35) (1.67)
  Total human labour cost 8663.64 8629.10 7979.17 8616.33 8446.63
(40.83) (36.26) (27.51) (30.07) (32.71)
2. Bullock labour cost - Owned 2209.45 4145.94 3933.89 2291 3209.83
(10.41) (17.42) (13.56) (7.99) (12.42)
    Hired 1229.73 0.0 0.0 0.0 283.78
(5.80) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (1.10)
Total bullock labour cost 3439.18 4145.94 3933.89 2291 3493.61
(16.21) (17.45) (13.56) (7.99) (13.52)
3.Machine cost - Owned 0.0 0.0 432.02 675.24 280.44
(0.00) (0.00) (1.49) (2.36) (1.08)
    Hired 0.0 0.0 432.02 1999.03 585.93
(0.00) (0.00) (1.49) (6.97) (2.27)
Table 1 continued....
40 O. P. Sonvanee and H. Pathak

Table 1 continued....
  Total hired machine cost 0.0 0.0 864.04 2674.27 866.37
(0.00) (0.00) (2.98) (9.33) (3.35)
Total labour cost 12102.82 12775.05 12777.10 13581.60 12806.61
(57.04) (53.68) (44.06) (47.39) (49.59)
4. Material cost i) Seed 160.47 199.32 171.49 207.8 184.28
(0.76) (0.84) (0.59) (0.72) (0.71)
  ii) Fertilizer 1804.05 2918.92 3393.60 3342.44 2896.3
(8.50) (12.27) (11.70) (11.66) (11.21)
  iii) Plant protection 341.22 389.18 396.69 463.02 397.32
(1.61) (1.63) (1.37) (1.61) (1.54)
  Total material cost 2305.74 3507.42 3961.78 4013.26 3477.9
(10.61) (14.74) (13.66) (14.00) (13.47)
  Interest on working capital 82.28 93.17 122.98 177.73 118.77
(0.39) (0.39) (0.42) (0.62) (0.46)
 Total variable cost 14490.84 16375.63 16861.86 17772.59 16403.28
(68.30) (68.81) (58.14) (62.02) (63.52)
B. Fixed cost i) Rental value of owned land 6342.90 6675.67 6694.21 6623.79 6592.25
(29.90) (28.05) (23.08) (23.11) (25.53)
  ii) Land revenue 1.92 2.0 2.17 2.24 2.08
(0.009) (0.008) (0.007) (0.008) (0.008)
  iii) Depreciation value 216.22 562.16 4595.04 3498.39 2323.25
(1.02) (2.36) (15.84) (12.21) (9.00)
  vi) Interest of fixed capital 164.02 180.99 846.85 759.33 502.61
(0.77) (0.76) (2.92) (2.65) (1.95)
  Total fixed cost - 6725.06 7420.82 12138.27 10883.75 9420.19
(31.70) (31.18) (41.86) (37.98) (36.48)
Total (A+B) cost - 21215.90 23796.45 29000.13 28656.34 25823.47
(100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00)
Note: Figure in the parentheses indicates the percentages to the total cost of cultivation.

3. Cost concept – cost and return of rapeseed- input-output ratio was estimated 1:1.33, which was higher
mustard on the sampled households at small and marginal farms followed by large farms.
The cost and returns on the basis of cost concept in 4. Marketable surplus of rapeseed-mustard at
the cultivation of rapeseed-mustard have been presented sample households
in table 3. Table portrays that on an average per hectare The total quantity produced, quantity used at home
Cost-A1, Cost-B1, Cost-B2, Cost-C1, Cost-C2 and Cost- and for seed purpose is shown in table 4. The total quantity
C3 were worked out to be Rs. 11026.84, Rs. 11529.45, produced of rapeseed-mustard is estimated as 2.87 quintal,
Rs. 18121.71, Rs. 19231.26, Rs. 25823.47 and Rs. 3.63 quintal, 4.30 quintal, 6.79 quintal and 4.38 per farm
28405.81, respectively in average farm situation. These at marginal, small, medium, large and average farms
costs were observed highest at Rs. 14356.79, Rs. respectively, which shows that the total quantity produced
15203.64, Rs. 21897.85, Rs. 22305.92, Rs. 29000.13 and at these farms is increasing as the size of holding
Rs. 31900.14 respectively under medium farm situation. increased. Out of this quantity, almost all farmers across
The incomes over different costs were also worked out. the categories were retaining very small (0.46 per cent)
The average per hectare income over Cost-A1, Cost-B1, quantity for the purpose of seed for next year. Generally,
Cost-B2, Cost-C1, Cost-C2 and Cost-C3 calculated was 0.15-0.35 per cent quantity of produced used by these
Rs. 23751.40, Rs. 23248.79, Rs. 16656.54, Rs. 15546.98, producers for their home use for oil and pickle making.
Rs. 8954.77 and Rs. 6372.43, respectively. The average Remaining 99.32 per cent per farm quantity of rapeseed-
 An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing in Rapeseed-mustard Crop 41

Table 2 : Yield, cost and return of rapeseed-mustard on the sample farms (Rs./ha).
Farm size
S. no. Particulars
Marginal Small Medium Large Average
Sample farm (n) 12 13 15 12
1. Input cost (Rs.) 21215.90 23796.45 29000.13 28656.34 25823.47
2. Yield (Qtl/ha) 11.62 12.76 13.33 13.10 12.74
3. Gross return (Rs.) 31025.40 34813.49 36409.03 36454.42 34778.24
4. Net return (Rs.) 9809.50 11017.04 7408.90 7798.08 8954.73
5. Cost of production (Rs./qtl) 1825.81 1864.92 2175.55 2187.51 2026.96
6. Input-Output ratio 1 : 1.46 1 : 1.46 1 : 1.25 1: 1.27 1 : 1.35

Table 3 : Break-up of cost, cost concept wise income over different cost in rapeseed-mustard on the sample farm (Rs./ha).
S. no. Particulars Marginal Small Medium Large Average
Sample farm (n) 12 13 15 12
A. Break-up cost
1.Cost A1 6045.34 8797.18 14356.79 14261.38 11026.84
2. Cost B1 6209.36 8978.17 15203.64 15020.71 11529.45
3. Cost B2 12552.26 15653.84 21897.85 21644.50 18121.71
4. Cost C1 14873.00 17120.78 22305.92 22032.55 19231.26
5. Cost C2 21215.90 23796.45 29000.13 28656.34 25823.47
6. Cost C3 23337.49 26176.09 31900.14 31521.97 28405.81
B. Income over different cost
1.Income over cost A1 24980.06 26016.31 22052.24 22193.04 23751.40
2.Income over cost B1 24816.04 25835.32 21205.39 21433.71 23248.79
3.Income over cost B2 18473.14 19159.65 14511.18 14809.92 16656.54
4.Income over cost C1 16152.40 17692.71 14103.11 14421.87 15546.98
5.Income over cost C2 9809.50 11017.04 7408.90 7798.08 8954.77
6.Income over cost C3 7687.91 8637.40 4508.89 4932.45 6372.43
C. Gross income 31025.40 34813.49 36409.03 36454.42 34778.24
D. Total cost 23337.49 26176.09 31900.14 31521.97 28405.81
E. Input-output ratio 1 : 1.33 1 : 1.33 1 : 1.14 1 : 1.16 1 : 1.23

mustard is ready with them to dispose off to fulfill their Channel-II: Producer – Retailer – Wholesaler and
other cash needs. Table clearly reveals that the marketable Channel-III: Producer – Wholesaler at the producer level.
surplus of rapeseed-mustard is observed as 2.85 quintal, The quantity sold by the producers is given in table 5. It
3.60 quintal, 4.00 quintal and 6.74 quintal per farm, which is clear that three types of market intermediaries are
is 99.30 per cent, 99.17 per cent, 93.00 per cent and prevailing in the study area. Most of the growers sold
99.26 per cent to their total production at marginal, small, their about 77.54 per cent, 86.11 per cent, 16.50 per cent,
medium and large farms respectively. The average 16.32 per cent and 40.20 per cent produce through village
marketable surplus of rapeseed-mustard is found to be traders at marginal, small, medium, large and average
4.44 quintal constituting 99.32 per cent to the total quantity farms, respectively. During the course of study, it was
produced. told by the growers that due to lack of demand from the
5. Quantity sold of rapeseed-mustard consumers directly, most of the quantity is disposed-off
by them through village traders.
The three type of marketing channel identified in the
study area were as Channel-I: Producer – Village trader,
42 O. P. Sonvanee and H. Pathak

Table 4 : Marketable surplus of rapeseed-mustard of sampled households. (In quintal per farm )
Farm size
S. no. Particulars
Marginal Small Medium large Average
1. Sample farm n = 12 n = 13 n = 15 n = 12
2. Total quantity produced 2.87 (100.00) 3.63 (100.00) 4.30 (100.00) 6.79 (100.00) 4.38 (100.00)
3. Quantity retained for seed 0.01(0.35) 0.02(0.55) 0.02 (0.46) 0.04 (0.59) 0.02 (0.46)
4. Quantity used for home 0.01 (0.35) 0.01 (0.27) 0.01 (0.23) 0.01 (0.15) 0.01 (0.23)
5. Total quantity Utilized 0.02 (0.70) 0.03 (0.83) 0.03 (0.70) 0.05 (0.74) 0.03 (0.68)
6. Marketable surplus 2.85 (99.30) 3.60 (99.17) 4.00 (93.00) 6.74 (99.26) 4.44 (99.32)
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage to total quantity produced per farm.

Table 5 : Quantity sold of rapeseed-mustard through different intermediaries. (In quintal per farm)
Farm size
S. no. Particulars
Marginal Small Medium large Average
1. Village traders 2.21 (77.54) 3.10 (86.11) 0.66 (16.50) 1.10 (16.32) 1.73 (40.52)
2. Retailers 0.64 (22.46) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0.15 (3.51)
3. Wholesalers 0.00 (0.00) 0.50 (13.89) 3.34 (83.50) 5.64 (83.68) 2.39 (55.97)
Total marketable surplus 2.85 (100.00) 3.60 (100.00) 4.00 (100.00) 6.74 (100.00) 4.27 (100.00)
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage to total marketable surplus per farm.

Table 6 : Price received by producers from different 7. Constraints in production of rapeseed-mustard

intermediaries of rapeseed-mustard.
The constraints in rapeseed-mustard production are
(In Rupees/quintal)
presented in table 7. There is gap about the latest technical
Farm size knowledge of rapeseed-mustard among the growers in
S. no. Particulars
Marginal Small Medium Large the study area. Majority of the rapeseed-mustard growers
(77.00 per cent) faced this particular constraint. In view
1. Village trader 2560.00 2676.67 2670.00 2726.67
of this, effective and strengthened extension efforts are
2. Retailers 2780.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
very much needed in the study area, as it is a tribal and
3. Wholesalers 0.00 2780.00 2792.73 2838.89 backward region for rapeseed-mustard production
4. Average 2670.00 2728.33 2731.36 2782.78 technology. All the rapeseed-mustard farmers were of
the view that there was lack of improved and high yielding
6. Price received of rapeseed-mustard by varieties in the region. Even if it were there, it were not
producers from different intermediaries available to them. Looking to this, there is a need to
The price received by producers from different develop improved and high yielding varieties of rapeseed-
intermediaries is given in table 6. It is clear that three mustard. Lack of recommended package and practices,
different market intermediaries were giving different particularly, doses of fertilizer, insecticides and pesticides
prices to the rapeseed-mustard producers. The village were perceived by 84.00 per cent of rapeseed-mustard
trader has a small shop at village. Farmers who have farmers. Timely advice in this direction may improve the
less quantity of rapeseed-mustard sold their produce to production of rapeseed-mustard in the study area in
the village traders at the rate of Rs. 2560.00 to 2726.67 particular. Major constraints pertaining to cultivation of
per quintal just after harvesting the crop as they found it rapeseed-mustard under study were lack of resources
convenient in comparison to wholesalers. Farmers, with (71.00per cent), generally faced by small category
large quantity of rapeseed-mustard, sold their produce to farmers. Due to this reason, these farmers were not able
the wholesalers who come from nearby market. The to invest for better production technology. There is a need
average price received from wholesalers was observed for creation of rapeseed-mustard grower’s co-operative
as Rs. 2780.00 per quintal at small, Rs. 2792.73 per quintal societies which can cater to the needs of the farmers
at medium and Rs. 2838.89 per quintal at large farm, related to rapeseed-mustard production. About 91 per
respectively. cent rapeseed-mustard farmers reported that they were
 An Economic Analysis of Production and Marketing in Rapeseed-mustard Crop 43

Table 7 : Constraints in production of major oilseeds. n = 52

(In per cent)
Per cent of respondents
S. no. Constraints
Yes No
1. Are you aware about the latest technical knowledge of the crop? 23.00 77.00
2. Lack of improved and high yielding varieties of oilseeds 89.00 11.00
3. Lack of recommended package of practices of the oilseeds in the study area 84.00 16.00
4. Lack of resources i.e. equipment etc. 71.00 29.00
5. Do you know the recommended dose of different chemical fertilizers for oilseeds? 9.00 91.00
6. Are there sufficient soil testing facilities in your area? 3.00 97.00
7. Have you sufficient irrigation water facilities? 11.00 89.00
8. Have you problem of availability of labour during the crop season? 31.00 69.00
9. Have you sufficient fund to purchase different inputs for crop cultivation 9.00 91.00
10. Have you received the funds for oilseed production from financial institution? 0.00 100.00
11. Do you face any problem in financing from the financial institution 100.00 0.00
12. Are you aware about the crop insurance scheme? 41.00 59.00
13. So you have any problem to get machines on hire basis for oilseeds production? 86.00 14.00

Table 8 : Constraints in marketing of major oilseeds at sample households. n = 52

Per cent of respondents
S. no. Constraints
Yes No
1. Are you satisfied with the price received 0.00 100.00
2. Low demand of final product 68.00 32.00
3. Low price paid to farmer’s due to high marketing margin 100.00 0.00
4. Lack of transportation facilities and road from village to market 82.00 18.00
5. Problem of small quantity 81.00 19.00
6. Weather you visit regulated market regularly 9.00 91.00
7. Lack of sufficient number of processing unit 96.00 4.00
8. Lack of storage facilities in growing area 69.00 31.00
9. Will the support price affect the production of crop 68.00 32.00
10. Weather the market news was some special important in major oilseed crops 88.00 12.00
production and marketing.

not aware about the name and quantity of applications one of the major constraints in rapeseed-mustard
needed for insecticides and pesticides. In such conditions, cultivation in the study area. According, capital investment
they were completely dependent on the shopkeepers who on enhancing irrigation should receive priority in the
sold the insecticides/pesticides. They further perceived region. The scarcity of labour is another problem as 31
that soil-testing facilities should be created by the per cent of rapeseed-mustard farmers perceived it. This
Department of Agriculture at least at the block level in problem becomes more acute at the time of sowing and
order to test the soil fertility of land. About 97 per cent harvesting stage of the crop. Consequently, the farmers
farmers faced this problem. Establishment of soil testing had to pay higher wages in order to complete the work
facilities may prove very useful in improving the on time. Lack of financing at reasonable rate of interest
productivity of rapeseed-mustard in the study area on is also a constraint in the study area as about 100.00 per
one side and in reducing the per hectare cost of cultivation cent rapeseed-mustard producers were facing this
on the other. A large number of oilseed growers perceived problem. This problem can be overcome by financial
that the lack of irrigation facilities (89.00 per cent) was institutions by providing the loan to the farmers at their
44 O. P. Sonvanee and H. Pathak

doorsteps. They were of an opinion that it was processing units in the rapeseed-mustard producing areas
inconvenient and time taking procedure to get the money will not only increase the employment but will also improve
from financial institutions. Consequently, they were forced the economic condition of farmers through value addition
to take required money from money lenders of village at in the raw product.
higher rate of interest in order to fulfill their financial
requirement. References
Anonymous (2013-14). Statistics, Department of Agriculture
8. Constraints in marketing of rapeseed-mustard
& Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, GoI. http://
Marketing constraints are presented in table 8. Lack agricoop.nic.in/.
of implementation of support price in the villages is the Anonymous (2013). FAO, Statistical Year Book. Europe and
major problem faced by rapeseed-mustard producers. Central Asia Food and Agriculture, FAO, Rome, Italy. pp
Almost all farmers confirmed that no intermediary was – 133,162.
prepared to give the support price if produce was sold by Anonymous (2013). Pocket Book on Agricultural Statistics.
farmers in the villages. More than 81.00 per cent Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department
rapeseed-mustard producers perceived that transportation Agriculture and Co-operation, Ministry of Agriculture,
of small quantity of produce was not an economical option Government of India, India. pp – 26-32,66-73.
if they sold their small produce in the market. About 93 Choudhary, V. K., N. R. Lalwani, A. K. Gauraha and K. N. S.
per cent farmers felt that lack of awareness about the Banafar (2005). An economic analysis of agro-based oil
market information was also a problem. It may be industries in Raipur district of Chhattisgarh state.
suggested that the news about the prices and other aspects Agricultural Marketing, 2(4) : 32-36.
of rapeseed-mustard in the daily newspapers, television Deshmukh, M. K. (2008). An economic analysis of production
and radio should be disseminated in the study area. Most and marketing of soybean in Rajnandgaon district of
of the rapeseed-mustard growers were of the opinion Chhattisgarh State. M.Sc. Thesis I.G.K.V., Raipur,
that the crop of rapeseed-mustard is less profitable due Chhattisgarh. pp 49-69.
to these marketing problems as compared to maize and Joshi, M. (2015). Text book of field crops. University of
paddy production in the same type of land situation, in Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. PHI learning Pvt. Ltd.
the study area. Technology and Engineering. pp 343-349.
Karshayal, S. (2008). An economic analysis of production and
Conclusion marketing of linseed in Durg district of Chhattisgarh
The quantity of rapeseed-mustard sold per farm was state. M.Sc. Thesis, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
very less which was mainly due to low productivity. Raipur, Chhattisgarh. pp 66-89.
Therefore, urgent attention must be paid towards Patel, A. (2009). An economic analysis of production and
enhancing the productivity of rapeseed-mustard by marketing of sunflower in Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh
improved and high yielding varieties, technology, irrigation, State. M.Sc. Thesis, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh. pp 50-75.
marketing, policy and price support and effective
extension. Direct marketing without agents/ middlemen Sonvanee, O. P. (2015). An economic analysis of post harvest
will helps in better marketing of oilseeds and increase losses in major oilseeds in Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh.
M.Sc. (Ag.) Agricultural Economics Thesis, Indira Gandhi
profit of the producers and also encourage the farmers
Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. pp 73-170.
for retail sale of their produce. Prices of rapeseed-mustard
Vanraj, S. B. (2008). An economic analysis of production and
are not consistent. It varies from year to year which
marketing of groundnut in Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh
discourage farmers to cultivate rapeseed-mustard.
State. M.Sc. Thesis, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
Government should take necessary steps for pricing and Raipur, Chhattisgarh. pp 50-56.
implementation of minimum support price in rapeseed-
mustard and major oilseeds. Establishment of small scale