Pāli Primer Language Guide Edition 1 (January 08, 2004)

1.4 Declension of masculine nouns ending in –i

Pāli Primer aggi (fire) Singular Plural
Nominative aggi aggī, aggayo
- Language Guide - Accusative aggiṃ aggī, aggayo
Instrumental agginā aggīhi (aggībhi)
This guide is prepared to help students who are studying the Pāli Primer Ablative agginā, aggimhā, aggismā aggīhi (aggībhi)
(ISBN: 81-7414-014-X). It is divided into three sections. The first two sections Dative aggino, aggissa aggīnaṃ
deal with (noun) declension and (verb) conjugation. The third section contains Genitive aggino, aggissa aggīnaṃ
a list of words occurred in the book arranged according to the Pali alphabet. Locative aggimhi, aggismiṃ aggīsu
Vocative aggi aggī, aggayo

1. Grammar: Nouns 1.5 Declension of masculine nouns ending in –ī

pakkhī (bird) Singular Plural
1.1 Declension of masculine nouns ending in –a Nominative pakkhī pakkhī, pakkhino
nara (man) Singular Plural Accusative pakkhinaṃ, pakkhiṃ pakkhī, pakkhino
Nominative naro Narā Locative pakkhini, pakkhimhi, pakkhīsu
Accusative naraṃ nare pakkhismiṃ
Instrumental narena narehi (narebhi) Vocative pakkhī pakkhī, pakkhino
Ablative narā, naramhā, narasmā narehi (narebhi) The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in –i.
Dative narāya, narassa narānaṃ
Genitive narassa narānaṃ 1.6 Declension of neuter nouns ending in –i
Locative nare, naramhi, narasmiṃ naresu aṭṭhi (bone, seed) Singular Plural
Vocative nara narā Nominative aṭṭhi aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni
Accusative aṭṭhiṃ aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni
1.2 Declension of neuter nouns ending in –a Vocative aṭṭhi aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni
phala (fruit) Singular Plural
The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in –i.
Nominative phalaṃ phalā, phalāni
Accusative phalaṃ phale, phalāni
1.7 Declension of feminine nouns ending in –i
Vocative phala phalāni
bhūmi (earth) Singular Plural
The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in –a. Nominative bhūmi bhūmī, bhūmiyo
Accusative bhūmiṃ bhūmī, bhūmiyo
1.3 Declension of feminine nouns ending in –ā Instrumental bhūmiyā bhūmīhi (bhūmībhi)
vanitā (woman) Singular Plural Ablative bhūmiyā bhūmīhi (bhūmībhi)
Nominative vanitā vanitā, vanitāyo Dative bhūmiyā bhūmīnaṃ
Accusative vanitaṃ vanitā, vanitāyo Genitive bhūmiyā bhūmīnaṃ
Instrumental vanitāya vanitāhi (vanitābhi) Locative bhūmiyā, bhūmiyaṃ bhūmīsu
Ablative vanitāya vanitāhi (vanitābhi) Vocative bhūmi bhūmī, bhūmiyo
Dative vanitāya vanitānaṃ
Genitive vanitāya vanitānaṃ
Locative vanitāya, vanitāyaṃ vanitāsu 1.8 Declension of feminine nouns ending in –ī
Vocative vanite vanitā, vanitāyo nārī (woman) Singular Plural
Nominative nārī nārī, nāriyo
Vocative nārī nārī, nāriyo
The rest is similar to the declension of feminine nouns ending in –i.

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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1.9 Declension of masculine nouns ending in –u 1.13 Declension of masculine nouns ending in –u/–ar
garu (teacher) Singular Plural satthu/satthar
Nominative garu garū, garavo (teacher) Singular Plural
Accusative garuṃ garū, garavo Nominative satthā satthāro
Instrumental garunā garūhi (garūbhi) Accusative satthāraṃ satthāro
Ablative garunā garūhi (garūbhi) Instrumental satthārā satthārehi, satthūhi
Dative garuno, garussa garūnaṃ Ablative satthārā satthārehi, satthūhi
Genitive garuno, garussa garūnaṃ Dative satthu, satthuno, satthussa satthārānaṃ, satthūnaṃ
Locative garumhi, garusmiṃ garūsu Genitive satthu, satthuno, satthussa satthārānaṃ, satthūnaṃ
Vocative garu garū, garavo Locative satthari satthāresu, satthūsu
Vocative satthā, sattha satthāro
1.10 Declension of masculine nouns ending in –ū
vidū (wise man) Singular Plural 1.14 Declension of masculine nouns expressing relationships
Nominative vidū vidū, viduno pitu/pitar
Accusative viduṃ vidū, viduno (father) Singular Plural
Vocative vidū vidū, viduno Nominative pitā pitaro
The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in –u. Accusative pitaraṃ pitaro
Instrumental pitarā pitarehi, pitūhi
1.11 Declension of neuter nouns ending in –u Ablative pitarā pitarehi, pitūhi
cakkhu (eye) Singular Plural Dative pitu, pituno, pitussa pitarānaṃ, pitūnaṃ
Nominative cakkhu cakkhū, cakkhūni Genitive pitu, pituno, pitussa pitarānaṃ, pitūnaṃ
Accusative cakkhuṃ cakkhū, cakkhūni Locative pitari pitaresu, pitūsu
Vocative cakkhu cakkhū, cakkhūni Vocative pitā, pita pitaro
Bhātu (brother) is similarly declined.
The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in –u.
1.15 Declension of feminine nouns expressing relationships
1.12 Declension of feminine nouns ending in –u mātu/mātar
dhenu (cow) Singular Plural (mother) Singular Plural
Nominative dhenu dhenū, dhenuyo Nominative mātā mātaro
Accusative dhenuṃ dhenū, dhenuyo Accusative mātaraṃ mātaro
Instrumental dhenuyā dhenūhi (dhenūbhi) Instrumental mātarā, mātuyā mātarehi, mātūhi
Ablative dhenuyā dhenūhi (dhenūbhi) mātarā, mātuyā mātarehi, mātūhi
Ablative
Dative dhenuyā dhenūnaṃ mātu, mātuyā, mātāya mātarānaṃ, mātūnaṃ, mātānaṃ
Dative
Genitive dhenuyā dhenūnaṃ mātu, mātuyā, mātāya mātarānaṃ, mātūnaṃ, mātānaṃ
Genitive
Locative dhenuyā, dhenuyaṃ dhenūsu mātari, mātuyā, mātaresu, mātūsu
Locative
Vocative dhenu dhenū, dhenuyo
mātuyaṃ
Vocative mātā, māta, māte mātaro
Dhītu (daughter) and duhitu (daughter) are similarly declined.

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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1.16 Declension of personal pronouns Feminine gender, singular number

Relative Demonstrative Interrogative
The first personal pronoun Nominative yā = she, who sā = she, that kā = who
amha Singular Plural Accusative yaṃ taṃ kaṃ
Nominative ahaṃ =I mayaṃ, amhe = we Instrumental yāya tāya kāya
Accusative maṃ, mamaṃ = me amhe, amhākaṃ, no = us Ablative yāya tāya kāya
Instrumental mayā, me amhehi, no Dative yassā, yāya tassā, tāya kassā, kāya
Ablative mayā amhehi Genitive yassā, yāya tassā, tāya kassā, kāya
Dative mama, mayhaṃ, mamaṃ, me amhaṃ, amhākaṃ, no Locative yassaṃ, yāyaṃ tassaṃ, tāyaṃ kassaṃ, kāyaṃ
Genitive mama, mayhaṃ, mamaṃ, me amhaṃ, amhākaṃ, no
Locative mayi amhesu Masculine gender, plural number
Relative Demonstrative Interrogative
The second personal pronoun Nominative ye = they, who te = they, those ke = who
tumha Singular Plural Accusative ye te ke
Nominative tvaṃ, tuvaṃ = you tumhe = you Instrumental yehi tehi kehi
Accusative taṃ, tavaṃ, tuvaṃ tumhe, tumhākaṃ, vo Ablative yehi tehi kehi
Instrumental tvayā, tayā, te tumhehi, vo Dative yesaṃ (yesānaṃ) tesaṃ (tesānaṃ) kesaṃ(kesānaṃ)
Ablative tvayā, tayā tumhehi, vo Genitive yesaṃ (yesānaṃ) tesaṃ (tesānaṃ) kesaṃ(kesānaṃ)
Dative tava, tuyhaṃ, te tumhaṃ, tumhākaṃ, vo Locative yesu tesu kesu
Genitive tava, tuyhaṃ, te tumhaṃ, tumhākaṃ, vo
Locative tvayi, tayi tumhesu Neuter gender, plural number
Relative Demonstrative Interrogative
1.17 Declension of relative, demonstrative and interrogative pronouns Nominative yāni, ye = those, tāni, te = those kāni, ke = which
which
Masculine gender, singular number Accusative yāni, ye tāni, te kāni, ke
Relative Demonstrative Interrogative The rest is similar to the masculine declension.
Nominative yo = he, who so = he, that ko = who
Accusative yaṃ taṃ kaṃ Feminine gender, plural number
Instrumental yena tena kena Relative Demonstrative Interrogative
Ablative yamhā, yasmā tamhā, tasmā kasmā, kismā Nominative yā, yāyo = they, tā, tāyo = they, kā, kāyo = who
Dative yassa tassa kassa, kissa who those
Genitive yassa tassa kassa, kissa Accusative yā, yāyo tā, tāyo kā, kāyo
Locative yamhi tamhi, tasmiṃ kamhi, kasmiṃ, Instrumental yāhi tāhi kāhi
kimhi, kismiṃ Ablative yāhi tāhi kāhi
Dative yāsaṃ (yāsānaṃ) tāsaṃ (tāsānaṃ) kāsaṃ(kāsānaṃ)
Neuter gender, singular number Genitive yāsaṃ (yāsānaṃ) tāsaṃ (tāsānaṃ) kāsaṃ(kāsānaṃ)
Relative Demonstrative Interrogative Locative yāsu tāsu kāsu
Nominative yaṃ = that, which taṃ = it, that kim = which
Accusative yaṃ taṃ kim

The rest is similar to the masculine declension.

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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1.18 Declension of adjectives ending in –vantu and –mantu 1.19 Declension of pronominal adverbs
Attributive adjectives ending in –vantu and –mantu can be declined in all three Relative Demonstrative Interrogative
genders. They agree with the nouns they qualify in gender, number and case. yattha - where tattha - there kattha - where
yatra - where tatra - there kutra - where
Masculine gender yato - whence, where tato - thence, therefore kuto - whence
guṇavant yathā - how, in what manner tathā - in that manner kathaṃ - how
(virtuous) Singular Plural yasmā - because tasmā - therefore kasmā - why
Nominative guṇavā, guṇavanto guṇavanto, guṇavantā yadā - when tadā - then kadā - when
Accusative guṇavantaṃ guṇavanto, guṇavante yena - where tena - there
Instrumental guṇavatā, guṇavantena guṇavantehi (guṇavantebhi) yāva - how long/far tāva - so long/far
Ablative guṇavatā, guṇavantamhā, guṇavantehi (guṇavantebhi)
guṇavantasmā
Dative guṇavato, guṇavantassa guṇavantaṃ, guṇavantānaṃ Notes:
Genitive guṇavato, guṇavantassa guṇavantaṃ, guṇavantānaṃ
Locative guṇavati, guṇavante, guṇavantesu
guṇavantamhi,
guṇavantasmiṃ
Vocative guṇavā, guṇava, guṇavanta guṇavanto, guṇavantā
Note the similarities of this declension to the declension of the present
participle masculine gender ending in –nta (2.4). Adjectives ending in –mantu
are declined as cakkhumā, cakkhumanto etc.

Neuter gender
guṇavant
(virtuous) Singular Plural
Nominative guṇavantaṃ guṇavantāni
Accusative guṇavantaṃ guṇavantāni
The rest is similar to the declension of masculine adjectives ending in –vantu
and –mantu.

Feminine gender
Guṇavatī/guṇavantī and cakkhumatī/cakkhumantī are the feminine forms of
the adjectives ending in –vantu and –mantu. They are declined like kumārī,
i.e. feminine nouns ending in –ī (1.8).

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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2. Grammar: Verbs 2.2 Future Tense

pacati (cooks) Singular Plural
2.1 Present Tense, Active Voice Third Person pacissati pacissanti
pacati (cooks) Singular Plural Second Person pacissasi pacissatha
Third Person pacati pacanti First Person pacissāmi pacissāma
Second Person pacasi pacatha coreti (steals) Singular Plural
First Person pacāmi pacāma Third Person coressati coressanti
Second Person coressasi coressatha
coreti/corayati (steals) Singular Plural
First Person coressāmi coressāma
Third Person coreti/corayati corenti/corayanti
Second Person coresi/corayasi coretha/corayatha kiṇāti (buys) Singular Plural
First Person coremi/corayāmi corema/corayāma Third Person kiṇissati kiṇissanti
Second Person kiṇissasi kiṇissatha
kiṇāti (buys) Singular Plural
First Person kiṇissāmi kiṇissāma
Third Person kiṇāti kiṇanti
Second Person kiṇāsi kiṇātha karoti (does) Singular Plural
First Person kiṇāmi kiṇāma Third Person karissati karissanti
Second Person karissasi karissatha
karoti (does) Singular Plural
First Person karissāmi karissāma
Third Person karoti karonti
Second Person karosi karotha
First Person karomi karoma Special cases:
• āgacchati: āgamissati
atthi (is) Singular Plural
• gacchati: gamissati
Third Person atthi santi
• tiṭṭhati: ṭhassati
Second Person asi attha
• dadāti: dadissati, dassati
First Person asmi/amhi asma/amha

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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2.3 Past Tense 2.5 The Past Participle

pacati (cooks) Singular Plural Past participles are mostly formed by added –ta to the root with or without the
Third Person apaci, paci apaciṃsu, paciṃsu connecting vowel –i–. Past participles have a passive meaning when they are
Second Person apaci, paci apacittha, pacittha formed from transitive verbs, but from intransitive verbs they have an active
First Person apaciṃ, paciṃ apacimha, pacimha meaning. They are declined in the three genders, as –a ending nouns in the
coreti (steals) Singular Plural masculine and the neuter, and –ā ending nouns in the feminine.
Third Person coresi, corayi coresuṃ, corayiṃsu • āmasati: āmasita, āmaṭṭha
Second Person coresi corayitha • ārabhati: āraddha
First Person coresiṃ, corayiṃ corayimha • āsiñcati: āsitta
• karoti: kata
kiṇāti (buys) Singular Plural
• kasati: kasita, kaṭṭha
Third Person akiṇi, kiṇi akiṇiṃsu, kiṇiṃsu
• kiṇāti: kīta
Second Person akiṇi, kiṇi akiṇittha, kiṇittha
• kujjhati: kuddha
First Person akiṇiṃ, kiṇiṃ akiṇimha, kiṇimha
• khipati: khitta
• gacchati: gata
Special cases: • gaṇhāti: gahita
• āgacchati: āgacchi, āgamāsi • cavati: cuta
• ādadāti: ādiyi • coreti: corita
• gacchati: agacchi, agami • chindati: chinna
• dadāti: adadi, adāsi • jānāti: ñāta
• ḍasati: daṭṭha
• tarati: tiṇṇa
• tiṭṭhati: ṭhita
• dadāti: dinna
2.4 The Present Participle • dhovati: dhovita, dhota
Present participles function as adjectives and agree in gender, number and • nayati/neti: nīta
case with the nouns they qualify. The masculine and neuter genders are • nikkhamati: nikkhanta
formed by adding –nta/māna to the verbal base. They are declined like –a • pacati: pacita, pakka
ending nouns in the masculine and neuter. • pajahati: pahīna
• kiṇāti: kiṇanta / kiṇamāna • pavisati: paviṭṭha
• coreti: corenta / corayamāna • passati: diṭṭha
• pacati: pacanta / pacamāna • pasīdati: pasanna
The feminine gender is formed by adding –ntī/mānā to the verbal base. • pāpuṇāti: patta
When –ntī is added, the present participle feminine is declined like feminine • pivati: pīta
nouns ending in –ī. When –mānā is added, it is declined like feminine nouns • pucchati: pucchita, puṭṭha
ending in –ā. • phusati: phuṭṭha
• kiṇāti: kiṇantī / kiṇamānā • bhavati: bhūta
• coreti: corentī / corayamānā • bhindati: bhinna
• pacati: pacantī / pacamānā • bhuñjati: bhuñjita, bhutta
• mināti: mita
• muñcati: mutta
• labhati: labhita, laddha
• vapati: vutta
• vasati: vuttha

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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Pāli Primer Language Guide Edition 1 (January 08, 2004)

• vippakirati: vippakiṇṇa 2.10 The Absolutive (Gerund or Indeclinable Participle)

• vivarati: vivaṭa • āgacchati: āgantvā, āgamma
• suṇāti: suta • ādadāti: ādāya
• hanati: hata • āruhati: āruyha
• harati: haṭa • uṭṭhahati: uṭṭhahitvā, uṭṭhāya
• oruhati: oruyha
• karoti: katvā
2.6 The Future Passive Participle • kiṇāti: kiṇitvā
The future passive participle is formed by adding –tabba/–anīya to the base of • gacchati: gantvā
the verb; –tabba is mostly added with the connecting vowel –i–. These • gaṇhāti: gaṇhitvā, gahetvā
participles are declined like a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter • coreti: coretvā
genders, and like ā ending nouns in the feminine. • jānāti: jānitvā, ñatvā
• karoti: kātabba / karaṇīya • tiṭṭhati: ṭhatvā
• pacati: pacitabba / pacanīya • dadāti: daditvā, datvā
• bhuñjati: bhuñjitabba / bhojanīya • nahāyati: nahāyitvā, nahātvā
• nikkhamati: nikkhamitvā, nikkhamma
• pacati: pacitvā
2.7 The Causative • pajahati: pajahitvā, pahāya
Causative verbs are formed by adding –e/–aya/–āpe/–āpaya to the root or • passati: passitvā, disvā
verbal base. Sometimes the vowel in the root is strengthened when the • pāpuṇāti/pappoti: pāpuṇitvā, patvā
suffixes are added. Verbal bases ending in –e/–aya invariably take the suffixes • bhuñjati: bhuñjitvā, bhutvā
–ape/–āpaya to form the causative. • suṇāti: suṇitvā, sutvā
• karoti: kāreti / kārāpayati • hanati: hanitvā, hantvā
• kiṇāti: kiṇāpeti / kiṇāpayati • hoti: hutvā
• coreti: corāpeti / corāpayati
• dadāti/deti: dāpeti / dāpayati 2.11 The Infinitive
• pacati: pāceti / pācayati / pacāpeti / pācāpayati • karoti: kātuṃ
• bhuñjati: bhojeti / bhojāpeti • kiṇāti: kiṇituṃ
• gacchati: gantuṃ
• gaṇhāti: gaṇhituṃ, gahetuṃ
2.8 The Potential Mood (Optative) • coreti: coretuṃ
pacati (cooks) Singular Plural • jānāti: ñātuṃ
Third Person paceyya paceyyuṃ • tiṭṭhati: ṭhātuṃ
Second Person paceyyāsi paceyyātha • dadāti: dātuṃ
First Person paceyyāmi paceyyāma • pacati: pacituṃ
• pivati: pivituṃ, pātuṃ
• suṇāti: suṇituṃ, sotuṃ
2.9 The Imperative Mood
pacati (cooks) Singular Plural
Notes:
Third Person pacatu pacantu
Second Person paca, pacāhi pacatha
First Person pacāmi pacāma

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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3. Vocabulary anugacchati (v.) follows.

anubandhati (v.) follows, chases after. icchati (v.) wishes, desires.
3.1 The Pāli Alphabet anusāsati (v.) instructs, admonishes. itthī (f.) woman.
Vowels antarā (ind.) between iddhi (f.) psychic power.
a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, o amacca (m.) minister. isi (m.) sage.
ambu (n.) water.
Consonants
ammā (f.) mother. Ī
Gutturals k, kh, g, gh, ṅ
arañña (n.) forest.
Palatals c, ch, j, jh, ñ
ari (m.) enemy. U
Cerebrals ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ
asakkoti (v.) unable.
Dentals t, th, d, dh, n
asani (f.) thunder. uggaṇhāti (v.) learns.
Labials p, ph, b, bh, m asanisadda (m.) peal/sound of thunder. ucchu (m.) sugar cane.
Miscellaneous y, r, l, v, s, h, ḷ, ṃ asappurisa (m.) wicked man. uṭṭhahati (v.) gets up, stands up.
asi (m.) sword. uttarati (v.) comes out of (water).
3.2 Abbreviations assa (m.) horse. uḍḍeti (v.) flies.
adj. adjective. assu (n.) tear. udaka (n.) water.
adv. adverb. ahaṃ (pron.) I. udadhi (m.) ocean, sea.
conj. conjunction. ahi (m.) serpent. udeti (v.) (sun or moon) rises.
f. feminine noun. upamā (f.) simile.
ind. indeclinable. Ā upalimpati (v.) smears.
m. masculine noun. upasaṅkamati (v.) approaches.
n. neuter noun. ākaṅkhati (v.) hopes, expects. upāsaka (m.) lay devotee.
pron. pronoun. ākaḍḍhati (v.) drags, pulls. uppajjati (v.) is born.
v. verb. ākāsa (m.) sky. uppatati (v.) flies, jumps up.
ākhu (m.) rat, mouse. uyyāna (n.) park.
A āgacchati (v.) comes. uraga (m.) reptile.
ācariya (m.) teacher. ussahati (v.) tries.
akusala (n.) evil, demerit. ādadāti (v.) takes. ussāpeti (v.) hoists.
akkosati (v.) scolds. āneti (v.) brings, leads.
akkhi (n.) eye. āpaṇa (n.) shop, bazaar. Ū
aggi (m.) fire. āmanteti (v.) addresses.
aṅguli (f.) finger. āmasati (v.) touches, strokes. E
acci (n.) flame. ārabhati (v.) begins, starts, commences.
aja (m.) goat. āruhati (v.) climbs, ascends. O
ajja (ind.) today. āroceti (v.) informs.
aṭavi (f.) forest. āloka (m.) light. ocināti (v.) picks, collects.
aṭṭhi (n.) bone, seed. āvahati (v.) brings forth. ojavant (adj.) nourishing, luscious.
atithi (m.) guest. āvāṭa (m.) pit. otarati (v.) gets down, descends (into water).
atthaññū (m.) benevolent person. āsana (n.) seat. odana (m.) cooked rice.
atthi (v.) verb to be, is. āsiñcati (v.) sprinkles. obhāseti (v.) illuminates.
addhā (ind. adv.) certainly, indeed. āharati (v.) brings. oruhati (v.) climbs down, descends.
adhigacchati (v.) understands, attains. āhiṇḍati (v.) wanders, roams. oloketi (v.) looks at.
adhipati (m.) lord, leader, chief. ovadati (v.) advises.
anicca (adj.) impermanent. I ovaraka (m.) bedroom.
anukampati (v.) feels compassionate.

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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Pāli Primer Language Guide Edition 1 (January 08, 2004)

ovāda (m.) advice. khaṇati (v.) digs. citta (n.) mind.

khaṇḍa (n.) piece. cinteti (v.) thinks.
K khādati (v.) eats. cīvara (n.) robe.
khādanīya (n.) food. cumbati (v.) kisses.
kakaca (m.) saw. khipati (v.) throws. cora (m.) thief.
kaññā (f.) girl. khippaṃ (adv.) soon. coreti (v.) steals.
kaṭacchu (m.) spoon. khīra (n.) milk.
kaṇeru (f.) cow-elephant. khudā (f.) hunger. Ch
kattar (m.) doer. khetta (n.) field.
kathā (f.) speech. chaḍḍeti (v.) throws away.
katheti (v.) speaks. G chādeti (v.) covers, conceals.
kadalī (f.) banana, plantain. chāyā (f.) shadow, shade.
kapi (m.) monkey. Gaṅgā (f.) river Ganges. chindati (v.) cuts.
kamma (n.) deed, action. gacchati (v.) goes.
kadāci karahaci (adv.) sometimes, seldom. gaṇhāti (v.) takes. J
karoti (v.) verb to do, does, commits. gantar (m.) one who goes.
karī (m.) elephant. garu (m.) teacher. jaṇṇu (n.) knee. Also: jāṇu
kavi (m.) poet. gahapati (m.) householder. jala (n.) water.
kasati (v.) ploughs. gāma (m.) village. jāṇu (n.) knee. Also: jaṇṇu
kassaka (m.) farmer. gāyati (v.) sings. jānāti (v.) knows.
kāka (m.) crow. gāvī (f.) cow. jāleti (v.) kindles, lights.
kāya (m.) body. giri (m.) mountain. jināti (v.) wins.
kāruṇika (adj.) kind, compassionate. gilāna (adj.) sick man. jivhā (f.) tongue.
kāsu (f.) pit. gīta (n.) song. jīvati (v.) lives.
kiṇāti (v.) buys. gīvā (f.) neck. jetar (m.) victor.
kilañjā (f.) mat. guṇavant (adj.) virtuous.
kīḷati (v.) plays. guhā (f.) cave. Jh
kukkura (m.) dog. geha (n.) house, home.
kucchi (m.) belly. goṇa (m.) ox, bull. Ñ
kujjhati (v.) gets angry.
kuṭṭhī (m.) leper. Gh Ṭ
kuddāla (m.) hoe.
kumāra (m.) boy. ghaṭa (m.) pot. Ṭh
kumārī (f.) girl. ghara (n.) house.
kulavant (adj.) man of good family. ṭhapeti (v.) keeps, places.
kulāvaka (n.) nest. C
kusala (n.) good, merit. Ḍ
kusuma (n.) flower. ca (ind. conj.) and.
kuhiṃ (adv.) where. cakkhu (n.) eye. ḍasati (v.) bites, stings.
ketu (m.) banner. cakkhumant (adj.) having eyes.
caṇḍāla (m.) outcast. T
Kh canda (m.) moon.
carati (v.) walks, wonders, conducts oneself. taṇḍula (n.) raw rice.
khagga (m.) sword. cavati (v.) departs, dies. tattha (adv.) there.

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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tattha tattha (adv.) here and there. devatā (f.) deity. nimanteti (v.) invites.
tathā (adv.) likewise. devī (f.) queen. niraya (m.) purgatory.
Tathāgata (m.) the Buddha. deseti (v.) preaches, instructs, points out. nilīyati (v.) hides.
tarati (v.) crosses (water). doṇi (f.) boat. nivāreti (v.) prevents.
taru (m.) tree. dvāra (n.) door. nivāsa (m.) house.
taruṇī (f.) young woman. nisīdati (v.) sits.
tāpasa (m.) hermit. Dh nīhareti (v.) takes out.
tiṭṭhati (v.) stands, stays. netar (m.) leader.
tiṇa (n.) grass. dhañña (n.) corn. neti (v.) leads, takes away.
tīra (n.) bank. dhana (n.) wealth.
tuṇḍa (n.) beak. dhanavant (adj.) rich. P
tela (n.) oil. dhanu (n.) bow.
tvaṃ (pron.) you. dhamma (m.) doctrine, truth. pakka (adj.) ripe.
dhātu (f.) element, relic. pakkosati (v.) calls, summons.
Th dhāvati (v.) runs. pakkhipati (v.) puts, places, deposits.
dhītar (f.) daughter. pakkhī (m.) bird.
thaketi (v.) shuts, closes. dhīvara (m.) fisherman. pacati (v.) cooks.
thoka (adj.) little. dhenu (f.) cow. pajahati (v.) gives up, abandons, rejects.
dhovati (v.) washes. pañjara (m.) cage.
D paññavant (adj.) wise.
N paññā (f.) wisdom.
dakkha (adj.) clever. pañha (m.) question.
dadāti (v.) gives. Also: deti na (ind. adv.) not. paṭiccādeti (v.) conceals, hides.
daddu (f.) eczema. nagara (n.) city, town. paṭiyādeti (v.) prepares.
dadhi (n.) curd. naccati (v.) dances. paṇḍita (m.) wise man, sage.
dāṭhī (m.) tusker. nattar (m.) grandson. paṇṇa (n.) leaf.
dātar (m.) giver. natthi (adj.) no. patati (v.) falls.
dāna (n.) alms, charity. nadī (f.) river. pati (m.) husband, master.
dāraka (m.) child. namassati (v.) salutes, worships. patta (m.) bowl.
dārikā (f.) girl. nayana (n.) eye. patthanā (f.) aspirations, hope, expectation.
dāru (n.) firewood. nara (m.) man, person. pattharati (v.) spreads.
dāsa (m.) servant. naraka hell, purgatory. pattheti (v.) aspires, hopes, wishes.
dīghajīvī (m.) one with long life. nava (adj.) new. paduma (n.) lotus.
dīpa (m.) island, lamp. nahāyati (v.) bathes. pappoti (v.) reaches, attains.
dīpi (m.) leopard. nānā (ind.) various. pabbajati (v.) renounces the world,
dukkha (n.) suffering. nānākammani (n.) various work. gets/becomes ordained, goes forth.
dubbala (adj.) weak. nārī (f.) woman. pabbata (m.) mountain.
dussa (n.) cloth. nāvā (f.) ship. pabhāta (m.) morning.
duhati (v.) milks. nāvika (m.) sailor. pabhū (m.) eminent person.
duhitar (f.) daughter. nāseti (v.) destroys. parājeti (v.) defeats.
dūta (m.) messenger. nāḷi (f.) a unit of measure. pariyesati (v.) searches, seeks, explores.
dūseti (v.) pollutes, spoils. nikkhamati (v.) leaves, sets out, renounces. parivajjeti (v.) avoids.
deti (v.) gives. Also: dadāti nikkhipati (v.) puts down, throws away. parivāreti (v.) accompanies, surrounds.
deva (m.) deity, god. nidhi (m.) (hidden) treasure. parisā (f.) retinue.

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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Pāli Primer Language Guide Edition 1 (January 08, 2004)

palobheti (v.) tempts. pūreti (v.) fills. bhāsati (v.) speaks.

pavattar (m.) reciter. peseti (v.) sends. bhikkhu (m.) monk.
pavatteti (v.) sets in motion. pokkharaṇī (f.) pond. bhindati (v.) breaks.
(assūni) pavatteti (v.) sheds tears. potthaka (n.) book. bhuñjati (v.) eats, enjoys, partakes of.
pavisati (v.) enters. poseti (v.) brings up, nourishes, looks after. bhūpati (m.) king.
pasīdati (v.) becomes glad, is pleased with. bhūpāla (m.) king.
pasu (m.) beast, animal. Ph bhūmi (f.) earth, ground.
passati (v.) sees. bhojana (n.) food, meal.
paharati (v.) hits, strikes. pharasu (m.) axe.
pahiṇāti (v.) sends, dispatches. phala (n.) fruit. M
pahūta (adj.) much. phalavant (adj.) fruitful.
pājeti (v.) drives. phusati (v.) touches. makkaṭa (m.) monkey.
pāṇi (m.) hand, palm. magga (m.) path, road.
pāṇī (m.) living being. B maccha (m.) fish.
pāteti (v.) fells. mañca (m.) bed.
pāda (m.) foot. bandhati (v.) ties, binds. mañjūsā (f.) box.
pānīya (n.) drinking water. bandhu (m.) relative. maṇi (m.) gem.
pāpa (n.) evil, sin. bandhumant (adj.) having relations. mattaññū (m.) moderate or abstemious one.
pāpakārī (m.) evil doer. balavant (adj.) powerful. madhu (n.) honey.
pāpamitta (m.) evil friend. balī (m.) powerful one. madhukara (m.) bee.
pāpuṇāti (v.) reaches. bahu (adj.) many. manussa (m.) man, human being.
pāleti (v.) rules, governs. bāhu (m.) arm. manta (n.) magic spell.
pāsāṇa (m.) rock, stone. bīja (n.) seed. mantī (m.) minister.
pāsāda (m.) palace, mansion. Buddha (m.) the Buddha. manteti (v.) discusses, takes counsel.
pi (ind. adv.) too, also. buddhi (f.) intelligence. mahanta (adj.) much.
piṭaka (m.) basket. buddhimant (adj.) intelligent. mā (adj., prohibitive particle) do not.
pitar (m.) father. brāhmaṇa (m.) brahmin. mātar (f.) mother.
pipāsā (f.) thirst. brāhmaṇi (f.) brahmin woman. mātula (m.) uncle.
pipāsita (adj.) thirsty. māpeti (v.) builds, creates.
pibati (v.) drinks. Bh māra (m.) the evil one.
piyāyati (v.) is dear. māreti (v.) kills.
pivati (v.) drinks. Bhagavant (adj.) the Fortunate One, Buddha. mālā (f.) garland.
pīḷeti (v.) oppresses. bhaginī (f.) sister. miga (m.) deer.
pucchati (v.) questions. bhajati (v.) keeps company. mitta (m.) friend.
puñña (n.) merit. bhañjati (v.) breaks. mināti (v.) measures.
puññavant (adj.) fortunate, meritorious. bhaṇḍa (n.) goods. mukha (n.) face, mouth.
putta (m.) son. bhatta (mṇ.) rice. muñcati (v.) releases, frees.
puttadāra (m.) children and wife. bhattar (m.) husband. muṭṭhi (m.) fist, hammer.
puna (ind. adv.) again. bhamara (m.) bee. muni (m.) sage.
puppha (n.) flower. bhariyā (f.) wife. mūla (n.) root, money.
pupphāsana (n.) (flower) altar. bhavati (v.) verb to be, becomes. modaka (m.) sweetmeat.
pubbaka (adj.) ancient. bhātar (m.) brother. modati (v.) is happy, enjoys, takes delight.
purisa (m.) man, person. bhānumant (adj.) sun, radiant.
pūjeti (v.) honours, offers, worships. bhāyati (v.) fears. Y

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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vattha (n.) cloth. veḷu (m.) bamboo.

yaṭṭhi (f.) walking stick. vatthu (n.) ground, base, site, estate. vyākaroti (v.) explains.
yadi (ind. conj.) if. vadaññū (m.) philanthropist, generous one. vyādhi (m.) illness, sickness.
yasavant (adj.) famous. vadhu (f.) daughter-in-law.
yāgu (f.) gruel. vana (n.) forest. S
yācaka (m.) beggar. vanitā (f.) woman.
yācati (v.) begs. vandati (v.) worships, salutes. sakaṭa (m.) cart.
yuvati (f.) maiden, young woman. vapati (v.) sows. sakala (adj.) entire.
vammika (m.) ant-hill. sakuṇa (m.) bird.
R varāha (m.) pig. sakkoti (v.) can, is able.
vasati (v.) lives, dwells. sakhī (f.) female friend.
rakkhati (v.) protects, observes precepts, vasu (n.) wealth. sagga (m.) heaven.
practises virtue. vā (ind. conj.) or. sace (ind. conj.) if.
rajaka (m.) washerman. vāceti (v.) teaches. sacca (n.) truth.
rajju (f.) rope. vāṇija (m.) merchant. satimant (adj.) mindful.
ratti (f.) night. vāta (m.) wind. sattu (m.) enemy.
ratha (m.) vehicle, chariot. vānara (m.) monkey. satthar (m.) teacher.
ravi (m.) sun. vāpī (f.) tank. satthi (n.) thigh.
rasa (n.) taste. vāyamati (v.) tries, exerts. sadda (m.) sound.
rasmi (f.) ray. vāri (n.) water, river. saddhā (f.) faith, devotion.
rājinī (f.) queen. vālukā (f.) sand. saddhāvant (adj.) devoted.
rāsi (m.) heap. vikkiṇāti (v.) sells. saddhiṃ (ind.) with.
rukkha (m.) tree. vijju (f.) lightning. sannipatati (v.) assembles, gathers together.
rukkhamūla (n.) foot of a tree. vijjhati (v.) shoots. sappa (m.) serpent.
rūpa (n.) object, form. viññātar (m.) knower, knowledgeable man. sappi (n.) ghee.
rodati (v.) cries, weeps. viññū (m.) wise man. sappurisa (m.) virtuous man.
ropeti (v.) plants. vidū (m.) wise man. sabba (adj.) all.
vinetar (m.) disciplinarian. sabbaññū (m.) omniscient/all knowing one.
L vindati (v.) experiences, feels. sabhā (f.) assembly.
vippakirati (v.) scatters. samaṇa (m.) recluse, monk.
latā (f.) creeper. vibhajati (v.) divides, distributes, analyses. samassāseti (v.) comforts, consoles.
labhati (v.) gets, receives. viya (ind. adj.) like, similar. samijjhati (v.) fulfils, succeeds.
lābha (m.) profit, gain. vivarati (v.) opens. samudda (m.) ocean, sea.
likhati (v.) writes. vissajjeti (v.) spends, explains. sammajjati (v.) sweeps.
luddaka (m.) hunter. viharati (v.) dwells. sammajjani (f.) broom.
loka (m.) world. vihāra (m.) monastery. sammā (ind.) correctly, right, well.
locana (n.) eye. vihiṃsati (v.) harms, hurts. sammisseti (v.) mixes.
viheṭheti (v.) harasses. sayati (v.) sleeps.
V vīsati (f.) twenty. sara (m.) arrow.
vīhi (m.) paddy. sallapati (v.) converses.
vaḍḍhakī (m.) carpenter. vega (m.) speed. sassu (f.) mother-in-law.
vaḍḍheti (v.) develops, increases. vejja (m.) doctor. saha (ind.) with.
vaṇṇavant (adj.) colourful. veṭheti (v.) wraps. sahāya (m.) friend.
vattar (m.) speaker, sayer. vetana (n.) wage, pay. sahāyaka (m.) friend.

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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Pāli Primer Language Guide Edition 1 (January 08, 2004)

saṃharati (v.) collects. hanati (v.) kills.

sākhā (f.) branch. harati (v.) carries, takes away.
sāṭaka (m.) garment. hasati (v.) laughs.
sādiyati (v.) tastes, enjoys. himavant (adj.) Himalayas, possessor of snow.
sāmī (m.) lord, husband. hirañña (n.) gold.
sārathī (m.) charioteer. hoti (v.) verb to be, is, becomes.
sālā (f.) hall.
sāvaka (m.) disciple.
sikhī (m.) peacock. Notes:
sigāla (m.) jackal.
sindhu (m.) sea, ocean.
sippa (n.) arts and science.
sibbati (v.) sews.
sissa (m.) pupil.
sīgha (adv.) quickly, fast.
sīla (n.) virtue, precept.
sīlavant (adj.) virtuous.
sīsa (n.) head.
sīha (m.) lion.
suka (m.) parrot.
sukha (n.) joy.
sukhī (m.) happy person.
Sugata (m.) the Buddha.
suṇāti (v.) hears, listens.
sunakha (m.) dog.
sura (m.) deity, god.
surā (f.) liquor.
suriya (m.) sun.
suva (m.) parrot.
suvaṇṇa (n.) gold.
susu (m.) young one.
sūkara (m.) pig.
seṭṭhī (m.) banker.
setu (m.) bridge.
soṇa (m.) dog.
sota (n.) ear.
sotar (m.) hearer, listener.
sotavant (adj.) attentive, having ears.
sopāna (m.) stairway.

hattha (m.) hand.

hatthī (m.) elephant.

Pali Alphabet: a ā i ī u ū e o : k kh g gh ṅ : c ch j jh ñ : ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ : t th d dh n : p ph b bh m : y r l v s h ḷ ṃ
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