VOL. 15, NO.

1, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 1819-6608

ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2020 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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TRANSPORT OF ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS ALONG

A PLANE BY DIFFUSION-OSMOSIS
Hisham A. Maddah
Department of Chemical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Diffusion-osmosis is an important electrokinetic flow mechanism in microchannels and nanochannels. In an
electrolyte system, diffusion-osmosis transport results from the electrostatic interaction between a tangential concentration
gradient of the electrolyte and a charged wall. The diffusion-osmotic flow of an electrolyte solution along a plane (in
porous media) which is induced by the presence of a charged surface induced by the imposed electrolyte concentration
gradient has been reviewed and investigated theoretically. It was assumed that there will be a constant concentration
gradient imposed along the axial direction at the steady state. Electrostatic and induced potential distribution and velocity
distribution of an electrolyte solution near a charged plate wall were determined from using Poisson, linearized Poisson-
Boltzmann, and modified Navier-Stokes equations, respectively. It was found that the normalized induced electric field
approaches unity as we go far away from the EDL and normalized velocity increases with an increase in the electro-kinetic
distance and approaches a constant. The effect of the induced electric field in the EDL was found to be of a dominant
significance on the diffusion-osmotic flow.

Keywords: diffusion-osmosis, transport, electrolyte, porous media, charged wall.

1. INTRODUCTION convective fluxes of the two electrolyte ions which is

In many areas of science and engineering, related to the macroscopic electric field [1, 2].
electrokinetic flows of electrolyte solutions in charged Understanding the mechanism of diffusion-
microchannels and nanochannles has gained much interest osmotic flow of electrolyte solutions in porous media
to the scientific community. In electrokinetics, electro- would make it possible to improve and develop much
osmosis has been the most known transport mechanism more advanced applications related to separation
used to manipulate the fluid flow in microfluidic and technologies. Permeable membranes for molecular
nanofluidic systems. Electro-osmosis transport occurs due separation, nanofluidic devices for biological and chemical
to the interaction between an external, tangential, electric analysis, and polymer electrolyte fuel cells for energy
field with the electric double layer (EDL) adjacent to a storage are some important applications of diffusion-
charged wall [1]. osmotic flow [1].
Generally, transport of fluids in micropore The diffusion-osmotic flow of an electrolyte
systems (porous media) involves three different driving solution along a plane (in porous media) which is induced
forces: (1) pressure difference between the two ends of a by the presence of a charged surface induced by the
capillary pore (convection), (2) concentration gradient of imposed electrolyte concentration gradient has been
the impermeable solute between the two bulk solutions discussed and investigated theoretically by Ma and Keh
surrounding the pore on both ends (osmosis), and (3) (2006) [2]. In other words, there will be a constant
tangential electrical fields affecting the electrical double concentration gradient imposed along the axial direction at
layer (EDL) near a charged pore wall (electro-osmosis). the steady state.
Transport problems related to the three mentioned driving Analytical solutions of a diffusion-osmotic
forces have been studied extensively in the past [2, 3, 4]. transport of a permeable solute (electrolyte solution) along
However, it has been found that there is another a charged plane has been derived and identified. The use
driving force for electrolyte solutions in a capillary pore of the well-known Poisson and linearized Poisson-
which is known as diffusion osmosis and is associated Boltzmann equations, which applies to the case of low
with the presence of a concentration gradient of a potentials or low fixed-charge densities, with the basics of
permeable solute along the capillary pore. Diffusion- transport phenomena in electrolyte systems allowed us to
osmosis is an important electrokinetic flow mechanism in obtain the electrostatic potential distribution of an
microchannels and nanochannels for understanding electrolyte solution near a charged plate wall. Electrostatic
transport of fluids in porous media [2, 4]. In an electrolyte potential distribution would help us in calculating
system, diffusion-osmosis transport results from the thickness of EDL adjacent to the charged walls which is
electrostatic interaction between a tangential concentration an arbitrary thickness relative to the capillary pore size.
gradient of the electrolyte and a charged wall. Dissociation Moreover, fluid velocity profile along the tangential
of electrolytes along the charged solid surface would result direction (the horizontal position) was obtained semi-
in a fluid flow by two mechanisms: (1) chemi-osmotic analytically from solving the modified Navier-Stokes
effect due to stresses developed by tangential gradient of equation with neglecting electric current arising from the
excess pressure within the EDL (2) electro-osmotic effect cocurrent diffusion, electric migration, and diffusion-
due to the inequality of the tangential diffusive and osmotic convection of the electrolyte ions. It should be

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 VOL. 15, NO. 1, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2020 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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𝜌
noted that any charged surface or plane wall may have ∇2 𝜓 = − 𝑒 (1)
𝜀
either a constant surface potential or a constant surface 𝜌𝑒 = 𝐹 ∑𝑖 𝓏𝑖 𝑛𝑖 (2)
charge density with an arbitrary quantity, which would
play a key role in simplifying our transport problem where 𝜓 is the electric potential, 𝜌𝑒 is the charge density,
analysis [2, 4, 5]
𝜀 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 ,𝜀𝑟 is the relative permittivity of the electrolyte
solution and 𝜀0 is the permittivity of a vacuum, 𝐹 is
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION AND
Faraday’s constant, 𝓏𝑖 is a valence (a positive or negative
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
integer), and 𝑛𝑖 represents local concentrations of both
Under steady state conditions, the diffusion-
cations, 𝑛+ (𝑦, 0), and anions, 𝑛− (𝑦, 0) in the electrolyte
osmotic flow of a symmetrically charged electrolyte
solution [1,2].
solution, of valence Z (a positive integer), that is tangential
(in z-axis) to a uniformly charged plane wall of length 𝐿 is 𝑑2𝜓 4𝜋𝑍𝑒
analyzed analytically, Figure-1. To ease our calculations, =− [𝑛+ (𝑦, 0) − 𝑛− (𝑦, 0)] (3)
𝑑𝑦 2 𝜀
several assumptions were used, including that the applied
electrolyte concentration gradient 𝛻𝑛∞ is constant along the Boltzmann distribution equation, Eq. (4), relates
the tangential direction, where 𝑛∞ is the linear electrolyte between the local ionic concentrations to the electrostatic
concentration in the bulk phase and far away from the potential as shown in Eq. (5) [1, 2].
surface at 𝑦 → ∞, and setting 𝑧 = 0 at the midpoint along
the plane wall allows us to neglect any variations in the ̅
𝑛𝑖 = 𝑛∞ 𝑒 ±𝜓𝑖 (4)
electrostatic potential and ionic concentrations of the EDL
near to the wall in the tangential direction [1, 2, 5]. ̅ ̅
𝑛± = 𝑛∞ 𝑒 −𝜓 ; 𝑛− = 𝑛∞ 𝑒 +𝜓 (5)

where 𝜓̅ = (𝓏𝑖 𝐹𝜓⁄𝑅𝑇) = (𝑍𝑒𝜓 ⁄𝑘𝑇) is the dimensionless

electrostatic potential at a position y from the wall relative
to that in the bulk solution, 𝑅 is universal gas constant, 𝑘
is Boltzmann constant, 𝑇 is the absolute temperature.
Substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (3) results in the well-known
Poisson-Boltzmann equation, Eq. (6) [1-3, 6];

𝑑2𝜓
̅
= 𝒦 2 sinh 𝜓̅ (6)
𝑑𝑦 2
Figure-1. Diffusion-osmosis flow tangential to a plane
wall due to the presence of an applied concentration where 𝒦 = [4𝜋(𝑍𝑒)2 𝑛∞ (𝑧 = 0)/𝜀𝑘𝑇]1/2 is the Debye
gradient of an electrolyte. screening parameter. Table-1 shows the boundary
conditions and the dimensionless potential distributions of
2.1 Electrostatic potential distribution the two popular case scenarios at the charged plate wall;
Considering the previous assumption and with which were solved by using Eq. (6) and the given
the utilization of the well-known Poisson equation in boundary conditions. For the constant surface charge
microscopic models as shown in Eq. (1) and Eq. (2); density case, the dimensionless potential equation shows
substitution of Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) gives us Eq. (3) [1-3, 6]. that 𝜌𝑒 is proportional to 𝒦, where 𝜁 is inversely
proportional to 𝒦 [1, 2].

Table-1. Dimensionless potential profile along a charged plane wall [1, 2, 5-7].

Case scenario Boundary conditions Dimensionless potential

1 + 𝛾 𝑒 −𝒦y
Constant surface zeta ̅=ζ
y = 0; ψ 𝜓̅ = 2 ln [ ]
̅=0 1 − 𝛾 𝑒 −𝒦y
potential (𝜁) y → ∞; ψ
Where 𝛾 = tanh(𝑍𝑒 𝜁/4𝑘𝑇)
dψ̅ 4πρe 2𝑘𝑇 2𝜋𝑍𝑒𝜌𝑒
Constant surface y = 0; =− 𝜁= sinh−1 ( )
charge density (𝜌𝑒 ) dy ε 𝑍𝑒 𝜀𝒦kT
̅=0
y → ∞; ψ Obtained as the above solution still holds.

2.2 Induced electric field distribution where 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑦) is the fluid velocity relative to the plane
The total flux can be expressed by using Nernst- wall in the direction of decreasing electrolyte
Einstein equation as in Eq. (7) [1-3, 6]; concentration, 𝐷+ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷− are the diffusion coefficients of
the cations and anions, respectively, 𝐸 = 𝐸(𝑦) is the
𝓏i F macroscopic electric field induced by the concentration
J± = −D± (∇n± + n± ∇ψ) + n± u (7)
RT
gradient of the electrolyte. Substitution of

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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2020 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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(𝓏𝑖 𝐹𝜓⁄𝑅𝑇) = (𝑍𝑒𝜓 ⁄𝑘𝑇) into Eq. (7) and applying the ∫𝑝
𝑝∞ 𝜕𝑝 ̅
𝑑𝑦 + 𝑍𝑒(𝑛∞ 𝑒 −𝜓 − 𝑛∞ 𝑒 +𝜓 ) ∫0
̅ 𝜓 𝑑𝜓
𝑑𝑦 = 0 (15)
principle of superposition for the electric potential gives 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦

[1-3, 6]; ̅ ̅
𝑝∞ − 𝑝 + 𝑛∞ 𝑍𝑒(𝑒 −𝜓 − 𝑒 +𝜓 )𝜓 = 0 (16)
Ze
J± = −D± [∇n± + n± (∇ψ − E)] + n± u (8) ̅ ̅
kT
𝑝 = 𝑝∞ + 𝑛∞ 𝑘𝑇(𝑒 −𝜓 − 𝑒 +𝜓 )𝜓̅ (17)
assuming that 𝐽+ = 𝐽− = 𝐽 is possible if we have no net
electric current arising from the transport of cations and 𝑝 = 𝑝∞ + 2𝑛∞ 𝑘𝑇(− sinh 𝜓̅) (18)
anions by cocurrent diffusion, electric migration, and
diffusion-osmotic convection; which will yield to have an sinh 𝜓̅ + cosh 𝜓̅ = ? (19)
analytical expression for the induced electric field
distribution as obtained in Eq. (9) [1, 2, 7]; evaluating Eq. (19)
1 ̅ 1 ̅ 1 ̅ 1 ̅ ̅
kT∇n∞
̅
(1+β)e−ψ −(1−β)eψ
̅ ̅
Pe sinh ψ u 𝑒 𝜓 + 𝑒 −𝜓 + 𝑒 𝜓 − 𝑒 −𝜓 = 𝑒 𝜓 (20)
E= [ ̅ ̅ + ̅ ̅ ∗ ] (9) 2 2 2 2
Zen∞ (z=0) (1+β)e−ψ +(1−β)eψ (1+β)e−ψ +(1−β)eψ U
for 𝒦 → ∞ ; (𝑍𝑒 → ∞ or 𝑘𝑇 → 0), thus 𝜓̅ → 0 ; 𝑒 0 = 1,
where 𝑈 ∗ = 2𝑘𝑇|∇𝑛∞ |⁄𝜂𝒦 2 is a characteristic value of and then Eq. (19) becomes
the diffusio-osmotic velocity, 𝛽 = (𝐷+ − 𝐷− )⁄(𝐷+ + 𝐷− )
is the dimensionless effective diffusivity, Pe = sinh 𝜓̅ + cosh 𝜓̅ = 1 (21)
[4𝑛∞ (𝑧 = 0)𝑈 ∗ ⁄(𝐷+ + 𝐷− ) |∇𝑛∞ |] =
[8𝑛∞ (𝑧 = 0)𝑘𝑇 ⁄(𝐷+ + 𝐷− )𝜂𝒦 2 ], and 𝜂 is the fluid substitution of Eq. (21) into Eq. (18) results in
viscosity. Eq. (9) shows that 𝐸(𝑦) is strongly dependent
on the local electrostatic potential 𝜓 and fluid velocity 𝑢. 𝑝 = 𝑝∞ + 2𝑛∞ 𝑘𝑇(cosh 𝜓̅ − 1) (22)
Considering a situation where we have a point that is far
away from the charged plate, 𝒦y → ∞, then 𝜓 → 0 and where 𝑝∞ is the pressure far away from the wall which is
Eq. (9) becomes Eq. (10). Note that 𝒦y is the constant. Substituting Eq. (5) and Eq. (22) into Eq. (12)
dimensionless position relative to Debye screening and integrating with respect to y-direction twice subject to
parameter and 𝛽 is between, or equal to, −1 and 1 with the the given boundary condition in Eq. (13) and Eq. (14)
upper and lower bounds occurring as 𝐷− /𝐷+ → 0 and ∞, gives [1, 2, 7];
respectively [1, 2, 5].
u 𝒦y 𝒦y Zen∞ (z=0)
̅ −1+
= ∫0 ∫∞ [cosh ψ E sinh ̅
ψ] d(𝒦y) d(𝒦y) (23)
𝑘𝑇𝛽∇𝑛∞ U∗ kT|∇n∞ |
∞
𝐸 = (10)
𝑍𝑒𝑛∞ (𝑧=0)
In Eq. (23) 𝐸 can be numerically solved as a
2.3 Fluid velocity distribution function of the dimensionless parameters 𝒦y, 𝑍𝑒𝜁/
The momentum balance from the modified 𝑘𝑇, 𝛽, andPe. Then, velocity distribution of the electrolyte
Navier-Stoke equations can be applied for the steady solution can be determined by the numerical integrations
diffusion-osmotic flow along a plane wall to determine and with the known results of ̅ 𝜓 and 𝐸. Obviously,
pressure and velocity distributions. Assuming the fluid is 𝑢/𝑈 ∗ = 0 everywhere if 𝜁 = 0. One can obtain the bulk-
Newtonian and incompressible; 𝑦 and 𝑧 direction phase diffusio-osmotic velocity 𝑢∞ of the electrolyte
equations, respectively, gives [1-3, 6]; solution at a large distance from the plane wall by taking
𝒦y → ∞ and then Eq. (23) becomes [1, 2, 7];
𝜕𝑝 𝑑𝜓
+ 𝑍𝑒(𝑛+ − 𝑛− ) =0 (11)
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑢∞ 𝑍𝑒𝜁 𝑍𝑒𝜁
=𝛽 + 4 ln cosh ( ) (24)
𝑈∗ 𝑘𝑇 4𝑘𝑇
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑝
𝜂 = − 𝑍𝑒(𝑛+ − 𝑛− )𝐸 = 0 (12)
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The dimensionless and normalized induced
boundary conditions for the velocity profile at no-slip wall electric field 𝐸 ⁄𝐸 ∞ was plotted against the electro-kinetic
and at infinity are [1-3,6]; distance 𝒦𝑦 from the wall for various values of the
parameters Pe and 𝛽 as shown in Figure-2. It was noted
𝑦=0 ; 𝑢=0 (13) that there was a symmetry between the curves with a
specified value of −𝑍𝑒𝜁/𝑘𝑇 and 𝛽 versus 𝑍𝑒𝜁/𝑘𝑇 and
𝑑𝑢
𝑦→∞ ; =0 (14) – 𝛽. In general, the normalized induced electric field
𝑑𝑦
approaches unity (the bulk-phase value) as we go far away
substitution of Eq. (5) into Eq. (11) and integration gives from the EDL (Debye screening parameter) near to the
[1-3,6]; wall and at 𝒦𝑦 = 5. As 𝛽 → 0, the normalized induced
electric field 𝐸 ⁄𝐸 ∞ → ∞ [1,2].

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Higher values of Pe, which is associated with the

effect of the electrolyte convection, reduces the probability
of having a negative flow toward the higher concentration
region. In general, when 𝛽 = 0, an increase in Pe results
in a monotonic increase in 𝑢/𝑈 ∗ and as Pe → ∞, 𝑢/𝑈 ∗
becomes finite, Figure-4. When Pe = 0 and 𝛽 = 0, 𝐸
vanishes everywhere and 𝑢 is negative due to the chemi-
osmotic contribution only. When Pe = 0 and 𝜁 ∗ 𝛽 is
negative, 𝑢 is also negative. However, when Pe = 0 and
𝜁 ∗ 𝛽 is positive, the flow direction depends on the
combination of parameters 𝑍𝑒𝜁/𝑘𝑇, 𝛽, and 𝒦y.

Figure-2. Normalized electric field induced by an

electrolyte gradient along a plane wall versus the electro-
kinetic coordinate 𝒦y for various values of the parameter
𝛽 with 𝑍𝑒𝜁/𝑘𝑇 = 2; solid curves: Pe = 1, dashed curves:
Pe = 0.

In Figure-3, the dimensionless diffusion-osmotic

velocity distribution 𝑢(𝒦𝑦)/𝑈 ∗ of an electrolyte solution
along a plane wall was plotted for various values of the
parameters Pe, and 𝛽. Similar to the induced potential
analysis, the normalized velocity increases with an
increase in the electro-kinetic distance (moving away from
the EDL) and approaches a constant (the bulk-phase Figure-4. Normalized diffusion-osmotic velocity along a
value) as 𝒦𝑦 = 5. plane wall versus the electro-kinetic coordinate 𝒦y for
various values of the parameter Pe with 𝑍𝑒𝜁/𝑘𝑇 = 6;
solid curves: 𝛽 = −0.2, dashed curves: 𝛽 = 0.

Analysis of the 𝛽 factor effect showed that if the

magnitude of 𝛽 is sufficiently large, 𝑢 is positive; but if
the magnitude of 𝛽 is sufficiently small, 𝑢 is negative.
When 𝑢 is negative, it means the fluid flows toward the
higher electrolyte concentration. However, having a
positive value of 𝑢 indicates that the fluid flows against
the electrolyte concentration gradient and toward the lower
electrolyte concentration (from high to low). In both cases,
the normalized velocity increases monotonically with the
increase in the electro-kinetic distance 𝒦y from the wall
and with the increase in 𝑍𝑒|𝜁 |/𝑘𝑇, as concluded from
Figure-3 and Figure-4.
It was demonstrated that the analysis of 𝑢∞ /𝑈 ∗
far away from the plane wall would be quite similar to that
of 𝑢/𝑈 ∗ for a given value of 𝒦y. Figure-5 shows that
higher surface potential values have a noticed effect in
increasing 𝑢/𝑈 ∗ values when Pe = 1.
Figure-3. Normalized diffusion-osmotic velocity along a Theoretical calculations determined that it was
plane wall versus the electro-kinetic coordinate 𝒦𝑦 for possible to estimate the direction of the diffusion-osmotic
various values of the parameter 𝛽 with 𝑍𝑒𝜁/𝑘𝑇 = 2; solid flow relative to the concentration gradient from the
curves: Pe = 1, dashed curves: Pe = 0. fundamental parameters such as zeta potential (or surface
charge density) of the wall and the electrolyte solution
properties. It was found that the effect of the lateral

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ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
©2006-2020 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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distribution of the induced tangential electric field on the structure of the surface charge layer have a tremendous
diffusion-osmotic flow was very significant [1, 2, 5]. effect on the flow velocity depending on the plane (or
capillary wall) characteristics and the electrolyte solution
[9]. For example, a slit with a surface charge layer can
lead to an augmented or a diminished electro-kinetic flow
and the flow may also be reversed relative to that in a
capillary with bare walls [4].
Linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation have
only a few terms analyzed (after applying Taylor’s series
expansion to the non-linear form) and this may result in a
huge error in calculations if and only if the further terms
have large magnitude values. Non-linear form of Poisson-
Boltzmann will obviously result in having a much better
prediction, but the problem will be more difficult to solve
analytically.
Nevertheless, X. Xing (2011) applied the non-
linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation for two parallel
uniformly charged plates and obtained new exact
asymptotic results in various regime, but it turned out that
the theory has some limitations and assumptions that
might affect exact solutions. There are three different
important issues which had not been considered in the
Poisson-Boltzmann equation, and they are as the following
[10, 11]:
Figure-5. Normalized bulk-phase diffusion-osmotic
velocity along a plane wall plotted versus the a) Crystallization: High surface charge density may
dimensionless surface potential 𝑍𝑒𝜁/𝑘𝑇 for various values crystallize the counter-ion density on the plate surface
of the parameter 𝛽; solid curves: Pe = 1, dashed curves: if they become so high near the surface.
Pe = 0. b) Neutral bound pairs: The response of ions forms
neutral bound pairs and ions with multiple valences to
4. SHORTCOMINGS/LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE the external charged objects is a serious ununderstood
PROGRESS issue.
Diffusion-osmotic flow along a charged parallel
c) Chemical interactions: There must be short range
plane was derived with various assumptions such that the
fluid is Newtonian, steady state, incompressible, y- chemical interactions between ions and charged
direction dependent only, and slightly nonuniform in the surfaces in real situations; which may not be
electrolyte concentration with only a small external neglected in a formalized theory.
gradient of the electrolyte concentration along the plane
wall [1, 5]. Since there is only a small external gradient, it Taking above problems into consideration is
was assumed that the applied electrolyte concentration critical in analyzing transport of electrolytes in porous
gradient 𝛻𝑛∞ is constant along the tangential direction, media. Even though crystallization possibility has been
where 𝑛∞ is the linear electrolyte concentration in the bulk extensively explored by many authors, the problem has not
phase and far away from the surface at y→∞ [1, 2]. Yet, been completely understood. Hence, the latter two issues
considering a high external concentration gradient where must be investigated thoroughly and should be the major
|𝛻𝑛∞ | is relatively large would lead to a varying mission of future works [10].
electrostatic potential 𝜓̅ in the EDL adjacent to the wall
and therefore potential variations along the tangential 5. CONCLUSIONS
position may not be neglected. Electrostatic and induced potential distribution
The consideration of many assumptions in and velocity distribution of an electrolyte solution near a
solving the distribution profile of both induced electric charged plate wall were obtained theoretically. In general,
potential and fluid velocity may result in some kind of the normalized induced electric field approaches unity as
errors and deviation from a real case scenario. However, a we go far away from the EDL and normalized velocity
better judgment can be inferred when comparing increases with an increase in the electro-kinetic distance
experimental results with numerical analysis. and approaches constant. When 𝑢 is negative, it means the
The theoretical and numerical investigations were fluid flows toward the higher electrolyte concentration.
carried out for electrolyte systems with bare walls. In However, having a positive value of 𝑢 indicates that the
contrast to this, the existence of a surface charge layer can fluid flows against the electrolyte concentration gradient.
result in a quite different diffusion-osmotic flow relative to The effect of the induced electric field in the EDL
a charged plane wall. Earlier studies found that the was found to be of dominant significance on the diffusion-
osmotic flow. The direction of the diffusion osmotic flow

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©2006-2020 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.

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relative to the concentration gradient is determined by the [10] X. Xing. 2011. Poisson-Boltzmann theory for two
combination of the zeta potential (or surface charge parallel uniformly charged plates. Physical Review E.
density) of the wall and the properties of the electrolyte 83(4): 041410.
solution. Understanding the mechanism of diffusion-
osmotic flow of electrolyte solutions in porous media [11] P. Attard. 1996. Electrolytes and the electric double
would make it possible to improve and develop much
layer. Advances in Chemical Physics. 92, 1-160.
more advanced applications related to separation
technologies.
[12] H. J. Keh, H. C. Ma. 2007. Diffusion osmosis of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS electrolyte solutions in a fine capillary tube.
The author would like to acknowledge the Saudi Langmuir. 23(5): 2879-2886.
Arabian Cultural Mission (SACM) for their support, fund,
and encouragement to accomplish this work.

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