COMPILATION OF

AIR POLLUTION
FUNDAMENTAL
ENSE - 402
TABLE OF CONTENTS;

I. ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 –PRELIM………………………….

II. QUIZ NO. 1 –PRELIM……………………………………..

III. PRELIM EXAM……………………………………………..3

IV. ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 –MIDTERM……………………….7

V. ASSIGNMENT NO. 2 MIDTERM…………………………

VI. QUIZ NO. 1 –MIDTERM ………………………………….8

VII. MIDTERM EXAM…………………………………………..10

VIII. ASSIGNMENT NO. 1 –FINALS………………………….15

IX. QUIZ NO. 1 –FINALS………………………………………17

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

ENSE 402
AIR POLLUTION FUNDAMENTAL

Prelim Examination

SOCIA , FEDERICO JR A.
Student

December 14, 2019

Date Submitted

AMIR Y. PASCUAL
Instructor
SPHERES OF HUMAN HABITATION
Lithosphere
 it is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically
on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet,
the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.

Hydrosphere
 is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of
a planet, minor planet or natural satellite. Although Earth's hydrosphere has been
around for longer than 4 billion years, it continues to change in size. This is caused
by seafloor spreading and continental drift, which rearranges the land and ocean.

Atmosphere
 is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is
held in place by the gravity of that body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if
the gravity it is subject to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.

 Biosphere

 Is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone
of life on Earth, The biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning with a process
of biopoiesis or biogenesis (life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion
years ago

Atmosphere layers
Troposphere
-Is the layer closest to Earth's surface. It is 4 to 12 miles (7 to 20 km) thick and contains
half of Earth's atmosphere. Air is warmer near the ground and gets colder higher up.
Nearly all of the water vapor and dust in the atmosphere are in this layer and that is why
clouds are found here.

Stratosphere 
-Is the second layer. It starts above the troposphere and ends about 31 miles (50 km)
above ground. Ozone is abundant here and it heats the atmosphere while also
absorbing harmful radiation from the sun. The air here is very dry, and it is about a
thousand times thinner here than it is at sea level. Because of that, this is where jet
aircraft and weather balloons fly.
Mesosphere
- The top of the mesosphere, called the mesopause, is the coldest part of Earth's
atmosphere, with temperatures averaging about minus 130 degrees F (minus 90 C).
This layer is hard to study. Jets and balloons don't go high enough, and satellites and
space shuttles orbit too high.

Thermosphere
-.The thermosphere is considered part of Earth's atmosphere, but air density is so low
that most of this layer is what is normally thought of as outer space.This is also the layer
where the auroras occur. Charged particles from space collide with atoms and
molecules in the thermosphere, exciting them into higher states of energy.

Exosphere
-the highest layer, is extremely thin and is where the atmosphere merges into outer
space. It is composed of very widely dispersed particles of hydrogen and helium.

Major Air pollutant of the Atmospheres

Carbon dioxide (CO2)
– Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading
pollutant’’ and "the worst climate pollution". Carbon dioxide is a natural component of
the atmosphere, essential for plant life and given off by the human respiratory system.

Sulfur oxides (SOx)
– particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO 2. SO2 is
produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often
contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
– Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from high temperature
combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
– CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas. It is a product of combustion of fuel such as
natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust contributes to the majority of carbon
monoxide let into our atmosphere. It creates a smog type formation in the air that has
been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to the natural environment and
animals.

Ammonia 
– emitted mainly by agricultural waste. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It
is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia
contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a
precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
– harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products are currently banned from use.
These are gases which are released from air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays,
etc. On release into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere. Here they come in contact
with other gases and damage the ozone layer. 
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

ENSE 402
AIR POLLUTION FUNDAMENTALS

Quiz no#1 MIDTERM

SOCIA, FEDERICO JR A.
Student

February 5, 2020
Date Submitted

AMIR Y. PASCUAL
Instructor

Question
1. Significance of RA 8749
2. Enumerate criteria air pollutant under DAO 2000-81
Define the following Terminologies
3. Ambient air quality
4. Stationary source
5. PM10
6. PM2.5
7. Stationary source
8. Emission
9. GHG
10. VOC
11. Natural cubic meter
12. Permit to operate

Answer
1. The state shall promote and protect the global environment to attain
sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility to local
government units to deal with environment problems. The state recognizes
that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily
area-based and that air quality management and control is most effective at
the level of airsheds.
2.
3. Refers to the atmosphere’s average purity in a broad area as distinguished
from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution or the present
characteristic or nature of the surrounding atmosphere.
4. Refers to any building or fixed structure, facility or installation that emits or
may emits any air pollutant.
5 and 6. PM10 is particulate matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter and
PM2.5 micrometers or less in diameter. PM2.5 is generally described as fine
particle.
7. Refers to any building or fixed structure, facility or installation that emits or
may emits any air pollutant.

8. Means any measurable air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or unwanted

sound from a known source which is passed into the atmosphere.

9. Refers to those gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane, and oxides of

nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons, and the others that can potentially or can
reasonably be expected induce global warning.

10. Are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. VOCs

include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have

short- and long-term adverse health effects.
Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher
indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. VOCs are
emitted by a wide array of products numbering in the
thousands.

11. Means the volume of dry gas which occupies a cubic meter measured at
twenty five degree Celsius (25) at an absolute pressure equivalent to seven
hundred sixty (760) mm Hg.

12. Refers to the legal authorization granted by the Bureau to operate or maintain
any installation for a specified period of time.
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

ENSE 402
AIR POLLUTION FUNDAMENTALS

MIDTERM EXAMINATION

SOCIA, FEDERICO JR A.
Student

February 11, 2020

Date Submitted
 AMIR Y. PASCUAL
Instructor

The generation of electricity from an Oil-Fired Power Plant

produces various air pollutant, identify and discuss these
pollutants and how to control/minimize exposure to such pollutant.
(100 Points)

ANSWER

Electricity from an oil-fired

Oil sits in deep underground reservoirs. Like other fossil fuels, this
liquid is the end-product of millions of years of decomposition of
organic materials. Since the ultimate amount of oil is finite -- and
cannot be replenished once it is extracted and burned - it cannot
be considered a renewable resource. Once extracted, oil can be
refined into a number of fuel products -- gasoline, kerosene,
liquefied petroleum gas (such as propane), distillates (diesel and
jet fuels) and "residuals" that include industrial and electricity
fuels.

Three technologies are used to convert oil into electricity:

 Conventional steam - Oil is burned to heat water to create

steam to generate electricity.
 Combustion turbine - Oil is burned under pressure to
produce hot exhaust gases which spin a turbine to generate
electricity.
 Combined-cycle technology - Oil is first combusted in a
combustion turbine, using the heated exhaust gases to
generate electricity. After these exhaust gases are
 recovered, they heat water in a boiler, creating steam to
drive a second turbine.

What are the environmental impacts?

Burning oil to generate electricity produces significant air pollution

in the forms of nitrogen oxides, and, depending on the sulfur
content of the oil, sulfur dioxide and particulates. Carbon dioxide
and methane (as well as other greenhouse gases), heavy metals
such as mercury, and volatile organic compounds (which
contribute to ground-level ozone) all can come out of the smoke
stack of an oil-burning power plant.

The operation of oil-fired power plants also impacts water, land

use and solid waste disposal. Similar to the operations of other
conventional steam technologies, oil-fired conventional steam
plants require large amounts of water for steam and cooling, and
can negatively impact local water resources and aquatic habitats.
Sludges and oil residues that are not consumed during
combustion became a sold waste burden and contain toxic and
hazardous wastes.

Drilling also produces a long list of air pollutants, toxic and

hazardous materials, and emissions of hydrogen sulfide, a highly
flammable and toxic gas. All of these emissions can impact the
health and safety of workers and wildlife. Loss of huge stretches
of wildlife habitat also occur during drilling. Refineries, too, spew
pollution into the air, water and land (in the form of hazardous
wastes). Oil transportation accidents can result in catastrophic
damage killing thousands of fish, birds, other wildlife, plants and
soil.

How to control/minimize exposure to such pollutant?

The MATS set standards for all Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
emitted by coal- and oil-fired EGUs with a capacity of 25
megawatts or greater. These are called national emission
standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP), also known as
maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards. 
Coal- and/or oil-fired electric utilities emit many of the 187
hazardous air pollutants listed in the Clean Air Act.

Emissions standards set under the toxics program are federal air
pollution limits that individual facilities must meet by a set date.
MACT for new sources must be at least as stringent as the
emission reduction achieved by the best performing similar
source.  Existing source MACT standards must be at least as
stringent as the emission reductions achieved by the average of
the top 12 percent best controlled sources.  These standards
must address all hazardous air pollutants emitted at a source
category.

Setting a MACT standard is a two step process: 

1. The “MACT floor” is established based on what is currently

achieved by sources – costs may not be considered.
2. EPA may regulate “beyond the floor” where justified – costs
and other issues must be considered.
Power Plants

Existing sources generally will have up to 4 years if they need it to

comply with MATS.

 This includes the 3 years provided to all sources by the

Clean Air Act. EPA's analysis continues to demonstrate that
this will be sufficient time for most, if not all, sources to
comply.
 Under the Clean Air Act, state permitting authorities can also
grant an additional year as needed for technology
installation. EPA expects this option to be broadly available.

EPA is also providing a pathway for reliability critical units to

obtain a schedule with up to an additional year to achieve
compliance. This pathway is described in a separate enforcement
policy document. EPA believes there will be few, if any situations,
in which this pathway will be needed.

In the unlikely event that there are other situations where sources
cannot come into compliance on a timely basis, consistent with its
longstanding historical practice under the Clean Air Act, EPA will
address individual circumstances on a case-by-case basis, at the
appropriate time, to determine the appropriate response and
resolution.
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

ENSE 402
AIR POLLUTION FUNDAMENTALS

Assignment No. 1 - FINALS

WIND ROSE DIAGRAM FOR 2019

 SOCIA, FEDERICO JR , A.
Student

MARCH 18, 2020

Date Submitted

AMIR Y. PASCUAL
Instructor

WIND ROSE FOR THE WEATHER IN TIP-QC FROM THE DATA OF THE SCIENCE
GARDEN

The wind rose

diagram for Quezon City
shows how many hours
per year the wind blows
from a certain
direction. In the picture, it
shows that the direction
of the wind is mostly
towards Northeast
and is

approximately less than 28 km/hr.

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering

ENSE 402
AIR POLLUTION FUNDAMENTALS

Quiz no#1 FINALS

Air Pollution and Noise Pollution

SOCIA, FEDERICO JR A.
Student
 March 9, 2020
Date Submitted

AMIR Y. PASCUAL
Instructor

Question
1. Define air pollution and enumerate and explain each briefly the principle
pollution
2. Classify the pollutants and give example
3. What are the sources of air pollution in Metro Manila
4. Explain how to reduce air pollution in Metro Manila
5. What is noise pollution? What ate the principle causes of noise pollution?
How could noise pollution be abated?
Answer

Air pollutant
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
– Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading
pollutant’’ and "the worst climate pollution". Carbon dioxide is a natural component of
the atmosphere, essential for plant life and given off by the human respiratory system.

2. Sulfur oxides (SOx)
– particularly sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO 2. SO2 is
produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often
contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide.

3. Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
– Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from high temperature
combustion, and are also produced during thunderstorms by electric discharge.

4. Carbon monoxide (CO)
– CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas. It is a product of combustion of fuel such as
natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust contributes to the majority of carbon
monoxide let into our atmosphere. It creates a smog type formation in the air that has
been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to the natural environment and
animals.

5. Ammonia 
– emitted mainly by agricultural waste. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It
is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia
contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a
precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers.

6. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
– harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products are currently banned from use.
These are gases which are released from air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosol sprays,
etc. On release into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere. Here they come in contact
with other gases and damage the ozone layer. 

Classification of Pollutants:
1. Quantitative Pollutants
- These are those substances normally occurring in the environment, who
acquire the status of a pollutant when their concentration gets increased due to
the unmindful activities of man. For example, carbon dioxide, if present in the
atmosphere in concentration greater than normal due to automobiles and
industries, causes measurable effects on humans, animals, plants or property,
then it is classified as a quantitative pollutant.

2. Qualitative Pollutant

-These are those substances which do not normally occur in nature but are
added by man, for example, insecticides. Depending upon the form in which
they persist after being released into the environment, the pollutants are
categorized into two types, namely primary and secondary pollutants.
 3. Primary Pollutants:

- These are those which are emitted directly from the source and persist in the
form in which they were added to the environment. Typical examples of
pollutants included under this category are ash, smoke, fumes, dust, nitric oxide,
Sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons etc.

4. Secondary Pollutants
- These are those which are formed from the primary pollutants by chemical
interaction with some constituent present in the atmosphere. Examples are:
Sulphur trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, ketones, ozone etc.

5. Bio-degradable Pollutants
- These are the pollutants that are quickly degraded by natural means. Heat or
thermal pollution, and domestic sewage are considered in this category as
these can be rapidly decomposed by natural processes or by engineered
systems such as municipal treatment, plants etc.

The sources of air pollution in Metro Manila.

The air pollutant most studied in Metro Manila has been particulate matter in its
various forms. An extensive record of monitoring data for total suspended particulates
(TSP) is available. Mostly unmonitored are particles of diameter in specific ranges—
particulate matter 10 microns or less (PM10), and PM2.5. The species of particles that
make up these various measures is also largely unmeasured. However, some useful
data from one residential monitoring site for PM2.5 have recently become available and
are presented below.

Our reading of the monitoring data (see the Appendix) and the epidemiological
literature suggests that the major air quality problem in Metro Manila is particulates.
NOx emissions, as they relate to PM concentrations, are probably not very important
pollutants in the Philippines, but SO2 emissions, as they relate to PM concentrations,
are important. Diesel particulates and fine particulates in general are probably the most
important to control. Ozone is not to be ignored in developing a comprehensive air
quality strategy, but any violations of ozone standards are likely less serious. Therefore,
our strategies focus on reducing particulate emissions and their precursor emissions.

How to reduce air pollution in Metro Manila.

  Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere.
 Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying home or office equipment.
 Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk whenever possible.
 Consider purchasing portable gasoline containers labeled “spill-proof,”
where available
 Be sure your tires are properly inflated.
 Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever
possible.
 Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste.

What is noise pollution? What are the principal causes of

noise pollution? How could noise pollution be abated?

Noise pollution, also known as environmental noise or sound pollution, is the

propagation of noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life. The
source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines, transport, and
propagation systems. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise disintegration or
pollution , side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in
the residential areas. Some of the main sources of noise in residential areas
include loud music, transportation (traffic, rail, airplanes, etc), lawn care
maintenance, construction, electrical generators, explosions, and people.

Principal causes of Noise Pollution:

 Industrialization
 Poor Urban Planning
 Social Events
 Transportation
 Construction activities
 Household Chores

How to reduce Noise Pollution?

 Turn off Appliances at Home and Offices

 Shut the Door when using Nosy Machines
 Use Earplugs
 Lower the volume
 Follow the limits of Noise level
 Control Noise level near sensitive areas
 Go green by planting trees
 Create Healthy noise to eliminate unwanted noise
 Use Proper Lubricant and Better maintenance
 Use Noise absorbents in noisy machineries