8800DB1501

Data Bulletin 08/2015

Grounding and Bonding Practices

When Installing Variable Frequency Drives

Retain for future use.

Introduction Variable frequency drives (VFDs) have several unique wiring characteristics
that must be considered in their installation to minimize electrical
interference with drive control signal wiring, communication networks,
PLCs, or other equipment. Following the grounding and shielding practices
discussed in this paper will help improve control and network signal
integrity, reduce signal errors, and increase operational performance.
VFDs have unique characteristics that must be considered in their
installation. VFDs control the voltage and current in a motor by rapidly
switching the voltage on and off. The drive output is a pulse width
modulated voltage waveform with a very fast rise time that can easily couple
in to other equipment, either by conducted or radiated emissions. Proper
grounding and shielding can reduce this effect.
Leakage currents from the PWM waveform may affect ground fault
protective relays. How much they are affected depends on the type of EMC
filter used, whether or not this filter is grounded, and also by how the power
system is grounded.
Drive control circuits are not internally referenced to ground. We will show
how and where to ground them for maximum benefit.
By properly grounding the drive we can help reduce the EMI from the drive
operation, reduce ground fault tripping, and obtain the best control signal
integrity.

Definitions Electromagnetic interference (EMI). This is an unwanted signal that can

disturb monitoring, control, or communication signals. EMI can be radiated
through the air or conducted over the control, network, or power wiring. EMI
should be eliminated or reduced as much as possible.
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). This is a term used to describe
methods or equipment that can reduce electromagnetic interference. An
example is the EMC filter (Figure 1) which connects to the input of the VFD.

Figure 1: EMC Filter

™
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Grounding and Bonding Practices 8800DB1501
Fundamental Principles 08/2015

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Since the DC bus voltage is not

adjustable, the varying output voltage of a VFD is created by varying the
width of the output pulses. For a 460 V drive, the motor pulses rise from 0 to
650 Vdc in less than a microsecond. This high dV/dt can cause noise
currents to be coupled into other nearby conductors. See Figure 2. The
pulse frequency is constant, 4 kHz for example, and the pulse width (also
called duty cycle) controls the average effective voltage.

Figure 2: Pulse Width Modulation

Fundamental Principles

Principle 1 Electricity always travels in a closed loop. When troubleshooting electrical

noise issues, look for the path back to the source.
Using a current probe with an oscilloscope can be helpful in diagnosing and
correcting grounding issues. By detecting the noise currents and
understanding the path, it is easier to know how to do the ground wiring.

Principle 2 There is always some capacitance between any two conductors.

Figure 3: Capacitance

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Principle 3 The current in a capacitor depends on the rate of change of the voltage.

Figure 4: Capacitor Current

The PWM voltage pulses can result in currents spikes in the ground wires.
As an example, capacitively coupled current spikes from a square wave are
shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Noise Currents

Three Areas of Grounding • VFD input side grounding

• VFD output side grounding
• VFD controls and communications grounding
The drive must be grounded to the incoming power for safety and for noise
reduction. The motor should also be grounded. How that is accomplished
can greatly affect the amount of electrical noise in the system. Since the
drives have analog and digital inputs and outputs (I/O) for control systems,
as well as communications such as Modbus or Ethernet, proper grounding
of these cables is also important.

VFD Input Side Grounding In the US, all installations use one of the following methods of input side
connections:
• Wye solidly grounded
• High resistance grounded
• Corner grounded delta
• Corner grounded open delta
• High leg delta
• Delta ungrounded

Wye Solidly Grounded This is the most common and preferred method of input side grounding. It
gives a balanced voltage to ground and it provides a path for ground
currents. Incoming transients have a path to ground, so they do not get to
the drive. Noise currents coupled to ground from the motor can use the
ground to get back to the drive. See “VFD Output Side Grounding” on
page 6. This noise then does not go further upstream.
Slash rated overcurrent protective devices, with ratings such as 480Y/277,
can be used on solidly grounded Wye systems. They cannot be used on

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any of the other connection systems because one or more of the voltages
will exceed the lower number in the slash rating.The EMC neutral switch on
the drive can be closed when using a solidly grounded WYE system. It
should be opened when using one of the other connection systems.

Figure 6: Wye Solidly Grounded

High Resistance Grounded (HRG) Systems This configuration has a resistor from the transformer wye neutral to ground.
It limits any fault current if there is a short to ground. Because the fault
current is low, the circuit breaker will not open. A ground fault relay is used
to detect if there is a ground fault and this relay can be used to provide a
warning or to trip the circuit breaker.

Corner Grounded Delta In this configuration, one of the phases of the delta connected secondary is
grounded (usually B phase) to create a Neutral. Although most drives can
work with this configuration, there is a higher line-to-ground voltage for the A
and C phases, and therefore the EMC filter ground must be disconnected.
Also, the DC bus levels fluctuate and can produce drive ground faults if the
cable runs to the motor are long.

Figure 7: Corner Grounded Delta

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Corner Grounded Open Delta Similar to the corner grounded delta, this configuration has the B phase
grounded. However, the transformer winding from A to C is missing. This
phase is created by the vector sum of A to B plus B to C. For running three-
phase motors directly, it can work satisfactorily. But since drives have a
rectifier front end, they can act as though they are on single-phase power.
The voltages can become very unbalanced and the drive may overheat.
Adding a line reactor can help balance the currents. A better solution is to
add a delta wye drive isolation transformer to balance the voltages and
derive a neutral for balanced drive input voltages.

Figure 8: Corner Grounded Open Delta

High Leg Delta In this delta configuration, one of the windings has a grounded center tap.
Usually used only for 240 V systems, this gives two 120 V lines to ground (A
to ground and C to ground) as well as 240 V (A to C), similar to the single
phase power in house. The B phase is higher with respect to ground, 208 V,
and therefore the name high leg delta.
Line-to-ground voltages: A = 120, B = 208, C = 120.
Line-to-line voltages: A to B = 240, B to C = 240, C to A = 240.

Figure 9: High Leg Delta

With this configuration, a building could have single-phase power for the
lights and equipment and three-phase power for the pumps and fans. This is

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usually seen in farms and applications where the amount of power needed
is low. The EMC filter must be disconnected in this configuration.

Delta ungrounded The delta secondary in this system is not grounded at all, but is left floating
with respect to ground. The actual voltage to ground is a result of stray
capacitances. If the capacitances are balanced, then the voltage may
appear to be balanced with respect to ground; however, any transients can
upset this balance and cause much higher voltages with respect to ground.
In this system, the EMC filter must be disconnected from ground. There may
be high levels of electrical noise which can interfere with the analog and
logic signals and the communication protocols.

Figure 10: Delta Ungrounded

VFD Output Side Grounding

Figure 11: Noise Current Path in a Drive System

The capacitively coupled noise currents from the motor and the motor cable
get coupled to ground and want to get back to the drive's DC bus. This is the
source of the PWM pulses, so the currents complete a loop back to the DC
bus.
The EMC filter, if connected to ground, provides a path back into the drive. If
the EMC filter ground switch is open, then the current has to go back to the
transformer neutral, then on the power leads, and then into the drive.

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Rule 1 Dedicate a ground wire from the motor directly to the VFD.

Figure 12: Dedicated Ground Wires from Motor to Drive

Figure 12 illustrates how to properly run the ground wires to the drive. There
must be a ground wire (1) that comes from the motor, along with the motor
power leads, directly back to the drive (2). Any noise that is coupled from
the motor winding to the motor housing gets brought by this ground wire
back to the drive, through the drive's internally grounded EMC filter, and
back to the DC bus. The incoming power ground (3) also has a wire from the
drive to the power system ground. This ground wire does not need to carry
the noise currents if the output ground wire is in place.

Rule 2 When using shielded cable between the VFD and motor, connect the cable
shield at both ends.

Figure 13: Connect the VFD Motor Cable Shield at Both Ends

Results of Properly Grounding a VFD

Figure 14: Input Ground (Left) and Motor Ground (Right)

Figure 14 shows the input ground (left) and the motor ground (right). The
input ground wire carries far less noise current than the motor ground wire.
Note that the scale factor for the motor ground graph is 10 times larger than
that of the input ground graph. If the EMC filter were disconnected from
ground, then these two currents would be the same.

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Properly Grounding a VFD on a Panel The motor power and the motor ground wire are connected directly to the
drive. This helps ensure that the noise currents do not have to go through
other wires on the panel. The incoming power ground wire comes to a
ground bar and then on to the drive. The ground bar is connected to the
panel at a location where the paint has been removed. Removing the paint
helps ensure a good electrical connection.Other control power transformers,
power supplies, PLCs, and such are also connected to the ground bar.

Figure 15: Properly Grounding a VFD on a Panel

Optimal EMC Grounding Most open style drives come with an EMC grounding plate (1) attached to
the bottom of the drive.

Figure 16: EMC Grounding

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Motor cable (6) is a shielded VFD cable with three wires plus the ground.
The motor ground is directly connected to the drive ground terminal. The
shield is exposed and grounded by the clamps (5).
The DB resistor cable (8) and control cable (7) should also be shielded and
grounded to this plate. The input power (3) and relay control wires (4) do not
need to be shielded.

More Fundamental Principles

Principle 4 Every wire has some inductance and therefore impedance.

Principle 5 The voltage across an impedance depends on the current through it (Ohm’s
Law: V = I x R).

Principle 6 If a circuit has multiple loops and they share an impedance, the voltage in
one loop will be affected by the current in the other loop. This is called
shared impedance coupling.

Figure 17: Shared Impedance Coupling

For example, Figure 17 illustrates a drive in a cabinet with a 3 ft wire

connecting the drive to a ground bar at the bottom of the cabinet.
This 3 ft wire will have an inductance of more than 1 μH, and at 1 MHz that
is more than 6 ohms of impedance.
The current spikes of 1 A that we saw in an earlier graph would develop a
voltage of 6 V across this wire.
These 6 V spikes would be added to the signal of any analog inputs or
outputs.

VFD Control and Communication

Grounding

Common Reference The logic inputs and outputs (I/O), analog I/O, and serial communications
are in a circuit that shares a common reference. This common is not
grounded inside the drive. It is intended to be grounded at the system
controller or PLC. It must not be left floating, especially if shielded cable is
used.

Switch Mode Power Supplies In order to derive the voltages needed for the electronics and the I/O, such
as the 24 V for the logic inputs and the 10 V for the speed potentiometer,
there is a switch mode power supply. This power supply has a transistor that
switches the DC bus voltage at 50 kHz to 100 kHz and drives a transformer

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to create the 5 V, 10 V, and 24 V needed. Although there is filtering for the

switch mode power supply, if the drive is not properly grounded, 50–100
kHz noise could appear on the control signals.

Rule 3 Ground the common of the control circuits at the system controller or PLC,
rather than at the drive.

Rule 4 Connect shields to the common reference.

Figure 18: Rule 3 and Rule 4

In this example, the shield and common are tied to ground at the PLC. With
the common and the shield at the same voltage, there will be no current flow
between them, even if there is a significant amount of capacitance between
them.
Any noise currents in the shield go to the reference point at the PLC and do
not add to any differential voltages on the signal wires. If there are any
switch mode power supply currents capacitively coupled to the control
circuits in the drive, the common wire will carry them to ground and back to
the drive, not affecting the control signals.

Figure 19: Improper Grounding of Shielded Cable

The example in Figure 19 shows a common mistake. The shield is

grounded, but the control circuits of the wires inside the shield are left
floating. This causes electrical noise issues.
The stray capacitances within the drive and controller will cause the wires in
the shield to be at some voltages other than ground. Because the wires and
the shield are at different voltages, the capacitance in the cable will cause
noise currents to flow, showing up as noise voltages between the wires and
with respect to ground. Shields must be connected to the common
reference of the wires they contain, and the common must be grounded at
one point in the installation.

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8800DB1501 Grounding and Bonding Practices
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Rule 5 Ground the shield at both ends.

Rule 6 Use a 0.01 μF (typical value) capacitor at one end of long cables.

Figure 20: Rule 5 and Rule 6

For the best in high frequency rejection, it may be desirable to ground the
other end of the shield at point 1 for bypassing high frequency noise to
ground. For long cable runs where the grounds may be at different
potentials, it is recommended to ground the other end (1) through a
capacitor (2) to block the low frequency (60 Hz) currents that could flow
through a ground loop (3). Without the capacitor, low frequency currents can
flow through the shield and couple noise into the signal wires inside the
shield.

Rule 7 Maintain good separation of wiring.

Figure 21: Rule 7

It is necessary to keep the noise sources (the motor leads) separated from
the potential noise receivers (the control or communication wiring). This can
be accomplished by distance and shielding. Use separate conduits for the
motor and the control wiring. Never run control wiring in the same conduit as
the motor leads.
Metal conduit that is grounded can provide some electrostatic shielding.
Steel conduit can also shield the wires from magnetic fields, further
improving the reliability.

Principles Summary 1. Electricity always travels in a closed loop.

2. There is always some capacitance between any two conductors.
3. The current in a capacitor depends on the rate of change of the voltage.
I = C dV/dt.
4. Every wire has inductance and therefore impedance.

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5. The voltage across an impedance depends on the current through it.

Ohms law: V = I x R.
6. If a circuit has multiple loops and they share an impedance, the voltage
in one loop will be affected by the current in the other loop.

Rules Summary 1. Dedicate a ground wire from the motor directly to the VFD.
2. When using shielded cable between the VFD and motor, connect the
cable shield at both ends.
3. Ground the common of the control circuits at the system controller or
PLC.
4. Connect shields to the common reference.
5. Ground the shield at both ends if there is not a risk that there will be
stray ground currents.
6. Use a capacitor to ground the shield at one end of long cables to
eliminate stray ground loop currents. Typical capacitor value is 0.01 μF.
7. Maintain good separation of wiring.

Conclusion By understanding how electric noise currents can flow in a system, noise
can be reduced or channeled in a way that can greatly reduce the effects
that the noise can produce. The PWM output of VFDs with its high dV/dt can
be easily coupled into other parts of the circuit where it can cause electrical
interference in control wiring and communication cables. By using the
techniques shown in this paper, we can reduce the noise and provide
reliable control of motor loads.

For More Information For more information on variable frequency drives see:
• 8800DB0801, The Effects of Available Short Circuit Current on AC
Drives
• 8800DB1203, Variable Frequency Drives and Short-Circuit Current
Ratings
• CPTG003, Control Panel Technical Guide-How to protect a machine
from malfunctions due to electromagnetic disturbance.
For more information on Grounding see:
• Electrical Installation Guide 2015 from Schneider Electric
• National Electric Code® NFPA® 70
• IEEE Green Book 142-1991, “Recommended Practice for Grounding of
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”
• IEEE Emerald Book 1100-1999 “Recommended Practice for Powering
and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment”
• IEC 60364 “Low-Voltage Electrical Installation”

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