Business Statistics 33

Chapter 3.1 Measures of Dispersion

 †h me †jL‡Ki eB †_‡K cÖ‡kœi aiY †h mv‡ji cixÿvq G‡m‡Q

AsK/w_Dwi †bqv n‡q‡Q:

Co-efficient of range
 Gupta & Gupta (18e)
MD/ SD 2016 (MRK), 2016
 S. P. Gupta (8e) 2012, 2014, 2016, 2016 (Acc), 2017 (Acc)
Combined SD
 T.V. Varalakshmi & Others
Variance 2011
 Tabibar & Others (2016)
CV 2010, 12, 15, 2016
 NU Questions (up to 2017)

we¯Ívi cwigvc (Measures of Dispersion) m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK aviYv1

wb‡Pi D`nviYwU jÿ¨ Kit

welq evsjv Bs‡iwR AsK †gvU Mo

b¤^i b¤^i

1g QvÎ 50 50 50 150 50

2q QvÎ 40 50 60 150 50

3q QvÎ 20 30 100 150 50

D`vniYwU‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q, wZbRb Qv‡ÎiB Mo b¤^i 50| wKš‘ b¤^‡ii web¨vm
wZbwUi GKiKg bq| 1g Qv‡Îi Mo gvbwU Zvi cÖwZwU wel‡q cÖvß b¤^‡ii h_v_©
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Q| 2q Qv‡Îi b¤^‡ii Mo 50 n‡jI cÖvß b¤^i¸wj 40 †_‡K 60 ch©šÍ
we¯Í…Z| 3q Qv‡Îi Mo GKB _vK‡jI Zvi b¤^‡ii we¯Í…wZ AviI †ewk|
ZvB Z‡_¨i ˆewkó¨mg~n dzwU‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ G‡‡ÿ‡Î †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvcK
QvovI Ab¨vb¨ cwigvc‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq| A_©vr Mo
gvbwU Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jvi KZUzKz cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ we¯Ívi
cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb nq|
we¯Ívi cwigvc n‡jv wb‡ek‡bi ivwk¸‡jvi †K›`ªxq [Mo] gvb †_‡K cv_©‡K¨i
cwigvc| Z_¨mvwii ivwk¸‡jvi web¨vm hZ Nbxf‚Z _v‡K, we¯Ívi cwigvc‡Ki gvb ZZ
Kg nq| Ab¨w`‡K ivwk¸wj hZ †ewk Qov‡bv _v‡K, we¯Ívi cwigvc‡Ki gvb ZZ †ewk

1
cwimsL¨vb cwiwPZ (1997), evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek^we`¨vjq, c„. 111|
34 Chapter  3.1 : Measures of Dispersion

nq|

 (a) Absolute measures of dispersion

Method Rules Explanation
1 Range L= Largest value
. R=L−S S= Smallest value
2 Mean Deviation(Mo
. †_‡K)
[GKBfv‡e ga¨gv I
M . D=
∑|x −x́|
cÖPzi‡Ki †ÿ‡Î x́ Gi N
cwie‡Z© M e , M o
n‡e]
3 Standard Deviation σ =¿Standard Deviation
∑ ( x− x́ )2
. Direct Method

Standard Deviation
σ=
√ N
2
Alternative Method

Ungrouped Data: Mean

σ=
√ ∑ x2 − ∑ x
N ( ) N
2 d= x−A
Gi gvb fMœvsk n‡j ]

Grouped Data: Mean Gi

σ=
√ ∑ d2−
N (∑ )N
d

2 m− A

4
gvb fMœvsk n‡j]

Variance
σ=
√ ∑ fd2 −

fd 2
N (∑ )
N
fd
×i
2
d= x−A ; d=
i
GKBfv‡e SD-Gi Ab¨ m~θ‡jvi
.

5 Combined SD
σ 2
=[∑ −
N (∑ ) ]
N
fd
×i 2 eM© n‡e|

N 1 σ 12+ N 2 σ 22 + N 1 ( x́1 −x́12 )2 + N 2 ( x́2 −x́12 )2

. σ 12=
√ N 1+ N 2
N 1 σ 12+ N 2 σ 22 + N 3 σ 32 + N 1 ( x́ 1− x́ 123 )2+ N 2 ( x́ 2−x́ 123 )2+ N 3 ( x́ 3− x́
σ 123 =
√ N 1+ N 2 + N 3

6 Quartile Deviation N
− pcf
4
Q1=L+ × i;
Q 3−Q 1 f
Q . D .=
2 3N
− pcf
4
Q3=L+ ×i
f
 Business Statistics 35

 (b) Relative measures of dispersion

Method Rules Explanation

1 Coefficient of Range L−S
CR= ×100
L+ S
2 Coefficient of Quartile Deviation Q −Q1
CQD= 3 ×100
Q3 +Q1
3 Coefficient of Mean Deviation(Mo †_‡K) MD
CMD= ×100
x́
4 Coefficient of Variation σ
CV = × 100
x́

Chapter Exercise : Part B and C 3.1

Problem-1 [Range] [NU 2nd year 2015 (Finance)] Find the Range and Co-efficient of Range from the
following data:
Marks 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
No. of students 13 17 25 30 16 10 9 10
[R= 70; CR= 63.64%]

Problem-2 [Range] [NU 2nd year 2011] Find the Range and Co-efficient of Range from the following data:
Marks 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
No. of students 13 17 25 30 16 10 9
[R= 60; CR= 60%]
Problem-3 [Range] [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p.132] The following are the prices of shares of a company from
Saturday to Thursday:
Day Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Price (Tk) 200 210 208 160 220 250
Calculate Range and Co-efficient of Range. [R= Tk 90; CR= 21.95%]

Problem-4 [Range] [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p.132] Calculate the Range and Co-efficient of Range from the
following data: [R= Tk 50; CR= 71.43%]
Profits (Tk. lakhs) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of companies 8 10 12 8 4

Problem-5 [Mean Deviation] [NU 2016] From the following data calculate mean deviation:
16, 20, 22, 19, 18, 20, 30, 18, 20, 22.
36 Chapter  3.1 : Measures of Dispersion

SOLUTION: P-5
Calculation of Mean Deviation
x |x− x́|
16 4.5
20 .5  Arithmetic Mean, X́ =
∑ x = 205 =20.5 .
22 1.5 N 10
19 1.5
18 2.5
 We know,
20 .5
30
18
9.5
2.5 Mean Deviation, M . D=
∑|x −x́|
20 .5 N
22 1.5 25
¿
∑ x =¿ ∑|x−x́|=25 10
205
¿ 2.5
Hence, mean deviation is 2.5.

Problem-6 [Mean Deviation] From the following data calculate mean deviation:
10, 15, 20, 22, 18, 15, 25, 15, 14, 16.

Problem-7 [Mean Deviation] From the following data calculate mean deviation:
12, 18, 20, 22, 18, 15, 25, 25, 20, 25.

Problem-8 [Mean Deviation] [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p.137] Calculate the average deviation from mean
from the following data:
Sales (in million Tk. 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of days 3 6 11 3 2

SOLUTION: P-8
Calculation of Mean Deviation
Sales Mid value No. of days x− A fd |x− x́|
(x) (f) d=
i
10-20 15 3 -2 -6
20-30 25 6 -1 -6
30-40 35A 11 0 0
40-50 45 3 1 3
50-60 55 2 2 4
N= 25 ∑ fd =¿ ∑| x−x́|=62
5
 Business Statistics 37

 Arithmetic Mean, X́ =A +
∑ fd ×i=35+ −5 ×10=352=33.
N 25

 We know, Mean Deviation, M . D=

∑|x −x́|= 62 =2.48
N 25

Problem-9 [Mean Deviation] Calculate the average deviation from mean from the following data:
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 10 4 8 12 6

[hints: Mean=25; MD=1.5]

Problem-10 [Standard Deviation] [T.V. Varalakshmi & Others)] Calculate the standard deviation from the
following data: 14, 22, 9, 15, 20, 17, 12, 11

SOLUTION: P-10
Calculation of Standard Deviation
2  Arithmetic Mean, X́ =
∑ x = 140 =15.
x x−x́ ( x−x́ ) N 8
14 1 1
22 7 49
9 6 36  We know, Standard Deviation,
15 0 0
∑ ( x− x́ )2
20
17
12
5
2
3
25
4
9
σ=

140
√ N
11
∑ x =120
4 16
2
∑ ( x− x́ ) =140
¿
√8
¿ √ 17.5
¿ 4.18

Problem-11 [NU 2nd Year 2015 (Special)] Determine standard deviation from the age of BBA third year
students: 20, 18, 12, 15, 16
38 Chapter  3.1 : Measures of Dispersion

Problem-12 [NU 2nd Year 2016 (MRK)] From the following data calculate mean deviation and standard
deviation: 16, 20, 22, 19, 18, 20, 30, 18, 20, 22.

Problem-13 [SD] [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p.179] Blood serum cholesterol levels of 10 persons are as under:
240 260 290 245 255 288 272 263 277 250
Calculate Standard Deviation with the help of assumed mean. [σ = 16.48]

Problem-14 [NU 3rd Year 2016] Given the following information find standard deviation:
N=10 , ∑ x=60 , ∑ x 2=1,000.

Problem-15 Given the following information find standard deviation:

N=30 , ∑ x=120 , ∑ x 2=2,400.

Problem-16 [SD] Babor Azam scored the following runs in ten innings. Calculate Mean and Standard
Deviation.
50 40 85 55 70 75 60 45 40 30

Calculation of Mean and Standard Deviation

Runs (x) d = xA d2 ∑d
50 -10 100  Arithmetic Mean, X́ =A +
40 -20 400 N
85 25 625 −50
55 -5 25 ¿ 60+ =60 5=55
70 10 100 10
75 15 225
60 A 0 0
 We know, Standard Deviation,
45 -15 225
40 -20 400 2
30
N=10
-30
∑ d=−50 ∑ d 2=3000
900
σ=
√ ∑ d2− ∑ d
N
3000 −50 2
( ) N

¿
√ 10
−
10 ( )
= √300−25= √ 275=16.58
 Business Statistics 39

Problem-17 [SD] The scores of Sakib Al Hasan for 10 innings are given below. Calculate Mean, Standard
Deviation and co-efficient of variation.
60 40 45 30 40 70 100 42 44 20

[ hints : A=40 ; ∑ d=91 ;∑ d 2=5445 ; x́=49.10, SD=21.49 ; CV =43.76 % ]

Problem-18 [Standard Deviation] [T.V. Varalakshmi & Others), p.160] Calculate Standard Deviation from
the following data:
X: 20 22 25 31 35 40 42 45
f: 5 12 15 20 25 14 10 6

SOLUTION: P-18
Calculation of Standard Deviation
x f d= x−A fd f d2
20 5 -11 -55 605
22 12 -9 -108 972
25 15 -6 -90 540
31 (A) 20 0 0 0
35 25 4 100 400
40 14 9 126 1134
42 10 11 110 1210
45 6 14 84 1176
N= 107 ∑ fd =¿ ∑ f d 2=¿
167 6037

 We know, Standard Deviation,

2

σ=
√ ∑ fd2 − ∑ fd
N ( )
N
=
√ 6037 167 2
107
− ( )
107
= √56.42−2.44= √ 53.98=7.35

Problem-19 [Standard Deviation] Calculate Standard Deviation from the following data:
Marks obtained 10 16 20 24 30 40 50 60
No. of students 6 5 10 5 8 15 4 7
[ hints : A=30 ; ∑ fd=120 ; ∑ fd2=13960 ; SD=15.12 ]
Problem-20 [Standard Deviation] [T.V. Varalakshmi & Others)] The daily temperature recorded in a city
in Russia in a year is given below:
Temperature C0 40 to 30 to 20 to 10 to 0 0 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 30
30 20 10
No. of days 10 18 30 42 65 180 20
Calculate standard deviation.

Calculation of Standard Deviation

40 Chapter  3.1 : Measures of Dispersion

Temperature Mid value (m) No. of days (f) m− A fd f d2

d=
i
40 to 30 35 10 3 30 605
30 to 20 25 18 2 36 972
20 to 10 15 30 1 30 540
10 to 0 5 42 0 0 0
0 to 10 5 65 1 65 400
10 to 20 15 180 2 180 1134
20 to 30 25 20 3 20 1210
40 to 30 N= 365 ∑ fd =¿ 389 ∑ f d 2=¿
1157
 We know, Standard Deviation,
2

σ=
√ ∑ fd2 − ∑ fd
N ( ) N
×i=
1157 389 2
√365
−
365 ( )
× 10=1.4262 ×10=14.260 c

Problem-21 [SD] Calculate the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of the following data:
Temperature C0 15 to 10 10 to 5 5 to 0 0 to 5 5 to 10
No. of days 5 4 6 8 2
[ hints : A=−2.5 ; ∑ fd=−2; ∑ f d 2=40 ; x́=−2.90 ; SD=6.31 ]

Problem-22 [Standard Deviation] [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p.178] Calculate the arithmetic mean, median and
standard deviation for the following distribution:
Height No. of Height No. of
(in inch) persons (in inch) persons
60 less than 63 4 69 less than 72 33
63 less than 66 14 72 less than 75 8
66 less than 69 59 75 less than 78 2
[hints: AM = 68.32; Median = 68.14; SD = 2.79]

Problem-23 [Mean & Variance] [NU 2011] Calculate the mean and variance from the following data:
Daily wages 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of workers 2 7 10 5 3

[ hints : A=25 ; ∑ fd=0 ; ∑ f d 2=32 ; x́=25 ; SD=118.52]

Problem-24 [CV] [T.V. Varalakshmi & Others)]
Price of a particular commodity in five years in two cities are given below:
Price in City A 20 22 19 23 16
 Business Statistics 41

Price in City B 10 20 18 12 15
Which city has more stable prices?

[ hints : A=19 ;∑ dx=5 ; ∑ dx 2=35 ; x́=20 ; SD=2.45 ; CV =12.25 % ]

[ A=12; ∑ dy=15 ; ∑ dy 2=113 ; ý=15 ; SD=3.69; CV =24.59 %]

Problem-25 [CV] [NU 2015] Two cricketers scored the following runs in ten innings. Find who is a better
run getter and who is a more consistent player:
A 42 17 83 53 72 76 64 45 40 32
B 28 70 31 0 59 108 82 14 3 95
[ hints : A=53 ;∑ dx=−6 ;∑ dx 2=4002 ; x́=52.4 ; SD=20 ; CV =38.17 % ]
[ A=59 ;∑ dy=−100 ; ∑ dy2 =14734 ; ý=49; SD=37.06 ; CV =75.63 % ]

Problem-26 [CV] [NU 2010] The scores of two cricket player for 10 innings are given below. Compute the
efficiency of the two players.
Cricketer  A 101 40 0 13 67 78 6 90 0 3
Cricketer  B 20 25 44 35 43 65 55 39 47 27
[ hints : A=67 ; ∑ dx =−272; ∑ dx 2=22246 ; x́=39.8 ; SD=38.53; CV =96.81% ]
[ A=35 ;∑ dy=50 ; ∑ dy 2 =1994 ; ý=40; SD=13.21 ; CV =33.02 % ]

Problem-27 [CV] [NU 2nd year 2015 (Special)] The scores of two cricket player for 10 innings are given
below. Compare the efficiency of two players.
Cricketer  A 101 40 0 15 67 6 78 90 0 3
Cricketer  B 20 25 35 43 65 50 40 46 45 47

[ hints : A=67 ; ∑ dx =−270 ;∑ dx 2=22034 ; x́=40 ; SD=38.40; CV =95.99 %]

[ A=35 ;∑ dy=66 ; ∑ dy 2=1904 ; ý=41.60 ; SD=12.12; CV =29.13 % ]

Problem-28 [CV] [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p.179] Calculate the co-efficient of variation from the following
data:
No. of days absent 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30
No. of students 29 140 250 108 52 21
[ hints : A=12.5 ;∑ fd=77 ; ∑ f d 2=761; x́=13.14 ; SD=5.59; CV =42.54 % ]
42 Chapter  3.1 : Measures of Dispersion

Problem-29 [Mean, CV] [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p.178] The life of two types of tyres in a sample survey is
given below:
Life (in km) Type-A Type-B
5,000-10,000 18 15
10,000-15,000 22 24
15,000-20,000 26 30
20,000-25,000 25 18
25,000-30,000 9 13
(i) Which of the two types of tyre give a higher average life? [AM: for A 16,750; for B=17000]
(ii) If prices are same for both the types, which type would you prefer and why? [CV: A=36.89%;
B=36.38%]

Problem-30 [Mean, CV] [NU 2nd year 2015 (MRK] The life of two models of refrigerators in a recent
survey are:
Life (No. of years) No. of refrigerator
Model-A Model-B
0-2 5 2
2-4 16 7
4-6 13 12
6-8 7 19
8-10 5 9
10-12 4 1
(i) What is the average life of each model? [AM: for A ; for B= ]
(ii) Give opinion which model should be selected? [CV: A= ; B= ]

Problem-31 [SD] [NU 2014] Mean of 100 item is 50 and their standard deviation is 4. Find the sum of

2
squares of all items. [hints: σ =

[Ans: ∑ x 2=2,51,600 ¿
√ ∑ x2 − ∑ x
N ( )
N
-G m~‡Î gvb ewm‡q ∑ x 2 Gi gvb †ei Ki‡Z n‡e]

Problem-32 [SD] Mean of 50 item is 30 and their standard deviation is 2. Find the sum of squares of all

2
items. [hints: σ =
√ ∑ x2 − ∑ x
N ( )N
-G m~‡Î gvb ewm‡q ∑ x 2 Gi gvb †ei Ki‡Z n‡e]
 Business Statistics 43

Problem-33 [SD] [NU 2012] The CV of a distribution is 22.50% and the value of mean is 8.50. Find the
value of standard deviation. [Ans: 1.9125]

Problem-34 [CV] [NU 2012] A manufacturer of television tubes has two types of tubes, A and B.
Respectively, the tubes have mean life time of X́ A =1,495 hours and X́ B=1,875 hours. Standard
deviation of σ́ A =280 hours and σ́ B=310 hours. Which tube has the greater (a) absolute dispersion and
(b) relative dispersion?
[hints: Comment: (a) Tube B has the greater absolute dispersion. (b) Tube A has the greater relative dispersion.

Problem-35 [CV] [NU 2nd year 2015 (MRK)] Particulars regarding the income of two villages are given
below:
Village Village X Village Y
Average Income (Tk) 200 250
Variance of Income (Tk) 81 64
In which village is the variation in income greater? [CV: X= 4.5%; Y=3.2%]

Problem-36 [Combined Mean & Combined SD] [BBS 2006] For a group of 50 male workers in a firm, the
mean and standard deviation of their weekly wages Tk 63 and Tk 9 respectively. For a group of 40 female
workers, those are Tk 54 and Tk 6 respectively. Find the mean and standard deviation of weekly wages for
the combined group of 90 workers of the firm. [ hints : x́ 12 =59 ; Combined SD=9 ]

Problem-37[Combined SD] [NU 2013] The mean of two samples of size 50 and 100 respectively are 54.1
and 50.3, and standard deviation are 8 and 7. Obtain the standard deviation of the sample of size 150 by
combining the two samples. [ hints : x́ 12=51.57 ; Combined SD=7.56 ]

Problem-38 [Combined SD] [NU 2nd year 2017 (Acc)] The mean of two samples of size 50 and 100
respectively is 54 and 50.3, and standard deviation are 8 and 7. Obtain the standard deviation of the sample
of size 150 by combining the two samples.

Problem-39 [Combined SD] The mean of two samples of size 60 and 40 respectively are 50 and 60, and
standard deviation are 6 and 8. Obtain the standard deviation of the sample of size 100 by combining the two
samples. [ hints : x́ 12 =54 ; Combined SD=8.44 ]
44 Chapter  3.1 : Measures of Dispersion

Problem-40 [CV] [T.V. Varalakshmi & Others)] In two factories A and B located in the same industrial
area, the average weekly wages (in Taka) and the standard deviations are as follows:

Factory Average wages Standard Deviation No. of workers

A 34.5 5 476
B 28.5 4.5 524
(i) Which factory A or B pays out larger amount as weekly wages?
(ii) Which factory A or B has greater variability in individual wages?
Given, Req. (ii):
X́ 1 =34.5 σ 1 =5 N 1=34.5 σ1
 CV of Factory A ¿ ×100=¿
X́ 2 =28.5 σ 2=4.5 N 2=34.5 X́ 1
5
Req. (i): ×100=14.49 %
Total wages paid by factory A =
34.5

X́ 1 × N 1=34.5× 476=Tk 16,422 σ2

Total wages paid by factory B =  CV of Factory B ¿ ×100=¿
X́ 2
X́ 2 × N 2 =28.5× 524=Tk 14,934
4.5
×100=15.79 %
Comment: Hence, Factory A pays out larger amount as weekly 28.5
wages.
Comment: Since CV of factory B is greater
than that of Factory A, Factory B has greater
variability in individual wages.

Problem-41 [CV] [NU 2nd year 2012, 2015 (Finance), 2016 (Acc] The average weekly wages and standard
deviations of two factories are as follows:

Average weekly SD of No. of

wages (Tk) wages workers

A 460 50 100
B 490 40 80
(i) Which factory pays larger amount for weekly wages? [hints: Total wages = ( X́ × N )]

(ii) Which factory shows larger variability in the distribution of wages? [hints: CV]
[CV: A= 10.87%; Y=8.16%]

(iii) What are the mean and standard deviation of all the workers in two factories taken
together? [hints: Combined Mean & Combined SD]
[ hints : x́ 12=473.33 ; Combined SD=48.19 ]
 Business Statistics 45

Problem-42 [CV] [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p. 180] For two firms A and B belonging to the same industry, the
following details are available:

Firm-A Firm-B
No. of employees : 100 200
Average monthly wages : Tk. 240 Tk. 180
S.D. : Tk. 16 Tk. 18

(i) Which firm pays out larger amount as wages? [hints: Total wages = ( X́ × N )]

(ii) Which firm shows greater variability in the distribution of wages? [hints: CV]

[CV: A= 6.67%; Y=10%]

(iii) Find average monthly wage and standard deviation of all the employees in both the firms.
[hints: Combined Mean & Combined SD] [ hints : x́ 12=200 ; Combined SD=33.19 ]

Problem-43 [CV] [NU 2nd year 2014, 2016] Particulars regarding income of two villages are given below:

Village-A Village-B
No. of People : 600 500
Average Income : Tk. 175 Tk. 186
Variance of Income : 100 81

a) In which village is the variation in income greater? [CV: A= 5.11%; Y=4.84%]

b) What is the total income of both the villagers put together? ( X́ 1 × N 1 ¿+( X́ ¿¿ 2× N 2) ¿ [Ans:
1,98,000]

c) What is the average income of the people of both the villagers put together? [hints: Combined
Mean] [Ans: 180]

d) What is the combined standard deviation? [Ans: 11.02]

46 Chapter  3.1 : Measures of Dispersion

Problem-44 Gupta & Gupta (18e), p. 156] The mean and standard deviation of a sample of size 10 were
found to be 9.5 and 2.5 respectively. Later on, an additional observation became available. This was 15 and
was included in the original sample. Find the mean and the standard deviation of the 11 observations.

SOLUTION: p-44

 Here, Now, adding 11th observation,

∑ x ⇒ 9.5= ∑ x ∴ ∑ x 2=965+ ( 15 )2=1190.

X́ = ∑ x=95
N 10
∴ Standard Deviation of the 11 observation,
∑ x =95+15=110
Adding 11th observation, 2

∴ Mean of the 11 observation, X́ =

∑x
N
σ=
√ ∑ x2 − ∑ x
N ( )
N
2
1190 110
¿
110
11
=10.
¿
√ 11
−
11 ( )
¿ √ 108.18−100
2 ¿ √ 8.18
 Again, σ=

2
√ ∑ x2 − ∑ x
N ( )N ¿ 2.86 .

∑ x2 − ∑ x
⇒σ 2
=
N ( )
N

2 ∑ x2 2
⇒ ( 2.5 ) = −( 9.5 )
10

⇒ 6.25=
∑ x2 −90.25
10
∑ x2
⇒ 96.5= ∴ ∑ x2 =965
10

Problem-45 [Gupta & Gupta (18e), p. 173] The arithmetic mean and standard deviation of a series of 20
items were calculated by a student as 20 cm and 5 cm respectively. But while calculating, an item 13 was
 Business Statistics 47

misread as 30. Find the correct arithmetic mean and standard deviation. [Ans: Correct mean = 19.5; Correct SD =
4.66]

Problem-46 [ Gupta & Gupta (18e), p. 180] The mean and standard deviation of 17 observations were found
to 25 and 5 respectively. Later on, it was found that two values 51 and 31 were wrongly read as 35 and 13
respectively. Find the correct mean and the standard deviation. [Ans: Correct mean = 27; Correct SD = 6.96]