A Brief Introduction to

By Viviyan B. Kolekar
A.E.
 MCGM Departments

Ch.E.(M.&E.)

Dy.Ch.E.(M.&E.) Dy.Ch.E.(M.&E.)
P.&C. City

E.E. Mech. E.E. Mech. E.E. Mech.

( E.I.) P.&D. ( E.I.) Const. ( Refri.)

P&D of New Execution of Replacement

Works New Works & CSMC
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 MCGM Departments

Ch.E.(B.M.)

Dy.Ch.E.(H.I.C.)

A.E.(M.&E.) A.E.(M.&E.) A.E.(M.&E.)

B.C. B.M. H.I.C.

BC Works BM Works HIC works

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REFRIGERATION &
AIR CONDITIONING

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 Applications of Refrigeration System
• In chemical industries, for separating and
liquefying the gases.
• In manufacturing and storing ice.
• For the preservation of perishable food items in
cold storages.
• For cooling water.
• For controlling humidity of air manufacture and
heat treatment of steels.
• For chilling the oil to remove wax in oil refineries.
• For the preservation of tablets and medicines in
pharmaceutical industries.
• For the preservation of blood tissues etc.,
• For air conditioning the hospitals, theatres, etc., 5
 Applications of Refrigeration System

• Preservation of food items like vegetables,

milk and eggs.
• Preservation of medicines.
• Preservation of blood, tissues, etc.,
• Preservation and cooling of cool drinks.
• Preservation of chemicals (Chemical
industries)
• Cooling of water.
• Industrial and comfort airconditioning.
• Processing of dairy products.
 Applications of Air Conditioning

• Used in houses, hospitals, offices, computer

centres, theatres, departmental stores etc.,
• Air-conditioning of transport media such as
buses, cars trains, aeroplanes and ships.
• Wide application in food processing, printing,
chemical, pharmaceutical and machine tool,
etc.,
• In Hospitals for ICU, OT’s, Wards

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Residential Commercial Industrial

High/ Low rise Buildings Hotels, Restaurants Textile, Paper, Printing

Individual villas Shopping malls, Retail stores Food processing, Cold storages

Dwelling units Offices, Hospitals, Clinics Dairy, Milk plant

Hostels, Lodging Theatres, Auditoriums Pharmaceuticals

Schools, colleges IT Data centers

Labs, Libraries, Medicals Control rooms

Gymnasium, Museums Precision Mfg.

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 Refrigerators and Heat pumps

• If the main purpose of the machine is to cool

some object, the machine is named as
refrigerator.

• If the main purpose of machine is to heat a

medium warmer than the surroundings, the
machine is termed as heat pump.

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 Refrigerator and Heat pump

Warm Space

QR
Work Input
Heat
Pump

QR

Work Input Refrig

erator

Cold Space
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 REFRIGERATION
• It is defined as the process of providing and
maintaining a temperature well below that of
surrounding atmosphere.
• In other words refrigeration is the process of
cooling substance/ space, by extracting/
removal of heat.

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 Refrigeration Basics

• Refrigeration is the removal of heat from a material or space, so

that it’s temperature is lower than that of it’s surroundings.
• When refrigerant absorbs the unwanted heat, this raises the
refrigerant’s temperature (“Saturation Temperature”) so that it
changes from a liquid to a gas — it evaporates. The system then
uses condensation to release the heat and change the
refrigerant back into a liquid. This is called “Latent Heat”.
• This cycle is based on the physical principle, that a liquid extracts
heat from the surrounding area as it expands (boils) into a gas.
• To accomplish this, the refrigerant is pumped through a closed
looped pipe system.
• The closed looped pipe system stops the refrigerant from
becoming contaminated and controls its stream. The refrigerant
will be both a vapor and a liquid in the loop.

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 Terminologies of Refrigeration
Refrigerating Effect (N): It is defined as the quantity of
heat extracted from a cold body or space to be
cooled in a given time.
N= Heat extracted from the cold space
Time taken
Specific Heat of water and ice : It is the quantity of
heat required to raise or lower the temperature of
one kg of water (or ice), through one kelvin or (10 c)
in one second.
Specific heat of water, Cpw = 4.19 kJ/kg K
Specific heat of ice, Cpice = 2.1 kJ/kg K.
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 Terminologies of Refrigeration
Capacity of a Refrigeration Unit :
• Capacity of a refrigerating machines are expressed by their cooling
capacity.
• The standard unit used for expressing the capacity of refrigerating
machine is ton of refrigeration.
• One ton of refrigeration is defined as, “the quantity of heat abstracted
(refrigerating effect) to freeze one ton of water into one ton of ice in a
duration of 24 hours at 0o c”.
Heat extracted from at 0o c = latent heat of ice
Latent heat of ice = 336 kJ/kg
i.e., 336 kJ of heat should be extracted from one kg of water at 0o C to
convert it into ice.

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 Terminologies of Refrigeration
Co efficient of Performance: It is defined as the ratio of
heat extracted in a given time (refrigerating effect) to
the work input.
Co efficient of performance = Heat extracted in evaporator
Work Input
Co efficient of performance = Refrigerating Effect
Work Input
Co efficient of performance = N
W
The COP is always greater than 1 and known as theoretical
coefficient of performance.

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 Terminology and Info

• BTU’s - British Thermal Units

– Measured in “Tons”. 12,000 BTU’s equal 1 ton.
• Latent Heat - Latent Heat is the heat given up or absorbed by a
substance as it changes state.
• Superheated Vapor - Refrigerant vapor is heated above its saturation
temperature.
• Saturation Temperature - Also referred to as the boiling point or the
condensing temperature. This is the temperature at which a
refrigerant will change state from a liquid to a vapor or vice versa.
• Sensible Heat - Heat, that when added or removed, causes a change
in temperature but not in state.
• Sub-Cooling - Sub-cooling is a temperature below saturated
pressure-temperature. Sub-cooling is a measurement of how much
liquid is in the condenser. In air conditioning, it is important to
measure sub-cooling because the longer the liquid stays in the
condenser, the greater the sensible (visible) heat loss.
 The Compressor

• The compressor is the heart of the

system.

• It compresses the low pressure

refrigerant vapor from the
evaporator and compresses it into a
high pressure vapor.

• The inlet to the compressor is called

the “Suction Line”. It brings the low
pressure vapor into the compressor.

• After the compressor compresses

the refrigerant into a high pressure
Vapor, it removes it to the outlet
called the “Discharge Line”.
 The Condenser
• The “Discharge Line” leaves the compressor and
runs to the inlet of the condenser.
• Compressed refrigerant is hot high pressure vapor
(as pressure goes up – temperature goes up).
• The hot vapor enters the condenser and starts to
flow through the tubes.
• Cool air is blown across the out side of the finned
tubes of the condenser (usually by a fan or water
with a pump).
• Since the air is cooler than the refrigerant, heat
jumps from the tubing to the cooler air (energy
goes from hot to cold – “latent heat”).
• As the heat is removed from the refrigerant, it
reaches it’s “saturated temperature” and starts to
“flash” (change states), into a high pressure liquid.
• The high pressure liquid leaves the condenser
through the “liquid line” and travels to the
“metering device”. Sometimes running through a
filter dryer first, to remove any dirt or foreign
particles.
 Metering Devices

• Metering devices regulate how much liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator .
• Common used metering devices are, small thin copper tubes referred to as “cap
tubes”, thermally controller diaphragm valves called “TXV’s” (thermal expansion
valves) and single opening “orifices”.
• The metering device tries to maintain a preset temperature difference or “super
heat”, between the inlet and outlet openings of the evaporator.
• As the metering devices regulates the amount of refrigerant going into the
evaporator, the device lets small amounts of refrigerant out into the line and
looses the high pressure it has behind it.
• Now we have a low pressure, cooler liquid refrigerant entering the evaporative
coil (pressure went down – so temperature goes down).
 Thermal expansion Valves
• A very common type of metering device
is called a TX Valve (Thermostatic
Expansion Valve). This valve has the
capability of controlling the refrigerant
flow. If the load on the evaporator
changes, the valve can respond to the
change and increase or decrease the flow
accordingly.

• The TXV has a sensing bulb attached to

the outlet of the evaporator. This bulb
senses the suction line temperature and
sends a signal to the TXV allowing it to
adjust the flow rate. This is important
because, if not all, the refrigerant in the
evaporator changes state into a gas,
there could be liquid refrigerant content
returning to the compressor. This can be
fatal to the compressor. Liquid can not be
compressed and when a compressor tries
to compress a liquid, mechanical failing
can happen. The compressor can suffer
mechanical damage in the valves and
bearings. This is called” liquid slugging”.
 The Evaporator

• The evaporator is where the heat is removed from your house , business or
refrigeration box.
• Low pressure liquid leaves the metering device and enters the evaporator.
• Usually, a fan will move warm air from the conditioned space across the evaporator
finned coils.
• The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator tubes, absorb the warm room air. The
change of temperature causes the refrigerant to “flash” or “boil”, and changes from
a low pressure liquid to a low pressure cold vapor.
• The low pressure vapor is pulled into the compressor and the cycle starts over.
• The amount of heat added to the liquid to make it saturated and change states is
called “Super Heat”.
• One way to charge a system with refrigerant is by super heat.
 Refrigerants / Coolant

Refrigerant: Any substance that absorbs heat through

expansion and vaporisation process and loses heat
due to condensation is a refrigeration process is called
refrigerant.
Some examples of refrigerants are,
• Air
• Ammonia (NH3)
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• Freon – 12
• Methyl Chloride
• Methylene chloride.
 Properties of Refrigerants

• A good refrigerant should have high latent heat of

vapourisation.
• It should have low boiling and low freezing point.
• It should be non toxic and should non corrosiveness
• It should be non flammable and non explosive.
• It should have high thermal conductivity
• It should be easy to handle
• It should have low specific volume of vapour.
• It should have high co efficient of performance

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 The Refrigerant / Coolant
• Heat is removed from the cooling by coolant.
• Functions as a heat absorber from the evaporator
• Good coolant must have features ;
1. Non toxic
2. Not explosive
3. Non-corrosive components
• Soluble in oil to lubricate effectively
• Harmless when responding to oil even in the presence of
moisture
• Have a high resistance to electricity.

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 Primary and secondary refrigerants:
• Fluids suitable for refrigeration purposes can be classified into primary and
secondary refrigerants.
• Primary refrigerants are used directly as working fluids, for example in vapour
compression and vapour absorption refrigeration systems. When used in
compression or absorption systems, these fluids provide refrigeration by
undergoing a phase change process in the evaporator.
• Secondary refrigerants are used for transporting thermal energy from one location
to other. Secondary refrigerants are also known under the name brines or
antifreezes.
• If the operating temperatures are above 0 deg. C, then pure water can also be
used as secondary refrigerant, for example in large air conditioning systems.
Antifreezes or brines are used when refrigeration is required at sub-zero
temperatures.
• The commonly used secondary refrigerants are the solutions of water and
ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or calcium chloride. These solutions are known
under the general name of brines.

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Refrigeration Cycle

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Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

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Vapour Compression Refrigeration System - Construction

• This system consists of a compressor, condenser, a

receiver tank, an expansion valve and an evaporator.
• Compressor : Reciprocating compressors generally
used. For very big plants centrifugal compressors
directly coupled with high speed rotating engines
(gas turbine) are used.

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 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system

In this system compression process of vapour

compression cycle is eliminated. Instead of that the
following three processes are carried out.
1. Absorbing ammonia vapour into water.
2. Pumping this solution to a high pressure cycle
3. Producing ammonia vapours from ammonia solution
by heating.

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Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system - Construction

Construction:
• The vapour absorption system consists of a
condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator.
• They perform the same as they do in vapour
compression method.
• In addition to these, this system has an absorber, a
heat exchanger, an analyser and a rectifier.

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 Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system – Working

Working:
1. Dry ammonia vapor at low pressure passes in to the absorber
from the evaporator.
2. In the absorber the dry ammonia vapor is dissolved in cold
water and strong solution of ammonia is formed.
3. Heat evolved during the absorption of ammonia is removed by
circulating cold water through the coils kept in the absorber.
4. The highly concentrated ammonia (known as Aqua Ammonia) is
then pumped by a pump to generator through a heat exchanger.
5. In the heat exchanger the strong ammonia solution is heated by
the hot weak solution returning from the generator to the
absorber.
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Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system - Construction

Working:
6. In the generator the warm solution is further heated by steam coils,
gas or electricity and the ammonia vapour is driven out of solution.
7. The boiling point of ammonia is less than that of water.
8. Hence the vapours leaving the generator are mainly of ammonia.
9. The weak ammonia solution is left in the generator is called weak
aqua.
10. This weak solution is returned to the absorber through the heat
exchanger.
11. Ammonia vapours leaving the generator may contain some water
vapour.
12. If this water vapour is allowed to the condenser and expansion
valve, it may freeze resulting in chocked flow.
13. Analyser and rectifiers are incorporated in the system before
condenser.

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Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system - Construction

Working:
14. The ammonia vapour from the generator passes through a
series of trays in the analyser and ammonia is separated
from water vapour.
15. The separated water vapour returned to generator.
16. Then the ammonia vapour passes through a rectifier.
17. The rectifier resembles a condenser and water vapour still
present in ammonia vapour condenses and the condensate
is returned to analyser.
18. The virtually pure ammonia vapour then passes through
the condenser.

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Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system - Construction

Working:
19. The latent heat of ammonia vapour is rejected to the cooling
water circulated through the condenser and the ammonia
vapour is condensed to liquid ammonia.
20. The high pressure liquid ammonia is throttled by an
expansion valve or throttle valve.
21. This reduces the high temperature of the liquid ammonia to
a low value and liquid ammonia partly evaporates.
22. Then this is led to the evaporator.
23. In the evaporator the liquid fully vaporizes.

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Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system - Construction

Working:
24. The latent heat of evaporation is obtained from the brine or
other body which is being cooled.
25. The low pressure ammonia vapour leaving the evaporator
again enters the absorber and the cycle is completed.
26. This cycle is repeated again to provide the refrigerating
effect.

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Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system - Construction
• An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g.,
solar energy, a fossil-fuel flame, waste heat from factories, or district
heating systems) to provide the energy needed for the cooling process.
• In this system mechanical compression process of vapor compression cycle
is replaced by a thermal compression process.
• The thermal compression is achieved by the following process: ○
Absorbing a fluid vapor (e.g., say: ammonia) into another carrier liquid
(e.g., say water).
• Pumping this solution to a high pressure cycle by a simple pump ○
Producing vapors from the solution by heating (thus, cooling)
• ARS are often classified as heat-driven systems. They are used especially,
when there is a source of inexpensive thermal energy at a temperature of
100 to 200°C.
• The principle can be used to air-condition buildings using available waste
heat from a source. ARS are primarily used in large commercial, industrial
installations or for storage in recreational vehicles.
• Some examples include geothermal energy, solar energy, and waste heat
from cogeneration or process steam plants, and even natural gas when it is
at a relatively low price.
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 Comparison between Vapour compression & Vapour Absorption
refrigeration systems
S.No. Vapour Compression System Vapour Absorption System

1 This system has more wear and Only moving part in this system is an
tear and produces more noise due aqua pump. Hence the quieter in
to the moving parts of the operation and less wear and tear
compressor.
2. Electric power is needed to drive Waste of exhaust steam may be used.
the system No need of electric power
3. COP is more COP is less
4. At partial loads performance is At partial loads performance is not
poor. affected.
5. Mechanical energy is supplied Heat energy is utilised
through compressor
6. Energy supplied is ¼ to ½ of the Energy supplied is about one and half
refrigerating effect (less) times the refrigerating effect (more)

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 Comparison between Vapour compression & Vapour Absorption
refrigeration systems

S.No. Vapour Compression System Vapour Absorption System

7. Charging of the refrigerating to the Charging of refrigerant is difficult

system is easy

8. Preventive measure is needed, Liquid refrigerant has no bad effect

since liquid refrigerant on the system.
accumulated in the cylinder may
damage to the cylinder

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Layout of Domestic Refrigerator

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 Domestic Refrigerator……

• House hold refrigerators use vapor compression cycle

• Less energy: (90 W to 600 W)
– Due to small and high efficiency motors and compressors,
– better insulation materials,
– large coil surface area,
– better door seals
• Designed to maintain:
– Freezer section -18 °C
– Refrigeration section at 3°C
• Insulation materials:
– Fiber glass, k= 0.032 W/m °C
– Urethane foam, k= 0.019 W/m °C
– o
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 Domestic Refrigerator……

• Works better up to the environment of 43°C

• Ice maker (2 to 3 kg/day)
• Vapor absorption is more expensive and less efficient
• Energy consumption can be minimized for practicing good
measures
– Open the refrigeration doors fewest times possible
– Cool the hot foods to room temperature
– Clean the condenser coil behind the refrigerator
– Check the door gaskets for air leaks
– Avoid unnecessary low temperature settings
– Avoid excessive ice build up
– Use the power saver switch
– Do not block the air flow passages to and from the condenser coil.

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 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

• Introduction
• Principles of air-conditioning
• Type of air-conditioning
• Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle
• The coolant

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 Introduction
• Definition - Air conditioning is the process of
altering the properties of air (primarily
temperature and humidity) to more favorable
conditions.
• The control of these conditions may be
desirable to maintain the health and comfort
of the occupants, or to meet the requirements
of industrial processes irrespective of the
external climatic conditions

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45
 Classification OF Air Conditioning

Air conditioning systems are classified as

1) According to the purpose
a) Comfort Air conditioning.
b) Industrial Air conditioning.
2) According to Season of the year
a) Summer Air conditioning.
b) Winter Air conditioning.
c) Year round Air conditioning.

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Types of Air conditioners
a) Room Air conditioners
b) Winter Air conditioners
c) Central Air conditioners
Functions of Air conditioners
a) Cleaning air.
b) Controlling the temp of air.
c) Controlling the moisture content.
d) Circulating the air.

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 1) Windows Air-conditioning System

• Window air conditioners are one of the most

commonly used and cheapest type of air conditioners.
• To install one of these units, you need the space to
make a slot in the wall, and there should also be some
open space behind the wall.
• Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-
to-install solution to keep a room cool while avoiding
the costly construction of a central air system.
• Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these
units can be easily removed for storage, and you can
use the window sill for other purpose

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Window Type Air Conditioner

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50
 Window Type Air Conditioner - Working
• The low pressure vapour refigerant from
the evaporator is sucked by compressor
through the open inlet valve.
• The compressor compresses the vapour
refrigerant.
• The high pressure and high temperature
vapour refrigerant then flows to the
condenser through the open outlet
valve.
• In the condenser, the outside
atmospheric temperature in summer
being around 42o C, air is circulated by
fan.
• After condensation, the high pressure
liquid refrigerant formed passes through
an expansion valve which reduces its
pressure 51
 Window Type Air Conditioner - Working
• The low pressure refrigerant then enters
the evaporator and evaporates, thus
absorbing latent heat of vapourisation from
the room air.
• The equipment which is used for
evaporating the refrigerant is called
evaporator.
• After evaporation, the refrigerant becomes
vapour.
• The low pressure vapour is again passed to
the compressor. Thus the cycle is repeated.
• A partition separates high temperature
side of condenser, compressor and low
temperature side of evaporator

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 Window Type Air Conditioner - Working

• The quantity of air circulated can be

controlled by the dampers.
• The moisture in the air passing over the
evaporator coil is dehumidified and drips
into the trays.
• The unit automatically stops when the
required temperature is reached in the
room. This is accomplished by the
thermostat and control panel.
• Generally, the refrigerant monochloro
difluro methane (CHCLF2) is used in air
conditioner. It is called Freon 22.

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 Merits and Demerits of Window type air conditioner

Merits :
• A separate temperature control is provided in each room.
• Ducts are not required for distribution.
• Cost is less.
• Skilled technician is required for installation.

Demerits:
• It makes noise.
• Large hole is made in the external wall or a large opening to
be created in the window panel. This leads to insecurity to
inmates.
• Air quantity cannot be varied.
 2) Split Air-Conditioning System

• The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the

outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
• The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses
components like the compressor, condenser and expansion
valve.
• The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil
and the cooling fan. For this unit you don’t have to make
any slot in the wall of the room.
• Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and
add to the beauty of the room. The split air conditioner can
be used to cool one or two rooms

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Split Type Air Conditioner - Construction

56
Split Type Air Conditioner - Layout

57
Split Type Air Conditioner - Layout

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 Split Type Air Conditioner - Layout

• In split air type air conditioner noise making components

like compressor and condenser are mounted outside or
away from room.
• Split type air conditioning system has two main
components.
(i) Outdoor Unit (ii) Indoor unit.

• The outdoor unit consists of compressor and condenser.

• The indoor unit consists of power cables, refrigerant tube
and an evaporator mounted inside the room.
 Split Type Air Conditioner - Working
• Compressor is used to compress the refrigerant.
• The refrigerant moves between the evaporator and
condenser through the circuit of tubing and fins in the coils.
• The evaporator and condenser are usually made of coil of
copper tubes and surrounded by aluminium fins.
• The liquid refrigerant coming from the condenser
evaporates in the indoor evaporator coil.
• During this process the heat is removed from the indoor
unit air and thus, the room is cooled.
• Air return grid takes in the indoor air.
• Water is dehumidified out of air is drained through the drain
pipe.
 Split Type Air Conditioner - Working
• The hot refrigerant vapour is
passed to the compressor and
then to the condenser where it
becomes liquid.
• Thus the cycle is repeated.
• A thermostat is used to keep the
room at a constant, comfortable
temperature avoiding the
frequent turning on off.
 Merits and Demerits of Split type air conditioner

Merits :
• It is compact
• It is energy and money saving.
• Duct is not used.
• Easier to install.
• It is noiseless, because rotary air compressor used is, kept
outside.
• It is more efficient and powerful.
• It has the flexibility for zoning.
Demerits :
• Initial cost is higher than window air conditioner
• Skilled technician is required for installation.
• Each zone or room requires thermostat to control the air
cooling.
 3) Packaged Air-Conditioning System

• The window and split air conditioners are usually used for
the small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tons.
• The central air conditioning systems are used for where the
cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
• The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling
capacities in between these two extremes.
• The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed
rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
• These units are used commonly in places like restaurants,
telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.

63
 Air Cooled Packaged AC System
• Condenser of the refrigeration system is cooled by the atmospheric air.
• ODU comprises of the important components like the compressor,
condenser and in some cases the expansion valve.
• ODU to be kept where the free flow of the atmospheric air is available.
• The fan blows air over the condenser coil cooling.
• The condenser coil is made up of several turns of the copper tubing and
it is finned externally.
• The packaged ACs with the air cooled condensers are used more
commonly than the ones with water cooled condensers since air is
freely available it is difficult maintain continuous flow of the water.
• The cooling unit comprising of the expansion valve, evaporator, the air
handling blower and the filter are located on the floor or hanged to the
ceiling.
• The ducts coming from the cooling unit are connected to the various
rooms that are to be cooled.

64
Air Cooled Packaged AC System
65
Air Cooled Packaged AC System 66
Air Cooled Packaged AC System
67
 Water Cooled Packaged AC System
• The condenser is cooled by the water.
• The condenser is of shell and tube type, with refrigerant flowing along the
tube side and the cooling water flowing along the shell side.
• The shell and tube type of condenser is compact in shape and it is
enclosed in a single casing along with the compressor, expansion valve,
and the air handling unit including the cooling coil or the evaporator. The
control panel located externally.
• In the packaged units with the water cooled condenser, the compressor is
located at the bottom along with the condenser . Above these
components the evaporator or the cooling coil is located. The air handling
unit comprising of the centrifugal blower and the air filter is located above
the cooling coil.
• From the top of the package air conditioners the duct comes out that
extends to the various rooms that are to be cooled.
• All the components of this package AC are assembled at the factory site.
The gas charging is also done.
68
Water Cooled Packaged AC System
69
 4) Centralized Air-Conditioning System

• The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used

when large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping
malls etc. are to be air conditioned completely.
• The window, split & packaged air conditioners are used for
small office spaces.
• If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically
viable to put window, split or packaged air conditioners in
each and every room.
• Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large
halls, auditoriums, ICU, OT areas etc.

70
 Components of
Centralized AC System
i) Plant
ii) Air Handling Units
iii) Condenser Water Pump
iv) Chilled Water Pump
v) Insulation
vi) Fan Coil Units
vii) Valves
viii) Sensors
ix) Ducting
x) ACPH
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 Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Air Handling unit or AHU is an assembly of air conditioning components (such as fans,
cooling coils, filters, humidifiers and dampers) integrated into a self-contained
package and installed as a single unit, which is connected to system of metal duct
work that distributes the conditioned air.

Where does air come from and go to? 72

AHU Parts/ Segments

73
• HVAC AIR FUNCTIONS
• To understand how HVAC works, you need to be familiar with the
six functions of HVAC air.
• Return Air
– Air inside the building drawn back into the air handlers
• Outside Air
– Fresh air drawn into the air handlers from outside
• Supply Air
– Air blown into the building from the air handlers

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• HVAC AIR FUNCTIONS
• Makeup Air
– Air blown into the building by Makeup Air Unites (MAUs) to
maintain air pressure balance when pressure is low
• Relief Air
– Air exhausted from the building to maintain air pressure balance
when air pressure is high
• Exhaust Air
– Air expelled to remove contaminants from areas where
chemicals, hazardous materials, and toxic gases are present
– Air exhausted from the building in case of emergency

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 Air changes per hour (ACPH)

• Air changes per hour, abbreviated ACPH or ACH, or air

change rate is a measure of the air volume added to or
removed from a space (normally a room or house) divided
by the volume of the space.
ACPH = 60 Q / Volume
Where:
• ACPH = number of air changes per hour; higher values
correspond to better ventilation
• Q = Volumetric flow rate of air in cubic feet per minute
(cfm), if using Imperial units, or cubic meters per
minute if using SI
• Vol = Space volume L × W × H, in cubic feet if using
Imperial units, or cubic meters if using SI

76
AHU COMPONENTS
The Mixing Box section contains:
– Return Air Damper which connects to the Return Air Duct
• The Relief Air Damper also connects to the Return Air Duct
– Outside Air Damper which connects to the duct to the building
exterior

RELIEF AIR
RETURN AIR DAMPER
DAMPER

OUTSIDE AIR
DAMPER

MIXING BOX
AHU COMPONENTS
The Filter section contains:
– Access door for filter element replacement
– W.C. Meter mounted in door
• Filter is replaced when air pressure reaches maximum resistance

RETURN AIR
W.C. METER
RELIEF AIR

OUTSIDE AIR

FILTER MIXING BOX

AHU COMPONENTS
The Cooling Coil section contains:
– In and Out connections for chilled water
– Cooling coil heat exchanger

RELIEF AIR

RETURN AIR

OUTSIDE AIR

COOLING FILTER MIXING BOX

COIL
AHU COMPONENTS
The Fan section contains:
– Fan and motor
– Starter Box mounted on
exterior or nearby

RETURN AIR

OUTSIDE AIR

HEATING
COOLING FILTER MIXING BOX
COIL
COIL
 HEPA or tertiaary filter

Primary panel filter

Secondary filter
81
Scroll compressor

82
Screw compressor

83
Rotary Compressor

84
 Expansion Valve

1. Thermal expansion valves (TEVs)

2. Manual valves.
3. Capillary tubes.
4. Automatic valves.
5. Electronic expansion valves

85
COOLING TOWER (CT)
INDUCED DRAUGHT

86
COOLING TOWER (CT)
CROSS FLOW

87
COOLING TOWER (CT)
FORCED DRAUGHT

88
4) Centralized Air-Conditioning System

1) Water Cooled Chiller

2) Air Cooled Chiller
3) VRF / VRV AC System

89
 Types of Chillers:

i) Air Cooled Chillers

ii) Water Cooled Chillers
• Two different cooling mediums (air or water) can facilitate the
transfer of the latent heat given up as the refrigerant changes
from vapor to liquid.
• Chillers can use two different types of condensers, air-cooled
and water-cooled.
• Air-cooled condensers resemble the “radiators” that cool
automobile engines. They use a motorized blower to force air
across a grid of refrigerant lines. Unless they are specially
designed for high-ambient conditions, air-cooled condensers
require ambient temperatures of 95°F (35°C) or below to
operate effectively.
90
• Water-cooled condensers (Cooling tower is integral part)
perform the same function as air-cooled condensers, but
require two steps to complete the heat transfer. First, heat
moves from refrigerant vapor into the condenser water. Then,
the warm condenser water is pumped to a cooling
tower where the process heat is ultimately discharged to the
atmosphere. 91
Water Cooled Chiller System feature a water-cooled condenser
connected with a cooling tower. 92
Air Cooled Chiller System feature Air cooled condenser.
93
 Chiller System

• Water or brine solution is chilled to very low

temperatures of about 6 to 8 degree Celsius by in
chiller plant.
• Chilled water is pumped to different areas, parts.
• Chilled water is used to condition the air in AHU or
Fan coil Units.
• The chilled water flows through the cooling coil.
• This air passes over the cooling coil and gets cooled
and is then passed to the air conditioned space.

94
95
 VRF / VRV Systems

WHAT IS VRF?
• "Rolls Royce" of Air Conditioning Systems. It’s a very
sophisticated technological air conditioning system
• Based on Inverter technology compressors, the first
VRV HVAC systems were invented by Daikin during the early
1980's. As a technology leader in the HVAC industry,
Daikin had registered the VRV term

Principles:
• Refrigerant only - where refrigerant is the only coolant
material in the system (in contrary to the chilled water
systems.
96
 VRF / VRV Systems

• Inverter compressors that allow lowering power consumption

with partial cooling/heating loads.
• Several air handlers (indoor units) on the same refrigerant
loop / circuit.

TYPICAL VRF SYSTEM STRUCTURE

• An outdoor unit (comprising one or multiple compressors),
• Several indoor units
• Refrigerant piping, running from the ODU to all IDU
• Refnet Joints ie Y joints
• Communication wiring.
97
 VRF / VRV Systems

Advantages of VRF / VRV

• Maximum flexibility to meet customer requirements
• Advanced software tools assist with system design
• Increased occupant productivity with individual zone control, low
sound levels & tight temperature control
• Optimized energy efficiency
• Simple maintenance — low operational cost
• Useful Wherever Part Load Exists

98
Typical layout of VRF/ VRV System
99
VRF/ VRV ODU
100
101
102
AHU Kit : Enables non-VRV Air Handling Units to be seamlessly integrated into a VRF / VRV system 103
Refnet Joints

104
 Chiller Vs VRF Comparison
• Essential to evaluate different HVAC technologies & systems
that will best suit for that project.
• The designer has to consider various aspects such as life cycle
cost analysis, system architecture, space availability, etc.
• Whether to design a system for central plant with chilled water
system or to VRF System.

• Chiller Plant System Vs VRF comparison.

• Technology – Merits & Demerits
• System Life Cycle Cost analysis
• System Architecture
• Reliability
105
 Chiller Vs VRF Comparison
• VRF TECHNOLOGY : In a VRF system, multiple IDU fan coil units may be
connected to one ODU.
• The ODU has one or more compressors that are inverter driven, so their
speed can be varied by changing the frequency of the power supply to the
compressor, so does the amount of refrigerant delivered by the
compressor.
• Each IDU has its own metering device that is controlled by IDU itself, or by
ODU. Hence, amount of refrigerant needed to meet the individual
requirements of each IDU can be controlled.
• These features make the VRF system ideally suited for all applications that
have part load requirements / that require zoning.
• More versatile and efficient solutions, & precision control.
• ODU typically have a much smaller footprint and require less equipment
than chillers
• One more advantage of VRF systems is the smaller footprint and flexible
installation capabilities
106
 Chiller Vs VRF Comparison
The Chiller Advantage
• Chillers make it easier to take advantage of inexpensive alternative energy
sources
• Chillers utilize AHUs to control airflow throughout a facility.
• Initial equipment costs for a chiller system can be somewhat lower than a
VRF and chillers offer high COPs that may ultimately be the most cost-
efficient for more extensive facilities.
• Ideal for large-scale facilities that require constant climate control such as
industrial plants, power plants or large-scale shopping centers.
• Furthermore, chillers can provide options for more effective use of
resources and take advantage of non-peak electricity costs with chilled-
water and ice-storage systems.
• For regions where electricity supply is inconsistent and expensive or
where there is a readily available source of chilled water available for cool-
water systems, chillers can be the optimal choice for dependable
operation and lower energy costs.
107
108
 A MORE COMPLEX VARIABLE GEOMETRY VAV SYSTEM:

MAIN SUPPLY AIR DUCT PRESSURE

SENSOR/CONTROLLER LOOP
AHU

R
BRANCH DUCTS & SECONDARY
PRESSURE SENSORS AND
CONTROLLER LOOPS

STATIC PRESSURE SENSORS

MAIN SUPPLY AIR DUCT

PRESSURE CONTROL DAMPERS

109
Psychometric Chart

110
 Terminology and Info

• The dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated
with water vapor. When further cooled, the airborne water vapour will condense to
form liquid water (dew). When air cools to its dew point through contact with a
surface that is colder than the air, water will condense on the surface.
– When the air temperature is high, the human body uses the evaporation of sweat to cool down,
with the cooling effect directly related to how fast the perspiration evaporates.
– In winter, Air is drier, that cause skin to crack and become irritated more easily.
• The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a
thermometer freely exposed to the air, but shielded from radiation and moisture.
DBT is the temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the
true thermodynamic temperature.
• The wet-bulb temperature (WBT) is the temperature read by a thermometer
covered in water-soaked cloth (wet-bulb thermometer) over which air is passed. At
100% relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature is equal to the air temperature
(dry-bulb temperature) and it is lower at lower humidity.
– The wet-bulb temperature is the lowest temperature which may be achieved by evaporative
cooling of a water-wetted (or even ice-covered), ventilated surface.
– Lower wet-bulb temperatures that correspond with drier air in summer can translate to energy
savings in air-conditioned buildings due to:
• Reduced dehumidification load for ventilation air
• Increased efficiency of cooling towers
 Outside

Cooled and Mixed

dehumidified

Return

Summer 112
District Cooling (DC)

113
District Cooling (DC)

114
 District Cooling (DC)
• District Cooling (DC) involves using a central chiller plant to cool
water, which is then circulated to multiple buildings to provide
cooling.
• District Energy systemsis prevalent in the Middle East, across
Europe, and in Scandinavian countries. Particulary the
implementation of District Cooling systems has become a popular
choice in the Middle East as it significantly reduces CO2 emissions,
uses less harmful chemicals, and lowers energy use. This region,
where Smart Cities, mega projects, and urbanization are highly
prevalent, is an especially good location for the use of these unique
and effective systems.
• DC involves many different components to make it work. It uses a
chiller plant to cool water to around 4-5⁰C, offering a centralized
use of refrigerants and heat rejection methods, such as seawater,
river water, or even treated sewage effluent. In addition to a
chiller, the central plant also houses a water filtration and
treatment system, to help to keep the water recirculated through
the network conditioned and prevent the fouling of equipment.

115
 District Cooling (DC)
BENEFITS OF DISTRICT COOLING ENERGY SYSTEMS
• District Cooling offers many benefits over the reduced emissions,
reduction in the use of harmful chemicals, and energy use. There is
an economy of scale when using District Cooling for a cluster of
buildings including increased efficiency, stabilizes electric loads,
and reduced costs when compared to cooling buildings
individually.
• The use of District Cooling considerably reduces electrical demands,
particularly those which occur during times of peak demand. Since
these demands typically coincide with the peak cooling demands,
this reduces some of the burdens on the power grid and avoid
paying the inflated cost of peak power.
• District Cooling systems also reduce the overall operating and
maintenance costs.
• These systems can also reduce electric consumption by an average
of 50%, and it could be 40-60% more efficient than conventional
air conditioning.

116
 Chilled beam
• Chilled beam or chilled ceiling is a type of Radiation / Convection HVAC
System is designed to heat and cool large buildings.
• Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a Heat Exchanger) either
integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short
distance from the ceiling of a room.[
• As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to
the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a
constant passive air movement called convection, which cools the room.
• There are two types of chilled beams. Some passive types rely solely on
convection, while there is a "radiant"/convective passive type that cools
through a combination of radiant exchange (40%) and convection (60%).
The passive approach can provide higher thermal comfort levels
• The active type (also called an "induction diffuser") uses the momentum
of ventilation air entering at relatively high velocity to induce the
circulation of room air through the unit (thus increasing its heating and
cooling capacity).
• The chilled ceiling uses water flowing through pipes like a chilled beam
does; however, the pipes in a chilled ceiling lie behind metal ceiling plates,
and the heated/cooled plates are the cause of radiation/convection and
not the pipe unit itself. Chilled beams are more effective at convection
than chilled ceilings.
117
118
 Geothermal Air Conditioning
• Geothermal Heating and Cooling Systems provide space
conditioning -- heating, cooling, and humidity control. They
may also provide water heating -- either to supplement or
replace conventional water heaters.
• Geothermal Heating and Cooling Systems work by moving
heat, rather than by converting chemical energy to heat like
in a furnace.
• Every Geothermal Heating and Cooling Systems has three
major subsystems or parts:
• A geothermal heat pump to move heat between the
building and the fluid in the earth connection,
• An earth connection for transferring heat between its fluid
and the earth.
• A distribution subsystem for delivering heating or cooling to
the building.

119
Geothermal Air Conditioning

120
Geothermal Air Conditioning

121
122
Heat Load

123
 Duct Leakage

Duct leakage is also an important Gaps at collar where a flex

efficiency factor. A supply duct supply duct attaches to a
disconnected from the main supply supply register box.
“trunk” is shown here.
 Duct Design and Fan Performance
• Important Parameters for Air duct system design
1) Space air diffusion
2) Space availability
3) Noise level
4) Duct leakage
5) Duct heat gain and losses
6) Balancing
7) Fire and smoke control
8) Initial investment
9) System operating cost
• Deficiency in duct design can result in systems that operate
incorrectly or are expensive to own and operate.
• Poor air distribution can cause discomfort, less of productivity and
even adverse health effects
• Lack of sound attenuators may permit objectionable noise level.
• Poorly designed duct work can result in unbalanced system
125
• Deficiency in duct design can result in systems that operate
incorrectly or are expensive to own and operate.
• Poor air distribution can cause discomfort, less of productivity and
even adverse health effects
• Lack of sound attenuators may permit objectionable noise level.
• Poorly designed duct work can result in unbalanced system

February 11, 2020 Air Conditionig and Refregeration 126

 All Air Systems
• An all-Air System is defined as a system providing complete sensible and latent
cooling capacity in the cold air supplied by the system.

• Can be briefly classified and are discussed here in to basic categories:

1. Single duct systems, or
2. Dual duct systems

• The single duct systems can provide either cooling or heating using the same duct,
but not both heating and cooling simultaneously. These systems can be further
classified into:
1. Constant volume, single zone Systems
2. Constant volume, multiple zone Systems
3. Variable volume systems

• The dual duct systems can provide both cooling & heating simultaneously. These
systems can be further classified into:
1. Dual duct, constant volume systems
2. Dual duct variable volume systems

127
 AC in Vehicles

A 1939 Packard with air conditioner.

• In 1939, Packard produced the first passenger cars using refrigeration

components. A huge evaporator was mounted in the trunk.

• Cadillac introduced an air-conditioned car in 1941.

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129