GRAMMAR SUMMARY OF 2nd YEAR BAC Prepared by: Pr.

TARIK EL IDRISSI
nd
GRAMMAR SUMMARY OF 2 YEAR BAC

1. GERUNDS & INFINITIVES

Verbs before gerunds (verb + ing) Verbs before infinitives (to + verb)

- Imagin(e) …ing - mind …ing - decide to… - intend to…

- admit …ing - appreciate(e) …ing - agree to… - offer to…
- avoid …ing - quit …ing - ask to… - refuse to…
- dislike …ing - stop …ing - consent to… - seem to…
- consider …ing - keep ...ing - expect to… - appear to…
- enjoy …ing - postpon(e) …ing - manage to… - need to…
- finish …ing - suggest …ing - plan to… - want to…
- regret …ing - consider …ing - promise to… - pretend to…
- give up …ing - discuss …ing - hope to… - accept to…

2. The passive voice with different tenses

Tense Active Passive
- Present simple - improves / improve - is/are improved
- Past - improved - was/were improved
- Present perfect - has / have improved - has/have been improved
- Past perfect - had improved - had been improved
- Future - will improve - will be improved
- Present continuous - is/are improving - is/are being improved
- Past continuous - was/were improving - was/were being improved
- Present perfect continuous - has/have been improving - has/have been being improved
- Past perfect continuous - had been improving - had been being improved
- Future continuous - will be improving - will be being improved
- Be going to… - is/are going to improve - is/are going to be improved
- Modal verbs: can, could, should… - can - can
could could
should should
would improve would be improved
must must
may may
has/have to has/have to

3. Conditional type III

Use: to express conditions in the past that didn’t happen. It is often used to express criticism or regret.
Example: I didn’t pass my exam because I didn’t work harder. (TRUTH)
 If I had worked harder, I would have passed my exam.
 If I had worked harder, I should have passed my exam. IF CLAUSE 1st , MAIN CLAUSE 2nd.
 If I had worked harder, I could have passed my exam.
TENSES SUMMARY CHART
 I would have passed my exam if I had worked harder.
 I should have passed my exam if I had worked harder. MAIN CLAUSE 1st, IF CLAUSE 2nd.
 I could have passed my exam if I had worked harder.
 GRAMMAR SUMMARY OF 2nd YEAR BAC Prepared by: Pr. TARIK EL IDRISSI

4. VERB TENSES SUMMARY CHART

5. Expressing wishes/regrets in the past

Example:
 I missed the bus because I didn’t get up early. (Truth)

 I wish I had got up early to catch the bus. (Wish)

 If only I had got up early to catch the bus. (Regret)

Form:
wish + subject + had + past participle

If only + subject + had + past participle

6. Common phrasal verbs 1

Phrasal verb Meaning Phrasal verb Meaning
Do without Mange without Long for Want something strongly
Eat out Have a meal in restaurant Bring up Mention a topic
Run away Escape Cross out Put X over a word
Drop out Quit school Find out Discover
Drop in Visit somebody Run into Meet by chance
Pass out Faint; or sleep deeply Count on / rely on Trust; depend on
Cut down Reduce Give up Surrender
Hand in Submit a document Look up Search in a dictionary/list
Put out Extinguish fire, cigarette Look for Search for something
Hand out Distribute Put up with Tolerate
Turn down Reject Break down Stop functioning
Cheer up Become happy Put off Postpone
GRAMMAR SUMMARY OF 2nd YEAR BAC Prepared by: Pr. TARIK EL IDRISSI

7. REPORTED SPEECH SUMMARY CHART

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE
He said, “I write a letter” He said that he wrote a letter.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS

He said, “he is listening to the music” He said that he was listening to the music.

PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT

She said, “he has finished his work” She said that he had finished his work.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

She said, “It has been raining for three days.” She said that it has been raining for three days.

PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT

John said, “they went to cinema” John said that they had gone to cinema.

PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

They said, “we were enjoying the weather” They said that they had been enjoying.

PAST PERFECT stays PAST PERFECT (NO CHANGE)

She said, “She had visited a doctor” She said that she had visited a doctor.

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

WILL changes into WOULD
He said, “I will study the book” He said that he would study the book.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

WILL BE changes into WOULD BE
I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him” I said to him that I would be waiting for him.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE
He said, “I will have finished the work” He said that he would have finished the work.

Indirect speech for sentence with MODALS,

“can, may, must, should, ought to”

CAN changes into COULD

He said, “I can drive a car” He said that he could drive a car.

MAY changes into MIGHT

He said, “I may buy a computer” He said that he might buy a computer.

MUST changes into HAD TO

He said, “I must work hard” He said that he had to work hard.

THESE MODALS DO NOT CHANGE

“Would, could, might, should, ought to”
They said, “we would apply for a visa” They said that they would apply for visa.
She said, “she could play a piano” She said that she could play a violin.
He said, “guests might come” He said that guest might come.
GRAMMAR SUMMARY OF 2nd YEAR BAC Prepared by: Pr. TARIK EL IDRISSI
He said, “I should avail the opportunity” He said that he should avail the opportunity.
He said to me, “you ought to wait for him” He said to me that I ought to wait for him.

8. Summary chart of the most common linking words

To list points: Firstly, / Secondly, / Thirdly, / Finally, people who live in the country suffer fewer health
problems than those who live in the city.
To add more points on What is more, / Furthermore, / Apart from this/that, / In addition, / Moreover, / Besides,
the same topic: cars are extremely expensive to maintain.
Cars are also extremely expensive to maintain.
Cars are extremely expensive to maintain too.
Cars are both harmful to the environment and expensive to maintain.

To express cause: The government decided not to fund the scheme because /owing to the fact that / due to
the fact that /, since /, as/, for it seemed likely to fail.
Because of / Owing to/ Due to the scheme's high chances of failure, the government
decided not to fund it.
To express effect: He passed his exams; so, / therefore, / thus, / consequently, / as a result, / as a
consequence, he was able to go to university.
To express purpose: The government decided not to introduce the death penalty to/ so as to / in order to avoid
the deaths of innocent people.
The government decided not to introduce the death penalty so that innocent people would
not die.

To give examples: For instance, / For example, by reducing your intake of red meat you can decrease your
chances of having a heart attack in later life.
By reducing your intake of foods such as / like beef and lamb you can decrease your
chances of having a heart attack in later life.
To express contrast It is a known fact that smoking causes cancer; yet / however, / nevertheless, / but / still, /
nonetheless, millions of people around the world continue to smoke.
Although / Even though / While it is a known fact that smoking causes cancer, millions of
people around the world continue to smoke.
In spite of the fact that / Despite the fact that smoking causes cancer, millions of people
around the world continue to smoke.

Negative addition: Neither the prime minister nor his deputy knew anything about the experiment.
Neither of them knew anything about the experiment.
The prime minister didn't know anything about the experiment; nor / neither did his
deputy.
The prime minister didn't know anything about the experiment and his deputy didn't either

To clarify/rephrase: In other words, / That is to say, / To put it another way, if people made more of an effort to
protect the environment, the world would be a much healthier place to live in.

To express similarity: Alcohol reduces our ability to concentrate on our work; similarly, / likewise, / in the same
way, it reduces our ability to concentrate while driving.

To conclude: Finally, / Lastly, /Above all, /All in all, /On the whole, /In a nutshell, / In conclusion, /To
sum up, it is unlikely that mankind will ever bring an end to all wars.

Reference: I wish to make a complaint regarding / concerning one of your shop assistants.
I am writing with respect / regard / reference to / in regard / reference to your recent
letter of application.
GRAMMAR SUMMARY OF 2nd YEAR BAC Prepared by: Pr. TARIK EL IDRISSI
Summarizing: In short / Briefly / To put it briefly, the film was the best I’ve ever seen.

9. THE FUTURE PERFECT

Example: By 2030, I will have finished my studies.

Meaning: The FUTURE PERFECT expresses an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the future.

Form: subject + will + have + past participle

Indicators of the FUTURE PERFECT tense: - This time next year/month/week, etc.
- By + future time ( By 2030 / five o’clock, etc)
- Before + future time ( Before Monday/ June, etc)

10. THE PAST PERFECT

Example: By 1957, Morocco had gained its independence.

Meaning: The PAST PERFECT expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past.

Form: subject + had + past participle

Indicators of the PAST PERFECT tense: - By + past time ( By 1990, etc)

- after/ when / as soon as / until + past time

11. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Example: The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.

Meaning: The PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS is used to:

- emphasize the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past.
- explain why an activity or feeling in the past occurred.
- refer to an action in the past which continued until another action took place.

Form: subject + had + been + past participle

12. Word formation ( word families )

Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Beauty Beautify Beautiful Beautifully
Competition Compete Competitive Competitively
Creation Create Creative Creatively
Management Manage Manageable Manageably
Nation Nationalize National Nationally
Nature Naturalize Natural Naturally
Notice Notice Noticeable Noticeably
Sadness Sadden Sad Sadly
GRAMMAR SUMMARY OF 2nd YEAR BAC Prepared by: Pr. TARIK EL IDRISSI
Significance Signify Significant Significantly
Difference Differentiate Different Differently
Protection Protect Protective Protectively
Finance Finance Financial Financially
Significance Signify Significant Significantly
Success Succeed Successful Successfully
Strength Strengthen Strong Strongly
Action Act Active Actively
Addition Add Additional Additionally
Clarity Clarify Clear Clearly
Amazement Amaze Amazing Amazingly
Advice Advise Advisable Advisably
Division Divide Dividable 
Apology Apologize Apologetic Apologetically
Brightness Brighten Bright Brightly
Largeness Enlarge Large Largely
Width Widen Wide Widely
Length Lengthen Long 
Effect Affect Effective Effectively
Fame  Famous Famously
Application Apply Applicable 