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Designation: B276 − 05 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Method for

Apparent Porosity in Cemented Carbides1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope acceptable level of porosity, this test method illustrates a broad

1.1 This test method specifies procedures for the metallo- range of porosity levels for each of three porosity types. This
graphic determination of apparent porosity in cemented car- test method is not intended to be used as a specification, but the
bides. levels shown here may be cited in specifications written by
producers and users of cemented carbides.
NOTE 1—The term “apparent porosity” is construed to mean all
microstructures observed on a properly prepared, unetched surface, 5. Interferences
including structures resulting from uncombined carbon, non-metallic
inclusions, etc., as well as true, inherent porosity. 5.1 Lack of adequate pressure on the specimen during
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the polishing may result in material being torn from the surface of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the the specimen. This condition may be erroneously interpreted as
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- porosity.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 6. Apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6.1 A metallographic microscope permitting observation
2. Referenced Documents and measurement up to a magnification of 200×.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 6.2 Equipment for the metallographic preparation of test
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy specimens.
B665 Guide for Metallographic Sample Preparation of Ce-
7. Specimen Preparation
mented Tungsten Carbides
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:3 7.1 Where possible, specimens should be metallographi-
ADJB0276A Apparent Porosity (4 prints of 4 photomicro- cally mounted in a plastic material, so that they can be polished
graphs each) without rounding the edges. Larger specimens may be polished
without mounting. When the specimens are too large, they
3. Terminology shall be sectioned using a diamond cut-off wheel or by
3.1 Definitions—Definition of powder metallurgy terms can fracturing (appropriate safety precautions shall be utilized
be found in Terminology B243. when fracturing a specimen). The area selected for examina-
tion should represent, as nearly as possible, the entire cross
4. Significance and Use section.
4.1 Cemented carbide materials may contain small voids 7.2 The specimen shall be prepared for metallographic
that, depending on the application, may affect the performance examination. A suitable procedure is described in Practice
of the product. To assist users in specifying the maximum B665.The surface to be examined shall be unetched and free of
grinding and polishing marks.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal 8. Procedure
Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee B09.06 on Cemented Carbides. 8.1 Pore size shall be defined as the maximum dimension of
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally the pore. Make special reference to the presence of cracks and
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as B276 – 91(2010). DOI: slits, as well as nonmetallic inclusions.
10.1520/B0276-05R15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 8.2 Classification of Type “A” and “C” apparent porosity is
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM based entirely on comparison of the microstructures found with
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
the illustrations in Figs. 1, 3 and 4 of ADJB0276A3 with due
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. consideration to the difference in field of view of the micro-
ADJB0276A. scope compared to the area of the illustrations. This can be
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
B276 − 05 (2015)
accomplished by scanning the specimen surface under the of area between the illustrations in Fig. 2 of ADJB0276A and
microscope at the appropriate magnification, and noting which that observed in the microscope (see A1.4), classify the “B”
of the illustrations most nearly represents the fields observed. porosity as B04, B06, or B08 with reference to the illustrations
Choose an area fully representative of the specimen surface for in Fig. 2 of ADJB0276A. If the porosity is not uniform over the
comparison with the illustrations. area of the test-piece section being examined, identify the
NOTE 2—The illustrations in Figs. 1–4 of ADJB0276A represent only
location of the section, for example, as top, bottom, edge, rim
a portion of the field of view typically observed in modern microscopes. (case), core, and so forth.
Typically, the field of view of a microscope is ~6.5× larger than the area 8.2.3 Count and report pores larger than 25 µm as the
in these figures. The exact relationship between the area observed at any number of pores per cm2. Choose the size ranges as follows:
given magnification in the microscope and the area of the illustrations can >25 to ≤75 µm, >75 to ≤125 µm, and over 125 µm.
be determined using the method in Annex A1.
8.2.4 Classify porosity resulting from uncombined carbon
8.2.1 Classify pores ≤10 µm as Type A (see Fig. 1 of as Type C (see Figs. 3 and 4 of ADJB0276A and examine at a
ADJB0276A and examine at a magnification of 200×. Report magnification of 100 or 200×. Report the porosity level by
the porosity level by reference to the appropriate illustration reference to the appropriate illustration with consideration to
with consideration to the relationship of area between the the relationship of area between the illustrations in Figs. 3 and
illustration and that observed in the microscope, and designate 4 of ADJB0276A and that observed in the microscope, and
as A02, A04, A06, or A08. If the level of Type A pores is less designate as C02, C04, C06, or C08. If the porosity of
than 50 % of that shown in the illustration for A02, then uncombined carbon is not uniform over the area of the
designate this as A00. If the porosity is not uniform over the test-piece section being examined, identify the location of the
area of the test-piece section being examined, identify the section, for example as top, bottom, edge, rim (case), core, and
location of the section, for example, as top, bottom, edge, rim so forth. If no uncombined carbon is observed, designate this as
(case), core, and so forth. C00.
8.2.2 Classify pores in the range from >10 to ≤25 µm as
Type B (see Fig. 2 of ADJB0276A and examine at a magni- 9. Report
fication of 100×. 9.1 The report shall include the following:
8.2.2.1 If the number of “B” pores appears to be less than 9.1.1 Reference to this test method,
or equal to that represented by B02, with consideration to the 9.1.2 Complete identification of the test specimen,
relationship of area between the illustrations in Fig. 2 of 9.1.3 Results obtained, and
ADJB0276A and that observed in the microscope (see A1.3), 9.1.4 Details of any occurrence that may have affected the
count the number of “B” pores in a representative area (≥0.25 result.
cm2). Divide this count by the area examined (see A1.3) to
obtain the number of “B” pores/cm2. If this number is less than 10. Precision and Bias
70 pores/cm2, designate this as B00-#, where # is the number 10.1 A precision and bias statement cannot be made for this
of “B” pores/cm2 so obtained. If the number is greater than or test method.
equal to 70 pores/cm2, designate this as B02. If no “B” pores
are observed, designate this as B00-0. 11. Keywords
8.2.2.2 If the number of “B” pores appears to be greater than 11.1 apparent porosity; cemented carbides; hardmetals; mi-
that represented by B02, with consideration to the relationship crostructure; powder metallurgy
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. DETERMINATION OF THE FIELD OF VIEW OF MICROSCOPE
A1.1 Using a metallograph, view a stage micrometer. D = diameter of field of view, cm.
A1.2 Determine the diameter (D) of the field of view to a A1.4 Determine the number of photomicrographs equiva-
precision of 0.002 cm. lent to the field of view of the microscope at the appropriate
A1.3 Calculate the area of the field of view using the magnification using the following:
formula: At 100×:
# photographs = A/0.00676 cm2 using ADJB0276A
A 5 π ~ D/2 ! 2 (A1.1)
At 200×:
where: # photographs = A/0.0017cm2 using ADJB0276A
A = area of field of view, cm2, and
2
B276 − 05 (2015)
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Designation: B276 − 05 (Reapproved 2015)

Standard Test Method for

1. Scope acceptable level of porosity, this test method illustrates a broad

A1. DETERMINATION OF THE FIELD OF VIEW OF MICROSCOPE

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