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    03 Timber PDF

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    Gautam Lele
    This document discusses various types of timber used in construction. It defines timber and describes its forms as standing timber, rough timber, and converted timber. Timber is classified as softwoods and hardwoods. The key differences between softwood and hardwood are described. The document outlines the macro and micro structure of trees and describes the conversion, processing, seasoning, preservation, defects, strengths, and decay of timber. Finally, it discusses various market and industrial forms that timber can take for construction.

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    03 Timber PDF

    Uploaded by

    Gautam Lele
    169 views49 pages
    This document discusses various types of timber used in construction. It defines timber and describes its forms as standing timber, rough timber, and converted timber. Timber is classified as softwoods and hardwoods. The key differences between softwood and hardwood are described. The document outlines the macro and micro structure of trees and describes the conversion, processing, seasoning, preservation, defects, strengths, and decay of timber. Finally, it discusses various market and industrial forms that timber can take for construction.

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    This document discusses various types of timber used in construction. It defines timber and describes its forms as standing timber, rough timber, and converted timber. Timber is classified as softwoods and hardwoods. The key differences between softwood and hardwood are described. The document outlines the macro and micro structure of trees and describes the conversion, processing, seasoning, preservation, defects, strengths, and decay of timber. Finally, it discusses various market and industrial forms that timber can take for construction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    169 views49 pages

    03 Timber PDF

    Uploaded by

    Gautam Lele
    This document discusses various types of timber used in construction. It defines timber and describes its forms as standing timber, rough timber, and converted timber. Timber is classified as softwoods and hardwoods. The key differences between softwood and hardwood are described. The document outlines the macro and micro structure of trees and describes the conversion, processing, seasoning, preservation, defects, strengths, and decay of timber. Finally, it discusses various market and industrial forms that timber can take for construction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 49

    Materials of Construction

    Construction Material -Timber


    Definition
     Timber (Timbrian – to build)
     Timber as construction material – Trees with girth not
    less then 600mm

    Girth
    Forms of Timber
     Standing Timber – Living Tree
     Rough Timber – After Felling of Tree
     Converted Timber – Sawn and cut into suitable and
    commercial sizes
    Classification of Trees

    Conifer Soft Woods


    Exogenous
    Hard
    Trees Deciduous
    Wood

    Endogenous
    Soft Wood:
    Light Coloured
    Resinous
    Light Weight
    Weak

    Pine Spruce
    Hard Wood:
    Close-Grained
    Strong
    Heavy
    Dark Coloured
    Durable
    Non-resinous

    Teak Wood Mahogany


    Wood
    Soft Wood Vs Hard Wood
    Item Soft Wood Timber Hard Wood Timber
    Annual Distinct Indistinct
    Rings
    Color Light Dark
    Density Low High
    Fire Poor More
    Resistance
    Medullary Indistinct Distinct
    Rays
    Source Coniferous trees with Deciduous trees with
    needle shaped leaves flat broad leaves.
    Soft Wood Vs Hard Wood
    Item Soft Wood Timber Hard Wood Timber
    Strength Strong for direct Equally strong for resisting
    pull and weak for tension, compression and
    resisting thrust or shear. Along strong along and
    shear along the across the grains
    grains
    Structure Resinous and split Non-resinous and close
    easily grained
    Weight Light Heavy
    Examples Chir, Deodar, Fir, Babul, Mahogany, Oak, Sal,
    Kail, Pine, Spruce Teak
    Structure of Tree
     Structure of Trees are of two types
     Macro structure
     Micro Structure
    Macro Structure of Tree

    1. Pith
    2. Heart Wood
    3. Sap Wood
    4. Cambium Layer
    5. Inner Bark
    6. Outer Bark
    7. Medullary Rays

    Typical Cross Section of Tree


    Macro Structure of Tree

    Typical Cross-Section
    of Tree
    Micro Structure of Tree
     Structure of wood apparent only at greater
    magnifications
     Components of microstructure
     Conductive Cells
     Mechanical Cells
     Storage Cell
    Conversion of Timber
     Cutting and Sawing to suitable sections
    Processing of Timber
     Felling of Trees
     Age of Trees for Felling
     Season of Felling
     Method of Felling
    Method for Cutting of Tree
    Processing of Timber
     Objects Seasoning of Timber
     To Reduce Weight
     To Impart Hardness, Stiffness, Strength, Electrical Resistance
     To increase Resistance against decay
     To impart surfacing for adhesion
    Processing of Timber
     Seasoning of Timber
     Meaning of Seasoning
     Free Moisture and Bound Moisture
     Determination of Moisture Content
     Objects of Seasoning
     Methods of Seasoning
     Natural Seasoning
     Artificial Seasoning
    o Kiln Seasoning
    o Boiling
    o Chemical Seasoning
    o Electrical Seasoning
    o Water Seasoning
    Natural Seasoning of Timber
    Artificial Seasoning of
    Timber - Kiln
    Civil Structure – Wooden – Subjected to Water
    Processing of Timber
    Item Natural Seasoning Kiln Seasoning

    Moisture Reduced by 15-18% Reduced to maximum


    Content
    Nature of Use Simple and Economical Technical and Expensive
    Quality of Liable to insects and fungi Less liable to insects and fungi
    Timber attacks attacks
    Space More Space Required Less Space Required
    Time Slow Rapid
    Requirement
    Strength Stronger Little Weaker
    Preservation of Timber
     Object of Preservation of Timber
     To protect from destroying agencies such as fungi and insects
     To increase durability
     To increase life of component
    Preservation of Timber
     Requirements of Good Preservative
     Allow decorative Treatment
     Capable of Covering Large Area with Small Quantity and high
    penetration power
     Cheap and Easily Available
     Durable (light, heat, moisture etc.)
     Free from unpleasant Smell
     Non-Flammable
     Efficient to resist insects attacks
     Harmless for persons and animals
     Have Pleasant appearance
     Not affecting strength
     Ease for cleaning
    Preservation of Timber
     Types of Preservatives
     Coal Tar
     Chemical Salts (Copper Sulphate, Mercury Chloride, Sodium
    Fluoride, Zinc Chloride)
     Creosote Oil(Oil – Distillation of Tar)
     Paints (Oil and Solignum)
     ASCU Treatment
    Preservation of Timber
     Methods for Preservation of Timber
     Brushing
     Charring
     Dipping
     Hot and Cold Open Tank
     Injecting Under Pressure
     Spraying
    Defects of Timber
    Defects of timber broadly classified as
     Defects due to Conversion
     Defects due to Fungi
     Defects due to Insects
     Defects due to Natural Forces
     Defects due to Seasoning
    Defects of Timber
    Defects of timber broadly classified as
     Defects due to Conversion
     Chip Mark
     Diagonal Grains
     Torn Grains
     Wane
    Defects of Timber
    Defects of timber broadly classified as
     Defects due to Fungi
     Blue Stain
     Brown Rot
     Dry Rot
     Heart Rot
     Sap Strain
     Wet Rot
     White Rot
    Defects of Timber
    Defects of timber broadly classified as
     Defects due to Insects
     Beetles
     Marine Bores
     Termites
    Defects of Timber
    Defects of timber broadly classified as
     Defects due to Natural Forces
     Burls
     Callus
     Chemical Stain
     Coarse Grain
     Dead Wood
     Druxiness
     Froxiness
    Defects of Timber
    Defects of timber broadly classified as
     Defects due to Natural Forces
     Knots
     Rind Galls
     Shakes
     Twisted Fibres
     Upsets
     Water Stain
     Wind Cracks
    Defects of Timber
    Defects of timber broadly classified as
     Defects due to Seasoning
    1. Bow
    2. Case-Hardening
    3. Check
    4. Collapse
    5. Cup
    6. Honey-Combing
    7. Radial Shakes
    8. Split
    9. Twist
    10. Warp
    Qualities of Good Timber
    Factors affecting Qualities of Timber:
     Environmental Conditions of Locality
     Maturity of Tree
     Method of Seasoning
     Nature of Soil
     Process of Preservation
     Time of Felling
    Qualities of Good Timber
    Qualities of Timber:
     Appearance
     Color
     Defects
     Durability
     Elasticity
     Fibers
     Fire Resistance
     Hardness
     Mechanical Wear
     Shape
    Qualities of Good Timber
    Qualities of Timber:
     Smell
     Sound
     Strength
     Structure
     Toughness
     Water Permeability
     Weathering Effects
     Weight
     Working Conditions
    Strength of Timber
    Factors Affecting Strength of Timber:
     Abnormalities of Growth
     Faults in Seasoning
     Invasion of Insects
     Irregularities of Grain
     Moisture Content
     Presence of Knots, Shakes etc.
     Way in which a timber piece is cut from the log etc.
    Decay of Timber
    Causes Favouring Decay of Timber:
    • Alternate Dry and Wet Conditions
    • Bad Storage or Stacking of Timber
    • Defects in Timber (Conversion, Fungi, Insects, Natural
    Forces, Seasoning)
    • Use of timber without taking out sap wood from its
    structure
    • Using seasoned timber without applying suitable
    preservative on its surface and
    • Using unseasoned wood with the application of protective
    coat of paints or tar.
    Market Forms of Timber
    Timber converted into suitable commercial Sizes are:
    1. Battens
    2. Baulk
    3. Board
    4. Deal
    5. End
    6. Log
    7. Plank
    8. Pole
    9. Quartering
    10. Scantling
    Industrial Forms / Processed Timber
    Timber Manufactured scientifically in a factory are:
    1. Veneers
    2. Plywood
    3. Fibre-board
    4. Impreg Timbers
    5. Compreg Timbers
    6. Block-board and Lamin-board
    7. Glulam
    8. Flush-door Shutters
    9. Particle Board or Chip Board
    10. Hardboard
    Veneers
    Plywood
    Fibreboards
    Impreg Timber
    Block-board
    Compreg
    Glulam
    Lamin-Board

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