I.P.E.I.

Teacher:Mrs Karima Taguia

Last-minute language Review (level2)

• The conditional

Type1: if+s.present→will.+verb (possibility in present/future)real/possible condi.

Type2: if +s.past→would+ verb (unreal present)

Type3: if+past perfect→would/could/should have+past participle of the verb (unreal

past)

-If/provided/providing/as long as/so long as/even

– Even if/unless/whether..or/wherever/whenever/whoever/however/

no matter how/supposing are used to express a condition

• Hypothesizing (unreality expressed by shifting the verb one tense” backwards”)

If only/as if/as though/would rather/would sooner/it is/was(high)time.(a supposition

contrary to the reality with reference to the present or past

***The simple past tense is used for something unreal or wished at the moment of speaking
(now).The past perfect is used when the situation or wish was in the past.

If only+present tense(hope)
If only+past/past perfect (regret)=wish+past/past perfect
If only+would+bare inf (regret about a present action=if only+past tense/( or not a very
hopeful wish concerning the future)(if only=I/we wish)the rain would stop!(we don’t
really expect it to stop)

As if/as though+s.present (fact-possible in the present)/(+s.past :possible in the past)

As if/as though+s.past(non-fact .unreal present/)(+past perfect:non-fact.unreal past +past
perfect)
 It’s time+infinitive it means(the correct time has arrived)
It’s time +s.past( (time for someone else to do something: it’s time you got your hair
cut)(implies that it is a little late)
I.P.E.I.N
Teacher: Karima Taguia

• wish

In present or past, the wish or desire expressed in the noun clause is contrary to the
reality. : The past tense is used to refer to the present and the past perfect is used to refer
to the past.
wish +would (willingness: I wish you would help me (hypothesizing about present action
or event)/ If only she would speak loudly (annoying habit )
wish+infinitive: expresses a desire.
If the conditional clause contains were/had/could or should, the conjunction may be
omitted.Iin this case the auxiliary precedes the subject(inversion)
If I were in your position, I would resign→ were I in your position, I would resign

• Preference

Would rather/sooner+bare infinitive+than+bare inf (preference)(same subject)

=prefer +(v+ing) to +(v+ing)/prefer s.th to s.th else
Would rather+bare inf=would prefer+ full inf
Would rather+subject+simple past( I would rather you kept a secret(2 different subjects)

• Inversions:

NEGATIVE ADVERBS/NEGATIVE ADVERBIAL PHRASES+INVERSIONS

Hardly/hardly..when/never/seldom/barely/scarcely/rarely/in no circumstances/no
sooner..than/ nowhere/on no account/only when/only then/only in this way/scarcely
ever/on no account/only by/not only……..but also/not only , …………,too/as well./never
before/not till.+clause+inverted clause2/so+adj+inversion/neither/nor+inversion
***Making an inversion is like making a yes/no question

***INVERSIONS with conditionals

• Comparisons : Irregular adjectives:

adjective comparative superlative
good better best
bad worse worst
 little less least
Many/much more most
far Farther/further Farthest/furthest
old Older/elder oldest/eldest
*** (very) /much/a lot/ a little/ a(little)bit/rather/far(very much)+comparative: very much taller

***By far/easily+ superlative : by far the tallest

A comparison of 2 Short adj+er

More/less+long adj
A comparison of1 to many/all The+ +short adj+est
The most/the least+long adj
A comparison of equality As +adj/adv+as
*Negative verb+as/so+adj/adv+as
Progressive increase/decrease Comparative+and+ same comparative (double
comp)
Parallel increase/decrease The+comparative…, the+comparative
A comparison of scale Number of times+as+adj/adv+as

• Result

………………………so+adj/adv+that……………………
……………such+a+adj+singular noun+that………………….
As a result/therefore/consequently
Too+adj/adv+to+verb
Adj/adv+enough+to+verb
Such +a+singular noun+that+clause

• Purpose

In order to+verb (one subject)/in order that(+clause(with modal))

So as to +verb
So that+clause( s+modal(can/could/will/would)

• Reason:

as/because/since/for+clause
Because of/due to/owing to/thanks to +noun
• CONTRAST:
Although/Even though+clause(clause=subject+a conjugated verb)
 Sentense1.All the same/Even so, sentence2.(it was an expensive shirt.Even so, I bought it.)
Sentence1.However/Nevertheless,sentence2.
Despite/ in spite of+noun/v+ing
Despite the fact that +clause/despite the fact of v+ing
Sentence1.However/Nevertheless,+,sentence2
Sentence1+whereas+ sentence2
Sentence1+while+sentence2.

• The passive

• . S+v+o =active→ o+(be in the right tense)+p.p +(by +agent)

people speak English everywhere→English is spoken everywhere
• Reporting with passive verbs
-it+passive verb+that clause( they say that he likes English→ it is said that he likes
English)
-subject+passive verb+infinitive: he is said to like English

***Remember the infinitive form depends on the tense of the verb in the that –
clause(v2)1) if v2 is in the present: to +verb (active)/to be+p.p (active)
They say he likes English→he is said to like English/ English is said to be liked.
2) if v2 is in the past/present perfect:to have +p.p(active)/(to have been
+p.p(passive): they say he has liked English→ he is said to have liked English/ English is
said to have been liked.

Active tenses & their equivalents:

Simple present keeps Is kept

Present progressive Is keeping Is being kept
Simple past kept Was kept
Past continuous Was keeping Was being kept
Present perfect Has kept Has been kept
Past perfect Had kept Had been kept
future Will keep Will be kept
conditional Would keep Would be kept
Perfect conditional Would have kept Would have been kept
Present infinitive To keep To be kept
Perfect infinitive To have kept To have been kept
Present keeping Being kept
participle/gerund
Perfect participle Having kept Having been kept
• Modals

Modal+bare infinitive Modal have+ past participle (past

(present/future) events)
-May/can :permission -may/might have+p.p: speculations about
-Might(conditional/after a verb in a past past actions (perhaps…)
tense) -might must be used when the main verb is
-could : permission(was/were allowed to in a past tense.
+v(past)
-May/might:possibility(possible/possibly/
perhaps/maybe)be likely to/be liable to)
might : more doubt
*could as an alternative to may/might:( I *could have+p.p=may/might have+p.p
wonder where tom is=he (possibility)
may/might/could be in the library. Ann might not have seen Tom(perhaps she
BUT didn’t see him)
He may/might not be driving the car BUT:
himself (perhaps he isn’t driving. He can’t Ann couldn’t have seen Tom(negative
drive) deduction: perhaps Ann and Tom were in
different towns)
BUT: He couldn’t be driving the car
himself.(perhaps he isn’t driving the car
himself )expresses a negative
deduction.(This is impossible, he can’t
drive)
*can Could have+p.p→
→general/occasional possibility *Past ability when the action was not
→ability = be able to+v/could+ bare performed/we don’t know whether the
inf=was/were able to+v(past) action was done or not.
could→(there is an idea of →*irritation at/ reproach for the non-
conditional/hypothesis) performance of an action
*can’t/couldn’t+bare inf: negative Can’t/couldn’t have+p.p:→negative
deduction deduction about past events)
But:
Couldn’t have+p.p→when the deduction is
made in the past or introduced by a verb
in the past tense.
Ought to/should →subject’s *Ought to/should have+p.p
obligation/duty/indicates a correct or →unfulfilled obligation or a sensible action
sensible action. that was neglected.→in the negative ,it
*→advice=had better +bare infinitive expresss a wrong or foolish action in the
*ought to /should +be+(v+ing): the past(regret/reproach/criticism)
 subject is not fulfilling his obligations or
that is acting foolishly,rashly or not acting
sensibly,prudently…( I shouldn’t be telling
you this .it’s supposed to be a secret)
*Must=have to
must→obligation imposed by the speaker
have to→external obligation
(past :had to)
Mustn’t→prohibition
must→positive deduction *must have+p.p→positive deduction
*needn’t→absence of necessity *needn’t have+p.p→unnecessary action
=don’t/doesn’t need to+verb which was nevertheless performed
→no obligation but action performed
*didn’t have+p.p: no necessity, no action
*used to +v → discontinued habit/past
situation which contrasts with the present
→a past routine or pattern(describing s.o’s
routine during a certain period )used to
here is replaceable by would .

***be/become/get used to +v+ing (adjective)=accustomed to+v+ing( be/get/become

are used in any tense)

• The Reported Speech

*regardless of the reporting verb tense, in an indirect speech, the imperative becomes an
infinitive

**when the reporting verb is in the present or present perfect or future, there is no change of
tenses

***when the reporting verb is in the past, the following tense changes are respected:

Present (simple or progressive) Past(simple or progressive)

Present perfect (simple or progressive) Past perfect (simple or progressive)
Past (simple or progressive) Past perfect (simple or progressive)
Past perfect (simple or progressive) Unchanged
Modals:
Will Would
Shall(simple futurity) Would
Shall(suggestion) Should
Can Could
May Might
Must (obligation/necessity) Had to
Must (general ruling/prohibition/logical Unchanged
deduction)
Needn’t(absence of necessity) May remain unchanged or be replaced by
didn’t have to
Should/ought to/might/would/needn’t Unchanged
have/used to/had better

Other changes

Pronouns: the antecedent pronoun agreement is respected.

Time : now→then tomorrow→the next/following day

yesterday→the day before/the previous day last night→the night before
today→that day / tonight→that night / ago→before
here→there
this→that these→those

Indirect questions:
*Yes/no questions , if/whether is used as a link between the introducing verb and the
reported question
**wh-questions,the wh-word is used as a link between the reporting verb and the indirect
question.

• Tenses

Tense (meaning) Indications

*SIMPLE PRESENT Relying on context
-( general statement/scientific truth)
-Habits /repeated actions still performed in +adverbs of frequency
the present (always/usually/sometimes…)
-activities scheduled & planned to take (at six o’clock tomorrow., on September
place in the future 5…) in time clauses introduced by: after/as
-reference to the future soon as/before/until/till/when/by the
time/ and in a conditional clause referring
to the future
**present progressive:
-at the moment of speaking Now/at the moment/just now/right now.
-a definite future arrangement(near/far -+adverbial future time(this summer/next
future) Friday…)
-+a continually repeated activity -+an adverb of frequency
-describes a current trend
-
Verbs not normally used in the
progressive: verbs of
emotions/intellectual
activity/feeling/possession

*present perfect: a relation between the -for+a period of time/since+a point in time
past and the present but: in the since clause the verb is in the
-an action that started in the past and simple past(since +s+s1.past, s2+present
continues up to the present perfect)
*remember :an action that happened
before now in an unspecified time +recently/in recent years/ over the last
*the use of the present perfect progressive months/throughout recent decades/ up to
“colors” the notion of continuity. The now/ so far/ just/yet
simple form “colors” the notion of
completion.

*Simple past: An action that started & -yesterday/ ago/last year/in +a past date
finished at a definite time (either /names of events or people belonging to
expressed explicitly or understood from history/…..
the context
*a habit in the past -adverbs of frequency
*past progressive:past action in progress at
a specific past time
-an action that was already in progress +when
when another began
-a continually repeated activity in the past +adverbs of frequency

Past perfect: an activity/situation -+before/after/when

completed earlier than a definite point of
past time or another action also completed
in the past
-the progressive form: an activity was in
progress before or up to a definite point of
time in the past.
*Simple future(will +verb)
An intended or expected action to happen Tomorrow/next week…..in +a future date
in the future
-a future action /state that may be affected +conditional
by some external circumstances type1/when=if/hope/believe/expect in the
present.

-future progressive(will be doing)

-events in progress at a time in the
future(talk about s.th that will be in
progress at a certain time in the future
*future perfect( will have+past participle of
the verb)
-events that will be completed by a time in +by+a future time reference (by+a future
the future. date…)/in two years’ time…
Other expressions expressing the future:
Be(present form)+to+ verb simple form(a future action usually with a connation of
plan,arrangement,obligation or necessity))
Be about to+verb simple form(future action usually with the connotation”very soon”
Be(present form)+going to +verb simple form(an action with premediated intention &
plans+the speaker’s feeling of certainty.used with or without time expressions.used
without, this makes the action appear immediate.future in the past(would+bare inf):the
action/situation expressed by the past future might or might not have happened.

The imperative:immediate present/future

-requests,invitations,suggestions, orders,commandsor prohibitions

GOOD WORK ☺