Chapter 1 - Principle of Chemistry

Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR
FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry 1

Unit code: FHSC1114
Unit title: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Course of study:
Foundation in Science
Credit Hour: 4 credit hours
Contact Hours:
2 lecture contact hours per week for the
duration of 14 weeks.
1 tutorial contact hour per week for the
2 practical contact hours per week for the
Mode of delivery:
Lecture, tutorial & experiment
Attendance for lectures, tutorials and
experiments are compulsory for every
student.
Main Text:
Kotz, J. C., Treichel, P. M., & Townsend, J.
R. (2012). Chemistry & chemical reactivity
(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson
Brooks/Cole.
Method of Assessment
No. No. Method of Assessment Method of Assessment Total Total
1. 1.
Coursework Coursework
a) Test 1 & 2 (15% each) a) Test 1 & 2 (15% each)
b) Experiment (20%) b) Experiment (20%)
50% 50%
2. 2. Final Examination Final Examination 50% 50%
Grand total Grand total 100% 100%
FHSC1114
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 1
Principle of Chemistry
Chapter Scopes
Relative Atomic Masses of atoms &
molecules
Mass number & atomic number
Atomic structure (neutrons, protons &
electrons)
Mole concept & conversion
Avogadros concept
Empirical & molecular formulae
Isotopes
Objectives
To define relative atomic masses of atoms
& molecules
To define & determine mass no. & atomic
no.
To determine no. of neutrons, protons &
electrons
To understand mole concept & Avogadros
concept
To determine the empirical & molecular
formulae
Atomic Composition
3 subatomic particles made up all atoms:
Electrically positive protons
Electrically neutral neutrons
Electrically negative electrons
Structure of An Atom
Table: Properties & Location of Protons,
Neutrons & Electrons In Atom
Subatomic
Particle
Symbol Relative
electrical
charge
Mass
(g)
Mass
(amu)
Location
Proton p
+
+ 1 1.6726
x 10
-24
1 In the
nucleus
Electron e
-
- 1 9.1094
x 10
-28
0.0005 Outside
the
nucleus
Neutron n
0
0 1.6749
x 10
-24
1 In the
nucleus
1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.6605 x 10
-24
g
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons
MASS NUMBER (A)
Sum of the number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom
Mass number (A)
= Number of protons + Number of neutrons
= Atomic Number (Z) + Number of neutrons
Mass number Mass number
Element symbol Element symbol
Atomic number Atomic number
A A
XX
ZZ
Example :
What is the atomic number and the mass
number of the element FLUORINE that
contains 9 protons and 10 neutrons ? Write
the element symbol.
Atomic number =
Mass number =

Isotopes
Atoms of an element with the same atomic
number but different mass numbers (with
different number of neutrons)
e.g. Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3
H
1
1
H
2
1
H
3
1
Protium
1 p & 0 n
Deuterium (D)
1 p & 1 n
Tritium (T)
1 p & 2 n
radioactive
Exercise
How many neutrons are in each isotope of
oxygen? Write the symbol of each isotope.
Oxygen (atomic no.) = 8
a) Oxygen-16 b) Oxygen-17 c) Oxygen-18
Relative Atomic Masses
Masses of fundamental atomic particles
often expressed in atomic mass units
(amu)
The mass of an atom is measured relative
to the mass of an atomic standard, Carbon-
12
1 carbon atom has a mass of 12.000 amu
Atomic mass of an element the average
relative mass of the isotopes of that
element compared to atomic mass of
carbon-12 (12 amu)
1 amu 1/12 of the mass of an atom of
carbon with 6 protons and 6 neutrons (a
carbon-12 atom)
1 amu = 1.66054 10
-24
g
Average atomic mass a weighted
average of the masses of all the isotopes
present in the sample
Average atomic mass =
[(% abundance isotope 1)/100] (Isotopic mass 1) +
[(% abundance isotope 2)/100] (Isotopic mass 2) +
.
Example :
Isotope Isotope mass (amu) Abundance
(%)
63
29
Cu 62.9298 69.09
65
29
Cu 64.9278 30.91
Average atomic mass for Cu
=
=
=
Relative Molecular Masses
The mass of one MOLECULE of the
substance compared to 1/12 the mass of
one ATOM of carbon-12 isotope. Its
symbol is M
r
.
M
r
is calculated by adding together the
relative atomic masses of all the atoms
present in the molecular formula of the
substance.
Mole is a chemical unit used in
quantitative measurement of particles
involved in chemical reactions
A mole is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities
(atoms, molecules, ions or other particles)
as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the
carbon-12 isotope.
Mole Concept Avogadros Number
One mole always contains the same
number of particles, no matter what the
substance is.
1 mole = 6.0221415 x 10
23
particles
This value is known as Avogadros
number in honour of Amedeo Avogadro,
an Italian lawyer and physicist (1776-
1856)
Empirical Formula
Simplest formula
Gives the smallest whole-number ratio of
atoms present in a compound
Molecular Formula
True formula
Total number of atoms of each element
present in one molecule of a compound
Knowing the relative numbers of atoms of
each element in a molecule
Molecular Formula
Molecular formula = [Empirical formula]
n
where n should be integers (n = 1, 2, 3)
To determine molecular formula from
empirical formula, the molar mass must
be obtained from experiment
Empirical Formula from % Composition
For a compound composed of atoms of A & B,
% A
% B
g A
g B
x mol A
x mol B
x mol A
y mol B
A
x
B
y
Ratio gives
formula
Find mole ratio
Convert weight
% to mass (g)
Convert mass (g)
to moles (mol)
Example 1:
Finding Empirical Formula
25.00g of orange compound, contains 6.64g
of potassium, 8.84g of chromiumand 9.52g
of oxygen
K, Cr, O
Given the molar mass
K = 39.40 g/mol
Cr = 52.00 g/mol
O = 16.00 g/mol
Atom K Cr O
Mass (g) 6.64 8.84 9.52
Amount
(mole)
Mol Ratio
Whole-
number
Mol Ratio
Empirical
formula
Example 2 : Finding Empirical
formula & Molecular formula
Eugenol is the major component in oil of cloves.
It has a molar mass of 164.2 g/mol and is 73.14
% C and 7.37 % H, the remainder is oxygen.
What are the empirical and molecular formulas of
eugenol? (Given the molar mass of C = 12.011
g/mol; H = 1.008 g/mol; O = 15.999 g/mol)
[ Assumption : Mass % mass (g)]
The mass of O in a 100.0 g sample :
73.14 g C + 7.37 g H + mass of O = 100.00 g
Mass of O = 19.49 g O
Atom C H O
Mass (%) 73.14 7.37 19.49
Mass (g)
Amount
(mole)
Mol Ratio
Empirical
formula
The molecular mass of eugenol
= 164.2 g/mol
[C
5
H
6
O]
n
= 164.2 g/mol
n =
Molecular formula =
=
Learning Outcomes
Determine the empirical and molecular
formulae of compounds and calculate
their relative formula/molecular mass
Use atomic number and mass number to
differentiate different element and
different isotopes of the same element

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Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

FHSC1114 Physical Chemistry 1

Centre for Foundation Studies, UTAR

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