1.

A closed system consisting of 2 kg of a gas undergoes a process during which the

relationship between pressure and specific volume is PV1.3= constant. The process
begins with P1= 1 bar, V1 =0.5 m3/kg and ends with P2= 0.25 bar. Determine the final
volume, in m3, and plot the process on a graph of pressure versus specific volume.

ANSWER :

Known that
 Mass = 2 kg
 P1= 1 bar
 P2= 0.25 bar
 V1 =0.5 m3/kg

The relation of pressure with specific volume is

P1
P2
¿
¿
1
0.25
¿
¿
v 2=¿
Then, we can determine the final volume
m3
V 2=m × v2 =2 kg ×1.45 =2.9 m3
kg

2
1.5
1
0.5
0 P1= 1 bar
V1 =0.5 m3/kg

P2= 0,25 bar

V2 =1.45 m3/kg

0.25
v
0.51.01.52
 2. Closed system consisting of 1 lb of a gas undergoes a process during which the relation
between the pressure and volume is PVn= constant. The process begins with P1= 20
lbf/in.2, V1= 10 ft3 and ends with P2 = 100 lbf/in.2. Determine the final volume, in ft 3 ,
for each of the following values of the constant n: 1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4. Plot each of the
processes on a graph of pressure versus volume.

ANSWER :

Known that
 m = 1 lb GAS
 PVn= constant
 P1= 20 lbf/in.2
 V1= 10 ft3

The relation of pressure with volume is

P1
P2
¿
¿
20
100
¿
¿
V 2=¿
So, for each value of constant, the volumes will be
20
100
¿
¿
V 2 (n=1)=¿
20
100
¿
¿
V 2 (n=1.2)=¿
20
100
¿
¿
V 2 (n=1.3)=¿
20
100
¿
¿
V 2 (n=1.4)=¿
 P =100lbf/in2

P = 100lbf/in2
P = 100 lbf/in2

V = 2.99ft3

V = 2.62ft3
V = 2ft3
P
P = 100 lbf/in2
V = 3.17ft3 n=1

n=1.2

n=1.3

n=1.4

100
80
60
40
20
0

P = 20 lbf/in2
V = 10ft3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V
 3. A system consists of air in a piston –cylinder assembly, ini-tially at P1 = 20
lbf/in.2, and occupying a volume of 1.5 ft3. The air is compressed to P 2 =100
lbf/in.2 and a final volume of 0.5 ft3. During the process, the relation between
pressure and volume is linear. Determine the pressure, in lbf/in. 2, at an
intermediate state where the volume is 1.2 ft3 , and sketch the process on a graph
of pressure versus volume.

ANSWER

Known that
 Relation between pressure and volume is linear
 P1 = 20 lbf/in.2
 P2 =100 lbf/in.2
 V1 = 1.5 ft3
 V2 = 0.5 ft3
 Intermediate state volume = 1.2 ft3
Because the relation of pressure and volume is linear we can use the following
equation
P−P1 V −V 1
=
P2 −P 1 V 2−V 1
Then we can determine the value of P
P
(¿ ¿ 2−P 1)
V −V 1
P=P1 + ׿
V 2−V 1
1.2−1.5
P=20+ ×(100−20)
0.5−1.5
0.3
P=20+ ×( 80)
1
P=20+24=44 lbf/in2
 P

P2 =100 lbf/in.2
V2 = 0.5 ft3100
100
80
60
40
20
0 P1 =20 lbf/in.2
V1 = 1.5 ft3100

V
0.511.5

4. A gas contained within a piston– cylinder assembly undergoes a thermodynamic

cycle consisting of three processes:
Process 1–2: Compression with PV= constant from P1 = 1 bar, V1 = 1.0 m3 to
V2 = 0.2 m3
Process 2–3: Constant-pressure expansion to V3 = 1.0 m3
Process 3–1: Constant volume
Sketch the cycle on a P–V diagram labeled with pressure and volume values at
each numbered state.

ANSWER

Known that
PV = constant, so we can find the second pressure
P 1 V 1 ¿ P2 V 2
3 3
1ׯ 1.0 m ¿ P2 × 0.2 m
P2=5 ¯ ¿

The P – V diagram
P

5. The drag force, FD, imposed by the surrounding air on a vehicle moving with
velocity V is given by

where CD is a constant called the drag coefficient, A is the projected frontal area
of the vehicle, and ρ is the air density. Determine the power, in kW, required to
overcome aerodynamic drag for a truck moving at 110 km/h, if CD = 0.65, A=
10 m2, and ρ =1.1 kg/m.

ANSWER

Known that
V = 110 km/h = 30.55 m/s
CD = 0,65
A = 10 m2
ρ = 1.1 kg/m

The drag force

1 2
F D =C D A ρ V
2
1
F D =0.65× 10 × ×1.1 ×30.552
2
F D =3336.56 N

Then, we can measure the power that the truck used

ds
P=F d ×
dt
P=F d ×V
 P=3336.56 N ×30.55=101931.908Watt=101.931908 kW

6. An electric motor draws a current of 10 amps with a voltage of 110 V. The

output shaft develops a torque of 10.2 Nm and a rotational speed of 1000 RPM.
For operation at steady state, determine
a. The electric power required by the motor and the power developed by the
output shaft, each in kW.
b. The net power input to the motor, in kW.
c. The amount of energy transferred to the motor by electrical work and the
amount of energy transferred out of the motor by the shaft, in during 2
hours (h) of operation.

ANSWER

Known that
 The operation at steady state
 I = 10 A
 Voltage = 110 V
 Torque = 10.2 Nm
 ω = 1000 RPM = 104.67 rad/s

a.
The electric power required
P¿ =−(V × I )
P¿ =−( 110 × 10 )=−1100 Watt=−1.1 kW
The value is negative because the energy is transferred into the motor

The developed power

Pout =τ × ω
Pout =10.2 ×104.67=1067.6 Watt=1,0676 kW
b. the net power input

Pnet =P¿ + Pout

Pnet =(−1.1+1,0676 ) kW =−0.0324 kW

c. The amount of energy transferred during 2 hours operation

dW
We know that P=
dt

The amount of energy that transferred to the motor

dW
P¿ =
dt
 2h
W =∫ P dt
0
W =−1.1 kW ×2=−2.2kW
The amount of energy that transferred out of the motor

dW
P¿ =
dt

2h
W =∫ P dt
0
W =1.0676 kW ×2=2.1352 kW

7. A 12-V automotive storage battery is charged with a constant current of 2 amp

for 24 h. If electricity costs $0.08 per kW.h , determine the cost of recharging the
battery.

ANSWER

Known that
 Current = 2 amp (constant)
 Time = 24 hour
 Voltage = 12 Volt
 Cost = $0.08 per kW.h

dW
P (t )=
dt
t2
dW
=ε i W =∫ ε idt
dt t1
W =12 V ×2 A ×∆ t
W =12 V ×2 A ×24
W =576 Wh=0.576 kWh

Then we can determine the cost of recharging the battery

$ 0.08
Cost =0.576 kWh× =$ 0.04608
kWh

8. (Using p–v–T Data) Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of

H2O at the following conditions and sketch p–v and T–v diagrams showing the
location of each state.
(a) p = 80 lbf/in.2, T = 312.07 0F.
(b) p = 80 lbf/in.2, T = 4000F.
(c) T = 400 0F , p = 360 lbf/in.2
 (d) T = 320 0F, p = 70 lbf/in.2
(e) T = 10 0F, p = 14.7 lbf/in.2

ANSWER
(a) p = 80 lbf/in.2, T = 312.07 0F.

P T

.2
f/in
lb
80
80 lbf/in.2 312.07 0F

v v

There are 2 phases (mixture of liquid-vapor)

(b) p = 80 lbf/in.2, T = 4000F.

 P T

4000F 247.1 lbf/in.2 247.1 lbf/in.2 4000F

312.070F 80 lbf/in.2 80 lbf/in.2 312.070F

v v

The water phase is superheated vapor

(c) T = 400 0F , p = 360 lbf/in.2

Because the temperature is not on the table we can use

P T

434.3960F
360 lbf/in.2 360 lbf/in.2 434.3960F

247.1 lbf/in.2 4000F

4000F 247.1 lbf/in.2

v v

The water phase is compressed liquid

(d) T = 320 0F, p = 70 lbf/in.2

 P T

89.60 lbf/in.2 89.60 lbf/in.2

3200F 3200F

302.960F 70 lbf/in.2 70 lbf/in.2 302.960F

v v

The water phase is superheated vapor

(e) T = 10 0F, p = 14.7 lbf/in.2

P T

14.7 lbf/in.2 14.7 lbf/in.2

100F 0.0309 lbf/in.2 0.0309 lbf/in.2 100F

v v

The water phase is solid

9. Determine the phase or phases in a system consisting of H2O at the following

conditions and sketch p–v and T–v diagrams showing the location of each state.
(a) p = 5 bar, T = 151.9 0C .
(b) p = 5 bar, T =200 0C.
(c) T =200 0C, p = 2.5 MPa.
(d) T = 1600C, p = 4.8 bar.
(e) T =-120C, p= 1 bar.
 ANSWER

(a) p = 5 bar, T = 151.9 0C

P T

ar
5b
151.9 0C 5 bar 151.9 0C

v v

There are 2 phases (mixture of liquid-vapor)

(b) p = 5 bar, T =200 0C.

P T

15.54 bar 2000C 15.54 bar

200 0C

151.9 0 C 5 bar 151.9 0C 5 bar

v v

The water phase is superheated vapor

(c) T =200 0C, p = 2.5 MPa.= 25 bar

 P T

2240C
2.5 MPa 2.5 MPa 2240C

200 0C 15.54 bar 15.54 bar 200 0C

v v

The water phase is compressed liquid

(d) ) T = 1600C, p = 4.8 bar.

Because we can’t find the temperature on the table when it is 4.8 bar, then we can use
interpolation to find it.

P T

160 0C 6.178 bar 6.178 bar 160 0C

150.30C 4.8 bar 150.30C

4.8 bar

v v

The water phase is superheated vapor

(e) T =-120C, p= 1 bar = 100kPa.

 P T

100 kPa 100 kPa

-120C 0.2176kPa 0.2176kPa -120C

v v

The water phase is solid

10. Two thousand kg of water, initially a saturated liquid at 1500C, is heated in a closed,
rigid tank to
a final state where the pressure is 2.5 MPa. Determine the final temperature, in 0C, the
volume of the tank, in m 3, and sketch the process on T– v (specific volume) and p–v
diagrams.

SOLUTION :

Diketahui : mair = 2000 kg

T1 = 150oC

p2 = 2,5 MPa = 25 bar

Ditanya : T2 = ………………………………….…..?

V = ……………………………………….?

Diagram T-v dan p-v……………..?

Jawab :
Pada sistem tertutup volume dan massa total konstan saat melakukan proses, maka
volume spesifik pada keaadaan awal dan akhir adalah sama. Sehingga dengan
menggunakan table A-2 pada suhu 150oC

v1 = vf (150oC) = 1,0405 . 10-3 m3/kg

Dari diagram T-v dan p-v, keadaan 2 berada pada

daerah liquid. Dengan menggunakan interpolasi,
4,758 = 150, 15oC
2,5 . 150

Total volumenya adalah

V = m.v

= 2000 . 1,0405 .10-3 =

2,181 m3

11. Steam is contained in a closed rigid container. Initially, the pressure and temperature
of the
steam are 15 bar and 240 0C, respectively. The temperature drops as a result of heat
transfer to
the surroundings. Determine the pressure at which condensation first occurs, in bar, and
the
fraction of the total mass that has condensed when the temperature reaches 100 0C.
What
percentage of the volume is occupied by saturated liquid at the final state?

SOLUTION

Diketahui : p1 = 15 bar

T1 = 240oC

V1 = 1 m3

Terjadi penurunan suhu pada saat perpindahan kalor ke lingkungan

Volume konstan = 0,1483 m3/kg = v1 = v2

Ditanya : p kondensasi………………….?

Fraksi massa total yang terkondensasi saat T = 100oC

V akhir………………………………?

Jawab :

Dengan melihat table A-2

dapat ditentukan p2 = 1,014
bar

Fraksi massa saat

terkondensasi

m f 2 = 1 – X2
m

v2 – v f 2
X2 = =
vg 2 – vf 2
−3
0,1483 – 1,04.10 0,14726
= = 0,088
1,673 – 1,04.10−3 1,67196

Maka fraksi

1 – 0,088 = 0,912

Volume liquid pada state 2

m = v / v 2 = 1 / 0,1483 = 6,743 kg

Vf2 = m . v f 2

Maka, Vf2 = 6,743 . 1,04.10-3

= 0,00701272 m3

12. Water vapor is heated in a closed, rigid tank from saturated vapor at 160 0C to a
final temperature of 400 0C. Determine the initial and final pressures, in bar, and sketch
the process on T–v and p–v diagrams.
SOLUTION

Diketahui : T1 = 160oC

T2 = 400oC

Ditanya : p1 = …………………?

p2= ………………………?

Gambarkan diagram T-v dan P-v

Jawab :

Asumsi : sistem tertutup, volume konstan

State 1, T1 = 160oC, sat.vapor

State 2, T2 = 400oC

Menggunakan table A-2 maka p1 = 6,178 bar dengan asumsi v konstan maka

v1 =v2 = 0,3071 m3/kg. karena sewaktu T2 kondisi system superheated maka dengan
menggunakan table AA-4 didapat = 200 bar

13. Two kilograms of Refrigerant 22, initially at 6 bar and occupying a volume of 0.06
m 3, undergoes a process at constant pressure until the volume has increased by 50%.
Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Determine the work and heat transfer
for the process, each in kJ.

SOLUTION

Diketahui : mR22 = 2 kg

p1 = p2 = 6 bar

v1 = 0,06 m3

v2 = 0,09 m3

Ditanya : Kerja, Perpindahan kalor…?

Jawab :

R22 (m=2kg)

Asumsi : 1. Refrigerant merupakan system tertutup

2. Tekanan Konstan

3. Ep dan Ek diabaikan

v2

W= ∫ p dv = p (v2 – v1)
v1

= 6 bar . (0,09-0,06)|105/103|
`
= 18 kJ

Transfer panas

∆ Ek + ∆ Ep + ∆ =Q–W

Q = m (v2 – v1) + W

Pada Tabel A-8 R22

v1 = v1/m = 0,06/2 = 0,03

 v1 – vf 0,03 – 0,0009
X1 = = = 0,076
vg – vf 0,039 – 0,0009

U1 = uf1 + X1 (ug1 – uf1)

= 51,53 + 0,076 ( 228,44 – 51,53)

= 185,9816

Tabel A-9 R-22

v2 = 0,09 m3 dan p = 6 bar

maka , Q = m (u2+ – u1) + W

= 2(471,87 – 185,9816) + 18

= 571 + 18

= 589 kJ

14. Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. The condenser pressure is 8
kPa, and saturated vapor enters the turbine at (a) 18 MPa and (b) 4 MPa. The net power
output of the cycle is 100 MW. Determine for each case the mass flow rate of steam, in
kg/h, the heat transfer rates for the working fluid passing through the boiler and
condenser, each in kW, and the thermal efficiency.

SOLUTION

Wcycle = Wt – Wp

= m [(h1 – h2) – (h4 – h3)]

Maka m = Wcycle / [(h1 – h2) – ( h4 – h3)]

 Melalui boiler
Qin = m(h1 – h4)

 Kondensor
Qout = m(h2 – h3)
 Efisiensi
Efisiensi = Wcycle / Qin

a) p = 180 bar
 State 1 :
p1 = 180 bar, saturated vapor
h1 = 2509,1 kJ/kg
s1 = 5,1044 kJ/kg. K

 State 2 :
p2 = 0,08 bar , s2 = s1

s2 – sf 2
X2 = = 0,591
sg 2 – sf 2

h2 = 1594,1 kJ/kg

 State 3 :
p3 = 0,08 bar, saturated liquid,
h3 = 173,88 kJ/kg

 State 4 :
h4 = h3 + v3 (p4 – p3)

= 173,88 + (1,0084.10-3)(180-0,8))|105 /103 | |

= 192,02 Kj/kg
3
100. 10 kJ / s
ḿ = |3600 s/ 1 h |
(2509,1 – 1594,1) – 18,14
= 4,04 . 10 5 kg/h

Q́ in = (4,014.105) ( 1 h / 3600 s ) (2509,1 – 173,88)

= 258,4.103 kW

Q́ out = (4,014.105) ( 1 h / 3600 s ) (1594,1 – 173,88)

= 158,4 . 103 kW

Efisiensi = 100 . 103 / 258,4 . 103

= 0,387
 = 38,7 %

b. p = 40 bar

 State 1 :
p1 = 40 bar, saturated vapor
h1 = 2501,1 kJ/kg
s1 = 6,0701 kJ/kg. K

 State 2 :
p2 = 0,08 bar , s2 = s1
s2 – sf 2
X2 = = 0,7173,
sg 2 – sf 2
h2 = 1897,6 kJ/kg

 State 3 :
p3 = 0,08 bar, saturated liquid,
h3 = 173,88 kJ/kg

 State 4 :
h4 = h3 + v3 (p4 – p3)
= 173,88 + (1,0084.10-3)(40-0,8))|10 5 /10 3|
= 177,41 Kj/kg

100.103 kJ /s
ḿ = |3600 s/ 1 h |
(2801,4 – 1847,6) – 4,026
= 4,001 . 105kg/h

Q́ in= (4,001.105) ( 1 h / 3600 s ) (2801,4 – 1847,6)

= 291,6 .103 kW

Q́ out= (4,001.105) ( 1 h / 3600 s ) (1847,6 – 173,88)

= 191,6 . 103 kW

Efisiensi = 100 . 103 / 291,6 . 103

= 0,343
= 34,3 %
15. Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the
turbine at 18 MPa. The condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Determine

(a) the net work per unit mass of steam flow, in kJ/kg.

(b) the heat transfer to the steam passing through the boiler, in kJ per kg of steam
flowing.

(c) the thermal efficiency.

(d) the heat transfer to cooling water passing through the condenser, in kJ per kg of
steam condensed.

SOLUTION

Diketahui : P – Siklus Rankine ideal

Pk = 6 kPa

Uap jenuh memasuki turbin = 18 Mpa

Ditanya: a. kerja netto

b. heat transfer

c. efisiensi

d. heat transfer (kondeser)

Jawab :

State 1 :

p1 = 18 MPa sat. vapor, h1 = 2509,1

kJ/kg

s1 = 5,1044 kJ/kg.K

State 2 :

p2 = 6 kPa, s2 = s1 ,

s2 – sf 2
x2 = = 0,5869, h2 = 15699,4 kJ/kg
sg 2 – sf 2
State 3 :

P3 = 6 kPa, sat. liquid , h3 = 151,53 kJ/kg

State 4 :

P4 = h3 + v3(P4 – P3)

=151,53 + (1,0064.10-3)(180 – 0,06) bar |10 5 /10 3|

=151,53 + 18,11 = 169,64 kJ/kg

a. Kerja netto
Ẃ cycle / ḿ = Ẃ t/ ḿ – Ẃ p/ ḿ = (h1 – h2) – (h4 – h3)
=(2509,1 – 1564,4) –(1696,4 – 151,53)
=921,6 kJ/kg

b. Heat transfer
Q́ in / ḿ = (h1 – h4) = 2509,1 – 169,64 = 2339,5 kJ

c. Efisiensi Termal
Efisiensi = Ẃ cycle / Q́ in = 921,6 / 2339,5 = 0,394 = 39,4 %

d. Heat Transfer (Kondenser)

Q́ out/ ḿ = h2 – h3 = 1564,4 – 151,53 = 1417,9 kJ/kg

16. Steam at 10 MPa, 6000C enters the first-stage turbine of an ideal Rankine cycle with
reheat. The steam leaving the reheat section of the steam generator is at 5000C, and the
condenser pressure is 6 kPa. If the quality at the exit of the second-stage turbine is 90%,
determine the cycle thermal efficiency.

SOLUTION
State 1 :

p1 = 10 MPa, T1 = 600oC , h1 = 3625,3 kJ/kg

s1 = 6,9029 kJ/kg.K

State 4 :

p4 = 6 kPa, X4 = 0,9, h4 = 3625,3 kJ/kg

s4 = 7,5495 kJ/kg.K

State 3 :
 T3 = 500oC, s3 = s4 = 7,5495 kJ/kg.K

Interpolasi table A-4 ; p3 = 15,753 bar

h3 = 3472,3 kJ/kg

State 2 :

s2 = s1 = 6,9029 kJ/kg, p2 = p3 = 15,735 bar

h2 = 3040,5 kJ/kg

State 5 :

p5 = 6 kPa, saturated liquid, h5 = 151,53 kJ/kg

State 6 :

h6 = h5 + v2(p6 – p5)

= 151,53 + 1,00064.10 -3 m3 /kg (100 – 0,06) bar |10 5 N/m2.kg/ 10

bar.N.m

=151.53 + 10,06 = 161,59 kJ/kg

Ẃ cycle / ḿ = Ẃ t / ḿ – Ẃ p / ḿ = (h1 – h2) +(h3 – h4) – (h6 – h5)

=1721,2 kJ/kg

Q́ in/ ḿ = (h1 – h6) + (h3 – h2)

= 3845,5 kJ/kg

Effisiensi = 1721,2 /3845,5 = 0,442 = 44,2 %

17. A Carnot vapor refrigeration cycle uses Refrigerant 134a as the working fluid. The
refrigerant enters the condenser as saturated vapor at 28 0C and leaves as saturated
liquid. The evaporator operates at a temperature of -100C. Determine, in kJ per kg of
refrigerant flow,

(a) the work input to the compressor.

(b) the work developed by the turbine.

(c) the heat transfer to the refrigerant passing through the evaporator.

(d) What is the coefficient of performance of the cycle?

SOLUTION

Diketahui : T2=28oC

T1 = -10oC

Ditanya : a. Win d. efisiensi

b. Wout

c. Q́∈¿

Jawab :

a. Dengan menggunakan data dari table A-10 mengenai sifat refrijeran jenuh
134a dan dengan menggunakan teknik interpolasi dapat menghitung Win ,
Win = h4 – h3
=(h(T=28oC) ; sg(T = -10oC)) - (hg(T=-10oC) )
= 262,50 - 241,345
= 21,155kJ

b. Wout = h1 – h2
= (h(T=28oC) - (hg(T=-10oC) ; sf(T = 28oC)) )
= 88,61 – 36,965
= 51,645 kJ
c. Qin = h3 – h2
= 241,345 - 36,965
= 204,38

d. Efisiensi = 1 – Tc/Th
= 1 – 263 K/301k
= 1 – 0,87
= 0,13 = 13%