GORDON COLLEGE

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St. East
Tapinac, Olongapo 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 224-2089

Assignment No.1
TYPES OF FUNCTION

Submitted by:
ALVIN JAY P. EVANGELISTA
Submitted to:
ALFREDO V. OLAGUIR
Constant Function
A constant function is a linear functionfor which the range does not change no
matter which member of thedomain is used. f(x1)=f(x2)f(x1)=f(x2) for any x1x1 and
x2x2 in the domain.
With a constant function, for any two points in the interval, a change in x x results
in a zero change in f(x)f(x).

Example: Graph the function f(x)=3f(x)=3.

The graph of a constant function is always a.

Identity Function
Also called an identity relation or identity map or identity transformation, is
a function that always returns the same value that was used as its argument. In
equations, the function is given by f(x) = x.
Identity Function is defined as the real valued function f:R→Rf:R→R , y = f(x) = x for
each x∈Rx∈R So ,this function basically associate each real number to itself.

Graph of the Identity Function

We can draw the graph on the Cartesian plan with value of x on the x-axis and
value of y=f(x) on the y-axis. We can plot the point and join the point to obtain the graph.
Here in case of the identity function, the graph will be a straight line passing through the
origin.
 The straight line makes an angle 45o45o with the x-axis.
Example:

Linear Functions

The linear function is popular in economics. It is attractive because it is simple

and easy to handle mathematically. It has many important applications.

Linear functions are those whose graph is a straight line. A linear function has the
following form y = f(x) = a + bx

A linear function has one independent variable and one dependent variable. The
independent variable is x and the dependent variable is y.

a is the constant term or the y intercept. It is the value of the dependent variable when x
= 0.

b is the coefficient of the independent variable. It is also known as the slope and gives
the rate of change of the dependent variable.

Graphing a linear function

To graph a linear function:

1. Find 2 points which satisfy the equation

2. Plot them

3. Connect the points with a straight line

Example:

y = 25 + 5x

let x = 1 then
y = 25 + 5(1) = 30

let x = 3 then
y = 25 + 5(3) = 40

Surjective function
A surjective function is a function whose image is equal to its codomain.
Equivalently, a function f with domain X and codomain Y is surjective if for every y in Y
there exists at least one x in X with display style f(x)=y} f(x)=y. Surjections are
sometimes denoted by a two-headed rightwards arrow.
A surjective function from domain X to codomain Y. The function
is surjective because every point in the codomain is the value of f(x)for
at least one-point x in the domain.

Examples:
 Interpretation for surjective functions in the Cartesian plane, defined by the
mapping f: X → Y, where y = f(x), X = domain of function, Y = range of
function. Every element in the range is mapped onto from an element in the
domain, by the rule f. There may be several domain elements which map to
the same range element. That is, every y in Y is mapped from an element x in
X, more than one x can map to the same y. Left: Only one domain is shown
which makes f surjective. Right: two possible domains X1 and X2 are shown.
  Non-surjective functions in the Cartesian plane. Although some parts of the
function are surjective, where elements y in Y do have a value x in X such
that y = f(x), some parts are not. Left: There is y0 in Y, but there is no x0 in X
such that y0 = f(x0). Right: There are y1, y2 and y3 in Y, but there are no x1,
x2, and x3 in X such that y1 = f(x1), y2 = f(x2), and y3 = f(x3).

Continuous function

Continuous function is a function for which sufficiently small changes in the input
result in arbitrarily small changes in the output. Otherwise, a function is said to be a
discontinuous function. A continuous function with a continuous inverse function is
called a homeomorphism.

If P(x) is a polynomial, then Continuous function Lim P(x) = P(c). x->c

Example:

A graph is an aid to seeing a relationship between numbers. Therefore, consider

the graph of a function f(x) on the left. That graph is a continuous, unbroken line.
Therefore, we want to say that f(x) is a continuous function. But a function is a
relationship between numbers. (Topic 3 of Precalculus.) Any definition of a continuous
function therefore must be expressed in terms of numbers only. To do that, we must
see what it is that makes a graph -- a line -- continuous and try to find thatsame property
in the numbers.
Convex function

A real-valued function defined on an n-dimensional interval is called convex (or

convex downward or concave upward) if the line segment between any two points on
the graph of the function lies above or on the graph. Equivalently, a function is convex if
its epigraph (the set of points on or above the graph of the function) is a convex set. For
a twice differentiable function of a single variable, if the second derivative is always
greater than or equal to zero for its entire domain then the function is convex.Well-
known examples of convex functions include the quadratic function display style x^{2}}
x^{2} and the exponential function display style e^{x}} e^{x}.

Example:

Let X be a convex set in a real vector space and let Xright arrowf: Xrightarrow {R}
be a function.

More generally, a function f(x) is convex on an interval [a,b] if for any two points x_1 and
x_2 in [a,b] and any lambda where 0<lambda<1,

f[lambdax_1+(1-lambda) x_2]<=lambda(x_1)+(1-lambda)f(x_2)

(Rudin 1976, p. 101; cf. Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 2000, p. 1132).

If f(x) has a second derivative in [a,b], then a necessary and enough condition for it to
be convex on that interval is that the second derivative f^('')(x)>=0 for all x in [a,b].

If the inequality above is strict for all x_1 and x_2, then f(x) is called strictly convex.

Examples of convex functions include x^p for p=1 or even p>=2, xlnx for x>0, and |x| for
all x. If the sign of the inequality is reversed, the function is called concave.
Concave function

Concave function and convex function play an important role. Both the functions
are related to each other. A concave function is the negative of a convex function. A
function f(x) is concave over a convex set if the function: f(x) is a convex function over
the set. Then, the result obtained for convex functions can be modified into result for
concave functions by multiplication by -1 and vice versa. A concave function is also
called as concave downwards, convex upwards, concave down, upper convex or
convex cap.

A real-valued function, f, for any x and y is said to be concave if it satisfied

following conditions:

A function is concave if:

f(λx + (1 - λ)y) ≥ λ f(x) + (1 - λ)

f(y) ; For λ ∈ [0, 1]

A function is strictly
concave if:

f(λx + (1 - λ)y) > λ f(x) + (1 - λ)

f(y) ; For x ≠ y and λ ∈ (0, 1).

Example:

Suppose the function f of a single variable is concave on [c, d] and the function g
of two variables is defined by f(x,y) = f(x) on [c,d] x [e,f]. Show that f concave?

Solution: We can apply the definition of concavity since the domain of g is a convex set.

The function g is depending upon two variables, so its graph will look like horizontal
tunnel. Now g((1 - λ)(x,y) + λ)(x′,y′)) = g(λ x′ + (1 -λ)x, λ y' + (1 - λ)y)

= f(λ x' + (1 - λ)x)

≥ λ f(x′) + (1 - λ)f(x)

= λ g(x′,y′) + (1 - λ)g(x,y)

Sub linear function

Let X be a linear space. A function p:X→R is said to be Subadditive if for all

x,y∈X we have that p(x+y)≤p(x)+p(y).
 Let X be a linear space. A function p:X→R is said to be Nonnegatively
Homogeneous if for all λ≥0 and for all x∈X we have that p(λx)=λp(x).

Let X be a linear space. A Sublinear Functional is a function p:X→R that is sub

additive and nonnegatively homogeneous.

Example:

For example, if p is a seminorm on X then p is a sublinear functional.

Furthermore, if X be a normed linear space then the norm itself, i.e., p(x)=∥x∥ is a
sublinear functional.

Clearly for all x,y∈X and λ>0 we have that:

p(λx)=∥λx∥=|λ|∥x∥=λ∥x∥=λp(x)

p(x+y)=∥x+y∥≤∥x∥+∥y∥=p(x)+p(y)

Sinusoidal function

A sinusoidal function is a function that is like a sine function in the sense that the
function can be produced by shifting, stretching or compressing the sine function.

These are functions of the form: y = a sin (b x + c), where a, b and c are constants.
Sinusoidal functions are useful for describing anything that has a wave shape with
respect to position or time. Examples are waves on the water, the height of the tide
during the course of the day and alternating current in electricity. Parameter a (called
the amplitude) affects the height of the wave, b (the angular velocity) affects the width of
the wave and c (the phase angle) shifts the wave left or right.
Exponential functions.
These are functions of the form: y = a b x, where x is in an exponent (not in the
base as was the case for power functions) and a and b are constants. (Note that
only b is raised to the power x; not a.) If the base b is greater than 1 then the result is
exponential growth. Many physical quantities grow exponentially (e.g. animal
populations and cash in an interest-bearing account).
If the base b is smaller than 1 then the result is exponential decay. Many
quantities decay exponentially (e.g. the sunlight reaching a given depth of the ocean
and the speed of an object slowing down due to friction).