ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA

Standard 90.1-2007
An Overview of the Lighting
and Power Requirements
January 10, 2008

Eric Richman, LC
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 1
 The U.S. Department of Energy is a Registered Provider with The
American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit
earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records
for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are
also available.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing profession

education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by AIA of any material of
construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing,
or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific
materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of
this presentation.

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The Basis for Energy Requirements

ƒ Energy Conservation and Production Act, as amended by

EPAct, requires States to adopt a commercial energy code
.…..This drives state adoption of energy codes

ƒ DOE determines the effective stringency level to meet or

exceed

ƒ Many code/standard versions available and currently

adopted – varies by state:
ƒ Some adopt nationally available codes/standards
ƒ Some develop state-specific codes
ƒ Some have no code!
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Status of Commercial Energy Codes as
of Jan. 1, 2008

*
*
*
* *
*
* *
ASHRAE 90.1-2004/2006 IECC,
* equivalent or better
ASHRAE 90.1-2001/2003 IECC or equivalent
*
ASHRAE 90.1-1999/2001 IECC or equivalent

ASHRAE 90.1-1989/2000 IECC or equivalent

Older than ASHRAE 90.1-1989/2000 IECC

* American Samoa
No statewide code
Guam
N. Mariana Islands
Adoption by county/jurisdiction
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands *
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Standard 90.1-2007 Basics
ƒ Jointly sponsored by ASHRAE and IESNA
ƒ 2007 is the brand new version…but many states
have other versions of 90.1 in place (2004, 2001,
1999, 1989)
ƒ Many State-specific codes and the IECC are
based on 90.1. IECC references 90.1 as
compliance option

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Building Power Requirements
ƒ Voltage Drop:
ƒ Feeder conductors
ƒ Run between the service entrance and the branch circuit
2% maximum voltage drop allowed
ƒ Branch circuit conductors
ƒ Run from the final circuit breaker to the outlet or load
ƒ 3% maximum voltage drop allowed

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Building Power Requirements
ƒ Document submittals: owner gets information
about the building’s electrical system
ƒ Record drawings of actual installation within 30 days
ƒ Single-line diagram of electrical distribution system
ƒ Floor plans showing location of distribution equipment
and areas served by equipment

ƒ Manuals
ƒ Submittal data stating equipment nameplate
rating
ƒ O&M manuals for equipment
ƒ Qualified service agency
ƒ Complete narrative and schematic of system as
it’s normally intended to operate

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Standard 90.1 Lighting Scope
ƒ New Construction and Additions
ƒ All commercial type buildings including residential structures
of 4 or more stories above grade
ƒ Interior and exterior lighting
ƒ Some exceptions to all requirements:
ƒ Lighting in dwelling units
ƒ Emergency lighting that is normally off
ƒ Lighting required by life, health, safety statute
ƒ Historic buildings (whole code exemption)

ƒ Alterations/Renovations
ƒ Generally treated as new construction
ƒ Some exemptions apply

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A Few Words About Alterations/
Renovations
ƒ The requirements are
effectively the same as for
new construction or additions:
ƒ The replacement of lighting
systems in building spaces must
comply
ƒ Any new or replacement control
devices must comply
ƒ Exception: Replacement of
less than 50% of the
luminaires in a space need
not comply (if no increase in
power density)
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Basic Lighting Requirements
Mandatory Interior Exterior
Requirements Lighting Power Lighting
(Interior and + Limits + Power Limits
Exterior)
Tradable
Interior
Total
Lighting
Controls
Connected
Power
< Power Exemptions
Allowance
Non-
Switching Tradable

Exemptions Whole Building

Efficiency Total Exterior
OR Lighting
Connected
Power
< Power
Space-by-Space Allowance

Additional Allowances
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Mandatory: Individual Space
Control
ƒ At least one for each room or space enclosed
by ceiling-height partitions
ƒ in spaces ≤ 10,000 ft2, each control serves 2500 ft2
maximum and in spaces > 10,000 ft2, serves
10,000 ft2 maximum
ƒ Readily accessible to occupants
ƒ Remote location is allowed to accommodate
areas where safety or security is a concern

Intent: Allow occupants to

control unneeded lighting

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Mandatory: Additional Space
Controls
ƒ Hotel/motel guest room lighting
must be controlled at room entry

Intent: Allow occupant to

turn off lights at exit point

ƒ Occupancy sensors are required in:

ƒ Classrooms (except shop, lab, K-12)
ƒ Conference/meeting rooms
ƒ Employee lunch/break rooms

Intent: Capture major

occupied hours wasted light
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Mandatory: Individual Space
Control
ƒ Additional control required for:
ƒ Display/accent lighting
ƒ Case lighting
ƒ Task lighting
ƒ Nonvisual lighting
ƒ Demonstration lighting

Intent: Provide opportunity to turn

off special application lighting

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Mandatory: Automatic Shutoff
ƒ Automatic lighting shutoff control device
required in all buildings larger than 5,000 ft2

ƒ Override of automatic shutoff required for not

more than 4 hours

ƒ Exceptions to automatic shutoff:

ƒ Lighting for 24-hour operation
ƒ Patient care spaces
ƒ Areas with safety or security concerns
Intent: Eliminate after
hours lighting waste
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Mandatory: Automatic Shutoff
Compliance options:
1. Control lights on a scheduled basis
(automatic time switch)
• Time-of-day controller
• Controls ≤ 25,000 ft2 and not more than
one floor
2. Occupant sensor
• Turn lights off within 30 minutes of
occupant leaving the space
3. Signal from another control or alarm
that indicates the area is unoccupied

NOTE: earlier versions include faulty

“occupant intervention” phrase 15
Application of Automatic
Shutoff
Intent is to apply to business entities or structures
where whole building control is practical

Example application:
• Strip mall – individual business unit

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Mandatory: Exterior Lighting
Control
ƒ For dusk-to-dawn lighting: astronomical time switch or
photosensor
ƒ For all other: astronomical time switch OR
photosensor + time switch [REVISED!]
ƒ All time switches must have 10 hour battery backup
ƒ Exceptions:
ƒ Covered vehicle entrances
ƒ Exits from buildings or parking structures
(where required for safety, security, or eye adaptation)

Intent: Eliminate
exterior lighting left
on during the day
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Mandatory: Tandem Wiring/Exit
Signs
ƒ Tandem wiring: eliminate
use of single lamp, low-
frequency ballast where
possible
Intent: Eliminate use of low-frequency
ballasts driving single lamps

ƒ Exit signs: limited to 5 watts per face

maximum

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Prescriptive: Interior Lighting
Power
ƒPrescriptive Option
ƒ Whole Building or Space-by-space method
ƒ Compare actual Installed Power (wattage)
to Lighting Power Allowance (lighting
power density LPD) limits
ƒ Additional power allowances and
exemptions available

ƒA few words about the Performance

Option “Energy Cost Budget”
ƒ Whole building energy use modeling
ƒ Compare prescriptively compliant base
building with proposed building Intent: Eliminate waste
by promoting thoughtful
ƒ Can provide flexibility but requires detailed
design and application
modeling inputs
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Prescriptive: Determine
Installed Power
ƒ Calculate installed lighting wattage for all interior lighted
space(s)
ƒ Include all permanent and portable interior lighting
designed for general, ambient, or task illumination
ƒ Exception: for 2 or more mutually exclusive lighting systems only
count the system with highest wattage

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Prescriptive: Determine
Installed Power
ƒ Wattage “Calculation Rules”
ƒ Standard incandescent = maximum labeled wattage of the luminaire
ƒ Luminaires with ballasts or transformers = wattage of the maximum
lamp/ballast combination – not just nominal lamp wattage!
OR the maximum labeled wattage of the luminaire [NEW!]
ƒ Line voltage track = actual wattage with minimum 30 W per foot
OR the wattage limit of the system’s circuit breaker [NEW!]
OR the wattage limit of other permanent current limiting
device(s) on the system [NEW!]
ƒ Low voltage track = transformer wattage
ƒ All others as specified on equipment

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Prescriptive: Wattage Exemptions
ƒ Lighting for the following can be excluded:
ƒ Theatrical, stage, film, and video production
ƒ Used only during medical and dental procedures
ƒ Display/accent in exhibits/displays for museums, monuments, and galleries
ƒ Plant growth or maintenance
ƒ Integral to equipment or instrumentation installed by manufacturer
ƒ Integral to both open and glass-enclosed refrigerator and freezer cases
ƒ Food warming and food prep equipment
ƒ In retail display windows when the display is enclosed by ceiling-height
partitions
ƒ Lighting in spaces specifically designed for use by occupants with
special lighting needs including visual impairment and other medical
and age related issues. [REVISED!]
ƒ In spaces specifically designated as registered interior historic landmarks
ƒ Integral part of advertising or directional signage
ƒ Exit signs
ƒ Sale or lighting educational demonstration systems
ƒ For television broadcasting of sporting activities
ƒ Casino gaming areas
ƒ Furniture-mounted supplemental task lighting controlled by automatic
shutoff – [NEW!] 22
Prescriptive: Lighting Power
Allowance
ƒ Choose appropriate Lighting
Power Density (LPD)
ƒ Whole Building Path
ƒ Easier Rest- Storage
ƒ Less flexibility rooms
Office A
ƒ Space-by-Space Path
ƒ More math Corridor
ƒ Often higher potential total
allowance Retail Sales

ƒ Multiply LPD by square Office B

footage
ƒ Whole building LPD times total Total Building Area = 3000 ft2
building area
ƒ Space-by-space LPD times
space area(s) and sum values

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 90.1-2007 Space Type (LPD) Allowance - Partial List

Space LPDs Building Type

Common Space Type
Common Space Type
Space Type description
Corridor/Transition
Classroom/Lecture/Training
Watts/sqft
0.5
1.4
Common Space Type Electrical/Mechanical 1.4
Common Space Type Dining Area 0.9
Common Space Type Food Preparation 1.2
Common Space Type Lounge/Recreation 1.2
Common Space Type Stairs - Inactive 0.4
Common Space Type Stairway 0.6
90.1-2007 Space type Common Space Type
Common Space Type
Restrooms
Lobby
0.9
1.3
LPD sample Common Space Type Atrium - first three floors 0.6
Common Space Type Atrium - each additional floor 0.2
Common Space Type Office - enclosed 1.1
Common Space Type Office - open plan 1.1
Common Space Type Conference Meeting/Multipurpose 1.3
Common Space Type Inactive storage 0.3
Common Space Type Active storage 0.8
Auditorium Lobby 1.0
Convention Center Exhibit space 1.3
Court House Courtroom 1.9
Exercise Center Dressing/Locker/Fitting Room 0.6
Hospital/Healthcare Exam/Treatment 1.5
Hospital/Healthcare Emergency 2.7
Hospital/Healthcare Recovery 0.8
Library Stacks 1.7
Library Reading Area 1.2
Manufacturing Facility General Low Bay 1.2
Manufacturing Facility General High Bay 1.7
Museum General exhibition 1.0
Parking Garage Parking Area - Pedestrian 0.2
Performing Arts Theatre Audience/Seating Area 2.6
Police/Fire Station Fire Station Engine room 0.7
Post Office Sorting Area 1.2
Transportation Airport - Concourse 24
0.6
Transportation Terminal - Ticket counter 1.5
Whole Building 90.1-2007 Whole Building (LPD) Allowance
LPDs Building Type
RETAIL
OFFICE
Watts per Square Foot
1.5
1
POST OFFICE 1.1
DINING: BAR LOUNGE/LEISURE 1.3
CONVENTION CENTER 1.2
MUSEUM 1.1
PARKING GARAGE 0.3
90.1-2007 whole building LPD COURTHOUSE 1.2
POLICE STATIONS 1
values as shown HEALTHCARE/CLINIC 1
HOSPITAL 1.2
MANUFACTURING 1.3
PERFORMING ARTS THEATER 1.6
SCHOOL/UNIVERSITY 1.2
TOWN HALL 1.1
PENITENTIARY 1
TRANSPORTATION 1
WORKSHOP 1.4
FIRE STATIONS 1
LIBRARY 1.3
HOTEL 1
MOTEL 1
MOTION PICTURE THEATRE 1.2
DINING: CAFETERIA/FAST FOOD 1.4
DORMITORY 1
MULTI-FAMILY 0.7
EXCERCISE CENTER 1
SPORTS ARENA 1.1
DINING: FAMILY 1.6
GYMNASIUM 1.1
AUTOMOTIVE FACILITY 0.9
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS 1.3
WAREHOUSE 0.8

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How Were the Space Type LPDs
Developed?
ƒ Developed within the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1 Lighting
subcommittee with IESNA committee support
ƒ Similar general process for 90.1-1999, 2001, 2004, 2007
ƒ Apply:
ƒ Current lighting product performance data
ƒ Current lamp/ballast efficacy and light loss factors
ƒ Latest IESNA recommended light levels
ƒ Professional consensus of quality lighted environments
ƒ Combine these elements into building space models to
calculate lighting power densities

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…and Whole Building LPDs?

ƒ Develop detailed space-by-space

data for commercial buildings
ƒ Source: DODGE Construction data
plans sets - best available current,
multiple commercial building data
ƒ Perform space type area takeoffs for
detailed square footage by space
type for “typical” buildings
ƒ Current set at 246 buildings for 31
building types
ƒ Assign applicable space type
model LPD for each space
ƒ Calculate whole building LPD
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Process Detail Available at IESNA
ƒ Interactive version of the process is available at
IESNA at:
ƒ http://12.109.133.232/cgi-bin/lpd/lpdhome.pl

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Prescriptive: Additional
Lighting Power
ƒ Additional power allowed for design flexibility and
specific needs
ƒ These are use-it-or-lose-it allowances
ƒ They must be used only for specific designed use and
not for general illumination
ƒ Should be separately switched from other general
lighting

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Prescriptive: Additional
Lighting Power
Additional lighting power allowed for specific
applications must be automatically controlled,
separately from the general lighting, to be turned
off during non-business hours [REVISED!]:

ƒ Decorative luminaires in addition to

the general lighting at 1.0 W/ft2
ƒ Use of specific luminaires designed to
eliminate computer screen glare at
0.35 W/ft2
ƒ Retail Display Lighting

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Retail Display Lighting [REVISED!]
Additional Interior Lighting Power Allowance = 1000 watts +
(Retail Area 1 x 1.0 W/ft2) +
(Retail Area 2 x 1.7 W/ft2) +
(Retail Area 3 x 2.6 W/ft2) +
(Retail Area 4 x 4.2 W/ft2),

Where:
Retail Area 1 = the floor area for all products not listed in Retail Area
2, 3 or 4.
Retail Area 2 = the floor area used for the sale of vehicles, sporting
goods and small electronics.
Retail Area 3 = the floor area used for the sale of furniture, clothing,
cosmetics and artwork.
Retail Area 4 = the floor area used for the sale of jewelry, crystal, and
china.

Exception: Other merchandise categories may be included in Retail

Areas 2 through 4 above, provided that justification documenting the
need for additional lighting power based on visual inspection,
contrast, or other critical display is approved by the authority having
jurisdiction. 31
Exterior Lighting Power
ƒ Building grounds lighting luminaires over 100 watts
must have lamp efficacy of at least 60 lumen/Watt
ƒ Exterior Building Lighting Power must meet
prescribed wattage limits. Exterior applications
divided into 2 categories:

Tradable: allowed wattage may

be traded among these applications

Non-Tradable: allowed wattage

cannot be traded between surfaces
or with other exterior lighting
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Exterior Lighting Power
ƒ The total exterior lighting power allowance is
the sum of the individual lighting power
densities [LPD]….
ƒ ….plus an additional unrestricted allowance of
5% of that sum. Trade-offs are allowed only
among “Tradable Surfaces” applications.
ƒ Some exemptions apply

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Exterior LPDs: 90.1-2007

Applications Lighting Power Densities

Tradable Surfaces
(Lighting Power Densities for open parking areas, building grounds, building entrances and exits, canopies and
overhangs, and outdoor sales areas may be traded)

Uncovered Parking Areas

Parking lots and drives 0.15 W/ft2

Building Grounds

Walkways less than 10 feet wide 1.0 W/linear foot

Walkways 10 feet wide or greater, Plaza areas and 0.2 W/ft2

Special feature areas

Stairways 1.0 W/ft2

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Exterior LPDs: 90.1-2007
Applications Lighting Power Densities
More Tradable Surfaces…

Building Entrances and Exits

Main entries 30 W/linear foot of door width

Other doors 20 W/linear foot of door width

Canopies and Overhangs

Canopies (free standing & attached) and overhangs 1.25 W/ft2

Outdoor Sales

Open areas (including vehicle sales lots) 0.5 W/ft2

Street frontage for vehicle sales lots in addition to “open 20 W/linear foot
area” allowance
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Exterior LPDs: 90.1-2007
Applications Lighting Power Densities
Non-Tradable Surfaces (Lighting Power Density calculations for the following applications can only
be used for the specific application and cannot be traded between surfaces or with other exterior lighting. The
following allowances are in addition to any allowance otherwise permitted in the Tradable Surfaces section of this
table.)

Building facades 0.2 W/ft2 for each illuminated wall or surface or 5.0
W/linear foot for each illuminated wall or surface
length

Automated teller machines & night depositories 270 W per location plus 90 watts per additional ATM
per location

Entrances and gatehouse inspection stations at 1.25 W/ft2 of uncovered area (covered areas are
guarded facilities included in the Canopies and Overhangs section of
Tradable Surfaces)

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Exterior LPDs: 90.1-2007
Applications Lighting Power Densities

Non-Tradable Surfaces

Loading areas for law enforcement, fire, 0.5 W/ft2 of uncovered area (covered areas are
ambulance and other emergency service vehicles included in the Canopies and Overhangs section of
Tradable Surfaces)

Drive-up windows at fast food restaurants 400 W per drive through

Parking near 24-hour retail entrances 800 W per main entry

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Exterior Lighting Power
Exemptions
ƒ The following are exempt when equipped with separate control:
ƒ Specialized signal, directional, and marker lighting associated with
transportation;
ƒ Lighting that is integral to advertising signage or directional signage;
ƒ Lighting that is integral to equipment or instrumentation and is installed
by its manufacturer;
ƒ Lighting for theatrical purposes, including performance, stage, film,
and video production;
ƒ Lighting for athletic playing areas;
ƒ Temporary lighting;
ƒ Lighting for industrial production, material handling, transportation
sites, and associated storage areas;
ƒ Theme elements in theme/amusement parks;
ƒ Lighting used to highlight features of public monuments and registered
historic landmark structures or buildings.
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More Information?
ƒ More information on Standard 90.1-2007, the Users
Manual, and more detailed training opportunities
available from:

www.ashrae.org

www.iesna.org

ƒ More information on the standard and compliance tools

available from:

www.energycodes.gov
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Questions

ƒ If we don’t respond to your question live, you

will get a response via email later
ƒ If you want to submit a question later, just send
us an email at [email protected]

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