1905 National - Building - Code PDF

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RECOMMENDED BY
THE NATIONAL BOARD
FIRE UNDERWRI 1 EES
EDITION
1905.
LIBRARY
OF THE
University of California.
Class
BUILDING CODE
RECOMMENDED BY
Providing for all matters concerning, affecting or relating

to the construction, alteration, equipment, repair
or removal of buildings or structures
erected or to be erected
EDITION 1905
James Kempster Printing Company

117-119 Liberty Street
1905
CONTENTS.
For Alphabetical Index see end of book.
THE BUILDING CODE.
PART I.
SHORT TITLE OF THIS ORDINANCE. A REMEDIAL ORDINANCE.
Page
Sec. I. This Ordinance to be known and cited as the
Building Code n
" 2. Building Code, a Remedial Ordinance n
PART II.
PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS.
Sec. 3. New Buildings and Buildings to be Altered 12
" 4. Filing Plans and Statements 12
" 5. Demolishing Buildings 15
PART III.
DEFINITIONS.
Sec. 6. Measurement of Height for Buildings and Walls. 16
7. Measurement for Width and Depth of Buildings.. 17
8. Private Dwelling, Definition of ... 17
9. Apartment House, Definition of 17
10. Tenement House, Definition of 18
11. Lodging House, Definition of 19
12. Hotel, Definition of 19
13. Office Building, Definition of 20
14.. Frame Building, Definition of 20
PART IV.
QUALITY OF MATERIALS.
Sec. 15. Brick, Sand 21
16. Lime Mortar, Cement Mortar, and Cement and
Lime Mortar 21
17. Cements 22
18. Concrete 23
19. Quality of Timber 23
20. Tests of New Materials 24
21. Structural Material 24
165873
4
PART V.
EXCAVATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS.
Sec. 22. Excavations, Adjoining Walls, Retaining Walls.. 25
23. Bearing Capacity of Soil 28
24. Pressure Under Footings of Foundations 29
25. Foundations, Piles, etc 30
26. Foundation Walls 33
PART VI.
WALLS, PIERS AND PARTITIONS.
Sec. 27. Materials of Walls 36
23. Walls and Piers 36
" 29. Mortar for Walls and Ashlar 40
" 30. Limiting the Height of Buildings 40
" 31. Walls for Dwelling House Class 41
32. Walls for Warehouse Class 44
" 33. Partition Walls or Girders and Columns, Floor
Areas 47
" 34. Increased Thickness of Walls for Buildings More
than 105 Feet in Depth, Reduced Thickness, etc. 51
" 35. Height of Stories, Meaning of Stories 52
" 36. Inclosure Walls for Skeleton Structures 53
" 37. Curtain Walls 54
38. Existing Party Walls 54
" 39. Lining Existing Walls 55
" 40. Walls of Unfinished Buildings 55
" 41. Walls Tied, Anchored and Braced 56
" 42. Arches and Lintels 57
" 43. Parapet Walls 58
44. Hollow Walls 58
45. Hollow Bricks on Inside of Walls 59
" 46. Recesses and Chases in Walls 59
" 47. Furred Walls 60
" 48. Light and Vent Shafts 60
" 49. Brick and Hollow Tile Partitions 61
" 50. Cellar Partitions in Residence Buildings 62
" 51. Main Stud Partitions 63
52. Timber in Walls Prohibited 63
PART VII.
APARTMENT HOUSES AND TENEMENT HOUSES.
Sec. 53. Apartment Houses and Tenement Houses 63
5
PART VIII.
VAULTS, AREAWAYS AND CELLARS.
Sec. 54. Cellars to be Connected with Sewers 80
55. Vaults Under Sidewalks 80
56. Areaways 81
57. Cellar Floors 81
" 58. Cellar Ceilings 82
PART IX.
WOOD BEAMS, GIRDERS AND COLUMNS.
Sec. 59. Wood Beams 82
" 60. Anchors and Straps for Wood Beams and Girders. 85
61. Wood Columns and Plates 86
" 62. Timber for Trusses 87
" 63. Mill Construction 88
PART X.
CHIMNEYS, FLUES, FIREPLACES AND HEATING PIPES.
Sec. 64. Trimmer Arches 89
65. Chimneys, Flues and Fireplaces 89
" 66. Chimney Supports 92
" 67. Chimneys of Cupolas 93
68. Hot Air Flues, Pipes and Vent Ducts 93
" 69. Steam and Hot Water Heating Pipes 96
PART XI.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION.
Sec. 70. Ducts for Pipes 97
71. Studded-off Spaces 98
" 72. Sheathing and Wainscoting, Cock Lofts 98
" 73. Bay, Oriel and Show Windows 100
PART XII.
STAIRS AND ENTRANCES.
Sec. 74. Entrance to Basement 100
" 75. Stairs, Number Regulated by Area of Building.. 100
" 76. Engineers' Stationary Ladders 101
" 77. Slate and Stone Treads of Stairs to be Supported. 102
PART XIII.
SKYLIGHTS AND FLOOR-LIGHTS.
Sec. 78. Skylights, Floor-lights 102
" 79. Unprotected Openings in Floors and Roofs 104
6
PART XIV.
INCLOSURE AND SHED COVERINGS FOR THE PROTECTION OF
PEDESTRIANS—PROTECTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED ON
BUILDINGS.
Sec 80. Inclosure and Shed Coverings for the Protection
of Pedestrians 104
81. Protection of Persons Employed on Buildings . . . 107
PART XV.
MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS.
Sec. 82. Grain Elevators, Coal Pockets, Ice Houses, Pier
Sheds 108
83. Exhibition Buildings. log
84. Smoke Houses 109
PART XVI.
HEATING APPARATUS, DRYING ROOMS, GAS AND WATER PIPES.
Sec. 85. Heating Furnaces and Boilers 110
86. Registers 112
87. Drying Rooms 113
" 83. Ranges and Stoves 113
89. Notice as to Heating Apparatus 115
" 90. Gas and Water Pipes, Electrical Work 115
PART XVII.
ROOFS, LEADERS, CORNICES, BULKHEADS, SCUTTLES AND TANKS.
Sec. 91. Mansard Roofs 117
" 92. Cornices and Gutteis 118
" 93. Bulkheads on Roofs and Scuttles 119
" 94. Tanks 120
" 95. Roofing and Leaders Within the Fire Limits 120
PART XVIII.
ELEVATORS, HOISTWAYS AND DUMBWAITERS, STAIR HALL INCLOSURES.
Sec. 96. Elevators and Hoistvvays 122
97. Elevator Inclosures 122
" 98. Dumbwaiter Shafts 125
" 99. Elevators in Existing Hotels 126
100. Screen Under Elevator Sheaves 126
" ior. Inspection, Installation, Alteration and Operation
of Elevators 127
" 102. Stair Hallway Inclosures 12
7
PART XIX.
HRE APPLIANCES, FIRE ESCAPES AND FIRErROOF SHUTTERS AND DOORS.
Sec. 103. Standpipes 129
" 104. Fire Escapes 133
105. Fireproof Shutters and Doors 139
PART XX.
FIREPROOF RUILDINGS.
Sec. 106. Fireproof Buildings 141
" 107. Fireproof Floor Fillings Between Beams 144
108. Incasing Interior Columns 150
PART XXI.
IRON AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION.
Sec. 109. Skeleton Construction 152
no. Concrete-Steel Construction 153
111. Steel and Wrought Iron Columns 159
112. Cast Iron Columns 160
113. Double Columns 163
114. Party Wall Posts 164
115. Steel and Iron Girders , 164
116. Rolled Steel and Wrought Iron Beams Used as
Girders 165
117. Cast Iron Lintels 165
118. Plates Under Ends of Lintels and Girders 166
119. Rolled Steel and Wrought Iron Floor and Roof
Beams 166
120. Templates Under Ends of Steel or Iron Floor
Beams 167
121. Framing and Connecting Structural Work 167
122. Riveting of Structural Steel and Wrought Iron
Work 168
" 123. Bolting of Structural Steel and Wrought Iron
Work 169
124. Steel and Wrought Iron Trusses 169
125. Riveted Steel and Wrought Iron Trusses 170
126. Steel and Iron Pin-Connected Trusses 170
127. Iron and Other Metal Fronts to be Filled in 171
128. Painting of Structural Metal Work 172
PART XXII.
FLOOR LOADS—TEMPORARY SUPPORTS.
Sec. 129. Floor Loads 172
130. Load on Floors to be Distributed 174
131. Strength of Existing Floors to be Calculated 175
" 132. Strength of Temporary Supports 177
8
PART XXIII.
CALCULATIONS—STRENGTH OF MATERIALS.
Sec. 133. Safe Load for Masonry Work 177
" 134. Weights of Certain Materials 178
" 135. Computations for Strength of Materials 179
" 136. Factors of Safety 179
" 137. Strength of Columns 180
" 138. Working Stresses 182
" 139. Wind Pressure 186
PART XXIV.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS, THEATRES AND PLACES OF ASSEMBLAGE.
Sec. 140. Public Buildings 186
" 141. Theatres and Places of Public Amusement 188
PART XXV.
PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE.
Sec. 142. Plumbing, Drainage and Repairs Thereto 20S
PART XXVI.
BUILDINGS RAISED, LOWERED, ALTERED OR MOVED.
Sec. 143. Buildings Raised, Lowered, Altered or Moved. . . 212
PART XXVII.
FIRE LIMITS.
Sec. 144. Fire Limits 214
PART XXVIII.
FRAME BUILDINGS.
Sec. 145. Frame Structures Within the Fire Limits 215
" 146. Frame Buildings Damaged 217
" 147. Frame Buildings Outside of Fire Limits 218
" 148. Frame Buildings where Streets are not Estab
lished 224
PART XXIX.
COMMISSIONER OF BUILDINGS—RULES AND REGULATIONS—RECORD OF
APPLICATIONS—APPEALS AND MODIFICATIONS OF
ORDINANCES, ETC.
Sec. 149. The Commissioner of Buildings 225
" 150. Appeals and Modifications 227
9
PART XXX.
VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES—COURTS HAVING JURISDICTION.
Sec. 151. Violations and Penalties 229
" 152. Courts Having Jurisdiction 231
" 153. Notices of Violations of Code ; Service of Papers. 235
PART XXXI.
UNSAFE BUILDINGS—SURVEYS—COURT PROCEEDINGS.
Sec. 154. Unsafe Buildings 237
" 155. Surveys on Unsafe Buildings 238
" 156. Court Proceedings 240
" 157. Applications for Order to Remove Violations and
to Vacate Buildings 244
PART XXXII.
RECOVERY OF BODIES UNDER FALLEN BUILDINGS—BUILDINGS IN
DANGER OF FALLING—STOPPAGE OF WORK ON BUILDINGS.
Sec. 158. Recovery of Bodies Under Fallen Buildings.
Buildings in Danger of Falling 246
" 159. Stoppage of Work on Buildings 247
PART XXXIII.
FUND FOR USE AND BENEFIT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGS.
Sec. 160. Fund for Use and Benefit of the Department of
Buildings 248
PART XXXIV.
SEAL—BADGES—UNIFORMS—OFFICERS OF DEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGS
MAY ENTER BUILDINGS—OFFICERS OF FIRE DEPARTMENT
MAY ENTER BUILDINGS.
Sec. 161. Seal. Badges. Uniforms. Officers of Building
Department May Enter Buildings 249
162. Officers of Fire Department ; Right to Enter
Buildings, etc., for Purposes of Examination. . 250
PART XXXV.
EXISTING SUITS AND LIABILITIES—INVALIDITY OF ONE SECTION NOT
TO INVALIDATE ANY OTHER.
Sec. 163. Existing Suits and Liabilities 252
" 164. Invalidity of one Section not to Invalidate
any Other 252
PART XXXVI.
ORDINANCES REPEALED—DATE WHEN ORDINANCE TAKES EFFECT.
Sec. 165. Repealing Inconsistent Ordinances 252
" 166. Date when Ordinance is to Take Effect 253
In the belief that good construction should be recognized
as of the utmost importance in every city and town, this Build
ing Code, as prepared and recommended, has been based upon
broad principles, hoping to impress upon municipal authori
ties everywhere their grave responsibility in enacting and en
forcing laws for the protection of life and property.
The Code is necessarily somewhat voluminous owing to the
efforts of the Committee to provide for conditions existing in
towns as well as cities.
The benefit to be derived from uniform building laws
throughout the country leads us to urge the adoption of the
Code in its entirety. In small towns or cities where there is no
Department of Buildings, it might be enforced through a Bureau
of Buildings, under the jurisdiction of the Fire Department, the
words "Commissioner of Buildings" being changed to "Super
intendent" or " Inspector of Buildings." In like manner other
provisions could be changed to meet local requirements, at the
same time maintaining the essential recommendations.
In the presentation of these suggestions for a Building Code,
the Committee realizes that perfection has not been attained. In
soliciting criticisms it became apparent that changes might be
made indefinitely. The Committee, therefore, has decided to
present the Code in this form, knowing that the National Board
of Fire Underwriters will closely follow the evolution of
building construction and the introduction of new material and
patent devices, and through amended editions be able in the
future to suggest to the public the newest and safest methods of
construction.
The members of the Committee appreciate the assistance of
those who have contributed suggestions, and especially do they
recognize the valuable help rendered by Mr. F. C. Moore, for
mer Chairman of the Committee, and Mr. John Stephen Sewell,
Captain Corps of Engineers, United States Army, who have so
willingly given the benefit of their expert knowledge and
experience.
C. G. SMITH, Chairman,
GEORGE R. CRAWFORD, B. R. STILLMAN,
C. S. HOLLINSHEAD, EVERETT U. CROSBY,
A. G. McILWAINE, Jr., N. S. BARTOW,
Committee on Construction of Buildings,
May, 1905. National Board of Fire Underwriters.
BUILDING CODE
The City Council of the city of

do ordain as follotvs:
PART I.
A REMEDIAL ORDINANCE.
SECTION 1.
This Ordinance to be Known and Cited as the Building

Code.
The following provisions shall constitute and be

known as The Building Code, and may be cited as such
and presumptively provides for all matters concerning,
affecting or relating to the construction, equipment,
alteration, repair or removal of buildings or struc
tures erected or to be erected in the city of
SECTION 2.
Building Code a Remedial Ordinance.
This ordinance is hereby declared to be remedial, and

is intended to secure the beneficial interests and pur
poses thereof.
12
PART II.
PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS.
SECTION 3.
New Buildings and Buildings to be Altered.
New buildings No wall, structure, building, or part thereof, shall

to conform to hereafter be built or constructed, nor shall the plumb
Code.
ing, drainage, piping or wiring of any building, struc
ture or premises, be constructed or altered, in the
city of except in conformity
with the provisions of this Code.
Alterations to No building already erected, or hereafter to be built,
buildings to in said city, shall be raised, altered, moved or built upon
conform to
Code. in any manner, that would be in violation of any of the
provisions of this Code, or the approval issued there
under.
SECTION 4.
Filing Plans and Statements.

Preliminary Before the erection, construction or alteration of any
requirements. building or part of any building, structure, or part of
any structure, or wall, or any platform, staging or floor
ing to be used for standing or seating purposes, and be
fore the construction or alteration of the plumbing,
drainage, piping or wiring of any building, structure
or premises is commenced,
Persons The owner or lessee, or agent of either, or the archi
authorized to tect or builder employed by such owner or lessee in con
act.
nection with the proposed erection or alteration,
Shall submit to the commissioner of buildings—
Detailed A detailed statement in triplicate of the specifica
statements. tions, on appropriate blanks to be furnished to appli
cants by the Department of Buildings,
13
And a full and complete copy of the plans of such pians.

proposed work,
And such structural detail drawings of said proposed Detail
work as the commissioner of buildings may require, Swings.
All of which shall be accompanied with a statement Name and

in writing, sworn to before a notary public or commis- residence 01
. J c owners to be
sioner of deeds, giving the full name and residence, given,
street and number, of the owner, or of each of the own
ers of said building, or proposed building, structure or
proposed structure, premises, wall, platform, staging or
flooring.
If such erection, construction or alteration, plumb- when by a
ing, drainage, piping or wiring, or the alteration thereof, Jnas"a°r0°^hncerr
is proposed to be made or executed by any other per
son than the owner or owners of the land in fee, the
person or persons intending to make such erection
or alteration, or to construct such plumbing, drainage,
piping or wiring, shall accompany said detailed state
ment of the specifications and copy of the plans,
with a statement in writing, sworn to as afore
said, giving the full name and residence, street and
number, of the owner or owners of the land, or pro
posed building, structure, or proposed structure, prem
ises, wall, platform, staging or flooring, either as
owner, lessee, or in any representative capacity, and
that he or they are duly authorized to perform or
have performed said work.
Such statement may be made by the agent, or archi- Architect or
tect of the person or persons hereinbefore required to may
make the same. statement.
Any false swearing in a material point in any state- False swearing,
ment submitted in pursuance of the provisions of this
section shall be deemed perjury, and shall be punishable
as such.
14
Statements and Said sworn statement, and detailed statement of speci

plans to be kept fications, and copy of the plans shall be kept on file in
cn file.
the office of the commissioner of buildings.
Work not to be And the erection, construction, or alteration of said
commenced
until statements building, structure, wall, platform, staging or flooring,
and plans are or any part thereof, and the construction or alteration
approved.
of the said plumbing or drainage, shall not be com
menced or proceeded with; until said statements and
plans shall have been so filed, and approved by the com
missioner of buildings,
Work to be And the erection, construction or alteration of such
executed building, structure, platform, staging or flooring, and
according to
approved the construction or alteration of such plumbing or
statements and
pi .ns. drainage when proceeded with shall be constructed in
accordance with such approved detailed statement of
specifications and copy of plans.
Approval of a Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent
portion of the commissioner of buildings from granting his ap
statements and
plan5. proval for the erection of any part of a building, or any
part of a structure, where plans and detailed statements
have been presented for the same before the entire plans
and detailed statements of said building or structure
have been submitted.
Time Limit for Permits.
One year, if Any approval which may be issued by the commis

work is not sioner of buildings pursuant to the provisions of this
commenced.
section, but under which no work is commenced within
one year from the time of issuance, shall expire by lim
itation.
Ordinary Repairs.
No permit Ordinary repairs of buildings or structures, or of the

necessary plumbing or drainage thereof, may be made without
therefor.
notice to the Department of Buildings, but such repairs
shall not be construed to include the cutting away of
15
any stone or brick wall, or any portion thereof, the re

moval or cutting of any beams or supports, or the re
moval, change or closing of any staircase, or the altera
tion of any house sewer or private sewer or drainage
system, or the construction of any soil or waste pipe.
Code Applies to Municipal and Private Buildings.
The foregoing provisions and all the provisions of with equal

this Code shall apply with equal force to buildings, both force•
municipal and private.
Approval or Rejection of Plans.
It shall be the duty of the commissioner of buildings within a

to approve or reject any plan filed with him pursuant to ônable
the provisions of this section within a reasonable time.
SECTION 5.
Demolishing Buildings.
When plans and detailed statements are filed in the An existing

Department of Buildings for the erection of a new t0 be
building, if an existing building or part of an existing
building is to be demolished, such fact shall be stated in
the statement so filed.
In demolishing any building, story after story, com- Method of
mencing with the top story, shall be completely re- demollshinS'
moved. No material shall be placed upon the floor of
any such building in the course of demolition, but the
brick, timbers and other structural parts of each story
shall be lowered to the ground immediately upon dis
placement.
The material to be removed shall be properly wet sprinkled,
down to lay the dust incident to its removal.
16
Notice to be The owner, architect, builder or contractor for any

intended building, structure, premises, wall, platform, staging or
demolition. flooring to be demolished shall give not less than twen
ty-four hours' notice to the Department of Buildings of
such intended demolition.
PART III.
DEFINITIONS.
SECTION 6.
Measurement of Height for Buildings and Walls.
Points to The height of buildings shall be measured—

compute From the curb level at the center of the front of the
height.
building to the top of the highest point of the roof
For flat roof
buildings. beams in the case of flat roofs,
For high- And for high-pitched roofs the average of the height
pitched roof of the gable shall be taken as the highest point of the
buildings.
building.
In the case of flat roofs the measurement for height
shall not preclude placing the roof beams level at the
Blocking up on
level roof ceiling line and blocking up above the beams to get a
beams. proper pitch for water on the roofing.
For walls on In case a wall is carried on iron or steel girders or
girders.
iron or steel girders and columns, or piers of masonry,
the measurements, as to height for the wall, may be
taken from the top of such girder.
For walls of When the walls of a structure do not adjoin the
buildings which street, then the average level for the ground adjoining
do not adjoin
street. the walls may be taken instead of the street curb level
for the height of such structure.
i7
SECTION 7.
Measurement for Width and Depth of Buildings.
For the 'purposes of this Code—

The greatest horizontal dimension of any building Length,
shall be considered its length,
And the next greatest horizontal dimension its width,
width.
SECTION 8.
Private Dwelling, Definition Of.
A private dwelling shall be taken to mean and in- Residence of

clude every building, which shall be intended or de- ""families."
signed for, or used as, the home or residence of not
more than two separate and distinct families or house
holds, and in which not more than fifteen rooms shall number^t
be used for the accommodation of boarders, and no part [°om* for
1 boarders.
of which structure is used as a store or for any business
purpose.
Two or more such dwellings may be connected on connected
each story when used for boarding purposes, provided l^rdi'ng
the halls and stairs of each house shall be left unaltered, purposes.
Any such building hereafter erected shall not cover percentage of
more than ninety per cent of the lot area. lot °ccuPied-
SECTION 9.
Apartment House, Definition Of.
An apartment house shall be taken to mean and in- BuUdings

clude every building, which shall be intended or de- occupied by
signed for, or used as the home or residence of three Or families,
more families or households living independently of
1. 2
i8
each other, and in which every such family or house

hold shall have provided for it a parlor or sitting room,
a dining room, not less than two bedrooms, a kitchen
and a toilet room containing a set bath tub and water
closet, each room being separate and apart from any
other.
Percentage of Any such building hereafter erected shall not cover
lot occupied. any greater percentage of a lot than is specified in Sec
tion 53 of this Code.
Light and The requirements for light and ventilation for an
ventilation. apartment house shall also apply to a tenement house.
Classification Upon the filing of plans for any building which shall
of building. be intended or designed for the occupancy of three or
more families, as in this section provided for, the com
missioner of buildings shall decide whether such a
building is an apartment house or a tenement house,
according to the circumstances of the case.
SECTION 10.
Tenement House, Definition Of.
Buildings A tenement house shall be taken to mean and include

occupied by any building or portion thereof which shall be intended
three or more
families. or designed for, or is rented, leased, let or hired out as
the home or residence of three families or more living
independently of each other and doing their cooking
upon the premises, or by more than two families upon
any floor, so living and cooking, but having a common
right in the halls, stairways, yards, water closets or
privies, or some of them.
Percentage of Any such building hereafter erected shall not cover
lot occupied. any greater percentage of a lot than is specified in Sec
Light and The requirements for light and ventilation for a tene
ventilation. ment house shall also apply to an apartment house.
19
SECTION 11.
Lodging House, Definition Of.
A lodging house shall be taken to mean and include Buildings in

any house or building or portion thereof in which per- "re'todgedby8
sons are harbored or lodged for hire for a single night the day °r
or for less than a week at any one time, or any part of
which is let for any person to sleep in, for any term less
than a week.
Any such building hereafter erected shall not cover Percentage of
any greater percentage of a lot than is lawful for a lotoccapied-
hotel, as specified in Section 12 of this Code.
SECTION 12.
Hotel, Definition Of.
A hotel shall be taken to mean and include every Buildings

building, or part thereof, intended, designed or used for ^she'ife/",?'1
supplying food and shelter to residents or guests, and persons,
having a general public dining room or a cafe, or both,
and containing also more than fifteen sleeping rooms Number of
above the first story.
An apartment hotel shall be taken to mean and in- Apartment
elude every hotel in which the apartments are rented definition of.
or are intended or designed to be rented in suites, and
for terms not less than one month, and in which there
are no kitchens, dining rooms or serving rooms within
the apartments, but where a common dining room is
provided for the use of the tenants.
Whenever any such hotel or apartment hotel build- Percentage ot
ing hereafter erected shall be located on any other than lot occup,ed'
a corner lot or plot, it shall not cover in the aggregate
more than 90 per cent. of the area of such lot or plot at onan inside
and above the second story floor level, if not more than lot'
20
four stories in height, and one and one-half per cent.

less for every story in height, commencing at and above
On a corner the second story floor level, and on a corner lot, when
lot. covering an area of not more than 3,000 square feet, it
shall not occupy more than 95 per cent. of the area of
such lot at and above the second story level. In case
any such building is to occupy a number of lots, the
Free air space commissioner of buildings may allow the free air space,
may be proportioned as herein stated, to be distributed in such
distributed.
manner as, in his opinion, will equally as well secure
light and ventilation.
SECTION 13.
Office Building, Definition Of.
Rooms for An office building shall be taken to mean and include

business every building which shall be divided into rooms above
purposes.
the first story, and be intended and used for office
purposes, and no part of which shall be used for living
purposes, excepting only for the janitor and his family.
Occupation of Area of Inside Lot Limited.
Percentage of Office buildings when not erected on a corner shall

lot occupied.
not cover more than 90 per cent. of the lot area, at and
above the second story floor level.
SECTION 14.
Frame Building, Definition Of.
Meaning of A frame building shall be taken to mean a building

term. or structure of which the exterior walls or a portion
thereof shall be constructed of wood.
2I
Buildings sheathed with boards, and partially or en- veneered

tirely covered with four inches of brick or stone work, frames,
shall be deemed to be frame buildings.
Wood frames covered with metal, whether the wood frame
frames are sheathed or not with boards, shall be covering,
deemed to be frame structures.
PART IV.
QUALITY OF MATERIALS.
SECTION 15.
Brick.
The brick used in all buildings shall be good, hard, Quality,

well burnt brick.
When old brick are used in any wall they shall be ow brick,
thoroughly cleaned before being used, and shall be
whole and good, hard, well burnt brick.
Sand.
The sand used for mortar in all buildings shall be Quality,

clean, sharp grit sand, free from loam or dirt,
And shall not be finer than the standard samples kept standard
in the office of the Department of Buildings. samples.
SECTION 16.
Lime Mortar.
Slaked lime mortar shall be made of one part of lime component

paste and not more than four parts of sand. '
22
All lime used for mortar shall be thoroughly burnt,

Quality. of good quality, and properly slaked before it is mixed
with the sand. ~ . ,
Cement Mortar.
Component Cement mortar shall be made of cement and sand in
parts. the proportion of one part of cement, and not more
than three parts of sand, and shall be used immediately
after being mixed.
Measured and The cement and sand are to be measured and thor
mixed. oughly mixed before adding water.
Fineness. Cements must be very finely ground and free from
lumps.
Cement and Lime Mortar.
Component Cement and lime mortar mixed shall be made of one

parts. part of slaked lime paste, one part of cement and not
Quality. more than three parts of sand to each, the quality of
the respective parts to accord with the requirements
before stated in this Section.
SECTION 17.
Cements.
Portland Portland cement shall be held to mean such cement
cement. as shall consist of a mixture of argillaceous and cal
careous materials, calcined together and subsequently
ground to an impalpable powder, and thereafter to
receive no addition of other substances except a
maximum of two per cent of gypsum or lime
for the purpose of regulating the setting, and
when tested neat, after one day set in air, be
capable of sustaining without rupture a tensile strain
of at least 120 pounds per square inch, and after one
day in air and six days in water shall be capable of
Required
strength. sustaining without rupture a tensile strain of at least
300 pounds per square inch.
Other than Cements other than Portland cement shall be consid
Portland ered to mean such cement as will, when tested neat,
cement.
after one day set in air be capable of sustaining with
23
out rupture a tensile strain of at least 60 pounds per Required

square inch, and after one day in air and six days in strenfrth-
water be capable of sustaining without rupture a tensile
strain of at least 120 pounds per square inch.
Tests of Cements.
Said tests are to be made under the supervision of Record of

tests.
the Commissioner of Buildings, at such times as he
may determine, and a record of all cements answering
the above requirements shall be kept for public informa
tion.
SECTION 18.
Concrete.
Concrete for foundations shall be made of at least Component

one part of cement, two parts of sand and five parts of par s'
clean broken stone, of such size so as to pass in any way-
through a two-inch ring, or good clean gravel may be
used in the same proportion as broken stone.
The cement, sand and stone or gravel shall be meas- Measured and
ured and mixed as is prescribed for mortar. m'xei''
All concrete shall be properly rammed into place Ramming
and allowed to set without being disturbed.
SECTION 19.
Quality of Timber.
All timbers and wood beams used in any building sound and
shall be of good sound material free from rot, large and B°od
loose knots, shakes, or any imperfection whereby the
strength may be impaired,
24
Requisite sizes. And be of such size and dimensions as the purpose

for which the building is intended requires.
SECTION 20.
Tests of New Materials.
Character and New structural material of whatever nature shall be

quality to be
determined. subjected to such tests to determine its character and
quality, as the Commissioner of Buildings shall direct ;
Tests as may The tests shall be made under the supervision of the
be directed.
Commissioner of Buildings, or he may direct the archi
tect or owner to file with him a certified copy of the re
sults of tests, such as he may direct shall be made.
SECTION 21.
Structural Material.
Quality and . WROUGHT IRON. All wrought iron shall be uni

strength. form in character, fibrous, tough and ductile. It shall
have an ultimate tensile resistance of not less than
48,000 lbs. per square inch, an elastic limit of not less
than 24,000 lbs. per square inch, and an elongation of
twenty per cent. in eight inches, when tested in small
specimens.
Quality and STEEL. All structural steel shall have an ultimate
strength. tensile strength of from 54,000 to 64,000 pounds per
square inch. Its elastic limit shall be not less than 32,000
pounds per square inch and test specimens, ruptured
in tension, must show a minimum elongation of
not less than 20 per cent. in eight inches. Rivet steel
shall have an ultimate strength of from 50,000 to
58,000 pounds per square inch.
Quality. CAST STEEL. Shall" be made of open hearth steel
containing one-quarter to one-half per cent. of carbon,
25
not over eight one-hundredths of one per cent. of phos

phorus and shall be practically free from blow holes.
CAST IRON. Shall be of good foundry mixture, Quality and
producing a clean, tough, gray iron. Sample bars five
feet long, one inch square, cast in sand molds, placed
on supports four feet six inches apart, shall bear a
central load of 450 pounds before breaking. Castings
shall be free of serious blow holes, cinder spots, and
cold shuts. Ultimate tensile strength shall be not less
than 16,000 pounds per square inch when tested in
small specimens.
PART V.
EXCAVATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS.
SECTION 22.
Excavations.
All excavations for buildings shall be properly Guarded and

guarded and protected so as to prevent the same from protected-
becoming dangerous to life or limb—
And shall be sheathe-piled by the person or persons sheathe-pued.
causing the excavations to be made when necessary
to prevent the adjoining earth from caving in.
Plans filed in the Department of Buildings shall be statement of
accompanied by a statement of the character of the soil character of
soil.
at the level of the footings.
Whenever an excavation of either earth or rock for When depth of
excavation is
building or other purposes, shall be intended to be, or more than ten
shall be carried to the depth of more than ten feet below feet-
the curb, the person or persons causing such excavation
to be made shall at all times, from the commencement
until the completion thereof, if afforded the necessary
26
license to enter upon the adjoining land and not other

Protect wise, at his or their own expense preserve any adjoin
adjoining ing or contiguous wall or walls, structure or structures
walls.
from injury, and support the same by proper founda
tions, so that the said wall or walls, structure or struc
tures, shall be and remain practically as safe as before
such excavation was commenced, whether the said ad
joining or contiguous wall or walls, structure or struc
tures, are down more or less than ten feet below the
curb.
Duty of If the necessary license is not accorded to the person
adjoining or persons making such excavation, then it shall be the
owner.
duty of the owner or owners refusing to grant such
license to make the adjoining or contiguous wall or
walls, structure or structures, safe, and support the
same by proper foundations so that adjoining excava
tions may be made, and shall be permitted to enter upon
the premises for that purpose, when necessary, where
such excavation is being made.
When depth of If such excavation shall not be intended to be, or
excavation is
ten feet or less. shall not be, carried to a depth of more than ten feet
below the curb, the owner or owners of such adjoining
or contiguous wall or walls, structure or structures,
shall preserve the same from injury, and so support the
same by proper foundations that it or they shall be and
remain practically as safe as before such excavation
was commenced, and shall be permitted to enter upon
the premises for that purpose, when necessary, where
such excavation is being made.
Adjoining Walls.
By whom In case an adjoining party wall is intended to be used

protected.
by the person or persons causing the excavation to be
made, and such party wall is in good condition and
27
sufficient for the uses of the adjoining building, then

and in such case the person or persons causing the ex
cavations to be made shall, at his or their own expense,
preserve such party wall from injury and support the
same by proper foundations, so that said party wall
shall be and remain practically as safe as before the ex
cavation was commenced.
If the person or persons whose duty it shall be to On neglect or
preserve or protect any wall or walls, structure or struc failure to
protect.
tures from injury shall neglect or fail so to do after
having had a notice of twenty-four hours from the De
partment of Buildings, then the Commissioner of commissioner
Buildings may enter upon the premises and employ such ^B"j'*S!
labor, and furnish such materials, and take such steps
as, in his judgment, may be necessary, at the expense
of the person or persons whose duty it is to keep the
same safe and secure, to make the same safe and
secure, or to prevent the same from becoming unsafe
or dangerous.
Any party doing the said work, or any part thereof, To recover
under and by direction of the said Department of Build expense.
ings, may bring and maintain an action against the per
son or persons last herein referred to, to recover the
value of the work done and materials furnished, in and
about the said premises, in the same manner as if he
had been employed to do the said work by the said per
son or persons.
Retaining Walls.
When an excavation is made on any lot, the person By whom

or persons causing such excavation to be made shall bmlt'
build on the adjoining lot at his or their own cost and
expense, a retaining wall to support the adjoining
*arth, if accorded the necessary license to enter upon the
28
said adjoining lot, and not otherwise, and such retain

ing wall shall be carried to the height of the adjoining
Duty of earth, and be properly protected by coping. If the nec
adjoining essary license is not accorded to the person or persons
owner.
making such excavation, then it shall be the duty of
the owner or owners refusing to grant such license to
build the retaining wall on his or their own property
at his or their own expense without recourse to the per
son or persons making the excavation on the premises
adjoining thereto.
Thickness The thickness of a retaining wall at its base shall be
proportioned in no case less than one-fourth of its height.
to height.
SECTION 23.
Bearing Capacity of Soil.
Where no tests Where no test of the sustaining power of the soil is

are made. made, different soils, excluding mud, at the bottom of
the footings, shall be deemed to safely sustain the fol
lowing loads to the superficial foot, namely :
Soft clay. Soft clay, one ton per square foot ;
Clay and sand. Ordinary clay and sand together, in layers, wet and
springy, two tons per square foot ;
Loam, clay or Loam, clay or fine sand, firm and dry, three tons per
fine sand.
square foot ;
Coarse sand, Very firm, coarse sand, stiff gravel or hard clay, four
stiff gravel or tons per square foot, or as otherwise determined by the
hard clay.
Commissioner of Buildings.
When a test Where a test is made of the sustaining power of the
is made.
soil the Commissioner of Buildings shall be notified so
that he may be present, either in person or by repre
sentative. The record of the test shall be filed in the
Department of Buildings.
Borings. When a doubt arises as to the safe sustaining power
29
of the earth upon which a building is to be erected the

Department of Buildings may order borings to be
made, or direct to be tested the sustaining power of
the soil by and at the expense of the owner of the pro
posed building.
SECTION 24.
Pressure Under Footings of Foundations.
The loads exerting pressure under the footings of

foundations in buildings more than tfbree stories in
height are to be computed as follows :
For warehouses and factories they are to be the full Warehouses
dead load and the full live load established by Section and factories'
129 of this Code.
In stores and buildings for light manufacturing pur- stores and light
poses they are to be the full dead load and seventy-five S^S"*"*
per cent. of the live load established by Section 129 of
this Code.
In churches, schoolhouses and places of public amuse- churches,
ment or assembly, they are to be the full dead load and andîaca68
seventy-five per cent. of the live load established by °fpuMic
Section 129 of this Code.
In office buildings, hotels, apartment hotels, dwell- office
ings, apartment houses, tenement houses, lodging hotels"^'
houses and stables they are to be the full dead load and dwellinss.
apartments,
sixty
129 ofper
thiscent. of the live load established by
code. ■ Section ssssr
tenements,
Footings shall be so designed that the loads will be as

nearly uniform as possible, and not in excess of the safe Uniform
bearing capacity of the soil, as established by Section 23 pressure-
of this Code.
30
SECTION 25.
Foundations.
Depth required. Every building except buildings erected upon solid
rock or buildings erected upon wharves and piers on
the water front, shall have foundations of brick, stone,
iron, steel or concrete laid not less than four feet below
the surface of the earth, on the solid ground or level
surface of rock, or upon piles or ranging timbers when
solid earth or rock is not found.
Piles.
Number and Piles of wood intended to sustain a wall, pier or
spacing.
post, shall be spaced not more than thirty-six inches
nor less than twenty inches on centers, and they shall
be driven to a solid bearing if practicable to do so, and
the number of such piles shall be sufficient to support
the superstructure proposed.
Size of piles. No wood pile shall be used of less dimensions than
five inches at the small end and ten inches at the butt for
short piles, or piles twenty feet or less in length, and
twelve inches at the butt for long piles, or piles more
than twenty feet in length.
Maximum load. No wood pile shall be weighted with a load exceed
ing forty thousand pounds.
When a wood pile is not driven to refusal, its safe
sustaining power in tons shall be determined by the
following formula:
Formula for Twice the weight of the hammer in tons multiplied
strength of pile by the height of the fall in feet divided by least pene
not driven to
refusal. tration of pile under the last blow in inches plus one.
Notification of The Commissioner of Buildings shall be notified of
test piles the time when such test piles of wood will be driven,
that he may be present, either in person 01 by repre
sentative.
3i
The tops of all piles shall be cut off below the lowest Line for top of
water line. piles
When required, concrete shall be rammed down in Concrete
the interspaces between the heads of the piles to a depth Qf 'pTies" tops
and thickness of not less than twelve inches, and for
one foot in width outside of the piles.
Concrete Piles.
Piles of concrete or reinforced concrete piles may Plainor
be made of concrete, either reinforced or plain. reinforced.
Plain concrete piles must be molded in place by Moided in
methods which are reasonably certain to secure per- place-
feet, full-sized piles ; reinforced concrete piles, if prop
erly designed to resist the shock of driving, and if
driven with a cushion to lessen the shock, or if put
down by a water jet, may be molded, allowed to
harden, and then driven or jetted into place.
In case concrete piles are used, whether reinforced strengtn.de-
or otherwise, their bearing power shall be determined terminins <he-
by putting in one or more test piles and loading them,
after the concrete is sufficiently hard.
The full working load in the structure shall not be working load-
more than one-ihalf of the load under which the pile
begins to settle.
In no case, however, shall the load on a concrete
pile exceed twenty-five tons per square foot of cross-
section of concrete, plus 6,000 pounds per square inch Maximum
of any longitudinal steel reinforcement. Concrete load-
piles shall always be made of mixture not leaner than Mixture for
one part cement, two parts sand and five parts concrele
gravel or broken stone. The gravel or stone must
all be capable of passing a one-inch ring, and the
concrete must be mixed by machinery, a batch at
a time, and the concrete must be turned over completely Mixing,
at least twenty-five times. One complete revolution of
32
the machine, if not too rapid, will count as one turning

of the concrete.
Ranging and Capping Timbers.

Size and kind, Where ranging and capping timbers are laid on piles
and where laid. for foundations, they shall be of hard wood not less
than six inches thick and properly joined together, and
their tops laid below the lowest water line.
Metal in Foundations.
to be protected Where metal is incorporated in or forms part of a
from rust. foundation it shall be thoroughly protected from rust
by paint or asphaltum, and be thoroughly imbedded
in concrete, or by such materials and in such manner
as may be approved by the Commissioner of Buildings.
Footings for Columns.

To be protected When footings of iron or steel for columns are placed
from rust. below the water level, they shall be similarly coated,
and inclosed in concrete, for preservation against rust.
Loads on Foundations.
Piers or caisson When foundations are carried down through earth

work. by piers of stone, brick or concrete in caissons, the loads
on same shall be not more than—
When carried Fifteen tons to the square foot when carried down
down to rock. to rock;
Down to Ten tons to the square foot when carried down to
gravel or firm gravel or hard clay ;
hard clay.
Open caissons Eight tons to the square foot in open caissons or
or sheathe-pile sheathe-pile trenches when carried down to rock.
trenches.
Piles Under Frame Buildings Over Water.
May project Wood piles may be used for the foundations under
above water. frame buildings built over the water or on salt meadow
33
or similar land, in which case the piles may project

above the water a sufficient height to raise the building
above high tide, and the building may be placed directly
thereon without other foundation.
SECTION 26. .
Foundation Walls.
Foundation walls shall be construed to include all Meaning of

walls and piers built below the curb level, or nearest term.
tier of beams to the curb, or to the average level of the
ground adjoining the walls, to serve as supports for
walls, piers, columns, girders, posts or beams.
Foundation walls shall be built of stone, brick, Port Materials.
land cement concrete, iron or steel.
If built of rubble stone, or Portland cement concrete, Thickness
they shall be at least eight inches thicker than the wall when of stone.
next above them to a depth of twelve feet below the
curb level; and for every additional ten feet, or part
thereof, deeper, they shall be increased four inches in
thickness.
If built of brick, they shall be at least four inches Thickness
thicker than the wall next above them to a depth of when of brick.
twelve feet below the curb level; and for every addi
tional ten feet, or part thereof, deeper, they shall be
increased four inches in thickness.
Base Course.
The footing or base course shall be of stone or con- Materials,

crete, or both, or of concrete and stepped-up brickwork,
of sufficient thickness and area to safely bear the weight
to be imposed thereon.
3
34
If of concrete. If the footing or base course be of concrete, the con

crete shall be not less than twelve inches thick.
If of stone. If of stone, the stones shall not be less than two by
three feet, and at least eight inches in thickness for
walls ; and not less than ten inches in thickness if under
piers, columns or posts.
Projection of The footing or base course, whether formed of con
footing or crete or stone, shall be at least twelve inches wider than
base course.
the bottom width of walls, and at least twelve inches
wider on all sides than the bottom width of said piers,
columns or posts.
When If the superimposed load is such as to cause undue
thickness is to transverse strain on a footing projecting twelve inches,
be increased.
the thickness of such footing is to be increased so
as to carry the load with safety.
Reduction in For small structures, and for small piers sustaining
thickness and light loads, the Commissioner of Buildings may, in his
projection for
small discretion, allow a reduction in the thickness and pro
structures.
jection for footings or base courses herein specified.
All base stones shall be well bedded and laid cross
wise, edge to edge.
Stepped-Up Footings.
off-sets in If stepped-up footings of brick are used in place of

brick. stone, above the concrete, the off-sets, if laid in single
courses, shall each not exceed one and one-half inches,
or if laid in double courses, then each shall not exceed
three inches, offsetting the first course of brickwork,
back one-half the thickness of the concrete base, so as to
properly distribute the load to be imposed thereon.
Inverted Arches.
Between If, in place of a continuous foundation wall, isolated

isolated piers. piers are to be built to support the superstructure, where
35
the nature of the ground and the character of the

building, in the opinion of the Commissioner of Build
ings, make it necessary, inverted arches resting on a
proper bed of concrete, both designed to transmit with
safety the superimposed loads, shall be turned between
the piers. The thrust of the outer piers shall be taken up
by suitable wrought iron or steel rods and plates.
Grillage in Foundations.
Grillage beams of wrought iron or steel resting on a construction,

proper concrete bed may be used. Such beams shall be
provided with separators and bolts inclosed and filled
solid between with concrete, and of such sizes and so
arranged as to transmit with safety the superimposed
loads.
Headers in Stone Walls.
All stone walls twenty-four inches or less in thick- Requirement

ness shall have at least one header extending through as to number
the wall in every three feet in height from the bottom
of the wall, and in every three feet in length, and if over
twenty-four inches in thickness, shall have one header
for every six superficial feet on both sides of the wall,
laid on top of each other to bond together, and running
into the wall at least two feet.
All headers shall be at least twelve inches in width size of headers,
and eight inches in thickness and consist of good flat
stones.
No stone shall be laid in such walls in any other posi- How stones
tion than on its natural bed. sha" be laid-
No stone shall be used that does not bond or extend stones must
into the wall at least six inches. bond,
Stones shall be firmly bedded in cement mortar and Beds and joints
all spaces and joints thoroughly filled. fi!led'
36
PART VI.
WALLS, PIERS AND PARTITIONS.
SECTION 27.
Materials of Walls.
waiis, what The walls of all buildings, other than frame or wood
constructed of. buildings, shall be constructed of stone, brick, Portland
cement concrete, iron or steel or, if approved by the
Commissioner of Buildings, other hard, incombustible
material, and the several component parts of such build
ings shall be as herein provided.
Front, rear and All buildings shall be inclosed on all sides with inde-
side waiis. pendent or party walls.
SECTION 28.
Walls and Piers.
When piers or In all walls of the thickness specified in this Code,

buttresses are the same amount of materials may be used in piers or
used.
buttresses.
Bearing Walls Denned.
Bearing walls shall be taken to mean those walls on

which the beams, girders or trusses rest.
Bearing Walls with Openings.
When to be If any horizontal section through any part of any

increased in bearing wall in any building shows more than thirty
thickness.
per centum area of flues and openings, the said wall
shall be increased four inches in thickness for every fif
37
teen per centum, or fraction thereof, of flue or opening

area in excess of thirty per centum.
Brick and Masonry Work.
The walls and piers of all buildings shall be properly How built,
and solidly bonded together with close joints filled with
mortar. They shall be built to a line and be carried up
plumb and straight.
The walls of each story shall be built up the full off-sets m waiis
thickness to the top of the beams above. ^° bea"nisOP ' "e
All brick laid in non-freezing weather shall be well Brick to be wet.
wet before being laid.
Walls or piers, or parts of walls and piers, shall not Frozen walls,
be built in freezing weather, and if frozen, shall not be
built upon.
Piers.
All piers shall be built of good, hard, well-burnt Materials,

brick laid in cement mortar, excepting that piers front
ing on a street may be built of stone.
Every pier built of brick, containing less than nine cast-iron bond
superficial feet at the base, supporting any beam, plates in brick
girder, arch or column on which a wall rests, or lintel
spanning an opening over ten feet and supporting a
wall, shall at intervals of not over thirty inches apart
in height have built into it a cast-iron or steel bond
plate of sufficient strength, and the full size of the
piers.
For piers fronting on a street bond stones to con- Front pier bond
form with the kind of stone used for the trimmings of stones-
the front may be used above the sidewalk.
Cap stones corresponding to the trimmings of the CaP stones,
front, proportioned to the weight to be carried, but
not less than five inches in thickness, by the full size
3a
38
of the pier, may be used above the sidewalk for piers

fronting on a street. For the capping of all other
Or cast-iron piers cast-iron plates of equal strength by the full
plates. size of the pier shall be set under all columns or
girders.
Isolated brick Isolated brick piers shall not exceed in height ten
piers, breadth times their least dimensions.
proportioned
to height.
Stone Posts Under Interior Columns.
Prohibited. Stone posts for the support of posts or columns above

shall not be used in the interior of any building.
Piers and Walls of Coursed Stone.
May be of Where walls or outside piers are built of coursed

reduced stones, with dressed level beds and vertical joints,
thickness.
the Commissioner of Buildings shall have the right
to allow such walls or piers to be built of a less thick
ness than specified for brickwork, but in no case shall
said walls or piers be less than three-quarters of the
thickness provided for brickwork.
Heading Courses in Brick Walls.
Every sixth In all brick walls every sixth course shall be a head
course. ing course, except where walls are faced with brick in
running bond, in which latter case, every sixth course
shall be bonded into the backing by cutting the course
Face brick to of the face brick and putting in diagonal headers be
be bonded into hind the same, or by splitting the face brick in half and
the backing.
backing the same with a continuous row of headers.
Roman size Where face brick is used of a different thickness from
face brick. the brick used for the backing, the courses of the ex
terior and interior brickwork shall be brought to a level
39
bed at intervals of not more than ten courses in height

of the face brick, and the face brick shall be properly
tied to the backing by a heading course of the face
brick.
All bearing walls faced with brick laid in running Thickness for
bond shall be four inches thicker than the walls are re- *r*"£ Zutil*"
quired to be under any section of this Code. running bond.
If brick walls are laid in Flemish bond, all headers waiisiaidin
must be full headers, if possible. Where this is not
possible, the headers of every sixth course must be
full headers, and in this case, the thickness of the
wall must be four inches greater than it would other
wise be, under the requirements of this law.
Ashlar.
Stone used for the facing of any building, and known Minimum
as ashlar, shall be not less than four inches thick. thickness.
Stone ashlar shall be anchored to the backing and the Ashlar t0 be
backing shall be of such thickness as to make the walls, anchored-
independent of the ashlar, conform as to the thickness
with the requirements of Sections 31 and 32 of this
Code,
Unless the ashlar be at least eight inches thick and whenashiar
bonded into the backing, and then it may be counted as may be counted
0 J in thickness of
part of the thickness of the wall, walls.
Iron ashlar plates used in imitation of stone ashlar Irooashiar.
on the face of a wall shall be backed up with the same
thickness of brickwork as required for a brick wall
without ashlar.
40
SECTION 29.
Mortar for Walls and Ashlar.
When cement All foundation walls, isolated piers, parapet walls

mortar
required. and chimneys above roofs shall be laid in cement
mortar,
Use of small But this shall not prohibit the use in cold weather of
portion of lime a small proportion of lime to prevent the mortar from
allowed in
cement mortar. freezing.
Mortar for All other walls built of brick or stone shall be laid in
walls. lime, cement, or lime and cement mortar mixed.
Mortar for The backing up of all stone ashlar shall be laid up
backing of with cement mortar, or cement and lime mOrtar mixed,
stone ashlar.
but the back of the ashlar may be parged with lime
mortar or coated with asphaltum varnish to prevent
discoloration of the stone.
SECTION 30.
Limiting the Height of Buildings.

Non-fireproof No non-fireproof building or structure hereafter
buildings.
erected shall exceed fifty-five feet in height, nor the
heights specified for non-fireproof buildings of the
several respective classes mentioned in Section 106
of this Code.
Height No building, or structure hereafter erected, ex
proportioned
to width of cept a church spire, shall exceed in height two and
street. one-half times the width of the widest street upon
Which it stands, but in no case shall any building
exceed one hundred and twenty-five feet, or if to
Warehouse be used above the ground floor as warehouses or
buildings. stores for the storage or sale of merchandise shall
it exceed one hundred feet in height.
Measurement Such height shall be the perpendicular distance meas
for height.
ured in a straight line, taken at the centre of the facade
4i
of the building, from the curb level to the highest point

of the roof beams, not including in such measurement
of height cornices which do not extend more than five Cornices,
feet above the highest point of the roof beams nor in
cisures for the machinery of elevators which do not
exceed fifteen feet in height, or inclosures for tanks Tank and
Which do not exceed twenty feet in height above the ^closures,
roof beams and do not exceed in united area ten per
centum of the area of the roof.
SECTION 31.
Walls for Dwelling House Class.
The expression "walls for dwelling house class"

shall be taken to mean and include walls for the fol
lowing buildings :
Apartment Houses, Hotels,

Apartment Hotels, Laboratories,
Asylums, Lodging Houses,
Club Houses, Parish Buildings,
Convents, Schools,
Dormitories, Studios,
Dwellings, Tenements.
Hospitals,
For buildings hereafter erected in the dwelling

house class, the minimum thickness of all independ
ent surrounding and dividing walls in the same, carry
ing the loads of floors and roofs, shall be made in
accordance with the following table:
42
DWELLING-HOUSE CLASS-BRICK WALLS

(minimum thicknesses in inches)
HEIGHT BAsE sTORIES
MENT
Stone Brick
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
16 12 xa
20 12 13 12
20 12 ia 12 12
20 16 la 12 12 12
20 16 » 12 12 12 12
24 20 16 12 12 12 12 12
24 20 16 16 12 12 12 12 12
28 24 20 16 16 16 l6 12 12 12
28 24 20 20 16 16 16 16 12 12 12
32 28 24 20 20 20 l6 16 16 16 12 12
When the above walls are used for party walls in

non-fireproof buildings, the ends of the beams shall
rest on corbeled ledges, or when entering the twelve-
inch sections of the walls shall be staggered. If the
beams do not rest on corbeled ledges, or are not so
staggered, the twelve-inch sections of the walls shall
be increased to not less than sixteen inches in thickness.
When used for bearing party walls in fireproof
buildings, no portion of the walls shall be less than
sixteen inches in thickness,
when thickness If any story exceeds the height stated in Section 35
of waiis to be Gf this Code, the thickness of walls shall be increased as
increased.
stated in said Section.
Note—The above table for thicknesses of walls is based upon a
minimum size of brick of about 7^ x 2'A x 2% inches. Sizes of
bricks are variable in different sections of the United States.
43
Brick Partition Walls in Dwellings Exceeding 26 Feet

in Width.
All non-fireproof dwelling houses erected under this ^°°u'j™proof
section, exceeding twenty-six feet in width, shall have houses,
brick fore and aft partition walls.
Partition Walls.
Eight-inch brick partition walls may be built to sup- Wnen not °Ter
, ,. 33 feet between
port the beams in such buildings when the distance bearing waiu.
between the main or bearing walls is not over thirty-
three feet ;
If the distance between the main or bearing walls is when over
over thirty-three feet the brick partition wall shall be beiringTaT""
not less than twelve inches thick ;
Provided, that no clear span is over twenty-six feet. Proviso.
Limiting the Height for a Single

Thickness of Wall.
No section of a wall of the same thickness shall
exceed, measuring vertically, the height provided
elsewhere in this section and in sections 32 and 35
of this Code.
Iron Columns and Girders Instead of

Partition Walls.
This section shall not be construed to prevent the use In non-fireproof
of iron or steel girders, or iron or steel girders and col residence
buildings.
umns when properly insulated as provided in Section
108 of this Code, or piers of masonry, for the sup
port of the walls and ceilings over any room which
has a clear span of more than twenty-six feet between
walls, in such residence 'buildings as are not con
structed fireproof.
Nor to prohibit the use of iron or steel girders, or In fireproof
iron or steel girders and columns in place of brick walls residence
buildings.
44
in buildings which are to be used for residence purposes

when constructed fireproof, and insulated.
Clear Span Thicknesses.
Walls must be If the clear span is to be over twenty-six feet, then

thicker when
clear span the bearing walls shall be increased four inches in
exceeds 26 feet. thickness for every twelve and one-half feet or part
thereof, that said span is over twenty-six feet,
Piers or but Or shall have instead of the increased thickness, such
tresses instead
of increased piers or buttresses as, in the judgment of the Commis
thickness. sioner of Buildings, may be necessary.
SECTION 32.
Walls for Warehouse Class.

The expression "walls for warehouse class" shall
be taken to mean and include walls for the following
buildings :
Armories, Museums,
Barns, Observatories,
Breweries, Office Buildings,
Carriage Houses, Police Stations,
Churches, Printing Houses,
Cooperage Shops, Public Assembly Buildings,
Court Houses, Pumping Stations,
Factories, Railroad Buildings,
Foundries, Refrigerating Houses,
Garages, Slaughter Houses,
Jails, Stables,
Libraries, \. Stores,
Light and Power Houses, Sugar Refineries,
Machine Shops, Theatres,
Markets, Warehouses,
Mills, Wheelwright Shops.
45
For buildings hereafter erected in the warehouse

class, twenty-five feet or less in width between walls
or bearings, the minimum thickness of all independ
ent surrounding or dividing walls in the same, carry
ing the loads of floors and roofs shall be made in
accordance with the following table :
WAREHOUSE CLASS—BRICK WALLS

(minimum thicknesses in inches)
HEIGHT BASE stories
MENT
Stone Krick
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .0
20 16 12
20 16 [2 12
20 16 12 12 12
24 20 l6 16 16 12
26 24 20 16 16 16 12
32 28 24 20 20 20 16 16
Seven Stories 32 28 24 '4 20 20 20 16 j6
36 32 24 M 24 2C. 20 20 16 16
Nine Stories 36 J' 28 24 24 2+ 20 20 20 ,6 16
36 32 28 28 24 24 24 20 20 20 16 16
When the above walls are used for party walls in

non-fireproof buildings, the twelve-inch sections of the
walls shall have corbeled ledges to carry the ends of the
beams, or be increased in thickness to not less than
sixteen inches, and the beams entering the walls shall
Note—The above table for thicknesses of walls is based upon a
minimum size of brick of about lY% x 3^ x 2% inches. Sizes of
bricks are variable in different sections of the United States.
46
be staggered. If the beams do not rest on corbeled

ledges or are not so staggered, the twelve and six-
teen-inch sections of the wall shall be increased to
not less than twenty inches.
When used for bearing party walls in fireproof
buildings, no portion of the walls shall be less than
sixteen inches in thickness.
If any story exceeds the height stated in Section 35
of this Code, the thickness of walls shall be increased as
stated in said Section.
Clear Span Thickness.
waiis thickened If there is to be a clear span of over twenty-five feet

between the bearing walls, such walls shall be four
inches thicker than in this section specified, for
every twelve and one-half feet, or fraction thereof,
that said walls are more than twenty-five feet apart, or
shall have instead of the increased thickness such piers
or buttresses as, in the judgment of the Commissioner
of Buildings, may be necessary.
Walls for Public Buildings.
To be The walls of buildings of a public character shall be

supplemented not less than in this Code specified for warehouses with
in strength.
such piers or such buttresses, or supplemental columns
of iron or steel properly insulated as provided in
Section 108 as, in the judgment of the Commis
sioner of Buildings, may be necessary to make a safe
and substantial building.
47
SECTION 33.
Partition Walls or Girders and Columns.
In all stores, warehouses and factories over twenty- Exceeding a

five feet in width between walls there shall be brick par width of 25 fee
between walls.
tition walls, or girders supported on iron, steel, or wood
columns, or piers of masonry. When such girders or
columns are of iron or steel they shall be properly
insulated as provided in Section 108 of this Code.
Floor Areas in Stores, Warehouses, Factories, and

Other Buildings.
In all non-fireproof stores, warehouses and factories. Non.fil.epro0f

no single floor area, between brick fire walls of a thick- buildings,
ness corresponding to the main bearing walls, shall
exceed the following—
When located fronting on one street only, may Fronting on
cover an area of not more than five thousand square one street only'
inside lots.
feet ;
Or When extending from street to street may cover Extending
an area of not more than six thousand square feet; gtr°™tstreet to
Or if a corner building fronting on two streets, it Frontingon
may cover not more than six thousand square feet ; two s"-ee's.
. single corner.
Or when such a building 0 fronts on three streets it „Fronting on
may cover an area of not more than seven thousand three streets,
five hundred square feet between brick fire walls. 0° tee'tape"
In all stores, warehouses and factories, not exceed
ing fifty-five feet in height, which may be built fire- Fireproof
proof, the areas between brick fire walls of a thick- bu,ldinss
r 7 not exceeding
ness corresponding to the main bearing walls, may 55 feet in
be one hundred per centum greater than the areas he'ght'
stated hereinbefore in this section for non-fireproof
buildings, that is to say—
48
Fronting on When located fronting on one street only it may

one street only, cover an area of not more than ten thousand square
inside lot.
feet;
Extending Or when such a building extends from street to street
from street to
street. it may cover an area of not more than twelve thousand
square feet ;
Fronting on Or if a corner building fronting on two streets it may
two streets,
single corner. cover an area of not more than twelve thousand square
feet;
Fronting on Or when such a building fronts on three streets it
three streets, may cover an area of not more "than fifteen thousand
double corner
or tee shape. square feet between brick fire walls.
Fireproof But in case any such fireproof building exceeds the
buildings height of fifty-five feet, the areas between brick
exceeding 55
feet in height. fire walls of a thickness corresponding to the main
bearing walls may be the same, but no greater than the
areas hereinbefore stated in this section for non-fire
proof construction ;
When Provided, however, in case the foregoing described

foregoing buildings are completely equipped with a system of
buildings have
automatic automatic sprinklers in a manner approved by the
sprinklers. Board of Fire Underwriters, the
areas between the brick partition walls may be increased
as follows :
Non-fireproof For the non-fireproof constructed buildings, the re

buildings. spective areas hereinbefore stated may be increased fifty
per centum ;
Fireproof For the fireproof constructed buildings not exceeding

buildings not fifty-five feet in height, the respective areas hereinbefore
exceeding 55
feet in height. stated may be increased thirty-three and one-third per
centum ; and
Fireproof
buildings For the fireproof constructed buildings exceeding
exceeding 55 fifty-five feet in height, the respective areas hereinbe
feet in height.
49
fore stated may be increased thirty-three and one-third

per centum.
For fireproof constructed buildings intended or de- Fireproof
signed for occupancy other than for stores, warehouses ^'f"^0"1"
and factories, and when not exceeding one hundred and warenousesand
. , • . factories, not
twenty-five feet in height, the areas between brick exceeding i25
fire walls of a thickness corresponding to the main feet heieht'
bearing walls may be the same, but no greater than the
areas hereinbefore stated in this Section for fire
proof buildings not exceeding fifty-five feet in height
with automatic sprinkler protection, that is to say—
When located fronting on one street only, may Fronting on
cover an area of not more than thirteen thousand ones,re"onl>''
inside lot.
three hundred and thirty-three square feet;
Or when such a building extends from street to Extending
street the area may be not more than sixteen thou- from street to
J street.
sand square feet;
Or if a corner building fronting on two streets, it Fronting on
may cover an area of not more than sixteen thousand s^giVco'ner.
square feet;
Or when such a building fronts on three streets it Fronting on
may cover an area between said brick fire walls of 'hre^ streets'
double corner
not more than twenty thousand square feet; or tee shape.
Provided, however, in case such buildings are com- Last described
pletely equipped with a system of automatic sprinklers equippe^'with"
as hereinbefore described, the respective areas between automatic
sprinklers.
the brick fire walls may be increased fifty per centum.
The automatic sprinkler system, including the water Automatic
supply in connection therewith, hereby required in !î"mletr0 be
this Section shall be installed and kept in perfect work- kept in working
ing order by the owner, lessee or occupant of the
premises.
Re-Capitulation of Limit of Floor Areas.
In tabulated form, a recapitulation of the extreme Recapitulation,
limit of areas in each case between brick fire walls,
as specified in this Section, is as follows :
4
5°
Non-Fireproof Construction. Non-Fireproof Construction.

Any occupancy, height limited to 55 Any occupancy, height limited to 55
feet feet
Area, without Automatic Sprinkler Area, with Automatic Sprinkler Pro
Protection. tection (being an increase of 50 per cent,
over the unsprinklered area).
Fronting on one street
only 5,000 sq. ft. One street front 7,500 sq. ft.
Fronting on two streets,
that is, extending
through from street to
street 6,000 sq ft. Two street fronts. ...... 9,000 sq. ft.
Corner building, front Corner building, two
ing on two streets 6,000 sq. ft. street fronts 9,000 sq. ft.
Fronting on three streets. 7,500 sq. ft. Three street fronts 11,250 sq. ft.
Fireproof Construction. Fireproof Construction.

Occupancy, stores, warehouses and Occupancy, stores, warehouses and
factories. Height when not exceeding factories. Height when not exceeding
55 feet. 55 feet.
Area, without Automatic Sprinkler A rea, with Automatic Sprinkler
Protection. Protection (being an increase of 33 1-3
Fronting on one street percent, over the unsprinklered area).
only 10,003 sq. ft. One street front J3,333 sq. ft.
that is, extending
street 12,000 sq. ft. Two street fronts 16,000 sq. ft.
Fronting on three streets. 15,000 sq. ft. Three street fronts.. 20,000 sq. ft.

Occupancy, stores, warehouses and Occupancy, stores, warehouses and
factories. Height limited to 100 feet. factories. Height limited to 100 feet.
Area, without Automatic Sprinkler Area, with Automatic Sprinkler
Protection, same as for non-fireproof Protection (being an increase of 33 1-3
construction. per cent, over the unsprinklered area).
only 5,000 sq. ft. One street front 6,666 sq. ft.
that is, extending
street 6,ooo sq. ft. Two street fronts 8,000 sq. ft.

Occupancy, other than stores, ware Occupancy, other than stores, ware
houses and factories. Height limited houses and factories. Height limited
to 125 feet. to 125 feet.
Area, without Automatic Sprinkler A rea, with Automatic Sprinkler
Protection, same as for fireproof con Protection (being an increase of 50 per
struction limited to 55 feet and with cent, over the unsprinklered area).
Automatic Sprinkler protection.
only 13-333 sq- ft- One street front . 20,000 sq. ft.
that is, extending
street 16,000 sq. ft. Two street fronts 24,000 sq. ft.
ing on two streets i*>,ooo sq. ft. street fronts 24,000 sq. ft.
5i
No wall or part of wall in any existing building Prohibiting

nor in any building hereafter erected shall be removed ™™°va' of
to produce a larger area than those named in this
Section.
When more than two fireproof or non-fireproof Communicating
buildings communicate, although protected by double ^°i'm
standard fireproof doors, they shall be provided with sprinkler
. , . . , , , systems.
a system of approved automatic sprinklers where oc
cupied as stores, warehouses, and factories.
Openings in the brick fire walls of buildings openings in
specified in this Section shall in no case exceed eight feet maximum size
in width, nor more than ten feet in height, and above for-
each such opening there shall be a curtain wall between
the top of the opening and the ceiling line of at least
three feet. The openings shall be provided with ap
proved automatic self-closing standard fireproof doors Doors,
automatic
on both sides of the wall. self-closing.
SECTION 34.
Increased Thicknesses of Walls for Buildings More
Than One Hundred and Five Feet in Depth.
All buildings, not excepting dwellings, that are over when there
one hundred and five feet in depth, without a crosswall "auTor"^™
or proper piers or buttresses, shall have the side or bear
ing walls increased in thickness four inches more than
is specified in the respective sections of this Code for
the thickness of walls for every one hundred and five
feet, or part thereof, that the said buildings are over
one hundred and five feet in depth.
Reduced Thickness for Interior Walls.

In case the walls of any building are less than twenty- when interior
five feet apart, and less than forty feet in depth, or J^cTdL^
there are crosswalls which intersect the walls, not more thickness.
52
than forty feet distant, or piers or buttresses built into

the walls, the interior walls may be reduced in thickness
in just proportion to the number of crosswalls, piers or
Proviso. buttresses, and their nearness to each other; provided,
however, that this clause shall not apply to walls below
fifty-five feet in height, and that no such wall shall
be less than twelve inches thick at the top, and gradu
ally increased in thickness by set-offs to the bottom.
Reduced thick- The Commissioner of Buildings is hereby authorized
ness permuted. emp0werej f-o decide (except where herein other
wise provided for) how much the walls herein men
tioned may be permitted to be reduced in thickness
without endangering the strength and safety of the
building, according to the peculiar circumstances of
each case.
SECTION 35.
Height of Stories.
The height of stories for all given thicknesses of

walls shall not exceed—
First story 16 feet in the clear

Second story 14 feet in the clear
Third story 12 feet in the clear
Fourth and upper stories 11 feet in the clear
If increased And if any story exceeds the foregoing heights, the

in height. walls of any such story and all walls below that story
shall be increased four inches in thickness.
Defining height The height of a story shall be the perpendicular dis
of story. tance from the top of the finished floor in one story to
the underside of the finished ceiling in the same story.
53
Meaning of Stories.
The first story shall be taken to mean the story the First story,
floor of which is first above the basement.
The upper stories shall be taken to mean the stories uPPer stories,
the floors of which are above the first story and num
bered in regular succession, counting upwards.
Meaning of Basement and Cellar.
A basement shall be taken to mean that portion Basement,

of a building the floor of which is below the curb
level at the centre of the front of the building, more
than one foot, and not more than three-fourths of the
height of said portion measuring from floor to ceiling.
A cellar shall be taken to mean the lowest por- cellar,
tion of a building the floor of which is below the
curb level at the centre of the front of the building,
more than three-fourths of the height of said portion
measuring from the floor to the ceiling.
SECTION 36.
Inclosure Walls for Skeleton Structures.
Walls of brick built in between iron or steel columns,

and supported wholly or in part on iron or steel
girders—
Shall be not less than twelve inches thick for sixty- Thickness'for
five feet of the uppermost height thereof, or to the near uppermost
portion.
est tier of beams to that measurement, in any building
so constructed.
And the lower section of sixty feet or to the near Thickness
for lower
est tier of beams to such vertical measurement, or part portion.
thereof, shall have a thickness of four inches more than
54
is required for the section next above it down to the tier

of beams nearest to the curb level;
Thickness And thence downward, the thickness of walls shall
below curb
level. increase in the ratio prescribed in Section 26, this Code.
Reduced Thickness for Adjoining Walls.
Thickness When two independent buildings of skeleton type
stated.
of construction, and of the same height adjoin each
other, the thickness of the said independent walls
above the foundations for such sections where they
adjoin may be not less than eight inches.
SECTION 37.
Curtain Walls.
Interior of Curtain walls shall be taken to mean walls built
building". in the interior of a building between piers or iron or
steel columns, and being non-bearing walls—
Thickness for Shall be not less than twelve inches thick for sixty-
uppermost five feet of the uppermost height thereof or nearest
portion.
tier of beams to that height,
Thickness for And increased four inches for the lower section of
lower portion. sixty feet or nearest tier of beams to that height;
Thickness And thence downward the thickness of walls shall
below curb increase in the ratio prescribed in Section 26 of this
level.
Code.
SECTION 38.
Existing Party Walls.
Walls built for Walls heretofore built for or used as party walls,
party walls whose thickness at the time of their erection was in ac
may be so used.
cordance with the requirements of the then existing
laws, but which are not in accordance with the re
quirements of this Code, may be used, if in good condi
tion, for the ordinary uses of party walls, provided the
height of the same be not increased.
55
SECTION 39.
Lining Existing Walls.
In case it is desired to increase the height of existing Lining of

party or independent walls, which are less in thickness in°ependent
1 J 1 or party walls.
than required under this Code, the same shall be done
by a lining of brickwork to form a combined thickness
with the old wall of not less than four inches more than
the thickness required for a new wall corresponding
with the total height of the wall when so increased in
height.
The said linings shall be supported on proper founda- Foundations
,.
tions, for linings.
B
And carried up to such height as the Commissioner Height for
of Buildings may require. limne'
No lining shall be less than eight inches in thickness, Thickness for
and all lining shall be laid up in cement mortar and and method of
0 r lining.
thoroughly anchored to the old brick walls with suitable
wrought-iron anchors, placed two feet apart and prop- Anchors,
erly fastened or driven into the old walls in rows alter
nating vertically and horizontally with each other, the
old walls being first cleaned of plaster or other coatings
where any lining is to be built against the same.
No rubble stone wall shall be lined except after in- Rubble waiis to
spection and approval by the Department. beforebeing
lined.
SECTION 40.
Walls of Unfinished Buildings.
Any building, the erection of which was commenced Commenced

in accordance with specifications and plans submitted to "nder Prevl0us
r 1 laws, may be
and approved by the Department of Buildings prior to completed,
the passage of this Code, if properly constructed, and in
50
safe condition, may be completed, or built upon in ac

cordance with the requirements of law, as to thickness
of walls, in force at the time when such specifications
and plans were approved.
SECTION 41.
Walls Tied, Anchored and Braced.
Forbiddiac In no case shall any wall or walls of any building be

side wal's beingcarried up more than two stories in advance of any
carried up in
advance of other wall, except by permission of the Commissioner
front or rear
walls. of Buildings,
Including skel And this prohibition shall include the inclosure walls
eton structures for skeleton buildings.
in prohibition.
Walls bonded The front, rear, side and party walls shall be- properly
and anchored. bonded together, or anchored to each other every six
Anchors, feet in their height by wrought-iron tie anchors, not
size of. less than one and a half inches by three-eighths of an
inch in size, and not less than twenty-four inches in
length.
Side anchors, The side anchors shall be built into the side or party
distance apart. walls not less than sixteen inches, and into the front and
rear walls, so as to secure the front and rear walls to the
side, or party walls, when not built and bonded to
gether.
Exterior piers All exterior piers shall be anchored to the beams or
to be anchored. girders on the level of each tier.
Walls to be Braced.
Placing of The walls and beams of every building, during the

braces for erection or alteration thereof, shall be stroneiy braced
walls. ' fa J
from the beams of each story, and when required, shall
also be braced from the outside, until the building is in
closed.
57
The roof tier of wood beams shall be safely anchored, Roof beams to
with plank or joist, to the beams of the story below un- beanchored-
til the building is inclosed.
SECTION 42.
Arches and Lintels.
Openings for doors and windows in all buildings Over door and
shall have eood and sufficient arches of stone, brick, or wmdow
o > > openings.
terra-cotta, well built and keyed with good and suffi
cient abutments, or lintels of stone, iron or steel of suf
ficient strength, which shall have a bearing at each end
of not less than five inches on the wall.
Inside Lintels.
On the inside of all openings in which lintels shall be Timber Hnteis.

less than the thickness of the wall to be supported, there
shall be timber lintels, which shall rest at each end not
more than three inches on any wall, which shall be
chamfered at each end, and shall have a suitable arch Arch turned
, over timber
turned over the timber lintel. iintei.
Or the inside lintel may be of cast iron, or wrought Iron or steel
iron or steel, and in such case stone blocks or cast iron ,ns,de'' intels
plates shall not be required at the ends where the lintel
rests on the walls, provided the opening is not more
than six feet in width.
Masonry Arches.
All masonry arches shall be capable of sustaining the Strength of.

weight and pressure which they are designed to carry,
and the stress at any point shall not exceed the working
58
stress for the material used, as given in Section 138 of

this Code.
Tie rods. Tie rods shall be used where necessary to secure sta
bility in accordance with current good practice.
SECTION 43.
Parapet Walls.
All exterior and division or party walls over fifteen

feet high, excepting where such walls are to be finished
with cornices, gutters or crown moldings, shall have
Thickness and parapet walls not less than eight inches in thickness and
height. carried two feet above the roof.
On commercial But for warehouses, factories, stores and other
and buildings used for commercial or manufacturing pur-
manufactunng °
buildings. poses the parapet walls shall be not less than twelve
inches in thickness and carried three feet above the
roof,
To be coped. And all such walls shall be coped with stone, terra
cotta or cast iron.
SECTION 44.
Hollow Walls.
Quantity of In all walls that are built hollow the same quantity of
material in. stone, brick or concrete shall be used in their construc
tion as if they were built solid, as in this Code provided,
The pans to be And no hollow wall shall be built unless the parts of
tied together. same are connected by proper ties, either of brick, stone
or iron, placed not over twenty-four inches apart.
59
SECTION 45.
Hollow Bricks on Inside of Walls.

The inside four inches of any wall may be built of Walls may have
hard-burnt hollow brick, properly tied and bonded by inside face of
hollow brick.
means of full header courses every sixth course into
the walls, and of the dimension of the ordinary bricks.
Where hollow tile or porous terra cotta blocks are Hoiiowciay
used as lining- or furring- for walls, they shall not be in- blocks not t0 be
0 0 J% counted in
eluded in the measurement of the thickness of such thickness of
wall.
walls.
SECTION 46.
Recesses and Chases in Walls.
Recesses for stairways or elevators may be left in the In walls of the
foundation or cellar walls of all buildings, but in no lower stones'
case shall the walls be of less thickness than the walls
of the fourth story, unless reinforced by additional piers
with iron or steel girders, or iron or steel columns and
girders, properly insulated, and securely anchored
to walls on each side.
Recesses for Alcoves.

Recesses for alcoves and similar purposes shall have Limiting depth
not less than eight inches of brickwork at the back of alcove recesses.
such recesses, and such recesses shall be not more than
eight feet in width, and shall be arched over or spanned
with iron or steel lintels, and not carried up higher than
eighteen inches below the bottom of the beams of the
floor next above.
Chases for Pipes.
No chase for water or other pipes shall be made in Proportion of
any pier, and in no wall more than one-third of its thkLnlss.
thickness.
6o
Filling-in The chases around said pipe or pipes shall be filled up

required at each with solid masonry for the space of one foot at the top
floor.
and bottom of each story.
Horizontal No horizontal recess or chase in any wall shall be
chases in walls.
made exceeding four feet in length without permission
of the Commissioner of Buildings.
Aggregate Area for Recesses and Chases.
Limiting the The aggregate area of recesses and chases in any

aggregate area.
wall shall not exceed one-fourth of the whole area of
the face of the wall on any story, nor shall any such
recess be made within a distance of six feet from any
other recess in the same wall.
SECTION 47.
Furred Walls.
Brickwork In all walls furred with wood the brickwork between

of'wood beams tn(^s °^ wood beams shall project the thickness of
to project. the furring beyond the inner face of the wall for the full
depth of the beams.
SECTION 48.
Light and Vent Shafts.
waiis of brick. In every building hereafter erected or altered, all the

walls or partitions forming interior light or vent
shafts, shall be built of brick, except that when the area
of any such shafts does not exceed twenty-five square
feet the inclosing walls or partitions may be of such
other fireproof other fireproof materials as may be approved by the
materials. ~ . . c t» *i i'
6i
The walls of all light or vent shafts, whether exterior To extend

above roof.
or interior, hereafter erected, shall be carried up not less
than three feet above the level of the roof,
And the brick walls shall be coped as other parapet Walls to be
coped.
walls.
When the shaft is covered by a ventilating skylight When shaft is
covered.
of metal and glass the walls need not be carried more
than two feet above the roof.
When metal louvres are used for ventilating pur Metal
louvres.
poses, the louvres or slats shall be riveted to the metal
frame.
One-Story Vent Shafts in Private Dwellings.
Vent shafts not more than twenty square feet in Stud pirtitions
area to light interior bath rooms in private dwellings lled ,n'
may be built of wood studs filled in solidly with brick or
hard-burnt clay blocks, or of wood covered on all sides
with metal, metal lath and plaster or plaster boards,
when extending through not more than one story,
and carried not less than two feet above the roof,
and covered with a ventilating skylight of metal and
glass.
SECTION 49.
Brick and Hollow Tile Partitions.
Eight-inch brick, and six-inch hollow tile, and Limiting height

four-inch brick or four-inch hollow tile parti- andlcnsth-
tions, of hard-burnt clay or porous terra-cotta
laid up with cement mortar, may be built, not exceed
ing in their vertical portions a measurement of
fifty for the eight-inch, thirty-six for the six-
inch and twenty-four feet for the four-inch,
respectively, and in their horizontal measurement a
62
length not exceeding seventy-five feet, unless said

partition walls are strengthened by proper crosswalls,
piers or buttresses, or built in iron or steel framework
when the latter is imbedded in or insulated by the
same material of which the partition is constructed.
To be properly All such partitions shall be carried on proper founda
supported.
tions, or on iron or steel girders, or on iron or steel
girders and columns, properly insulated, or piers of
masonry.
SECTION so.
Cellar Partitions in Residence Buildings.
Brick partition One line of fore and aft partitions in the cellar or
wall in cellar
under stud lowest story, supporting stud partitions above, in all
partition. residence buildings over twenty feet between bearing
walls in the cellar or lowest story, hereafter erected,
shall be constructed of brick, not less than eight inches
thick,
Arched Or piers of brick with openings arched over below
openings. the underside of the first tier of beams,
Girders and Or girders of iron or steel and iron columns, or piers
columns or of masonry may be used;
piers.
Iron or steel Or if iron or steel floor beams spanning the distance
floor beams to between bearing walls are used of adequate strength to
support stud
partitions. support the stud partitions above in addition to the
floor load to be sustained by the said iron or steel
beams, then the fore and aft brick partition, or its
equivalent, may be omitted.
Foundations Stud partitions which may be placed in the cellar or
for stud lowest story of any building, shall have good solid
partitions in
lowest story. stone, brick or cement concrete foundation walls under
the same, which shall be built up to the top of the
floor beams or sleepers, and the sills of said partitions
shall be of locust or other suitable hard wood; but if
the walls are built of brick, five inches higher than the
top of the floor beams or sleepers, any wooden sill
may be used on which the studs shall be set.
63
SECTION si.
Main Stud Partitions.
In residence buildings where fore and aft stud parti- Fore and aft
tions rest directly over each other, they shall run down stud partmo
between the wood floor beams and rest on the top plate
of the partition below,
And shall have the studding filled in solid between Fire stop,
the uprights to the depth of the floor beams, with suit
able incombustible materials.
SECTION 52.
Timber in Walls Prohibited.
No timber shall be used in any wall of any building 0niy inside

where stone, brick, cement concrete or iron are com- lintelsand
brace blocks
monly used, except inside lintels, as herein provided, permissible,
and brace blocks not more than eight inches in length.
PART VII.
APARTMENT HOUSES AND TENEMENT

HOUSES.
SECTION 53.
Apartment Houses and Tenement Houses.
Every non-fireproof building hereafter erected or Non-nreProof

altered for use as an apartment house or a tenement buildinss-
64
house four stories and basement in height, or having a

Height. basement and three stories in height above a cellar, but
in no case exceeding fifty-five feet in height, shall have
the first story above the cellar or lowest story con
structed fireproof. No such non-fireproof building shall
Width. exceed fifty feet in width.
Fireproof Every building hereafter erected or altered for use
buildings. as an apartment house or a tenement house exceeding
Height. fifty-five feet in height shall be constructed fireproof in
accordance with the requirements of this Code for fire
proof buildings. When any such building exceeds one
hundred feet in height it shall not be less than forty
Width. feet in width.
Cellar Stairs.
Location when The stairs from the cellar or lowest story to the
practicable.
floor next above, when placed within any apartment
house or tenement house, shall be located, when practi
cable, to the rear of the staircase leading from the first
story to the upper stories, and in all cases be inclosed
with brick or stone walls, and such stairway shall be
provided with self-closing fireproof doors at the top
and bottom of said flight of stairs.
When placed When such stairway is placed underneath the first
underneath
the first story story staircase, it shall be constructed fireproof and be
staircase. roofed over with fireproof material, and be also in
closed with brick walls, with self-closing fireproof doors
at the top and bottom of said flight of stairs.
When cellar When the stairs from the first story to the cellar or
stairs are
located in lowest story are located in an open court the door lead
open court. ing thereto from the first story may be placed under
neath the staircase in the first story, and the strings and
railings of such outside stairs shall be of iron, and if the
stairs be inclosed from the weather, incombustible ma
terial only shall be used for that purpose.
65
Hallway Inclosures and Staircases.
In all non-fireproof apartment houses or tenement Non.firepi.oof

houses hereafter erected four stories and basement in buildings,
height, but not exceeding- fifty-five feet in height, and
occupied or arranged to be occupied by more than two
families on any floor, the staircase halls shall be in
closed with brick walls, and the said hall inclosures
shall have a connecting hallway in the first story and connecting
extend to the street, inclosed with suitable walls of hallwayt0
street.
brick, or such other fireproof materials, including
ceiling, as may be approved by the Commissioner of
Buildings.
In fireproof apartment houses and tenement houses Fireproof
hereafter erected the stair halls and hallway leading to !™'ld'.ng,s' .
J & halls inclosed.
the street shall be inclosed in brick walls, and in other
respects be constructed as required by this Code for
fireproof construction.
Eight-inch brick walls not exceeding fifty feet in wheneiBiu-
their vertical measurement, may inclose said halls and ^nJây be
stairs, and be used as bearing walls where the distance used for
between the outside bearing walls does not exceed thir
ty-three feet, and the area between the said brick in-
closure walls does not exceed one hundred and eighty
superficial feet.
At least one flight of the hall stairs in each of said stairs to extend
buildings shall extend to the roof, and there be inclosed to roof'
in a bulkhead. The bulkhead door shall not at any time Bulkhead doors
be locked with a key, hut it may he -fastened on the in- ,"°lk^ be
side by movable rjorts or hooks.
Whenever the walls inclosing the entrance hall of To support
any apartment or tenement house hereafter erected sup- emrancThaii.
port beams or girders carrying a brick wall ahove, the
said walls shall be not less than twelve inches thick, laid
in cement mortar.
5
66
Closet Prohibited Under First Story Staircase.
Open space. No closet shall be constructed underneath the stair

case of any story, but the space thereunder shall be left
entirely open and kept free from incumbrance ; but this
Space that may shall not prohibit the inclosing without openings the
be tightly under portion of the first story staircase from the foot
inclosed.
of the same to a point where the height from the floor
line to the soffit of the staircase shall not exceed five
feet.
Percentage of Lot Occupied.
Corner lots. No apartment house or tenement house hereafter

erected shall occupy more than ninety per centum of a
corner lot,
Inside lots. Or more than seventy per centum of any other lot,
Provided, that the space occupied by outside fire
Fire-escape escapes, projecting not more than four feet, shall not
space. be deemed a part of the lot occupied.
Where For the purposes of this Section the measurements
measurements shall be taken at the ground level,
to be taken.
When measure Except that where any such building has a store on
ments at second the first story, and that story is or is intended to be oc
story floor level.
cupied for business purposes only, the measurements as
to percentage of lot occupied may be taken at the level
of the second story floor beams.
Yards.
Inside lots. Behind every apartment house and tenement house

four stories in height hereafter erected on an inside
lot, there shall be a yard, not less than ten feet in
Open and un depth, extending across the entire width of the lot,
obstructed at and at every point open from the ground to the sky
rear of lot.
unobstructed, except that fire escapes or uninclosed
outside stairs may project not over four feet from
the rear line of the house.
67
Said yard shall be increased in depth six inches for Increased

every additional story in height of the building; depth'
And may be decreased in depth one foot for every Decreased
story in height of the building less than four stories. depth'
The depth of the yard behind every apartment house Corner lot.
and tenement house hereafter erected upon a corner lot
shall be not less than five feet in every part for the width of yard-
full width of the lot, and such depth need not to be
increased when the building exceeds four stories in
height, nor shall it be decreased in depth when the
building is less than four stories in height, except
that—
Where an apartment house or a tenement house is when yard may
hereafter erected on a corner lot, and when any such ^tlly" seCond
building has a store on the first story the said yard or
open space unencumbered except by fire-escapes pro
jecting not more than four feet, may start at the level
of the second story floor beams.
Where a corner lot is more than fifty feet in width, corner lot,
the yard for that portion in excess of fifty feet shall widthof sofeet-
conform to the provisions of this Section for inside lots.
Wherever an apartment house or a tenement house Lot extending
hereafter erected is upon a lot which runs through from s™"tst"ett°
one street to another street, and said lot is not less than
seventy feet nor more than one hundred and twenty feet
in depth, there shall be a yard space through the center
of the lot midway between the two streets, which space
shall extend across the full width of the lot, and shall
never be less than twelve feet in depth from wall to
wall ; and such yard space may start at the level of the
second story floor beams.
Where such lot is over one hundred and twenty feet When through
in depth, such yard space shall be proportionately in- J."'^"6118
creased in depth, and shall be left through the center of dimensions,
the lot midway between the two streets, and shall ex
tend across the entire width of the lot.
68
Lot at Where an apartment house or a tenement house here-

iwHtr"^" °f after erected is situated on a lot formed by the intersec
tion of two streets at an acute angle, the yard of the
said house need not extend across the entire width of
the lot, provided that it extends to a point in line with
the middle line of the block.
Courts.
Uncovered. A court, that is, an open, unoccupied space other

than a yard of an apartment house or a tenement house
hereafter erected, shall not be covered by a roof or sky
light, but every such court shall be at every point open
from the ground to the sky, unobstructed other than by
fire escapes.
Outer Courts.
Width for. Where one side of an outer court, that is, a court ex
tending to the street or yard, is situated on the lot line,
the width of the said court, measured from the lot line
to the opposite wall of the building, for apartment
houses and tenement houses four stories and basement
in height, shall be not less than four feet in any part;
Increased And for every story of increase above four stories
width.
and basement in height of the said building, such width
shall be increased six inches throughout the entire
height of said court ;
Decreased And for every story of decrease in the height of the
width.
said building below four stories and basement, such
width may be decreased one foot.
Width when Where an outer court is situated between wings or
between wings.
parts of the same building, or between different build
ings on the same lot, the width of the said court, meas
ured from wall to wall, for apartment houses and tene
ment houses four stories and basement in height, shall
be not less than eight feet in any part;
69
And for every story of increase above four stories increased

and basement in the height of the said building, such wldth'
width shall be increased six inches throughout the en
tire height of the said court ;
And for every story of decrease in the height of the Decreased
said building below four stories and basement, such wldth'
width of the said court may be decreased one foot.
Inner Courts.
Where one side of an inner court, that is, a court not Court on**
extending to the street or yard, is situated on the lot hne'
line, the width of the said court measured from the lot
line to the opposite wall of the building, for apartment
houses and tenement houses four stories and basement
in height, shall be not less than six feet in any part, and
its other horizontal dimensions shall be not less than
twelve feet in any part ;
And for every story of increase in the height of the increased
said building above four stories and basement, such wldth"
width shall be increased six inches throughout the en
tire height of said court ;
And the other horizontal dimensions shall be in- Increased
creased one foot throughout the entire height of said length-
court ;
And for every story of decrease in the height of Decreased
the said building below four stories and basement, such wldth"
width may be decreased six inches throughout the en
tire height of the said court ;
And the other horizontal dimensions may be de- Decreased
creased one foot. Iengt '
Where an inner court is not situated upon the lot Inner court on
line, but is inclosed on all four sides, the least horizontal ^r than lot
dimension of the said court for apartment houses and
tenement houses four stories and basement in height,
shall be not less than twelve feet;
7o
Increased And for every story of increase above four stories

dimensions. and basement in the height of the said building, the said
court shall be increased one foot in each horizontal di
mension throughout the entire height of said court ;
Decreased And for every story of decrease in the height of the
dimensions. said building below four stories and basement, the hori
zontal dimensions of the said court may be decreased
six inches in each direction.
Width of offsets No window, except windows of water-closet com
or recesses. partments, bathrooms or halls shall open upon any off
set or recess less than six feet in width.
Outer and Inner Courts.

Angles with Nothing contained in this Section concerning outer
windows.
and inner courts shall be construed as preventing win
dows at the angles of said courts.
When courts When an apartment house or a tenement house here
may start at
second story. after erected has a store on the first story, and that
story is, or is intended to be occupied for business pur
poses only, the outer and the inner courts may start at
the level of the second story floor beams.
Rear Tenement Houses or Apartment Houses.
Prohibiting. No separate tenement house or apartment house shall

hereafter be erected upon the rear of a lot fifty feet or
less in width where there is an apartment house or a
tenement house on the front of the said lot,
Nor upon the front of any such lot upon the rear of
which there is such a house.
Buildings on Same Lot With Tenement Houses or

Apartment Houses.
space between. If any building is hereafter placed on the same lot

with a tenement house or an apartment house, the space
7i
between the said buildings shall always be of such size

and arranged in such manner as is prescribed for yards
in rear of apartment houses and tenement houses.
And no building of any kind shall be hereafter placed court or yard
upon the same lot with a tenement house or an apart- space'
ment house so as to decrease the minimum size of
courts or yards as hereinbefore prescribed.
And if any tenement house or apartment house is here- comply with
after erected upon any lot upon which there is already
another building, it shall comply with all the provisions
of this Section, and in addition the space between the
said building and the said tenement house or apartment
house shall be of such size and arranged in such manner
as is prescribed in this Section for inner courts, the
height of the highest building on the lot to regulate the Highest buiid-
... ' ing to regulate
dimensions. dimensions.
Rooms, Lighting and Ventilation Of.
In every apartment house or tenement house here- window

. . openings.
after erected every room, except water-closet compart
ments and bathrooms, shall have at least one window
opening directly upon the street or upon a yard or
court.
Windows in Rooms.
In every apartment house or tenement house here- window area

. 1 L proportioned to
after erected the total window area in each room, except room.
water-closet compartments and bathrooms, shall be at
least one-tenth of the superficial area of the room,
And the top of at least one window shall be not less Height to top
than seven feet six inches above the floor, and the upper above oor-
half of it shall be made so as to open the full width.
No such window shall be less than twelve snuare Area of
feet in area between the stop beads.
72
Windows in Water-Closet Compartments and Bath

rooms.
Size of window. In every apartment house or tenement house here

after erected the total window area in a water-closet
compartment or bathroom shall be not less than three
square feet in area for each,
Width of And no such window shall be less than one foot in
window.
width, measured between stop beads.
Rooms, Size Of.
Minimum. In every apartment house and tenement house here

after erected all rooms, except water-closet compart
ments and bathrooms shall be of the following mini
mum sizes :
One room, In each apartment there shall be at least one room
least area for.
containing not less than one hundred and twenty square
feet of floor area,
Other rooms, And each other room shall contain at least seventy
least area for.
square feet of floor area.
Height for Each room shall be in every part not less than nine
ceiling.
feet high from the finished floor to the finished ceiling;
Attic room. Provided that an attic room need be nine feet high in
but one-half its area.
Alcoves.
Alcove rooms must conform to all the requirements

of other rooms.
Public Hallways.
Windows In every apartment house or tenement house here

required. after erected, exceeding three stories and basement in
height, every public hallway, that is, a corridor not
73
within an apartment, shall have at least one window

opening directly upon the street or upon a yard or
court.
One at least of the windows provided to light each Width and
height for
public hallway or part thereof, shall be at least two window,
feet six inches wide and five feet high, measured
between stop beads.
Any part of a hallway which is shut off from any Meaning of
hall.
other part of said hallway by a door or doors, shall be
deemed a separate hall or separate hallway within the
meaning of this Section.
In every apartment house and tenement house here Three stories
after erected not exceeding three stories and basement in height.
in height, where the public hallway is not provided
with a window opening directly to the outer air, sash Sash doors.
doors admitting light to the public hallways from the
apartments shall be provided.
Stair Hallway Windows.
In every apartment house or tenement house here- Aggregate

after erected exceeding- three stories and basement in area'
height, the aggregate area of windows to light or ven
tilate stair halls, that is, the public hallways which in
clude the stairs, stair landings and those portions
of the hallways through which it is necessary to pass
in going between the entrance floor and the roof, shall
be at least eighteen square feet for each floor.
There shall be provided for each story at least one of size of window,
said windows, which shall be at least two and a half
feet wide and five feet high, measured between the stop
beads.
A sash door shall be deemed the equivalent of a Will- Sash door
dow in public hallways and stair halls, provided that ^J^nit°
such door contains the amount of glazed surface pre
scribed for such windows.
74
Privacy.
Access 10 In every apartment of three or more rooms in an

r'jum*- apartment house or a tenement house hereafter erected,
access to every living room and bedroom and to at
least one water-closet compartment shall be had without
passing through any bedroom.
Existing Buildings.
Percentage No now existing apartment house or tenement house

of lot. shall hereafter be enlarged, or its lot be diminished, so
that the house shall occupy more than the percentage
of lot allowed by this Section for similar new houses.
Yards. No now existing apartment house or tenement house
shall hereafter be enlarged or its lot be diminished, so
that the yard shall be less than specified in this Section
for similar new houses,
Open space, And such yard shall be at every point open from the
excepting fire ground to the sky, except that fire escapes or uninclosed
escapes.
outside stairs may project not over four feet from the
rear line of the house.
Additional Any additional room or hall that is hereafter con
rootnsand halls. structed or created in a now existing apartment house
or tenement house shall comply in all respects with the
provisions of this Section for new houses.
Lights in Public Hallways.
Artificial light. In every apartment house and tenement house a

proper light shall be kept burning by the owner in the
public hallways, near the stairs, upon the entrance floor,
and upon the second floor above the entrance floor of
said house, every night from sunset to sunrise through
out the year,
75
And upon all other floors of the said house from SUn- Hours
set until ten o'clock in the evening. prescribed
Skylights.
In every apartment house and tenement house there
i 11 1 • i ci- i i • ii Area of glazed
shall be in the roof, directly over each stair well, a ven- surface.
tilating skylight with both ridge ventilators and fixed
louvres, the glazed surface thereof to be not less than
twenty square feet in area, of one-quarter-inch glass
in metal frames, and with wire screens over and under
the glass.
Provided, that this requirement shall not apply to a Bulkhead
now existing apartment house or tenement house now window-
having a bulkhead in the roof over the main stairs,
which bulkhead is provided with windows made so as
to readily open, and with not less than twelve square
feet of glass in the top of said bulkhead.
Chimneys or Fireplaces.
In every apartment house and tenement house there Fiue openings,
shall be adequate chimneys running through every
floor, with an open fireplace or grate, or place for a
stove, properly connected with one of said chimneys for
every apartment.
Area for Vent Shafts.

Every vent shaft hereafter constructed in an apart- Area of.
ment house or a tenement house four stories and base
ment in height shall be at least twelve square feet
in area, and the least dimension of such shaft shall Least
dimensions.
be not less than three feet;
And if the building be above four stories and base- increase of
area.
ment in height such shaft shall throughout its entire
height be increased in area two square feet for each ad
ditional story in height;
76
Decrease of And for each story in height less than four stories
area. and basement such shaft may be decreased in area one
square foot.
Uncovered. A vent shaft may be inclosed on all four sides, but
shall not be roofed or covered over in any way.
Bottoms of Shafts, Courts, Areas and Yards.
Depth below In every apartment house and tenement house here

floor level.
after erected the bottom of all shafts, courts, areas and
yards which extend to the basement for light or ven
tilation of living rooms, shall be six inches below the
floor level of the part occupied or intended to be occu
pied.
Connected with All shafts, courts, areas and yards shall be properly
sewer.
concreted, graded and drained, and shall be properly
connected with the street sewer so that all water may
pass freely into it.
Basements and Cellars.
Conditions for In apartment houses and tenement houses hereafter

occupancy.
erected no room in the cellar or in the basement shall
be constructed, altered, converted or occupied for living
purposes unless all of the following conditions are com
plied with :
Height of 1. Such room shall be at least eight feet high in
ceiling.
every part from the floor to the ceiling.
Existing Provided, that in buildings already erected and not
building.
now used as tenement houses, but hereafter altered or
converted to such use, such room shall be not less than
seven feet high in every part.
Ceiling above 2. Ceiling of such room shall be at least two feet and
ground. six inches above the surface of the street or ground out
side of or adjoining the same.
77
3. There shall be appurtenant to such room the use water-closet,

of a separate water-closet, constructed and arranged as
required by this Section for water-closet compartments.
4. Such room shall have a window or windows open- window
ing upon the street, or upon a yard or court. The total open,ngs'
area of windows in such room shall be at least one-
eighth of the superficial area of the room, and one-half
of the sash shall be made to open the full width, and the
top of each window shall be within six inches of the Topof
. windows.
ceiling.
5. All walls surrounding such room shall be damp- waiis
- ^ -damp-proof.
proof.
6. The floor of such room shall be damp-proof and Floor
r * waterproof.
water-proof.
Every apartment house and tenement house here- Damp-proof
after erected shall have all walls below the ground level ™*terproot.
and all cellar or lower floors damp-proof and water
proof.
When necessary to make such walls and floors damp- Beiow ground
proof and water-proof, the damp-proofing and water- leve,'
proofing shall run through the walls and up the same as
high as the ground level, and shall be continued
throughout the floor.
And the said cellar or lowest floor shall be properly Cellar floor
construction.
constructed so as to prevent dampness or water from
entering.
Water-Closet Accommodations.
In every apartment house hereafter erected there separate

shall be a separate water-closet in a separate compart- water"COM
ment within each apartment,
Provided that where there are apartments consisting Exception,
of but one or two rooms, there shall be at least one
water-closet for every three rooms.
78
Number of Every tenement house hereafter erected shall be pro

water-closets, vided with as many water-closets, improved privy sinks,
privy sinks, etc.
or other similar receptacles as the Commissioner of
Buildings or the Department of Health may require,
but in no case shall there be less than one for every fif
teen occupants.
General toilet Nothing in this Section in regard to the separation of
room. water-closet compartments from each other shall apply
to a general toilet room hereafter placed in any apart
ment house or tenement house, provided such water-
closets are supplemental to the water-closet accommo
dations required by this Section for the use of the occu
pants of any said house.
Window open All water-closet compartments in every apartment
ings. house or tenement house hereafter erected shall have
a window opening upon the street or yard or upon a
court or vent shaft.
Artificial lights. Every water-closet compartment shall be provided
with proper means of lighting the same at night. If fix
tures for gas or electricity are not provided in said com
Sash door or partment, then the door of said compartment shall be
transom. provided with obscured glass panels, or with an ob
scured glass transom, not less in area than four square
feet.
Floors. The floor of every water-closet compartment shall be
made water-proof with asphalt, tile, stone, Portland
cement concrete, metal or some other water-proof
material ; and such water-proofing shall extend at
least six inches above the floor, so that the said floor
can be washed or flushed out without leaking.
Drip trays
prohibited. No drip trays shall be permitted.
Woodwork No water-closet fixtures shall be inclosed with any
prohibited. woodwork.
Storage of Combustible Materials.
Forbidden. No tenement house, nor apartment house, nor any
79
part thereof, shall be used as a place of storage for

any article or material dangerous to life or health, Articles
nor for the storage of feed, hay, straw, excelsior or J]*"*'™"*,^
cotton, nor for the storage or handling of rags, except
under such conditions as may be prescribed by the conditions.
Fire Department, under authority of a written per
mit issued by said Department.
Dangerous Businesses.
No bakery and no place of business in which fat IS Bakeries and

boiled shall be maintained in any tenement house or fatboil,n*-
apartment house which is not fireproof throughout, un
less the ceiling and sidewalls of the said place where fat
boiling is done, or baking ovens are used, are made
safe by fireproof materials around the same, and there Certain open-
shall be no openings either by door or window, dumb- ingspro lblted-
waiter shafts or otherwise, between said bakery or said
place where fat is boiled in any tenement house or
apartment house and the other parts of the said
building.
All transoms and windows opening into halls from openings into
r i 1 , 1 halls from drug
any portion of a tenement house or apartment house stores, etc.
where paint, oil, spirituous liquors or drugs are stored
for the purpose of sale or otherwise, shall be glazed
wtith wire glass in metal frames or they shall be re
moved and the opening shall be closed up as solidly
as the rest of the wall, and all doorways leading into Fireproof
any such hall from such portion of said house shall
be protected with standard fire-doors.
Fire-Escapes.
In all apartment houses or tenement houses any Allowed

. . r , projection for.
apartment not containing any room fronting upon the
8o
street or yard shall have a fire-escape in a court, pro

jecting not more than four feet from the wall of the
house, constructed in accordance with requirements of
Location for In any such building; each and every apartment there-
fire-escapes. -m ^ ^ £rgt st;ory gl^ll directly to an outside
fire-escape from at least one room other than a bath
room or water-closet compartment, and shall not in
clude a window of a stair hall.
PART VIII.
VAULTS, AREAWAYS AND CELLARS.
SECTION 54.
Cellars to be Connected with Sewers.
street sewer Before the walls of buildings are carried above the
connections. foundation walls the cellar shall be connected with the
street sewers.
When no sewer Should there be no sewer in the street,' or if the cel-
in street. lars are below water level, or below the sewer level, then
provision shall be made by the owner to prevent water
accumulating in the cellars to the injury of the founda
tions.
SECTION 55.
Vaults Under Sidewalks.
Walls of In buildings where the space under the sidewalks is

vaults. utilized, a sufficient stone or brick wall, or brick arches
between iron or steel beams, shall be built to retain the
roadway of the street, and the side, end or party walls
of such building shall extend under the sidewalk, of
sufficient thickness, to such wall.
8i
The roofs of all vaults shall be of incombustible Vault roofs,

material.
Openings in the roofs of vaults for the admission of Openings on
coal or light, or for manholes, or for any other pur- s,dewalks,
poses, if placed outside the area line, shall be covered
with glass set in iron frames, each unit of glass to
measure not more than sixteen square inches, or with
iron covers having a rough surface, and rabbeted into
or made flush with the sidewalk.
When any such cover is placed in any sidewalk, it Location for
shall be placed as near as practicable to the outside line covers,
of the curb.
All vaults shall be thoroughly ventilated. ventilation.
SECTION 56.
Areaways.
All areaways shall be properly protected with suita- Protection,

ble railings, or be covered over.
When areaways are covered over, iron, or iron and Covering!,
glass combined, stone or other incombustible materials
shall be used, and be supported on brick or stone walls,
or on iron or steel beams.
SECTION 57.
Cellar Floors.
The floor of the cellar or lowest story in every dwell- Applicable to

ing house, apartment house, tenement house, lodging "gsam bu'ld~
house, hotel, apartment hotel, workshop, factory,
school, church, hospital and asylum hereafter erected—
Shall be concreted not less than four inches thick. concreted.
Where wood floors are to be laid in such cellars or placing of
lowest stories, the sleepers shall be placed on top of the sletpcrs,
concrete.
6
82
SECTION 58.
Cellar Ceilings.
When beams The ceiling over every cellar or lowest floor in every
are of wood. residence building, whether occupied by one or more
families, more than three stories in height, hereafter
erected, when the beams are of wood—
Metal-lathed Shall be lathed with iron or wire lath and plastered
and plastered. thereon with two coats of brown mortar of good ma
terials,
Plaster boards. Or shall be covered with plaster boards not less than
one-half inch in thickness, made of plaster and strong
fibre, and all joints be made true and well pointed.
PART IX.
WOOD BEAMS, GIRDERS AND COLUMNS.
SECTION 59.
Wood Beams.
separation of All wood beams and other timbers in any wall of

beams. a buiiding built of stone, brick, concrete or iron, shall
be separated from the beam or timber entering in the
opposite side of the wall by at least eight inches of
solid mason work; such separation may be obtained
by corbeling or by staggering the beams.
Minimum Thickness for Wood Beams.
Least thickness No wood floor beams or wood roof beams used in

for floor and any building, hereafter erected, except in a frame build
roof beams.
ing, shall be of a less thickness than three inches, nor
less depth than ten inches.
83
Trimmer and Header Beams, and Tail Beams.

All wood trimmer and header beams shall be propor- Properiy
tioned to carry with safety the loads they are intended ProP°rtioned-
to sustain.
The ends of all tail beams shall be properly framed Framing,
into the header beams.
Stirrup Irons.
Every wood header beam more than four feet long, For wood
used in any building-, shall be suitably framed and be headers more
J ° J than four feet
hung to the trimmer beams in stirrup-irons of proper in length,
thickness for the size of the timbers.
When it is not practicable to frame the ends of tail stirrups for
beams into header beams, the ends of the tail beams tailb«ams
shall be hung to the header beams by stirrup-irons of
proper size and strength.
Bearings for Wood Beams.
Every wood beam, except header beams, shall rest Ends to rest o»
at one end four inches in the wall, or upon a girder
as authorized by this Code, unless the wall is properly
corbelled out four inches, in which case the brickwork
or corbelling shall extend to the top of the floor beams.
Bevel Ends for Wood Beams.
The ends of all wood floor and roof beams, where When resting
they rest on brick walls, shall be cut to a bevel of three on brick walls
inches on their depth.
Ends of Beams Not to Rest on Stud Partitions.
In no case shall either end of a floor or roof beam be Exception for

supported on stud partitions, except in frame buildings. £*™ebulId~
84
Cross Bridging for Beams.
Distance apart All wood floor and wood roof beams shall be prop
for bridging. erly bridged with cross bridging, and the distance be
tween bridging or between bridging and walls shall not
exceed eight feet.
Beams Near Flues.

Distance from All wood beams shall be trimmed away from all flues
flues and chimneys whether the same be a smoke, air or any
other flue or chimney. The trimmer beam shall be not
less than twelve inches from the inside face of a flue and
four inches from the outside of a chimney breast, and
the header beam not less than two inches from the out
side face of the brick or stone work of the same.
Distance from For the smoke flues of boilers and furnaces where
boiler and the brickwork is required to 'be more than eight inches
furnace flues.
in thickness, the trimmer beam shall be not less than
four inches from the outside of the brickwork, and
the header beam shall be not less than two inches from
the outside of the brickwork.
Distance of The header beam, carrying the tail beams of a floor,
header beam and supporting the trimmer arch in front of a fireplace,
from chimney
breast. shall be not less than twenty inches from the chimney
breast.
To Calculate Safe Distributed Load on Wood Floor
Beams.
Formula. The safe carrying capacity of wood beams for uni
formly distributed loads shall be determined by multi
plying the area in square inches by its depth in inches
and dividing this product by the span of the beam in
feet. This result is to be multiplied by—
Co-efficients. 70 for hemlock,
90 for spruce and white pine,
120 for oak, and by
140 for yellow pine.
85
The safe carrying capacity ' of short span timber Short span
beams shall be determined by their resistance to shear beams.
in accordance with the unit stresses fixed by Section
138 of this Code.
SECTION 60.
Anchors and Straps for Wood Beams and Girders.
Each tier of beams shall be anchored to the side, waii anchors,

front, rear or party walls at intervals of not more than
six feet apart, with good, strong, wrought-iron anchors
of not less than one and a half inches by three-eighths
of an inch in size, well fastened to the side of the beams
by two or more nails made of wrought iron at least one-
fourth of an inch in diameter.
Girder Straps and Anchors.
Where the beams are supported by girders, the gird- Anchored to

ers shall be anchored to the walls and fastened to each Zapped *t
other by suitable iron straps. j°ints,
EXAMPLES.*
What will be the uniformly distributed safe load in pounds, accord
ing to the above requirement, for a spruce beam 3" x 10" — 20'
span ?
Area. Depth. Co-efn- Safedistrib-
to X 10 Result. cient. uted load.
and this 15 x 90 = 1,350 lbs.
20
span.
What will be the uniformly distributed safe load in pounds, accord
ing to the above requirement, for a yellow-pine beam 4" x 12"—22'
span ?
Area. Depth. Co-effi- Safe distrib-
75 - ~„» ~ Tv* Result. cient. uted load.
and this 26 2 x 140 = 3,668 lbs.
span.
86
Beam Straps.
Beams butted The ends of wood beams resting upon girders shall
and strapped.
be butted together end to end and strapped by wrought-
iron straps of the same size and distance apart, and in
the same beam as the wall anchors, and shall be fastened
in the same manner as said wall anchors.
When lapped Or they may lap each other at least twelve inches and
to be spiked.
be well spiked or bolted together where lapped.
Wood Anchor Strips.
Permanently Each tier of beams front and rear, opposite each pier,
let into the
beams. shall have hard wood anchor strips dovetailed into the
beams diagonally, which strips shall cover at least four
beams and be one inch thick and four inches wide, but
no such anchor strips shall be let in within four feet of
the center line of the beams ;
Temporary Or wood strips may be nailed on the top of the beams
wood anchor
strips. and kept in place until the floors are being laid.
Pier Anchors.
Front and rear Every pier and wall, front or rear, shall be well an
piers to be
anchored. chored to the beams of each story, with the same size
anchors as are required for side walls, which anchors
shall hook over the fourth beam.
SECTION 61.
Wood Columns and Plates.
Square ends. All timber columns and posts shall be squared at the
ends at right angles to their axes.
Cap and base To prevent the unit stresses from exceeding those
plates.
fixed in this Code, timber or iron or steel cap and base
plates shall be provided.
87
Where the cap plate of a wood post supports a wood pintiei.

girder and directly on top of the girder is an iron base
plate of the wood post above, the said cap and
base plates shall be connected by pintles of metal pass
ing through the girder ; these pintles may be of round
bars orf wrought iron or steel of proper size and not
less than four in number, or an oval-shaped hollow
cast-iron pintle of proper thickness may be used, in
each case adequate to transmit the load.
Additional iron or steel cheek plates shall be placed cheek plates,
between the cap and base plates and bolted to the gird
ers when required to transmit the loads with safety.
SECTION 62.
Timber for Trusses.
When compression members of trusses are of timber In compression,

they shall be strained in the direction of the fibre only.
When timber is strained in tension, it shall be In tension,
strained in the direction of the fibre only.
The working stress in timber struts of pin-connected Struts in pin-
trusses shall not exceed 75 per cent. of the working trussra.""1
stresses established in Section 138 of this Code.
Bolts and Washers for Timber Work.
All bolts used in connection with timber and wood washers,

beam work shall be provided with washers of such pro
portions as will reduce the compression on the wood at
the face of the washer to that allowed in Section 138
of this Code, supposing the bolt to be strained to its
limit.
88
SECTION 63.
Mill Construction.
Minimum size The term "mill construction" shall apply to all floors
of timber. and roofs in which no wood floor or roof beam, girder,
post or other timber shall be less than eight inches in
Floor plank. either of its cross dimensions. The floor and roof
beams shall be covered over with plank not less
than three inches in thickness, splined or tongued
and grooved, and for the floors there shall be
laid on top of the plank in a crosswise or diagonal
direction boards not less than one inch in thick
ness, tongued and grooved and properly nailed.
Water-proof Between the floor boards and the planking there shall
material. be placed two thicknesses of carefully laid water-proof
Flashing. material, and this material shall be flashed at least three
inches around all walls and posts or columns and open
ings with moldings or base.
Posts, when of If wood posts are used to support mill constructed
wood. floors and roofs none shall be of smaller sectional area
than one 'hundred square inches, nor be less than ten
inches in either dimension, except for posts in the
top story, which shall not be of smaller sectional area
than sixty-four square inches, nor be less than eight
inches in either dimension. Wood posts shall have
cast-iron caps or boxes so constructed as to form a base
for the next post above. The ends of the girders shall
be secured to the cap or box in such manner as to
be self-releasing.
89
PART X.
CHIMNEYS, FLUES, FIREPLACES AND

HEATING PIPES.
SECTION 64.
Trimmer Arches.
All fireplaces and chimney breasts where mantels are To support

placed, whether intended for ordinary fireplace uses or hearths
not, shall have trimmer arches to support hearths—
And the said arches shall be at least twenty inches in width of
width, measured from the face of the chimney breast, trimmerarch«-
and they shall be constructed of brick, stone, burnt
clay or concrete.
The length of a trimmer arch shall be not less than Length of
the width of the chimney breast. trimmer arches.
Wood centres under trimmer arches shall be removed Wood centres
before plastering the ceiling underneath. arches1"""11"
If a heater is placed in a fireplace, then the hearth Hearth under
shall be the full width of the heater. heater-
All fireplaces in which heaters are placed shall have Mantels,
incombustible mantels.
No wood mantel or other woodwork shall be exposed woodwork
back of a summer piece; the iron work of the summer back of a sum
mer piece.
piece shall be placed against the brick or stone work of
the fireplace.
No fireplace shall be closed with a wood fire board. Fire boards.
SECTION 65.
Chimneys, Flues and Fire-places.
All fireplaces and chimneys in stone or brick walls 111 Joints struck
any building hereafter erected, except as herein other- smooth-
90
wise provided, and any chimney or flues hereafter al

tered or repaired, without reference to the purpose for
which they may be used, shall have the joints struck
smooth on the inside, except when lined on the inside
with well-burnt clay or terra-cotta pipe.
Parging of flues No parging mortar shall be used on the inside of any
prohibited. fireplace, chimney or flue.
Fireplace The fire-backs of all fireplaces hereafter erected shall
backs, thickness be not less than eight inches in thickness, of solid
for.
brickwork, nor less than twelve inches if of stone.
Lining behind When a grate is set in a fireplace, a lining of fire
grate in brick, at least two inches in thickness, shall be added to
fireplace.
the fire-back, unless soap stone, tile or cast iron is used,
and filled solidly behind with fireproof material.
Thickness for The brickwork of the smoke flues of all low-pres
smoke flues of sure boilers, furnaces, bakers' ovens, large cooking
boilers,
furnaces, etc. ranges, large laundry stoves, and all flues used for a
similar purpose shall be at least eight inches in thick
ness, and lined continuously on the inside with well-
burnt clay or terra-cotta pipe, and shall be capped
Capped. with terra cotta, stone or cast iron.
Inside of flues The walls of all high-pressure boiler flues shall be
for boilers. not less than twelve inches, and the inside four inches
of such walls shall be firebrick, laid in fire mortar, for
a distance of twenty-five feet in any direction from
the source of heat.
Smoke flues of All smoke flues of smelting furnaces or of steam
steam boilers. boilers, or other apparatus which heat the flues to a high
temperature, shall be built with double walls of suitable
thickness for the temperature with an air space between
the walls, the inside four inches of the flues to be of fire
brick, laid in fire mortar, for a distance of not less
than twenty-five feet in any direction from the source
of heat.
Outside metal For any now existing brick building where it becomes
flues. necessary to provide a smoke flue of larger size than
9i
any flue within the building, such flue may be placed

on the outside of the building, but within the lot lines
of same, and be made round in shape and of galvan
ized sheet metal, not less than one-tenth of an inch in
thickness, properly riveted together at all joints, and
carried up to a height not less than ten feet above
the roof, and be properly braced at intervals for its
entire length, with flat iron bands secured with ex
pansion 'bolts to the wall, leaving a free air space of
not less than four inches between the outside of the
metal flue and the brick wall of the building, and have
a cleanout door at the bottom. This metal flue shall
rest on a suitable cast-iron plate at the bottom, sup
ported on a suitable foundation of masonry.
All smoke flues shall extend at least three feet above Height for
a flat roof, and at least two feet above the highest smokefiues.
point of a peak roof.
On dwelling houses and stables, three stories or less Tops oi ch ira-
in height, not less than six of the top courses of a chimneys on lhree
story dwellings
ney may be laid in pure cement mortar and the brick- and stabies.
work carefully bonded and anchored together in lieu of
coping.
Chimney Flues to be Lined with Pipe.
In all buildings hereafter erected every smoke flue, Smoke flues l0

except the flues hereinbefore mentioned, shall be belinedwith
cast iron or
lined continuously on the inside with well-burnt clay pipe.
clay, or terra cotta pipe, made smooth on the inside,
from the bottom of the flue, or from the throat of the
fireplace, if the flue starts from the latter, and carried
up continuously to the extreme height of the flue. The Ends of lining
ends of all such lining pipes shall be made to fit close eicTe.'06'
together, and the pipe shall be built in as the flue or
flues are carried up. Each flue shall be inclosed on all Brickwork.
sides with not less than eight inches of solid brick-
92
work properly bonded together, excepting only, that

the withes or brickwork between the lined flues on
the inside of the chimney may be four inches in
thickness.
Area for smoke No smoke flue shall be less than eight by eight inches,
"ues nor any furnace or laundry stove flue less than eight by
twelve inches, exclusive of the thickness of the lining
in each case.
Fiues for gas Flues for the use of gas stoves or gas grates may
"be of less dimensions within pipe or tile-lined flues,
but no such flue shall be less than four inches
clear inside diameter of the pipe or tile ; this shall not
prevent the placing together of not more than four
such gas flues within an inclosure of brickwork of
the thickness hereinbefore stated, including the lining
of same.
Flues to be Left Clean.
At completion All flues m every building shall be properly cleaned

of building anfj all rubbish removed, and the flues left smooth on
the inside upon the completion of the building.
SECTION 66.
Chimney Supports.
Forbidding No chimney shall be started or built upon any floor

supports of or beam of wood.
wood.
Corbeling. In no case shall a chimney be corbeled out more than
eight inches from the wall, and in all such cases the cor
beling shall consist of at least five courses of brick.
Piers support Where chimneys are supported by piers, the piers
ing chimneys. shall start from the foundation on the same line with
the chimney breast, and shall be not less than twelve
inches on the face, properly bonded into the walls.
93
When a chimney is to be cut off below, in whole or in supports for

part, it shall be wholly supported by stone, brick, iron îmen,e0yws cut
or steel.
All chimneys which shall be dangerous in any man- unsafe
ner whatever, shall be repaired and made safe, or taken ch"nneys,
down.
SECTION 67.
Chimneys of Cupolas.
Iron cupola chimneys of foundries shall extend at Foundry

least ten feet above the highest point of any roof within cuP°las,
a radius of fifty feet of such cupola, and be covered on
top with a heavy wire netting, and capped with a
suitable spark arrester.
No woodwork shall be placed within two feet of the Distance for
Clipola. woodwork.
SECTION 68.
Hot Air Flues, Pipes and Vent Ducts.
All stone or brick hot air flues and shafts" shall be Hot air flues to
lined with tin, galvanized iron or burnt clay pipes. bc hnei1
No wood casing, furring or lath shall be placed Woodwork not
against or cover any smoke flue or metal pipe used to against's"^
convey hot air or steam. Forbidd.ng
No smoke pipe shall pass through any floor. smoke pipes
rr r o J through floors.
No stove pipe
r r shall be placed
r nearer than nine inches -
Stove pipes,
to any lath and plaster or board partition, ceiling or any distance from
. . ceilings and
WOOdwOrk. partitions.
Smoke pipes of laundry stoves, large cooking ranges Metai shields,
and of furnaces shall be not less than fifteen inches
from any woodwork, unless they are properly guarded
by metal shields; if so guarded, stove pipes shall be not Distance-
less than nine inches distant.
94
Smoke pipes Where smoke pipes pass through a lath and plaster
partitions partition they shall be guarded by galvanized iron ven
tilated thimbles at least twelve inches larger in diameter
than the pipes, or by galvanized iron thimbles built in at
least eight inches of brickwork.
Smoke Pipes Through Roofs.
Permit No smoke pipe shall pass through the roof of any

necessary.
building unless a special permit be first obtained from
the Commissioner of Buildings for the same. If a permit
is so granted, then the roof through which the smoke
How protected, pipe passes shall be protected in the following manner :
A galvanized iron ventilated thimble of the following
dimensions shall be placed ; in case of a stove pipe, the
diameter of the outside guard shall be not less than
twelve inches, and the diameter of the inner one eight
inches larger than the smoke pipe, and for all furnaces,
or where similar large hot fires are used, the diameter
of the outside guard shall be not less than eighteen
inches, and the diameter of the inner one twelve
inches larger in diameter than pipe. The smoke pipe
Thimbles. ijhimbles shall extend from the under side of the
ceiling or roof beams to at least nine inches above the
roof, and they shall have openings for ventilation at
the lower end where the smoke pipes enter, also at
the top of the guards above the roof.
Smoke pipe of Where a smoke pipe of a boiler passes through a
boiler through roof, the same shall be guarded by a ventilated thimble,
roof.
same as before specified, thirty-six inches larger than
the diameter of the smoke pipe of the boiler.
95
Hot Air Pipes in Walls.
Tin or other metal pipes in brick or stone walls, used

or intended to be used to convey heated air, shall be cov
ered with brick or stone at least four inches in thickness.
Hot Air Pipes in Stud Partitions.
Woodwork near hot air pipes shall be guarded in the Woodwork to

be guarded.
following manner : A hot air pipe shall be placed inside
another pipe, one inch larger in diameter, or a metal
shield shall be placed not less than one-half inch from
the hot air pipe; the outside pipe or the metal shield
shall remain one and a half inches away from the wood
work, and the latter must be tin lined, or in lieu of the
above protection, four inches of brickwork may be
placed between the hot air pipe and the woodwork. This
shall not prevent the placing of metal lath and plaster
directly on the face of hot air pipes or the placing of
woodwork on such metal lath or plaster, provided the
distance between such woodwork and the metal iath
is not less than seven-eighths of an inch.
No vertical hot air pipe shall be placed in a stud par- Distance from
tition, or in a wood inclosure, unless it be at least eight furnace.
feet distant in a horizontal direction from the furnace.
Hot Air Pipes in Closets.
Hot air pipes in closets shall be double, with a space

of one inch between them.
Horizontal Hot Air Pipes.
Horizontal hot air pipes shall be placed six inches be Distance from
combustible
low the floor beams or ceiling; if the floor beams or ceiling.
96
ceiling are plastered and protected by a metal shield,

then the distance shall be not less than three inches.
Ducts for Ventilation.
Construction. Vent flues or ducts for the removal of foul or vitiated

air, in which the temperature of the air cannot exceed
that of the rooms, may be constructed of iron, or other
incombustible material, and shall not be placed nearer
than one inch to any woodwork, and no such pipe shall
be used for any other purpose.
Material and In buildings of fireproof construction ventilating
thickness of shafts passing through floors shall be constructed of
same in fire
proof buildings. fireproof material not less than four inches in thickness.
Any opening in such ducts or shafts shall be protected
by automatically closing fire-doors or by metal louvres
riveted into metal frames, and such ducts shall open
to the outside of the building.
Vent Ducts in Public Schools.
How In the support or construction of such ducts, if placed

constructed. in a public school-room, no wood furring or other in
flammable material shall be nearer than two inches to
said flues or ducts, and shall be covered on all sides,
other than those resting against brick, terra cotta, or
other incombustible material, with metal lath plastered
with at least two heavy coats of mortar, and having at
least one-half inch air space between the flues or ducts
and the lath and plaster.
SECTION 69.
Steam and Hot Water Heating Pipes.

Distance from Steam or hot water heating pipes shall not be placed
woodwork.
within two inches of any timber or woodwork, unless
97
the timber. or woodwork is protected by a metal shield ;

then the distance shall be not less than one inch.
All steam or hot water heating pipes passing through Throueh floors,
floors and ceilings or lath and plastered partitions shall °w protecte '
be protected by a metal tube passing entirely through
floor and ceilings or partitions one inch larger in diam
eter than the pipe, having a metal cap at the floor, and
where they are run in a 'horizontal direction between a
floor and ceiling, a metal shield shall be placed on the
underside of the floor over them, and on the sides of
wood beams running parallel with said pipes.
All wood boxes or casings inclosing steam or hot Wood inclosing
... ' . boxes to be
water heating pipes and all wood covers to recesses m ]ined with
walls in which steam or hot water heating pipes are meta1'
placed, shall be lined with metal.
All pipes or ducts used to convey air warmed by Incombustible
steam or hot water shall be of metal or other fireproof p'pes'
material.
All steam and hot water pipe coverings shall consist PiPe coverings,
of fireproof materials only.
Plumbing Pipes.
Cold water or other exposed plumbing pipes shall Passing
have the surrounding air space closed off at the ceiling rong
and floor line of any floor through which any such pipe
or pipes shall be carried.
PART XI.
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION.
SECTION 70.
Ducts for Pipes.
All ducts for pipes, wires, and other similar purposes of fireproof
shall be inclosed on all sides with fireproof material, "natenai.
7
98
Fire-stopped at And the opening through each floor shall be properly

each floor. fire-stopped.
Doors in ducts. Any door opening in such duct shall be provided
with a self-closing fireproof door.
construction. If the area of such duct exceeds four square feet, the
thickness of the fireproof inclosure shall be not less than
four inches, and shall extend by a proper fireproof out
let to and through the roof.
SECTION 71.
Studded-Off Spaces.
Fire-stopped on Where walls are studded-off, the space between the

underside of inside face of the wall and the studding: shall be fire-
beams above. 0
stopped with fireproof material placed on the underside
of the wood beams above, for a depth of not less than
four inches, and be securely supported ;
Deafening Or the beams directly over the studded-off space
between beams snau lje deafened with not less than four inches of fire-
over the
studded-off proof material, which may be laid on boards cut in be-
spaces. tween the beams.
SECTION 72.
Sheathing and Wainscoting.
Forbidding use No wall or ceiling in any building hereafter erected

In cert°ain°r' °ther than buildings or portions of buildings occupied
buildings. exclusively for dwelling or club purposes shall be cov
ered with wood sheathing, or any combustible material.
Exception for But this shall not exclude, excepting in theatres,
wainscoting as the use of wood wainscoting to a height not to ex
described.
ceed six feet when the surface of the wall or parti
tion behind such wainscoting shall be plastered flush
99
with the grounds and down to the floor line, thereby

solidly filling the space between the wainscoting and
the surface of the wall or partition with incombusti
ble material.
Attics or Cock Lofts in Peaked Roofs.
No part of any attic or cock-loft below or within To be made

the trusses or rafters of a pitched roof of any build- for storage
ing other than a dwelling house hereafter erected PurP°ses
shall be so built as to provide an accessible place
for the storage or placing therein of any article
whatever. If any portion of the roof trusses, rafters or space above
beams of a pitched roof is ceiled or plastered, or a ceil- ^n^t l0
ing is suspended therefrom, to form a ceiling for the be used for
storage.
uppermost story of a building, the space above such
ceiling shall not be used for the storage or placing of
any article whatever therein, and entrance to such space
shall be made inaccessible. This, however, shall not inclosed
prohibit a tightly inclosed vertical well-hole through breach*1*"
such space to ascend to the scuttle door on the roof. In scuttle door,
any existing building it is hereby declared unlawful to storage pro-
use or occupy the space above the ceiling and within the hibited w'thi"
1J . trusses of root
trusses or rafters of a pitched roof for the storage or of existing
placing of any article whatever therein, nor shall any building-
stove-pipe or smoke flue other than a brick chimney
pass through any attic or cock loft.
Hanging Ceilings.
When any ceiling in any building hereafter erected is Distance from

hung below the beams of a flat roof or roof having but ""ofTeams to
a slight pitch, the distance from the underside of the underside of
ceiling1.
roof beams at their highest grade to the underside of
the hung ceiling shall not be greater than two feet.
IOO
SECTION 73.
Bay, Oriel and Show Windows.
Projection Bay windows, oriel windows and show windows on

beyond build the street front or side of any building may project not
ing line.
more than one foot beyond the building line—
Materials. And shall be constructed of such incombustible ma
terials and in such manner as will meet with the ap
proval of the Commissioner of Buildings.
When of wood Any such window that does not extend more than
on dwelling tliree feet above the second-story floor of any dwelling
houses.
house may be built of wood covered with metal.
PART XII.
STAIRS AND ENTRANCES.
SECTION 74.
Entrance to Basement.
Outside of Every dwelling house arranged for or occupied by

building. two or more families above the first story, hereafter
erected, shall be provided with an entrance to the base
ment thereof from the outside of such building.
SECTION 75.
Stairs, Number Regulated by Area of Building.
Description of In any building hereafter erected to be used as an

building. office building, store, factory, hotel, lodging house or
school, covering a lot area—
IOI
Exceeding twenty-five hundred feet and not exceed- Number,

ing five thousand feet, there shall be provided at least "~rdinB to
two continuous lines of stairs remote from each other ;
And every such building shall have at least one con- proportionately
tinuous line of stairs for each five thousand feet of lot mcreased
number.
area covered, or part thereof, in excess of that required
for five thousand feet of area.
When any such building covers an area of lot greater when area
than fifteen thousand feet the number of stairs shall be "ceeds '5 000
feet.
increased proportionately, or as will meet with the ap
proval of the Commissioner of Buildings.
The width of the stairs required by this section width of stairs,
shall in no case be less than three feet six inches in
the clear between hand-rails or between the hand
rail and an inclosed side of the stairs, and shall be
increased in width when in the opinion of the Com
missioner of Buildings an increased width is neces
sary for the safety of the occupants, up to five feet.
All such stairs shall have treads of uniform width Treads and
and risers of uniform height throughout in each
flight, and the risers shall be not more than eight
inches in height and the treads, exclusive of nosings,
not less than ten inches.
Eatfh flight of stairs in every story which exceeds Landings,
a height of eleven feet in the clear shall have a proper
landing introduced, and said landing shall be placed
at the central portion thereof if the stairs be a straight
run.
The stairs shall be provided with proper banisters Railines.
or railings and hand-rails, and kept in good repair.
SECTION 76.
Engineers' Stationary Ladders.
Every building in which boilers or machinery are As an outside
placed in the cellar or lowest story, shall have stationary extt'
102
iron ladders or stairs from such story leading direct to

a manhole above on the sidewalk, or other outside exit.
SECTION 77.
Slate and Stone Treads of Stairs to be Supported.
In all buildings hereafter erected where the treads

and landings of iron stairs are of slate, marble or other
stone,
Supporting They shall be each supported directly underneath, for
plates under their entire length and width, by a wrought iron or
treads.
steel plate made solid or having openings not exceed
ing four inches square in same, of adequate strength
and securely fastened to the strings.
When support If stairs are constructed of other fireproof material
ing plates are than iron, and the slate, marble or other stone treads
not required.
and landings are each solidly supported for their entire
length and width by the materials composing such
stairs, iron support plates shall not be required.
PART XIII.
SKYLIGHTS AND FLOOR-LIGHTS.
SECTION 78.
Metal Skylights.
Meaning of The term "skylight" shall be taken to mean and

term' include flat, hipped, lantern, monitor, turret, dome,
vertical or pitched saw-tooth constructions, and all
other covers placed over openings on roofs for the
admission of light.
1o3
All skylights placed on or in any building, shall have Metal frames

the frames and sash thereof constructed of metal andsashcs-
and glazed.
All openings in roofs for the admission of light
other than elsewhere provided in this Code over
elevator, stair, dumb-waiter shafts, and theatre stage
roofs, shall have metal frames and sash, glazed with
wired glass not less than one-quarter inch thick, or
with glass protected above and below with wire screens, wire glass or
of not less than No. 12 galvanized wire, and not more protected gIass
than one-inch mesh.
Skylights for Fireproof Buildings.

Every fireproof roof hereafter placed on any build- Proportional
ing shall have, besides the usual scuttle or bulkhead, a area'
skylight or skylights of a superficial area equal to not
less than one-fiftieth the superficial area of such fire
proof roof, the glass to be not less than one-half Glass,
inch in thickness, or wired glass not less than one- thickness of.
quarter inch thick may be used, but these require- Not to affect
certain other
ments shall not affect those prescribed elsewhere requirements.
in this Code for the size of skylights over eleva
tor, stair, and dumb-waiter shafts and over theatre
stage roofs, nor for the size, thickness and kind of glass
severally specified therefor.
Skylights Over Public Passageways.

Skylights hereafter placed in buildings of a pub- Wire netting
lie character over any passageway or room of public °r wlred 8'ass'
resort, shall have immediately underneath the glass
thereof a wire netting, unless wired glass is used.
Floor-Lights.
All openings in floors for transmission of light to construction
floors below shall be covered over with floor lights con- for-
io4
structed of metal frames and bars, the glass in no case

to be less than three-quarters of an inch in thickness,
wire netting If any glass in same measures more than sixteen
or wired glass. SqUare mches, the glass shall be provided with strong
wire netting under the same.
SECTION 79.
Unprotected Openings in Floors and Roofs.
solid covering No opening in any floor or roof shall be without a

ormciosure. solid covering or an inclosure, as provided in this Code,
to prevent the communication of fire from story to
story, excepting as otherwise provided in this Code
for certain staircase openings which are not required
to be inclosed.
PART XIV.
INCLOSURE AND SHED COVERINGS FOR

THE PROTECTION OF PEDESTRIANS-
PROTECTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED
ON BUILDING.
SECTION 80.
Shed Coverings.
Shed over side Whenever buildings shall be erected or increased to

walk when over fifty-five feet in height, upon or along any street,
building
exceeds 55 feet the owner, builder or contractor constructing or repair
in height. ing such buildings, shall have erected and maintained
during such construction or repair, a shed over the side
walk in front of said premises, extending from building
line to curb, the same to be properly, strongly and tight
ly constructed, so as to protect pedestrians and others
using such streets.
»o5
Outside Scaffolds.
Whenever outside scaffolds are required to carry on when building
the construction of buildings over eighty-five feet in "ch"gsht.5
height, whether the same be constructed by poles or
thrust-out scaffold, there shall be erected on its outer
edge and ends an inclosure of wire netting of not over incisure of
two-inch mesh, or of boards not less than three- bo^d""""e
fourths of an inch thick, placed not over one and one-
half inches apart, well secured to uprights not less than
two inches by four inches, fastened to planks or tim
bers, and resting on put-logs or thrust-outs. The said
inclosure shall be carried up at least five feet in advance Inclosure to be
above the level on which the workmen employed on said feve7onhwhich
front are working. The said thrust-outs shall be not work is pro-
* gressinjf.
less than three by ten of spruce or yellow pine, and to
be doubled or tripled, as may be required for the load to
be carried, and to be thoroughly braced and secured ; or
said timbers can be in one stick if proportioned to the
load. The flooring on thrust-outs and put-logs shall be Flooring of
tightly constructed with plank. This said floor and in sca old'
closure shall not be removed until a like floor and in- when 10 be
closure is already prepared and in position on the story removed-
above.
Window Openings Inclosed.
In all buildings over eighty-five feet in height, during when building
. , n exceeds 85 feet
construction or alteration the windows on each floor ;n height,
above the second shall be properly inclosed as soon as
the story is built.
Protection of Adjoining Skylights and Roofs.

If the walls of such buildings are carried up two if building is
. ., , • ,. . . , •, ,• two or more
stones or more above the roofs of adjoining buildings, stories mgner
proper means shall be provided and used for the protec- b^,ndiandjri°imnK
tion of skylights and roofs of such adjoining buildings.
io6
Wire The protection over skylights shall be of stout wire

netting. netting not over one-inch mesh on stout timbers and
properly secured.
Sheds and Inclosures Subject to Inspection.
All such sheds and inclosures are to be subject to the

inspection and approval of the Commissioner of
Buildings.
When Adjoining Owner Refuses Permission to Pro

tect Roofs and Skylights.
Refusal, Should said adjoining owner, tenant or lessee refuse

effect of. to grant permission to have said roofs and skylights so
protected, such refusal by said owner, tenant or lessee
shall relieve the owner of the building in course of con
struction from any responsibility for damage done to
persons or property on or within the premises affected.
Commissioner of Buildings May Serve Notice.
Requiring work Should such inclosure or protection not be so erected,

to be done. the Commissioner of Buildings shall issue a notice to
be served personally upon the owner, or authorized
agent, constructing or repairing such buildings, or the
owner, tenant or lessee of adjoining premises requiring
such inclosure or protection, as provided in this Section,
specifiying the manner in which same shall be erected.
Commissioner of Buildings Empowered to Erect

Inclosures and Protection.
If notice is And if such inclosures or protections are not erected,

not complied strengthened or modified as provided in such notice
with.
within three days after the service thereof, the said
Commissioner of Buildings shall have full power and
authority to cause such inclosure to be erected on the
fronts and roofs and the sky-lights protected.
And all expenses connected with same may become a Expenses made
lien on the property in interest so inclosed and pro-
tected, and which lien may be created and enforced in
the same manner as now provided for in Section 1 57 of
this Code.
SECTION 81.
Protection of Persons Employed on Buildings.
All contractors and owners, when constructing Fireproof floor

buildings where the floors or filling in between the fi"mg'
floor beams thereof are of fireproof material or brick
work, shall complete the flooring or filling in as the
building progresses, to not less than within three
tiers of beams below that on which the iron work is
being erected.
If such buildings do not require filling in between Wood floor
the beams of floors with brick or other fireproof ma- b™a boarded
terial, all contractors for carpenter work, or the
owners of the buildings in the course of construc
tion, shall lay the under flooring thereof on each
story as the building progresses, to not less than
within two stories below the one to which such build
ing has been erected. When double floors are not
to be used, such contractor, or the owner, shall keep
planked over the floor two stories below the story
where the work is being performed.
If the floor beams are of iron or steel, the con- ironorsteei
tractor for the iron or steel work of buildings in floor beams
° planked over.
course of construction, or the owners of such build
ings shall thoroughly plank over the entire tier
of iron or steel beams on which the structural
iron or steel work is being erected, except such spaces
io8
as may be reasonably required for the proper con

struction of such iron or steel work, and for the rais
ing or lowering of materials to be used in the con
struction of such buildings, or such spaces as may
be designated by the plans and specifications for
stairways and elevator shafts.
Hoisting If elevating machines or hoisting apparatus are
feiKed'in* ' used within a building in course of construction, for
the purpose of lifting materials to be used in such
construction, the contractors or owners shall cause
the shafts or openings in each floor to be inclosed or
fenced in on all sides by a substantial barrier, at least
four feet in height.
PART XV.
MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS.
SECTION 82.
Grain Elevators and Coal Pockets.

Grain Nothing in this Code shall be so construed as to apply
elevators. t0 or prevent the erection of what are known as grain
elevators, as usually constructed, provided they are
erected in isolated localities and under such conditions
as the Commissioner of Buildings may prescribe, in
cluding location.
Coai pockets. Nor to apply to or prevent the erection of coal pock
ets or coal elevators as usually constructed under simi
lar conditions, including location.
Ice Houses.
Location and Buildings to be used exclusively for the storage of ice
construction. may 1^ erected in isolated localities and constructed of
such materials and under such conditions as the Com
missioner of Buildings may prescribe.
109
Pier Sheds.
Sheds or buildings on piers or wharves or on the on water front,

water front shall be of iron or other incombustible ma
terials, and in all cases shall be constructed in such man- construction,
ner and under such conditions as the Commissioner of
Buildings may prescribe.
SECTION 83.
Exhibition Buildings.
Buildings for fair and exhibition purposes, towers Construction,

for observation purposes and structures for similar
uses, whether temporary or permanent in character,
shall be constructed in such manner and under such
conditions as the Commissioner of Buildings may pre
scribe.
SECTION 84.
Smoke Houses.
All smoke houses shall be of fireproof construction, Fireproof

with brick walls, iron doors and brick or metal roof. construction.
An iron guard shall 'be placed over and not less Guards and
than three feet above the fire, and the hanging rails hanging rails,
shall be of iron, and an iron grating shall be placed
under the first row of hanging rails, and be not less
than eight feet above the floor of the fire-pit.
The walls of all smoke houses shall be built at waiistobe
least three feet higher than the roof of the building in above
which they are located, and shall be not less than
twelve inches in thickness and be coped with stone
or its equivalent.
I IO
PART XVI.
HEATING APPARATUS, DRYING ROOMS,

GAS AND WATER PIPES.
SECTION 85.
Heating Furnaces and Boilers,
placing of A brick-set boiler shall not be placed on any wood or

brick-set
boilers. combustible floor or beams.
Portable Wood or combustible floors and beams under and
boilers, flooring nof. ]ess than three feet Jn front an(l one foot on the
under.
sides of all portable 'boilers shall be protected by a
brick foundation of three courses of brickwork, well
laid in mortar on Sheet iron ; the middle course of brick
work to be laid crosswise, and with ventilating spaces
within or between the bricks of said middle course;
the said sheet iron shall extend at least twenty-
four inches outside of the foundation at the sides and
Ash pan. front. A cast-iron ash pan of suitable thickness
shall be placed under the boiler, and shall have a
flange, turned up in the front and on the sides, four
inches high; said pan shall be in width not less than
the base of the boiler, and shall extend at least two
feet in front of it. If a 'boiler is supported on a
Base. cast-iron base with a bottom of the required thick
ness for an ash pan, and is placed on bearing lines
of brick in the same manner as specified for an ash
pan, then an ash pan shall be placed in front of the
said base and shall not be required to extend under
it.
Protection of All lath and plaster and wood ceilings and beams,
woodwork. over and t0 a distance of not less than four feet in front
of all boilers, shall be shielded with metal. Where
smooth ceilings are to be protected, the metal to be
111
applied shall leave an air space of not less than one-

quarter of an inch between the metal and ceiling.
Where beams aire exposed, the metal to be applied
shall follow the contour of the beams. The distance
from the top of the boiler to said shield shall be
not less than twelve inches, and the smoke-pipe lead
ing therefrom shall be not less than twenty-four
inches.
No combustible partition shall be within four feet of Distances from
the sides and back and six feet from the front of any partitions,
boiler, unless said partition shall be covered with metal
to the height of at least three feet above the floor, and
shall extend from the end or back of the boiler to at
least five feet in front of it; then the distance shall be
not less than two feet from the sides and five feet from
the front of the boiler.
All brick hot-air furnaces shall have two covers, with covers, how
an air space of at least four inches between them ; the constructed-
inner cover of the hot-air chamber shall be either a
brick arch or two courses of brick laid on galvanized
iron or tin, supported on iron bars; the outside cover,
which is the top of the furnace, shall be made of brick
or metal supported on iron bars, and so constructed as
to be perfectly tight, and shall be not less than twelve
inches below any combustible ceiling or floor beams.
The walls of the furnace shall be built hollow in the waiis of
following manner : One inner and one outer wall, each f^JJ"**' hcw
four inches in thickness, properly bonded together with
an air space of not less than three inches between them.
Furnaces shall be built at least twelve inches from Distances
all woodwork. woTdwork.
The cold air boxes of all hot air furnaces shall be Cold air boxes,
made of metal, brick or other incombustible material. material for-
All portable hot air furnaces shall be placed at least Distances from
two feet from any wood or combustible partition or rk for
ceiling, unless the partitions and ceilings are properly ,urnaces,
I I2
protected by a suspended metal shield, when the dis

tance shall be not less than one foot.
Wood floors Wood floors under all portable furnaces shall be pro
under portable
furnaces to be tected by three courses of brickwork, well laid in mor
protected. tar on galvanized sheet iron, the middle course to be
laid crosswise, and with ventilating spaces within or
between the bricks of said middle course. Said brick
work shall extend at least two feet beyond the fur
nace in front of the ash pan.
SECTION 86.
Registers.
When located Registers located over a brick furnace shall be sup

over a furnace. ported by a brick shaft built up from the cover of the
hot-air chamber; said shaft shall be lined with a metal
pipe, and all wood beams shall be trimmed away not
less than four inches from it.
When placed Where a register is placed on any woodwork in con
on woodwork. nection with a metal pipe or duct, the end of the said
pipe or duct shall be flanged over on the woodwork
under it.
Borders. All registers for hot air furnaces placed in any wood
work or combustible floors shall have stone or iron bor
ders firmly set in plaster of paris or gauged mortar.
Register boxes. All register boxes shall be made of tin plate or gal
vanized iron with a flange on the top to fit the groove
in the frame, the register to rest upon the same; there
shall be an open space of two inches on all sides of the
register box, extending from the under side of the bor
der to and through the ceiling below. The said opening
shall be fitted with a tight tin or galvanized iron casing,
the upper end of which shall be turned under the frame.
"3
When a register box is placed in the floor over a Register box

portable furnace, the open space on all sides of the reg-
ister box shall be not less than three inches. furnace.
When only one register is connected with a furnace when register
said register shall have no valve or slats, and where tohaTevalTe-
two or more registers are connected with a furnace,
at least one of them shall have no valve or slats.
SECTION 87.
Drying Rooms.
All walls, ceilings and partitions inclosing drying Fireproof

rooms shall be made of fireproof material. drw,„m^
SECTION 88.
Ranges and Stoves.
Where a kitchen range is placed from twelve to six Kitchen range

inches from a wood stud partition, the said partition near stud
partition.
shall be shielded with metal from the floor to the height
of not less than three feet higher than the range ; if the
range is within six inches of the partition, then the
studs shall be cut away and framed three feet higher
and one foot wider than the range, and filled in to the
face of the said stud partition with brick or fireproof
blocks, and plastered thereon.
All ranges on wood or combustible floors and beams Ranges on
wood floors.
that are not supported on legs and have ash pans three
inches or more above their base, shall be set on suitable
brick foundations, consisting of not less than two
8
1 14
courses of brick well laid in mortar on galvanized

sheet iron, except small ranges, such as are used in
apartment houses, that have ash pans three inches or
more above their base, shall be placed on at least one
course of brickwork on galvanized sheet iron.
Range against No range shall be placed against a furred wall.

furred wall
forbidden.
All lath and plaster or wood ceilings over all large
Metal hoods
over large ranges and ranges in hotels and restaurants, shall be
ranges.
guarded by metal hoods placed at least nine inches be
low the ceiling.
Ventilating A ventilating pipe connected with a hood over a

pipe for hood range shall be an individual pipe, having no connec
over range.
tion with any other pipe, and shall be covered with
one inch of asbestos on wire mesh and shall not be
less than nine inches from wood or lath and plaster
work which shall be shielded with metal. The pipe
shall go either outside of the building and discharge
at least four feet above the roof, or be connected
with a suitable brick flue lined with burnt clay or
heavy iron pipe, which shall be used exclusively for
the ventilating pipe of the range.
Laundry Laundry stoves on wood or combustible floors shall

stoves on have a course of bricks, laid on metal, on the floor under
wood floors.
and extended twenty-four inches on all sides of them.
Stoves for All stoves for heating purposes shall be properly sup
heating. ported on iron legs resting on the floor three feet from
Distance from all lath and plaster or woodwork; if the lath and plaster
combustible or woodwork is properly protected by a metal shield,
wood.
then the distance shall be not less than eighteen inches.
Metal under A metal shield shall be placed under and twelve

stuve on wood inches in front of the ash pan of all stoves that are
floor.
placed on wood floors.
H5
AH low gas stoves shall be placed on iron stands, or Gas stoves,

the burners shall be at least six inches above the base of
the stoves, and metal guard plates placed four inches
below the burners, and all woodwork under them shall
be covered with metal. Gas connections to such stoves
shall be made by metal pipes, unless there is no valve
on the gas stove.
All receptacles for ashes shall be of galvanized Ash
iron, brick or other incombustible material. receptacles
SECTION 89.
Notice as to Heating Apparatus.
In cases where hot water, steam, hot air or other By contractor

heating appliances or furnaces are hereafter placed in tuning,
any building, or flues or fireplaces are changed or en
larged, due notice shall first be given to the Department
of Buildings by the person or persons placing the said
furnace or furnaces in said building, or by the con
tractor or superintendent of said work.
SECTION 90.
Gas and Water Pipes.
Every building, other than a private dwelling house, Tohave

hereafter erected, and all factories, hotels, churches, thea- "°p-cock
sidewalk.
ters, schoolhouses and other buildings of a public char
acter now erected in which gas or steam is used for
lighting or heating, shall have the supply pipes leading
from the street mains provided each with a stop-cock
n6
placed in the sidewalk at or near the curb, and so ar

ranged as to allow of shutting off at that point.
When pipe No gas, water or other pipes which may be intro
is let into duced into any building shall be let into wood beams
wood beams.
unless the same be placed within thirty-six inches of the
end of the beams ;
Limiting depth
for cutting into And in no building shall the said pipes be- let into
beams. any beam more than two inches of its depth.
Rules and Regulations for Installation of Gas Pipes
and Electric Wiring.
The installation of all gas pipes in any building or
structure in the city of , shall
Gas company's be in accordance with the rules and regulations pre
rules. scribed by the gas company, and the
said rules and regulations are hereby made a part of the
requirements of this Code.
Gas pipes to be All gas pipes shall be inspected and tested by the gas
tested. company before the floors are laid, and a certificate of
Certificate. the same from the gas company shall be placed on file
in the Department of Buildings by the owner of the
building or his representative. The installation of the
gas pipes shall be subject to the approval of the
Gas Brackets.
Distance from All gas brackets shall be placed at least three feet be
woodwork. low any ceiling or woodwork, unless the same is proper
ly protected by a shield ; in which case the distance shall
be not less than eighteen inches.
Swinging No swinging or folding gas bracket shall be placed
brackets. against or near any stud partition or woodwork, and
all swinging gas brackets shall be provided with stops
to prevent them from swinging against woodwork.
Brackets on No gas bracket on any lath and plaster partition or
woodwork. woodwork shall be less than five inches in length, meas
ii7
ured from the burner to the plaster surface or wood

work.
Gaslights placed near window curtains or any other Gaslights near
combustible material shall be guarded by globes or curtams-
wire cages.
Electrical Work.
No electrical wiring or installation of electrical ap- Fire

paratus or appliances for furnishing light, heat and under under»""lters'
rules.
power shall be introduced into or placed in any building
or structure in the city of ,
except in compliance with the rules and regulations of
the National. Board of Fire Underwriters, known as the
"National Electrical Code," and the said rules and
regulations are hereby made a part of the require- Subiect
° .* , 1 1 to approval.
ments of this Code. The installation of all such
electrical work shall be subject to the. approval of
the Commissioner of Buildings.
PART XVII.
ROOFS, LEADERS, CORNICES, BULKHEADS,

SCUTTLES AND TANKS.
SECTION 91.
Mansard Roofs.
If a mansard or other roof of like character, having a How

pitch of over sixty degrees, be placed on any building, const
except a wood building, or a dwelling house not exceed
ing three stories nor more than forty feet in height, it
shall be constructed of iron rafters and lathed with iron
or steel on the inside and plastered, or filled in with
fireproof material not less than three inches thick, and
covered with metal, slate or tile.
u8
False mansard No false mansard or other similar roof construction

or similar roof. jor increasing the apparent height of a building, but
having no full story behind the same, shall be placed on
any building to a greater height than five feet above
the cornice or the highest point of the roof beams.
SECTION 92.
Cornices and Gutters.
Within the fire On all buildings hereafter erected within the fire
limits. limits, the exterior cornices, inclusive of those on show
Material. windows, and gutters shall be of some fireproof ma
terial.
Secured with All fireproof cornices shall be well secured to the
anchors. walls with iron anchors, independent of any woodwork.
Height for No cornice, not including pediments, shall extend
cornice above more than five feet above the highest point of the roof
roof beams.
beams of any building.
Walls in Relation to Roof Planking and Cornices.
In all cases the walls shall be carried up to the plank

ing of the roof.
When cornice Where the cornice projects above the roof the walls
projects above shall be carried up to the top of the cornice.
roof.
The party walls shall in all cases extend above the
Party walls to
extend above planking of the cornice and be coped.
planking of
cornice.
Unsafe Cornices.
To be removed. All exterior wood cornices within the fire limits that
may now be or that may hereafter become unsafe or rot
ten shall be taken down,
If replaced. And if replaced, shall be constructed of some fire
proof material.
1 19
Cornices Damaged by Fire.
All exterior cornices of wood or gutters within the Removed if

fire limits that may hereafter be damaged by fire to the damaged,
extent of one-half shall be taken down, and if replaced
shall be constructed of some fireproof material ;
But if not damaged to the extent of one-half, the Repaired if
damaged less
same may be repaired with the same kind of material of than one-half.
which they were originally constructed.
SECTION 93.
Bulkheads on Roofs and Scuttles.
Bulkheads used as inclosures for tanks and elevators, incisures on

and coverings for the machinery of elevators and all roofs'
other bulkheads, including the bulkheads of dwelling
houses, on buildings not more than four stories in height
hereafter erected or altered, may be constructed of hoi- How
low fireproof blocks ; or of wood, covered with not less construcled-
than two inches of fireproof material, or filled in the
thickness of the studding with such material, and cov
ered on all outside surfaces with metal, including both
surfaces and edges of doors. On fireproof buildings the on fireproof
bulkheads and inclosures on roofs shall be constructed tmrd,ns8
of fireproof materials only.
All buildings shall have scuttles or bulkheads, with scuttles, buik-
ladders or stairs leading thereto, and easily accessible to ^ stairsaddera
all occupants.
No scuttle shall be less in size than two by three feet. Size for
J scuttles.
No staging or stand shall be constructed or occupied ProhibitinK
upon the roof of any building without first obtaining staging on roof,
the approval of the Commissioner of Buildings, permit.
I 20
SECTION 94.
Tanks.
Contents. Tanks containing more than five hundred gallons of

water or other fluid hereafter placed in any story, or on
the roof or above the roof of any building now or here
Supports. after erected, shall be supported on iron or steel beams
of sufficient strength to safely carry the same ;
Bearings for And the beams shall rest at both their ends on brick
beams. walls or on iron or steel girders or iron or steel columns
or piers of masonry.
Discharge Underneath any said water tank or on the side near
P'pe- the bottom of the same, there shall be a short pipe or
outlet, not less than four inches in diameter, fitted with
a suitable valve having a lever or wheel handle to same,
to discharge the weight of the fluid contents from the
tank, in case of necessity, unless tank water is to sup
ply automatic sprinklers.
Location for Such tanks shall be placed where practicable at one
tanks. corner of a building, and shall not be placed over nor
near a line of stairs, unless the stairs are inclosed
with brick walls of sufficient strength to support the
added load of the tank and contents.
Covers, if of Covers on top of water tanks placed on roofs, if of
wood. wood shall be covered with tin.
SECTION 95.
Roofing and Leaders Within the Fire Limits.
Roof The planking and sheathing of the roofs of buildings

planking.
shall not in any case be extended across the side or
party wall thereof.
I2I
Every building and the tops and sides of every dor- Materials for
mer-window thereon shall be covered and roofed with roofing-
brick, tile, Slate, tin, copper or iron. Or plastic slate,
asphalt, slag, or gravel may be used, provided such
roofing shall be composed of not less than five layers of
roofing felt, cemented together and finished with not
less than ten gallons of coal tar, pitch or asphalt to each
one hundred square feet of roof, or such other quality
of fireproof roofing as the Commissioner of Buildings,
under his certificate, may authorize,
And the outside of the frames of every dormer-win- Dormer
dow hereafter placed upon any building shall be made windows-
of some fireproof material.
No wood building within the fire limits more than Roof covering
two stories or above twenty feet in height above the bindings
curb level to the highest part thereof, which shall re- within fire
, - r limits.
quire roofing, shall be roofed with any other roofing or
covered except as aforesaid.
Nothing in this Section shall be construed to prohibit Shingle roofs,
the repairing of any shingle roof, provided the building rePa,nnsof-
is not altered in height.
Leaders from Roofs.
All buildings shall be kept provided with proper To protect

metallic leaders for conducting: water from the roofs wa,,sand
© foundations.
in such manner as shall protect the walls and founda
tions of said buildings from injury.
In no case shall the water from the said leaders be Leaders not to
allowed to flow upon the sidewalk, but the same shall ^^",*"°"
be conducted by pipe or pipes to the sewer.
If there be no sewer in the slreet upon which such when no sewer
in street
buildings front, then the water from said leader shall
be conducted by proper pipe or pipes, below the surface
of the sidewalk to the street gutter.
122
PART XVIII.
ELEVATORS, HOISTWAYS AND DUMB

WAITERS.—STAIR HALL INCLOSURES.
SECTION 96.
Elevators and Hoistways.
When not In any building in which there exists any hoistway

inclosed. or freight elevator or wellhole not inclosed in walls
constructed of brick or other fireproof material and
provided . with fireproof doors, the openings thereof
through and upon each floor of said buildings, shall be
Guards or provided with and protected by a substantial guard or
gates. gate, and with good and sufficient automatic trap
Trap-doors. doors, properly counterweighted, covered with tin on
the underside and edges, in accordance with standard
for fire-doors, and so constructed as to form a sub
stantial floor surface when closed. The guards
Materials. or gates and railings shall be of such material
and form of construction as may be approved by the
Gates and trap Such guards or gates shall be kept closed at all times,
doors to be except when in actual use, and the trap-doors shall be
kept closed.
closed at the close of the business of each day by the oc
cupant or occupants of the building having the use or
control of the same.
SECTION 97.
Elevator Inclosures.
How All elevators hereafter placed in any building shall

constructed. be inclosed in suitable walls of brick, or with a suitable
framework of iron and burnt clay filling, or with such
123
other fireproof material and form of construction as

in the opinion of the Commissioner of Buildings
may be equally as good,
Except that the inclosure walls in non-fireproof In non-fireproof
buildings exceeding three stories in height and used as ^"es ana"
warehouses, stores or factories, shall be of solid brick- factories.
exceeding three
work, stories in
If the inclosure walls are of brick, laid in cement haght-
mortar, and not used as bearing walls, they may be Thickness for
........ . ~r r r brick inclosure
eight inches in thickness for not more than fifty feet of walls,
their uppermost height, and increasing in thickness
four inches for the remaining lower portion or part
thereof.
In fireproof buildings, when the construction of the Thickness for
elevator inclosure is of iron framework and burnt clay iron and burnt
J clay inclosures.
filling or other approved materials the said construction
shall be not less than six inches in thickness.
Said walls or construction shall in all cases extend waiis carried
through and at least three feet above the roof. above roof-
All door openings in any said inclosures shall be pro- Doors,
vided with standard fire-doors made solid for
their full height and hung to rabbeted wrought-iron
or steel frames or to wrought-iron eyes built into
the wall, and shall have iron, stone or cement concrete
doorsills of the full width and length of the openings.
In buildings other than stores, warehouses, and fac
tories, lights of wired glass, in approved metal frames. GUss ls in
may be placed in such doors, but no one pane shall do0,s-
exceed twenty-four by thirty inches in size in either
direction.
In all buildings other than stores, warehouses and windows,
factories, all window openings in any said inclosing
walls or construction opening from the shaft to within
the building shall have standard window frames and
fixed sash of metal, and the sash shall be glazed with
wire glass, no pane of which shall exceed twenty-four Glazing.
124
by thirty inches in size, in either direction, between

dividing bars.
Doors in The doors used for openings in dwelling houses in
elevator shafts tended for the occupancy of one family may be of wood
of private
dwellings. covered on the inner surface and edges with metal, not
including the openings in the cellar, nor above the roof
in any such shaft walls, which latter doors shall be
entirely covered with metal.
Skylights Over Elevator Inclosures.
Roofs ana The roofs over all inclosed elevators shall be made of
fncioled8 fireProof materials, with a skylight at least three-
eievator shafts, fourths the area of the shaft, the glass to be not more
than one-eighth of an inch thick and covered above and
below with strong wire netting, but wired glass shall
not be used in skylights over elevator inclosures.
Bottom of Elevator Shafts.
. ,
When shaft When the shaft does not extend to the bottom of the
does not extend cellar or lowest story, the lower end shall be inclosed in
fireproof material.
Inclosing Elevator-Operating Machinery.
When the inclosure of an elevator has an opening

to accommodate machinery for operating same, such
as shafts, pulleys, drums, cables, etc., said machinery
shall be inclosed in a similar manner to the shaft.
Sidewalk Elevators.
To be inclosed. Elevators or lifts from the floor of the lowest

story to the sidewalk shall be inclosed in said story
or stories with fireproof materials and door openings
in same to be protected by standard fire-doors.
'25
The door at the sidewalk level of the said eleva

tor or lift shall be of wrought iron or steel.
SECTION 98.
Dumb-Waiter Shafts.
All dumb-waiter shafts, other than those which do How

not extend more than three stories above the cellar constructed.
or basement in private dwelling houses, shall be in
closed in suitable walls of brick or with burnt clay
blocks, set in iron frames of proper strength,
Or such other fireproof material and form of con Other fireproof
struction as in the opinion of the Commissioner of methods.
Buildings may be equally as good.
Said walls or construction shall extend at least three Wall carried
feet above the roof, above roof.
Skylights Over Dumb-Waiter Shafts.
And be roofed over with fireproof materials and with Size.

a skylight at least three-fourths the area of the shaft,
made with metal frames and glazed with glass not more
than one-eighth of an inch thick and covered above and
below with strong wire netting, but wired glass shall Glass.
not be used in skylights over dumb-waiter inclosures.
Doors in Dumb-Waiter Shafts.
A dumb-waiter shall be considered a special form of Definition,

elevator whose dimensions shall not exceed three feet
square and four feet in height, and which is designed
for the carrying of light articles, and is provided with
one or more shelves.
All openings in the inclosure walls or construction Doors,
shall be provided with self-closing fireproof doors.
126
Brick wall When the dumb-waiter is carried through the cellar

inctosure in or lowest story of any building it shall be inclosed in
cellar.
that story with brick walls not less than eight inches
thick.
Bottom and Top of Dumb-Waiter Shafts.
When shaft When the shaft does not extend to the floor level of
does not extend the cellar or lowest story, the bottom of the shaft shall
to ground.
be constructed of fireproof material.
When shaft When the shaft does not extend through the top
dnes not extend story and does not extend through more than three
to roof.
stories, the top of the shaft shall be also constructed of
fireproof material.
When When the shaft extends through more than three
mandatory to stories it shall be carried above the roof, as before pro
carry shaft
above roof. vided.
SECTION 99.
Elevators in Existing Hotels.
Non-fireproof In every non-fireproof building, used or occupied as

hotels to inclose a hotel, in which there is an elevator not inclosed in
elevators.
a fireproof shaft, such elevators shall be inclosed in suit
able walls, constructed and arranged as in this Code re
quired for elevator shafts.
SECTION 100.
Screen Under Elevator Sheaves.
Iron gratings Immediately under the sheaves at the top of every

under elevator shaft in any building there shall be provided
machinery at
top of elevator and placed a substantial grating or screen of iron or
shafts.
steel, of such construction as shall be approved by the
127
SECTION 101.
Inspection, Installation, Alteration and Operation

of Elevators.
The Commissioner of Buildings shall cause an in- Periodical,

spection of elevators carrying passengers or employes
to be made at least once every three months,
And shall make regulations for the inspection, in- Regulations
• - • c i i to be made.
stallation, alteration and operation of such elevators,
and shall also make regulations for the installation,
alteration and operation of freight elevators with a
view to safety;
And shall also prescribe suitable qualifications for Qualifications
, , . . . . , . for conductors
persons who are placed in charge of the running of
passenger or freight elevators.
The regulations shall require any repairs found nec- Necessary
. tti repairs to be
essary to any such passenger or employes elevators made.
to be made without delay by the owner or lessee.
In case defects are found to exist which endanger life if defective,
or limb by the continued use of such elevator, then, nottobeused-
upon notice from the Commissioner of Buildings, the
use of such elevator shall cease, and it shall not again
be used until a certificate shall be first obtained from certificate,
said Commissioner that such elevator has been made
safe.
No person shall employ or permit any person to be incompetent
in charge of running any passenger elevator who does persons not to
run elevators.
not possess the qualifications prescribed therefor.
No person shall run any passenger or freight eleva
tor in the City of unless he shall first
register at the office of the Department of Buildings
his name and residence and also the location of the
building in which he is to perform such service, and
shall first receive from the Commissioner of Build
ings a certificate as to his competency.
128
SECTION 102.
Stair Hallway Inclosures.
Material for In all stores, warehouses and factories the staircase

inclosure.
halls shall be inclosed with suitable walls of brick, or
with burnt clay blocks set in iron frames, or such other
fireproof materials and forms of construction as may be
approved by the Commissioner of Buildings, except that
the inclosure walls in such buildings exceeding three
Extend stories in height shall be of brick. Said walls or con
through roof.
struction shall be continuous and extend at least three
feet above the roof. The roof over the stair hall inclos
Skylight. ure shall be covered with a metal and glass skylight at
least three-eighths of the area of the inclosure, and con
structed and glazed as required for skylights over ele
Doors. vator inclosures. All door openings in such stair hall
inclosures shall be provided with self-closing fireproof
Windows. doors and frames, and all window openings shall have
window frames of metal, and the window sash shall be
fixed sash of metal and glazed with wired glass, but no
one pane shall exceed twenty-four by thirty inches in
size. At least one of such inclosed stair halls in each of
Connecting said buildings shall have a like connecting inclosure
hall in first hallway in the first story and extend to the street, and
story.
all door or window openings in the same shall be pro
vided with doors and windows as provided for openings
in the stair hall inclosures.
Escalators. Escalators, or endless or revolving stairs, shall be
deemed stairs and comply with all the requirements
contained in this Section for the inclosure of stairs.
Hotel stairway Any hotel building having an area requiring more
incisure.
than one stairway, as provided in Section 75 of this
Code, shall have at least one such continuous stair
way inclosed in the manner described in this Section.
1 29
PART XIX.
FIRE APPLIANCES, FIRE ESCAPES AND

FIREPROOF SHUTTERS AND DOORS.
SECTION 103.
Standpipes.
In every existing building exceeding fifty-five and Size of stand-

nOt over one hundred feet in height, unless already p,pes'
provided with a three-inch or larger standpipe, and
in all buildings hereafter erected exceeding fifty-five
and not exceeding one hundred feet in height, there
shall >be provided a vertical standpipe of not less than
four inches in diameter.
In every existing building exceeding one hundred Buildings over
feet in height, unless already provided with a four- i" htight
inch or larger standpipe, and in all buildings here
after erected exceeding one hundred feet in height,
there shall be provided a vertical standpipe of not less
than six inches in diameter.
These standpipes shall be of wrought iron or steel Material,
galvanized, and, together with fittings and connec
tions, shall be of such strength as to safely withstand
at least three hundred pounds water pressure to the
square inch when installed and ready for service; also
to stand such a test without leaking at joints, valves
or fittings.
9
130
Standpipes shall be located within fireproof stair

way inclosures where the latter are of such construc
tion, and as near stairways as possible where they
are not so inclosed.
In buildings exceeding on hundred feet deep front
ing on two or more streets there shall be a standpipe
at each end of building, and in large area build
ings there shall be one standpipe at each stairway, or
within each stairway inelosure.
Where more than one standpipe is required in a
building they shall be connected at their bases by
pipes of size equal to that of largest standpipes, so
that water from any source will supply all the
standpipes.
Standpipes shall extend from the cellar to and
through the roof, with a hose connection located from
four to six feet above floor level fitted with approved
straightway composition gate valve in each story, in
cluding cellar, and a hose connection provided above
the roof with the valve controlling latter, located in
the standpipe under the roof and arranged to be
operated both from above and below the roof. A
suitable three-quarter-inch drain pipe and valve shall
be provided under the roof for each roof connection.
Hose sufficient to reach to all parts of the floor shall
be attached to each outlet in the building, and hose
for roof-hydrant may be placed on rack in top floor
near the scuttle leading to the roof. Hose shall be
two and one-half or two and five-eighths inches in
diameter, in fifty-foot lengths, and provided with
standard couplings at each end, all couplings to be
of same hose thread as that in use by the local Fire
Department.
Hose to be approved linen, cotton rubber lined or
rubber made under specifications recommended by
the National Board of Fire Underwriters.
i3i
Each line of hose shall be provided with washers at Hose fittings,

both ends, and be fitted with play pipe or nozzle of.
Underwriter pattern, having handles at the base and
with discharge outlet not less than three-quarter inch
in diameter. One spanner to be located at each hose
connection throughout the building.
All standpipes shall 'be provided with a Siamese Siamese
steamer connection, located on the outside of the connecllons
building about one foot above the cufb level, and
where a building fronts on two or more streets, a con
nection to 'be provided on each street front. Inlet
pipe from steamer connection to standpipe to be not
less than the diameter of the largest standpipe. The
thread on the Siamese connection shall be uniform with
that used by the local Fire Department. Siamese
steamer connections shall be provided with check
valves in the "Y," and substantial caps provided to
protect thread on the connection. The steamer con
nection fitting should be adjusted looking down at
an angle of forty-five degrees. A suitable iron plate
with raised letters shall be secured to the wall near
steamer connection, reading—"To Standpipes."
In each connecting pipe just inside of the building, check vaves.
in a horizontal section shall be placed a straightway
Check valve, but not a gate valve. A drip pipe with DriPPiPe.
valve to same, shall be placed between said check
valve and steamer connection to properly drain this
section to prevent freezing.
In addition to the provision made for steamer con- water supplies,
nections to standpipes, the water supply may be from
city water where pressure is sufficient, automatic
fire-pump of five hundred gallons or more capacity
per minute, elevated tank or steel pressure tank of
not less than five thousand gallons capacity. Automatic
In all building's coming under these regulations as ui^buiMin^.
'32
to height which are occupied for living 01 sleeping

purposes, such as hotels, lodging houses, hospitals
and asylums, the standpipe system must have at least
one of the approved automatic supplies before
described.
Check valve Where a standpipe is connected to a tank there
under tank.
shall be a straightway check valve in a horizontal
section of pipe between the first hose outlet in con
necting pipe and tank, and said tank must be filled
by a separate pipe, and not through the standpipe.
Location of Where pumps constituting a supply to standpipes
pumps and are located in the lowest story of a building, they shall
boilers.
be placed not less than two feet above the floor level,
and boilers upon which pumps depend for steam shall
be arranged so that flooding of fires under same will
be impossible.
Elevator. In every building exceeding one hundred feet in
height, at least one passenger elevator shall be kept
in readiness for immediate use by the Fire Depart
ment during all hours of the night and day, includ
ing holidays and Sundays.
Auxiliary Fire Appliances.

Kind and All existing buildings, and those hereafter erected
design.
exceeding one hundred feet in height, shall be pro
vided with auxiliary fire apparatus and appliances,
such as wrenches, spanners, fire extinguishers, hooks,
axes and pails, as may be required by the Commis
sioner of the Fire Department; all of said, apparatus
to conform in design to those in use by the local
Fire Department.
Sprinkler Pipes in Basements and Cellars of Mercan
tile and Manufacturing Buildings.
Where In such buildings as are used or occupied for mer
required. cantile and manufacturing purposes there shall he
1 00
provided in addition to said standpipe or standpipes,

an approved system of automatic sprinklers placed
at the ceiling of each story below the first or grade
floor and extending to the full depth and breadth of
the building.
The pipe sizes and spacing of heads for said sprink- Pipe sizes,
ler system shall conform to the schedule and rules
recommended by the National Board of Fire Under
writers, which are hereby made a part of the require
ments of this Code.
Said sprinkler pipes shall 'be connected with a pipe Siamese
of not less than four inches in diameter leading to connecuon-
the outside of building and there provided with an
approved Siamese steamer connection, latter to be
installed under requirements set forth in this Section,
and to be under the control and for the use of the
Fire Department.
A suitable iron plate with raised letters shall be Direction plate,
securely attached to the wall near said steamer con
nection, reading—"Cellar Sprinklers."
SECTION 104.
Fire-Escapes.
Every apartment house, tenement house or dwell- Apartment

ing house occupied by or built to be occupied by three ["e°nues^"d
or more families, houses.
And every building already erected, or that may Holels. lode-
} ° 3 ' J ing houses,
hereafter be erected, more than three stories in height, boarding
occupied and used as a hotel, apartment-hotel or lodg- houses,
ing house, and every boarding house, having more than
fifteen sleeping rooms above the basement story,
And every factory, mill, manufactory or workshop, Factories,
hospital, asylum or institution for the care or treat- asylums5
ment of individuals,
'34
Three-story And every building three stories and over in height

stores and used or occupied as a store or workroom,
workshops.
Schools, assem And every building in whole or in part occupied or
bly places. used as a school or place of instruction or assembly,
Officebuildings. And every office building four stories or more in
height,
As directed. Shall be provided with such good and sufficient fire-
escapes, stairways, or other means of egress in case of
fire as shall be directed by the Commissioner of Build
ings.
To be kept in The owner or owners of any building upon which a
pood condition. fire-escape is erected shall keep the same in good repair
and properly painted.
To consist of. Fire-escapes on the outside of buildings shall consist
of open iron balconies and stairways.
Projection into Fire-escapes may project into the public highway to
street. a distance not greater than four feet beyond the build
ing line.
Angle for The stairways shall be placed at an angle of not
stairs. more than sixty degrees, with steps not less than six
inches in width and twenty inches in length, and with
a rise of not more than nine inches.
Goose-neck The balcony on the top floor, except in case of a front
ladders. fire-escape, shall be provided with a goose-neck ladder
leading from said balcony to and above the roof.
Balconies.
Width for The balconies shall be not less than three feet in
balconies. width, and placed where directed by the Commissioner
of Buildings, at each story above the ground floor.
Height from They shall be below and not more than one foot be
window sill. low the window sills and extend in front of and not
less than nine inches beyond each window.
Landings. There shall be a landing not less than twenty-four
inches square at the head and foot of each stairway.
'35
The stairway opening on each platform shall be of a stair openings,

size sufficient to provide clear headway.
Floors of Balconies.
The floors of balconies shall be of wrought iron or Floor ,iats,

steel slats not less than one and a half inches by three-
eighths of an inch, placed not more than one and one-
quarter inches apart, and well secured and riveted to
iron battens one and a half inches by three-eighths of an
inch, not over three feet apart and riveted at the inter
sections. The openings for stairways in all balconies
shall be not less than twenty-one inches wide and thir- Size of suir
ty-six inches long, and such openings shall have no cov- °PeninKs-
ers of any kind.
The platforms or balconies shall be constructed and Strength of
erected to safely sustain in all their parts a safe load at
a ratio of four to one, of not less than eighty pounds
per square foot of surface.
Railings.
The outside top rail shall extend around the entire Top rails.
length of the platform and in all cases shall go through
the wall at each end, and be properly secured by nuts
and four-inch square washers at least three-eighths of
an inch thick, and no top rail shall be connected at
angles by cast iron. The top rail of balconies shall be
one and three-quarters inches by one-half inch of
wrought iron, or one and a half inch angle iron one-
quarter inch thick. The bottom rails shall be one and Bottom rails.
one-half inches by three-eighths of an inch wrought
iron or steel, or one and a half inch angle iron, one-
quarter inch thick, well leaded into the wall. The
standards or filling-in bars shall be not less than one- Filling-in bars.
half inch round or square wrought iron or steel, well
'36
riveted to the top and bottom rails and platform frame.

Such standards or filling-in bars shall be securely
braced by outside brackets at suitable intervals, and
shall be placed not more than six inches from cen
Height for tres; the height of railings shall in no case be less
railings.
than two feet nine inches.
Stairways.
Bearing The stairways shall be constructed and erected to

strength for fully sustain in all their parts a safe load at a ratio of
stairs.
four to one of not less than one hundred pounds per
step, with the exception of the tread which must safely
sustain at said ratio a load of two hundred pounds.
The treads shall be flat open treads not less than six
inches wide and with a rise of not more than nine
Width for inches. The stairs shall be not less than twenty inches
stairs. wide. The strings shall be not less than three-inch
channels of iron or steel, or other shape equally strong,
and shall rest upon and be fastened to a bracket, which
shall be fastened through the wall as hereinafter pro
Strings. vided. The strings shall be securely fastened to the
balcony at the top, and the steps in all cases shall be
double-riveted or bolted to the strings. The stairs shall
Handrails. have three-quarter inch handrails of wrought iron, well
braced.
Brackets.
Size of The brackets shall be not less than one-half inch by

brackets. one and three-quarter inches wrought iron placed edge
wise, or one and three-quarter inch angle iron, one-
quarter inch thick, well braced ; they shall be not more
Distance apart. than four feet apart, and shall be braced by means of
not less than three-quarters of an inch square wrought
iron, and shall extend two-thirds of the width of the re
spective balconies or brackets. The brackets shall go
How secured. through the wall and be turned down three inches, or
137
be properly secured by nuts and four-inch square wash

ers at least three-eighths of an inch thick.
On new buildings the brackets shall be set as the Buiid m
brackets
walls are being built.
When brackets are put on buildings already erected Brackets for
the part going through the wall shall be not less than buildings,
one inch in diameter with screw nuts and washers not
less than five inches square and one-half an inch thick.
Drop-Ladders.
A proper drop ladder shall be required from the From lower

lower balcony when the floor of such balcony is more La'cony-
than fou: een feet above the sidewalk or ground.
Painting.
All the parts of such fire-escapes shall receive not less Two coats of
than two coats of paint, one in the shop and one after paint
erection.
Incumbrances on Fire-Escapes.
No person shall at any time place any incumbrances Profiting
of any kind whatsoever before or upon any fire-escape, incumbrances,
balcony or stairway.
It shall be the duty of every fireman and policeman To report
who shall discover any fire-escape balcony or stairway incumbrances
on fire-escapes.
of any fire-escape incumbered in any way, to forthwith
report the same to the commanding officer of his com
pany or precinct, and such commanding officer shall
forthwith cause the occupant of the premises or apart
ment to which said fire-escape balcony or stairway is
attached or for whose use the same is provided, to be
notified, either verbally or in writing, to remove such
incumbrances and keep the same clear.
If said notice shall not be complied with by the re- ordering the
moval, forthwith, of such incumbrances, and keeping incumbrances.
•38
said fire-escape, balcony or stairway free from incum

brance, then it shall be the duty of said commanding
officers to apply to the nearest police magistrate for a
warrant for the arrest of the occupant or occupants of
the said premises or apartment of which the fire-escape
forms a part, and the said parties shall be brought be
Penalty for fore the said magistrate, as for a misdemeanor; and,
disobeying
order to remove on conviction, the occupant or occupants of said prem
incumbrances. ises or apartment shall be fined not more than ten dol
lars for each offense, or may be imprisoned not to ex
ceed ten days, or both, in the discretion of the court.
Notice Plates on Fire-Escape Balconies.
In constructing all balcony fire-escapes, the manu

facturer thereof shall securely fasten thereto, in a con
Plate stating spicuous place, a cast-iron plate having suitable raised
penalty.
letters on the same, to read as follows: Notice! Any
person placing any incumbrance on this balcony is liable
to a penalty of ten dollars and imprisonment for ten
days.
Scuttle Ladders.
Stationary. All buildings requiring fire-escapes shall have sta

tionary iron laddcrs leading to the scuttle opening in
the roof thereof, and all scuttles and ladders shall be
kept so as to be ready for use at all times.
Bulkhead Stairs and Doors.
Stairs. If a bulkhead is used in place of a scuttle, it shall

have stairs with sufficient guard or hand-rail leading
to the roof.
Scuttle door or In case the building shall be occupied by more than
bulkhead door one family, the door in the bulkhead or any scuttle,
not to be
locked. shall at no time be locked, but may be fastened on the
inside by movable bolts or hooks.
'39
SECTION 105.
Fireproof Shutters and Doors.
Every building, except private dwelling-houses and Ejteriorof
churches, shall have fireproof doors, blinds or shutters, building,
hung to wrought-iron or steel hanging frames or to
wrought-iron eyes built into the wall, on every ex
terior window and opening above the first story
thereof,
Excepting on the front openings of buildings front- When shuUers
ing on streets which are more than one hundred feet or doors are
. not required.
in width, or where no other buildings are within
one hundred feet of such openings.
The said doors, Minds or shutters shall 'be of Stand- Wood tin-
ard construction, that is, constructed of pine or other Gutter! «
soft wood of two or three thicknesses (depending doors,
on size) of matched boards, clinch-nailed, at right
angles, or placed diagonally with each other, and
securely covered with tin, on both sides and edges,
with folded lapped joints, the nails for fastening the
same being driven inside the lap ; the hinges and bolts,
or latches, shall be secured or fastened to the door
or shutter by wrought-iron bolts passing through
the door or shutter, and secured by nuts and washers
on the opposite side after the same has been covered
with the tin, and such doors or shutters shall be hung Hanging
upon a wrought-iron frame, independent of the wood- frames,
work of the windows and doors, or to wrought-iron
hinges securely fastened in the masonry.
Metal Window Frames and Sash and Wired Glass.
On any opening where the window frame and sash how
are of metal, and the sash are glazed with wired glass Cunslructtd-
not less than one-quarter of an inch in thickness, and
each pane measuring not more than thirty by twenty-
four inches, the same shall be deemed an equivalent
of and a substitute for fireproof shutters; except
140
that when an exposing building is within thirty feet,

the wire glass in the metal sash shall be double with
an air space between the glass, ventilated to the inside.
Shutters Arranged To Be Opened From the Outside.
certain shutters All shutters opening on fire-escapes, and at least one

to open from row vertically, in every three vertical rows on the
outside.
front window openings above the first story of any
building, shall be so arranged that they can be readily
opened from the outside by firemen.
Rolling Metal Shutters.
No rolling iron or steel shutters shall be hereafter

placed above the first story of any building, and when
used on the first story they shall be counter-balanced
so that said rolling shutters may be readily opened by
the firemen.
Interior Wall Openings To Have Fireproof Doors.
when deemed All buildings specified in this Section, hereafter

necessary by erected or altered, having openings in interior walls,
of Buildings. shall be provided with suitable fireproof doors where
deemed necessary by the Commissioner of Buildings,
and to be provided with approved automatic self-clos
ing devices.
Outside and Inside Fireproof Shutters and Doors To

Be Closed at Night.
All occupants of buildings shall close all exterior and

interior fireproof shutters, doors and blinds at the close
of the business of each day.
141
PART XX.
FIREPROOF BUILDINGS.
SECTION 1 06.
Fireproof Buildings.
Every building hereafter erected or altered to be used Buildings

as a theatre, lodging-house, school, jail, public station, named-
hospital, asylum, institution for the use, care or treat
ment of persons, the height of which exceeds three Three stories,
stories and not more than forty feet in height, and ev
ery building hereafter erected or altered to be used as
a hotel or an apartment hotel, which exceeds four Four stories,
stories and not more than fifty feet in height (excepting
all buildings for which specifications and plans have
been heretofore approved by the proper authorities ) , and
every other building the height of which exceeds fifty- Fifty-five feet,
five feet or more than four stories in height, shall be ormorethan
0 four stories in
built fireproof; that is to say-— height.
They shall be constructed with walls of brick, stone, Fireproof con-
Portland cement concrete, iron or steel in which wood struction stated-
beams or lintels shall not be placed, and in which the
floors and roofs shall be constructed with rolled
wrought iron or steel floor beams, spaced not more than wrought iron
five feet on centres, for stores, warehouses and fac- or steel beams,
tory buildings, and for all other buildings not more
than eight feet on centres, and otherwise so arranged
as to spacing and length of beams that the load to be
supported by them, together with the weights of the
materials used in the construction of the said floors,
shall not cause a greater deflection of the said beams
than on'e-thirtieth of an inch per foot of span under
the total load. The beams shall be tied together at Tie-rods.
intervals of not more than eight times the depth of
the beam with suitable tie-rods.
142
Floor tilling Between the floor and roof beams shall be placed
between beams. brick arches springing from the lower flanges of the
steel beams, or the spaces between the beams may be
filled with hollow tile arches of hard-burnt clay or
porous terra-cotta, or arches of Portland cement con
crete, plain or reinforced with metal, or such other
Material. fireproof composition may be used, provided that in
each and all cases the strength and method of con
struction shall conform to the requirements of Sec
Stairs. The stairs and staircase landings shall be con
structed of brick, stone, Portland cement concrete,
iron or steel, or a combination of these materials.
Allowed No woodwork or other inflammable material shall be
woodwork used in any of the partitions, furrings or ceilings in any
mentioned.
such fireproof buildings, excepting, however, that when
When not over the height of the building does not exceed eight stories
eight stories or
100 feet high. nor more than one hundred feet, the doors and windows
and their frames and trims, the casings, the interior
finish when filled solidly at the back with fireproof ma
terial, and the floor boards and sleepers directly there
under, may be of wood, but the space between the sleep
ers shall be solidly filled with fireproof materials
extending up to the underside of the floor boards.
When more When the height of a fireproof building exceeds eight
than eight stories, or more than one hundred feet, the floor sur
stories or more
than 100 feet faces shall be of stone, cement, tiling or similar incom
high.
bustible material. All outside window frames and sash
Metal window
frames and shall be of metal.
sash.
Inside window The inside window frames and sash, doors, trim and
frames, etc. other interior finish may be of metal or of wood cov
ered with metal or of such other incombustible material
that may be approved by the Commissioner of Build
ings.
H3
Hall and Permanent Partitions.
All hall partitions or permanent partitions between of fireproof

* A material.
rooms in fireproof buildings shall be built of fireproof
material and shall not be started on wood sills, nor on
wood floor boards, but be built upon the fireproof con- To be laid on
struction of the floor and extend to the fireproof beam material,
filling above.
But this shall not preclude the use of wood block F°°t Mocks,
under each iron upright or stud in partitions con
structed of iron uprights and lathed with iron, or
filled in solidly between the iron studs or uprights
with approved fireproof material, provided said wood
block or cushion which is to allow for the possible
lengthwise expansion of the uprights by heat does
not exceed in thickness one-tenth of an inch to the
foot of the height of said uprights.
The tops of all door and window openings in such Solid space
partitions shall be at least twelve inches below the ceil- a^îndows
ing* line. 'n part'tions,
In all fireproof partitions, other than when made Door and
of solid brickwork, the openings for doors and win- *mdow
window fr,ra!"
ng of iron.
dows in same shall be framed on both sides with iron
studs or uprights secured at top and bottom to the
floor beams, and with like iron horizontals between
the said uprights for the window openings and door
heads.
In all fireproof buildings, other than stores, ware- inclosing of
stair halls.
houses and factories, if exceeding three stories or forty
feet in height, the stair halls shall be inclosed on each
story with fireproof material, same as required for ele
vators, to so form an inclosure the floor area of which
shall not be more than three times the united area of Area for
inclosure.
the floor openings for the elevators and stairs.
144
SECTION 107.
Fireproof Floor Fillings Between Beams.
Common brick Between the wrought iron or steel floor beams shall
.irises. ê placed brick arches springing from the lower flanges
of the steel beams—
Rise per foot Said brick arches shall be designed with a rise to
of span. safely carry the imposed load but never less than one
and one-quarter inches for each foot of span between the
beams, and they shall have a thickness of not less than
four inches for spans of six feet or less, and eight inches
for spans over six feet, or such additional thickness
as may be required by the Commissioner of Buildings.
How laid. Said brick arches shall be composed of good, hard
brick or hollow brick of ordinary dimensions laid to
a line on the centres, properly and solidly bonded,
each longitudinal line of brick breaking joints with
the adjoining lines in the same ring and with the ring
under it when more than a four-inch arch is used.
The said arches shall spring from protecting skew-
backs of burnt clay resting on and covering the lower
flanges of the beams, so as to afford a minimum pro
tection of two inches of solid burnt claj material
underneath the flanges, or otherwise entirely incas
ing the said flanges as provided for in this Section.
The brick shall be well wet and the joints filled in
solid with cement mortar. The arches shall be well
grouted and properly keyed.
'45
Hollow Tile Arches of Burnt Clay or Terra-Cotta.
Or the space between the beams may be filled in with Hard-burned

hollow tile arches of hard-burnt clay, semi-porous or terra-cotu.°Us
porous terra-cotta of uniform density and hardness
of burn. The shells and webs of hollow tile arch
blocks shall be not less than one inch in thickness.
Skew-backs shall be used with all forms of hollow Skew-backs,
tile arches and be of such form and section to prop
erly receive the thrust of the arches. The shells and
webs of the skew-backs shall be not less than one and
one-half inches in thickness, except that the portion
extending under the lower flanges of the beams shall
be not less than two inches of solid material not
interrupted by any interior cavities or spaces. The said
arches shall be of a depth and sectional area to carry
the load to be imposed thereon, without straining the
material beyond its safeworking load, but the thick
ness of the shells and webs shall in no case be
less than herein required, and the depth shall not
be less than one and three-quarter inches for Depth per foot
each foot of span, not including any portion of the of span for fiat
depth of the tile projecting below the underside of the
beams, a variable distance being allowed of not over
six inches in the span between the beams, if the soffits
of the tile are horizontal; but if said arches are segmen- Seffmental
tal, having a rise of not less than one and one-quarter arch-
inches for each foot of span, the depth of the tile shall
be not less than six inches. The joints shall be solidly joints fiiied
filled with cement mortar as required for common brick wlthcement
* mortar.
arches and the arch so constructed that the key parts
shall always fall in the central portion. The shells and
webs of all end construction blocks shall abut, one End
against another. construction.
lO
146
Arches of Portland Cement Concrete Plain or Re

inforced With Metal.
Segmental in Or the space between the beams may be filled with

form.
arches of Portland cement concrete, segmental in form,
and which shall have a rise of not less than one and
one-quarter inches for each foot of span between the
beams. The concrete shall be not less than four inches
Thickness at in thickness at the crown of the arch and shall be mixed
1 of arch. in the proportions required by Section 18 of this Code.
Reinforced These segmental arches, if reinforced, shall in all
cases be reinforced or protected with steel rods or
bars, reticulated or meshed steel, or similar metal
weighing not less than one pound per square foot,
and having openings not larger than three inches
square. Such reinforcing metal if essential to secure
the required strength of the arches, shall be so im
bedded that the metal is covered by not less than one
inch of the concrete; but if used partly or wholly as
a centering for and if not essential to secure the re
quired strength of the arches, the metal centering
need not be wholly imbedded in the concrete.
In freezing No concrete work shall be installed in freezing
weather. weather, nor allowed to freeze after being put in
place.
Various Fillings Between Floor Beams.
Or between the said beams may be placed solid or

hollow burnt clay, brick, or concrete slabs in flat
or curved shapes, concrete or other fireproof composi
tion, and any of said materials may be used plain
or in combination with wire cloth, expanded metal,
wire strands, or wrought-iron or steel bars; said
metal if used to be in all cases so imbedded in the
H7
fireproof composition or combination that the metal

shall be covered by not less than one inch of the
fireproof material; but in any such construction
and as a precedent condition to the same being used,
tests shall be made as herein provided by the manU- Tests as a
facturer thereof under the direction and to the satis- condôn'of
faction of the Commissioner of Buildings, and evidence use-
of the same shall be kept on file in the Department
of Buildings, showing the nature and result of
the test. Such tests shall be made by constructing How tests snaii
within inclosure walls a platform consisting of four bemade-
rolled steel beams, ten inches deep, weighing each twen
ty-five pounds per lineal foot, and placed four feet be
tween the centres, and connected by transverse tie
rods, and with a clear span of fourteen feet for the two "
interior beams and' with the two outer beams supported
on the side walls throughout their length, and with both
a filling between the said beams, and a fireproof protec- Filling between
tion of the exposed parts of the beams of the system to beams'
be tested, constructed as in actual practice, with the Load-
quality of material ordinarily used in that system and
the ceiling plastered below, as in a finished job ; such
filling between the two interior beams being loaded
with a distributed load of one hundred and fifty pounds
per square foot of its area and all carried by such fill
ing; and subjecting the platform so constructed to the
continuous heat of a wood fire below, averaging not Fire,
less than seventeen hundred degrees Fahrenheit for not
less than four hours, during which time the platform
shall have remained in such condition that no flame
will have passed through the platform or any part of
the same, and that no part of the load shall have fallen
through, and that the beams shall have been protected
from the heat to the extent that after applying to the
underside of the platform at the end of the heat test a
148
Water. stream of water directed against the bottom of the plat

form and discharged through a one and one-eighth inch
nozzle under sixty pounds pressure for five minutes,
Additional and after flooding the top of the platform with water
load. under low pressure, and then again applying the stream
of water through the nozzle under the sixty pounds
pressure to the bottom of the platform for five minutes,
and after a total load of six hundred pounds per square
foot uniformly distributed over the middle bay shall
have been applied and removed, after the platform
shall have cooled, the maximum deflection of the inte
rior beams shall not exceed two and one-half inches.
The Commissioner of Buildings may from time to time
Different tests prescribe additional or different tests than the forego
may be
prescribed. ing for systems of filling between iron or steel floor
beams, and the protection of the exposed parts of the
Systems failing beams. Any system failing to meet the requirements
under test, use
prohibited. of the test of heat, water and weight as herein pre
scribed shall be prohibited from use in any building
Authenticated hereafter erected. Duly authenticated records of the
tests may be
accepted. test heretofore made of any system of fireproof floor
filling and protection of the exposed parts of the
beams may be presented to the Commissioner of Build
ings, and if the same be satisfactory to said Commis
sioner it shall be accepted as conclusive.
Protection Against Injury by Freezing.

Temporarily No filling of any kind which may be injured by frost
covered over shall be placed between said floor beams during freez
when
necessary. ing weather, and if the filling is placed during any
winter month, it shall be temporarily covered with suit
able material for protection from being frozen.
Cinder Concrete Filling On Top.

To be tilled up
to underside of On the top of any arch, lintel or other device which
wood floor
boards. does not extend to the plane of the underside of the
H9
floor finish, cinder concrete or other suitable fireproof

material shall be placed to solidly fill up the space to
a level with the top of said floor beams, and shall
be carried to the underside of the wood floor boards
in case such be used.
Cinder concrete shall be made with not less than component
one part of Portland cement by volume, to ten parts parts'
of other material, and the top flanges of all beams
shall be entirely imbedded in same to a depth of not
less than two inches.
Temporary Centering.
Temporary centering when used in placing fireproof When to b<=
systems between floor beams, shall not be removed
within twenty-four hours, or until such time as the mor
tar or material has set.
Strength for Fireproof Floor Fillings.
All fireproof floor systems shall be of sufficient Material to be
strength to safely carry the load to be imposed thereon within safe
bearing load.
without straining the material in any case beyond its
safe working load.
Pipe Openings Through Fireproof Floors.
Openings through fireproof floors for pipes, con To be shown
duits and similar purposes shall be shown on plans °n plans-
filed in the Department of Buildings.
After the floors are constructed no opening
1 ° °greater , . . , size
Limited .
than eight inches square shall be cut through said for holes after
floors, unless properly boxed or framed around with oorsarein-
iron ;
And such openings shall be filled in with fireproof 0pening, to
material after the pipes or conduits are in place. be sued.
Roof Domes.
Nothing in this Section contained shall be deemed construction
to prohibit the construction of the roof domes, proof-
J5°
vided that the materials used therefor are in accord

ance with those specified in this Section, and that
the unit stresses do not exceed those fixed in Section
138 of this Code, and that in all respects the con
struction shall be satisfactory to the Commissioner
of Buildings.
SECTION 108.
Incasing Interior Columns.
All cast-iron, wrought-iron or rolled-steel col

umns, including the lugs and brackets on same, used
for vertical supports in the interior of any fireproof
building, or used to support any fireproof floor—
Shall be entirely protected with not less than four
Material for inches of hard-burned brickwork, terra cotta, con
insulation.
crete or other fireproof material, without any air
space next to the metal, securely applied ; but no plas
ter of paris or lime mortar shall be used for this
purpose, nor shall any plaster, whether or not on
metal lathing, be considered a part of the covering
required.
No single block or unit of insulating material used
for column covering shall have a greater vertical
dimension than six inches when placed in position,
nor shall the shells and webs of hollow tile or terra
cotta blocks be less than one inch in thickness, and
these blocks shall be laid up with Portland cement
mortar, and the said blocks be suitably tied or an
chored together.
Lugs and The extreme outer edges of lugs, brackets and simi
brackets. lar supporting metal may project to within seven-
eighths of an inch of the surface of the fireproofing.
Continuous The fireproof coverings shall start upon the fire
fireproof proof floors, and continuously extend to the fireproof
covering.
i5i
ceilings or underside of girders above, and be en

tirely independent of any ornamental base or capital.
No pipes, wires or conduit of any kind shall be conduits,
incased in the fireproofing surrounding any column,
girder or beam of steel or iron, but shall be placed
outside of such fireproofing.
Where the fireproof protection of columns is ex- jaCketing.
posed to damage from the trucking or handling of
merchandise, such fireproof protection shall be
jacketed on the outside for a height not less than four
feet from the floor with sheet metal, or with vertical
strips of oak; and if the oak be used for such pur
pose the vertical strips shall be sufficiently separated
from each other always to show that the woodwork
of the guard has been placed entirely on the outside
of the fireproof material which incases the metal
column.
Incasing Exposed Sides and Bottom and Top Plates
and Flanges of Girders and Beams.
The exposed sides of wrought-iron or rolled-steel Girders,
girders supporting: walls, iron or steel floor beams, materiaIand
b ° ' ' thickness of
or supporting floor arches or floors, shall be entirely insulation,
incased with hard-burned clay, porous terra cotta,
concrete or other fireproof material not less than four
inches in thickness, and the bottom and top plates
and flanges of such girders shall have not less than
two inches in thickness, of such insulating material.
The bottom and top plates and flanges of all wrought-
iron or rolled-steel floor and roof beams, and all exposed
Beams,
portions of such beams below the abutments of floor material and
thickness of
arches or filling between the floor beams shall be insulation,
entirely incased with hard-burned clay, porous terra
cotta, concrete or other fireproof material, such in
casing material to be not less than two inches in
thickness.
'52
Securely All incasing material to be securely attached to the

attached. girders and beams.
The shells and webs of hollow tile blocks shall be
not less than one inch in thickness, and shall be laid
up with Portland cement mortar, and the said blocks
be suitably tied or anchored together.
Incasing Interior Columns and Girders in Non-
Fireproof Buildings.
Material and In all non-fireproof buildings where iron or steel
thickness of structural members are incorporated in the construc
insulation.
tion of the building, said iron or steel columns, gird
ers, beams and other structural metal members shall
be incased as before described in this Section, except
that the thickness of such insulating material may
be not less than two inches.
PART -XXI.
IRON AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION.
SECTION 109.
Skeleton-Constructed Buildings.
Columns. Where columns are used to support iron or steel
girders carrying inclosure walls, the said columns shall
be of cast iron, wrought iron, or rolled steel, and on
their exposed surfaces be constructed to resist fire by
Incasing of having a casing of brickwork not less than eight inches
columns. in thickness on the outside surfaces, nor less than four
inches in thickness on the inside surfaces, and all
bonded into the brickwork of the inclosure walls.
Incasing out The exposed sides of the wrought-iron or steel
side surfaces of girders shall be similarly covered in with brickwork
girders.
not less than four inches in thickness on the outer
surfaces and tied and bonded, but the extreme outer
edge of the flanges of beams or plates or angles con
153
nected to the beams, may project to within two inches

of the outside surface of the brick casing.
The inside surfaces of girders may be similarly cov- incasing inside
... surfaces of
ered with brickwork, or if projecting inside of the wall girders,
they shall be protected by terra cotta, concrete or other
fireproof material not less than four inches in thick
ness.
Girders for the support of the inclosure walls shall be G,rdfrs
r1 required at
placed at the floor line of each story. each story.
The skeleton steel frame of a building shall be
independent from that of an adjoining building, and
the frame of one building shall not be bolted or
riveted in any manner to the frame of any other
building.
SECTION 11o.
Reinforced Concrete or Concrete-Steel Con

structed Buildings.
The term "reinforced concrete" or "concrete-steel" Definition,
in this Section shall be undersood to mean an ap
proved concrete mixture reinforced by steel of any
shape, so combined that the steel will take up the
tensional stresses and assist in the resistance to shear.
Reinforced concrete construction may be accepted
for fireproof buildings, if designed as hereinafter pre
scribed ; provided, that the aggregate for such con- fc"'ptnea° be
crete shall be hard-burned broken bricks, or terra
cotta, clean furnace clinkers, entirely free of com
bustible matter, clean broken stone, or furnace slag,
or clean gravel, together with clean siliceous sand,
if sand is required to produce a close and dense mix- component
ture; and provided, further, that the minimum thick- Pans-
ness of concrete surrounding and reinforcing members
one-quarter inch or less in diameter shall be one
154
inch; and for members heavier than one-quarter inch

Insulation. the minimum thickness of protecting concrete shall
be four diameters, taking that diameter, in the
event of bars of other than circular cross-section, which
lies in the direction in which the thickness of the
concrete is measured ; but no protecting concrete
need be more than four inches thick for bars of any
size; and provided, further, that all columns and
girders of reinforced concrete shall have at least one
inch of material on all exposed surfaces over and
above that required for structural purposes ; and all
beams and floor slabs shall have at least three-
quarters inch of such surplus material for fire-resist
ing purposes; but this shall not be construed as
increasing the total thickness of protecting concrete
as herein specified.
All the requirements herein specified for protec
tion of steel and for fire-resisting purposes shall apply
to reinforced concrete filling between rolled-steel
beams, as well as to reinforced concrete beams and
to entire structures in reinforced concrete. Any con
Centering. crete structure or the floor filling in same reinforced
or otherwise, which may be erected on a permanent
centering of sheet metal, of metal lathing and curved
bars or a metal centering of any other form, must
be strong enough to carry its loads without assist-'
ance from the centering, unless the concrete is so
applied as to protect the centering as herein specified
for metal reinforcement.
Plaster Exposed metal centering or exposed metal of any
covering kind will not be considered a factor in the strength
insufficient.
of any part of any concrete structure, and a plaster
finish applied over the metal shall not be deemed
sufficient protection.
Mixing. All concrete for reinforced concrete construction
whenever used in such buildings must be mixed in a
155
machine which mixes one complete batch at a time,

and entirely discharges it before another is introduced.
At least twenty-five complete revolutions must be
made at such a rate as to turn the concrete over at
least once in each revolution for each batch.
Before permission to erect any concrete-steel struc- Detail draw-
, , , , .r ings to be filed.
ture is issued, complete drawings and specifications
shall be filed with the Commissioner of Buildings,
showing all details of the construction, the size and po
sition of all reinforcing rods, stirrups, etc., and giving
•the composition of the concrete.
The execution of work shall be performed by work- superintend-
men under the direct supervision of a competent fore- ence of work'
man or superintendent.
The concrete shall be mixed in the proportions of one concrete,
of cement, two of sand and four of other aggregates
as before provided; or the proportions may be such
that the resistance of the concrete to crushing shall
not be less than 2,000 pounds per square inch after
hardening for twenty-eight days, but for reinforced
or plain concrete columns the mixture shall not be
leaner than one part of cement, two of sand and
five of the coarser aggregate in any case. The
tests to determine this value must be made under Tests,
the direction of the Commissioner of Buildings. The
concrete used in concrete-steel construction must be
what is usually known as a "wet" mixture.
Only high-grade Portland cements shall be permitted Portland
in reinforced concrete or concrete-steel constructed cements,
buildings. Such cements, when tested neat, shall,
after one day in air, develop a tensile strength
of at least 300 pounds per square inch; and after
one day in air and six days in water shall develop
a tensile strength of at least 500 pounds per square strength of
inch ; and after one day in air and twenty-seven days in cements,
' O- 1H
UNIVERSITY
156
water shall develop a tensile strength of at least 600

pounds per square inch. Other tests, as to fineness, con
stancy or volume, etc., made in accordance with the
standard method prescribed by the American Society
of Civil Engineers, may, from time to time, be pre
scribed by the Commissioner of Buildings,
sand. The sand to be used must be clean, sharp grit sand,
free from loam or dirt, and shall not be finer than the
standard sample kept in. the Department of Buildings,
stone or other The stone used in the concrete shall be a clean, broken
aggregates. stone, of a size that will pass through a three-quarter
inch ring, or good gravel may be used in the same pro
portion as broken stone, or broken hard bricks, or
terra-cotta, or furnace slag, or hard clean clinkers
may be used.
steei. The steel shall meet the requirements of Section 21
of this Code.
Design. Concrete-steel shall be designed in accordance with
the following assumptions and requirements :
( 1 ) The adhesion between the concrete and the
steel is sufficient to make the two materials act
together; the unit value of the adhesion is at least
equal to the unit shearing strength of concrete.
(2) The design shall be based on the assumption
of a load four times as great as the total working
load (ordinary dead load plus ordinary live loads) pro
ducing a stress in the steel equal to the elastic limit,
and a stress in the concrete equal to two thousand
pounds per square inch.
(3) The modulus of elasticity of concrete at two
thousand pounds per square inch is equal to one-
eighteenth of the modulus of elasticity of steel.
(4) The steel takes all the tensile stress.
(5) The. stress-strain curve of concrete in com
157
pression, when the stress in the extreme fibre is two

thousand pounds per square inch, may be assumed.
(a) As a straight line.
(b) As a parabola with its axis vertical and its
vertex on the neutral axis of the beam, girder
or slab, or
(c) As an empirical curve with an area one-quarter
greater than if it were a straight line, and with
its centre of gravity at the same height as that
of the parabolic area assumed in (b).
(6) The assumption belonging to the common Flexure,
theory of flexure, where not modified by any of the
foregoing, will apply.
In the design of structures involving reinforced con- stresses,
crete girders and beams, as well as slabs, the girders
and beams shall be treated as T-beams, with a portion of
the slab acting as flange, in each case. The portion
of the slab so acting shall be determined by assuming
that in any horizontal-plane section of the flange, the
stresses are distributed as the ordinates of a para
bola, with its vertex in the stress-strain curve and with
its axis in a longtudinal vertical plane through the
centre of the rib of the T.
The shearing strength of concrete, corresponding Shearing
to a compressive strength of two thousand pounds per strength-
square inch, shall be assumed at two hundred pounds
per square inch.
All reinforced concrete T-beams must be reinforced Transmission
against the shearing stress along the plane of junc- of'oad?-
tion of the rib and the flange. Where reinforced con
crete girders carry reinforced concrete beams, the
portion of the floor slab acting as flange to the gir
der must be reinforced with bars near the top, at
right angles to the girder, to enable it to transmit
local loads directly to the girder and not through the
beams, thus avoiding an integration of compressive
158
stresses due to simultaneous action as floor slab and

girder flange.
Indirect Concrete indirect compression shall not be stressed,
compression. under the working load, more than three hundred and
fifty pounds per square inch. Reinforced compression
members shall be designed on the assumption that
this stress in the concrete will be simultaneous with one
of six thousand pounds per square inch in the steel.
Hooped Should the use of hooped concrete be proposed, the
concrete. working stresses will be a subject for special con
sideration by the Commissioner of Buildings.
Field work. In the execution of work in the field, work must
be so carried on that the ribs of all girders and beams
shall be monolithic with the floor slab.
Joints. In all reinforced concrete structures, special care
must be taken with the design of joints to provide
against local stresses and secondary stresses due to
the continuity of the structure.
Bending In the determination of the bending moments due to
moments. the external forces, beams and girders shall be con
sidered as simply supported at the ends, no allowance
being made for continuous construction over supports.
Floor plates, when constructed continuous and when
provided with reinforcement at top of plate over the
supports, may be treated as continuous beams, the bend
ing moment for uniformly distributed loads being
W L
taken at not less than the bending mo-
10
W L
ment may be taken at in the case of square
20
floor plates which are reinforced in both directions and
supported on all sides.
Shearing When the shearing stresses developed in any part of
stresses. a reinforced concrete or concrete-steel constructed
building exceed under the multiplied loads, the shear
ing strength as fixed in this Section, a sufficient
1 59
amount of steel shall be introduced in such a position

that the deficiency in the resistance to shear is overcome.
When the safe limit of adhesion between the concrete Additional
and steel is exceeded, provision must be made for trans- provislon-
mitting the strength of the steel to the concrete.
Concrete-steel may be used for columns in which the use for
ratio of length to least side or diameter does not exceed
twelve. The reinforcing rods must be tied together at Rods to be
intervals of not more than the least side or diameter of "ed together'
the column.
The contractor must be prepared to make load tests Load tests,
on any portion of a reinforced concrete or concrete-
steel constructed building within a reasonable time
after erection as often as may be required by the
Commissioner of Buildings. The tests must show What tests
that the construction will sustain a load with a factor mustshow-
of safety for floors and structural members as re
quired by Section 136 of this Code.
SECTION i11.
Steel and Wrought Iron Columns.
No part of a steel or wrought iron column shall be Least thiCkness
less than three-eighths of an inch thick. of metal-
No wrought iron or rolled steel column shall have an Greatest
unsupported length of more than forty times its least unsupported
lateral dimension or diameter, except as modified by
Section 137 of this Code, and also except in such cases Exceptions,
as the Commissioner of Buildings may specially allow a
greater unsupported length.
The ends of all columns shall be faced to a plane sur- Ends,
face at right angles to the axis of the columns.
And the connection between them shall be made with connections,
splice plates.
The joint may be effected by rivets of sufficient s1ZC Joints,
and number to transmit the entire stress, and then the
i6o
splice plates shall be equal in sectional area to the area

of column spliced.
Connections. When the section of the columns to be spliced is
such that spliced plates cannot be used, a connection
formed of plates and angles may be used, designed to
properly distribute the stress.
Proportional. No material, whether in the body of the column or
used as lattice-bar or stay-plate, shall be used in any
wrought iron or steel column of less thickness than one-
thirty-second of its unsupported width measured be
tween centers of rivets transversely, or one-sixteenth
the distance between centers of rivets in the direction of
the stress.
Stay-plates. Stay-plates are to have not less than four rivets, and
are to be spaced so that the ratio of length by the least
radius of gyration of the parts connected does not ex
ceed forty; the distance between the nearest rivets of
two stay-plates shall in this case be considered as
length.
In lengths. Steel and wrought iron columns shall be made in one,
two or three story lengths, and the material shall be
rolled in one length wherever practicable to avoid inter
mediate splices.
Filling plates. Where any part of the section of a column projects
beyond that of the column below, the difference shall be
made up by filling plates secured to column by the
proper number of rivets.
Shoes. Shoes of iron or steel, as described for cast iron col
umns, or built shoes of plates and shapes may be used,
complying with same requirements.
SECTION 112.
Cast Iron Columns.
Least thickness Cast iron columns shall have a diameter of not less
of metal. than five inches shell of a thickness not less than
three-quarters of an inch.
16i
Nor shall they have an unsupported length of lUOre Greatest unsup-

than twenty times their least lateral dimension or di- ported length'
ameter, except as modified by Section 137 of this Code,
and except the same may form part of a staircase,
and also except in such specific cases as the Commis- Exceptions,
sioner of Building's may specially allow a greater
unsupported length.
All cast iron columns shall be of good workman- Qualityof
ship and material. material and
workmanship.
The top and bottom flanges, seats and lugs shall be Flanges,
of ample strength, reinforced by fillets and brackets; andlues-
they shall be not less than one inch in thickness when
finished.
The interior space of ca9t-iron columns shall in no
case be filled with any material.
All columns shall he faced at the ends to a plane Ends
surface at right angles to the axis of the column.
Where cast-iron columns are placed vertically one on connections,
top of another they shall be securely bolted together at
the joints through flanges cast on the columns and a
plate between the flanges. If the column is square or s uare
rectangular, the top flange shall project not less than columns,
two and one-half inches from the outer surfaces of the
column on all sides, and the bottom flange
0 of the column „,
Flanges.
immediately above the same shall project as far as the
top flange of the column below. If the column is round Round
or many sided the top flange shall project not less than columns,
two and one-half inches at its least projection from the
outer surface of the column, and be square or rect
angular in shape, and the bottom flange of the column
immediately above the same shall be of corresponding
shape and project as far as the top flange of the column
below. Each flange will be reinforced with a bracket
placed centrally on the column, and with fillets both on
the bracket and flange. In case the column is placed on
11
l62
the dividing line of the lot upon which the building is to

be erected, the flanges on that side only may be omitted.
Joint plates. Between the joints of cast-iron columns placed ver
tically over each other there shall be in each case a solid
cast iron plate not less than one and one-quarter of an
inch in thickness, of the same dimensions as the flanges
of the columns, and planed true on both sides, or a plate
of mild-steel, not less than five-eighths of an inch thick,
may be used instead of the cast-iron plate. The col
Bolting. umns shall be bolted together with bolts not less than
three-quarters of an inch in diameter passing through
the two flanges and the intermediate plate, the bolts be
ing of sufficient length to allow the nuts to be screwed
up tightly, and as each column is placed in position the
bolts shall also be placed in position and the nuts shall
Number of be tightly screwed up. One bolt shall be placed at each
bolts.
corner of the plate and flanges, and the number of bolts
shall be never less than four. The holes for these bolts
shall be drilled to a template.
Increase in size Where cast-iron columns are placed vertically one
of columns. on top of the other, the diameters shall be increased
not less than one inch for each two stories below the
columns on the two stories above in the case of round
columns, and in the case of square or rectangular col
umns the same ratio of increase shall follow on at
least two sides of the columns in each two stories
below the uppermost two columns of the vertical line.
This increase in size shall apply to interior as well
as to exterior columns.
Columns of
varying diam The core of a column below a joint shall be not
eters resting larger than the core of the column above and the metal
on top of each
other. shall be tapered down for a distance of not less than
Thickness of six inches.
shell
proportionate The thickness of metal shall be not less than one-
to diameter of
column. twelfth the diameter of the greatest lateral dimension
163
of cross section, but never less than three-quarters of

an inch.
Wherever the core of a cast iron column has shifted When thickness
more than one-fourth the thickness of the shell, the isnote"ual-
strength shall be computed assuming the thickness of
metal all around equal to the thinnest part, and the
column shall be condemned and rejected if this compu
tation shows the strength to be less than required by
this Code.
Wherever blowholes or imperfections are found in imperfections
a cast iron column which reduces the area of the cross incast,nK-
section at that point more than ten per cent., such col
umn slhall be condemned and rejected.
Cast iron posts or columns not cast with one open To be drilled 10
side or back, before being set up in place, shall have a thickness,
three-eighths of an inch hole drilled in the shaft of each
post or column, by the manufacturer or contractor fur
nishing the same, to exhibit the thickness of the cast
ings ; and any other hole or holes of a similar size which
the Commissioner of Buildings may require, shall be
drilled in the said posts or columns by the said manu
facturer or contractor at their expense.
li on or steel shoes or plates shall Le used under the shoes under
bottom tier of columns when necessary to properly COiUmns.
distribute the load on the foundation.
Shoes shall be planed on top. shoes planed.
SECTION 113.
Double Columns.
In all buildings hereafter erected or altered, where
any iron or steel column or columns are used to SUp- To support wall
port a wall or part thereof, whether the same be an ex above same.
terior or an interior wall, and columns located below
the level of the sidewalk which are used to support ex
terior walls or arches over vaults,
164
Constructed The said column or columns shall be either con

double. structed double, that is, an outer and an inner column,
the inner column alone to be of sufficient strength to
sustain safely the weight to be imposed thereon, and
the outer columns shall be one inch shorter than the
inner columns, or such other iron or steel column of
Protected sufficient strength and protected with not less than four
columns.
inches of hard-burned brickwork, terra-cotta, concrete,
or other approved fireproof material securely applied,
Not required Except that double qj protected columns shall not be
for street or required for walls fronting on streets or courts.
court walls.
SECTION 114.
Party Wall Posts.
Width and If iron or steel posts are to be used as party posts in
depth. front of a party wall, and intended for two buildings,
then the said posts shall be not less in width than the
thickness of the party wall, nor less in depth than the
thickness of the wall to be supported above.
Space Iron or steel posts in front of side, division or party
between posts walls, shall be made perfectly tight between the posts
and walls.
and walls "with masonry.
Intermediate Intermediate posts may he used, which shall be suf
posts and ficiently strong, and the lintels thereon shall have suf-
bearings
affected by ficent bearings to carry the weight above with safety.
same.
SECTION 115.
Steel and Iron Girders.
Rivets in flanges shall be spaced so that the least
Rivets in
flanges. value of a rivet for either shear or bearing is equal or
greater than the increment of strain due to the distance
between adjoining rivets. All other rules given under
riveting shall be followed. The length of rivets be
tween heads shall be limited to four times the diam
eter.
i65
The compression flange of plate girders shall be se- secured

cured against buckling, if its length exceeds 30 times buckling
its width.
If splices are used, they shall fully make good the splices,
members spliced in either tension or compression.
Stiffeners shall be provided over supports and under stiffened,
concentrated loads ; they shall be of sufficient strength,
as a column, to carry the loads, and shall be connected
with a sufficient number of rivets to transmit the
stresses into the web plate. Stiffeners shall fit so as to
support the flanges of the girders. If the unsupported
depth of the web plate exceeds sixty times its thickness,
stiffeners shall be used at intervals not exceeding one
hundred and twenty times the thickness of the web.
SECTION 116.
Rolled Steel and Wrought Iron Beams Used as Gir

ders.
When rolled steel or wrought iron beams are used in separators and
pairs to form a girder, they shall be connected together bolts'
by bolts and iron separators at intervals of not more
than five feet.
All beams twelve inches and over in depth shall have when
at least two bolts to each separator. separators to
r have two or
more bolts.
SECTION 117.
Cast Iron Lintels.
Cast iron lintels shall not be used for spans exceeding Maxin!um
eight feet. sPan-
1 66
Minimum Cast iron lintels or beams shall be not less than three-
thickness. quarters of an inch in thickness in any of their parts.
SECTION 1 1 8.
Plates Under Ends of Lintels and Girders.
Cast-iron When the lintels or girders are supported at the ends

or steel plates. by brick walls or piers they shall rest upon cast-iron
or steel plates of adequate strength by the full size
of the bearings.
Loads not to In all cases the safe loads shall not exceed those
exceed safe fixed by Section 138 of this Code.
limits.
SECTION 119.
Rolled Steel and Wrought Iron Floor and Roof Beams.
Quality. All roiled steel and wrought iron floor and roof
beams used in buildings shall be of full weight, straight
and free from injurious defects.
Holes for tie Holes for tie rods shall be placed as near the thrust
rods. of the arch as practicable.
Distance apart The distance between tie rods in floors shall not ex
for tie rods. ceed eight feet, and shall not exceed eight times the
depth of floor beams twelve inches and under.
Shapes when Channels or other shapes where used as skewbacks,
used as shall have a sufficient resisting moment to take up the
skewbacks.
thrust of the arch.
SLone or metal Bearing plates of metal shall be used to reduce the
plates. pressure on the wall to the working stress.
Beams secured Beams resting on girders shall be securely riveted or
to girders. bolted to the same; where joined on a girder, tie straps
Beams
strapped. of one-half inch net sectional area shall be used, with
rivets or bolts to correspond.
167
Anchors shall he provided at the ends of all such Anchors at ends

beams bearing on walls, of beams
bea on
walls.
SECTION 120.
Templates Under Ends of Steel or Iron Floor Beams.
Under the ends of all iron or steel beams where thev Under ends of
rest on the waMs. cast-iron or steel templates shall beams restin*
1 on walls.
be built into the walls.
Templates under ends of steel or iron beams shall be Dimensions
r 1 1• . 1 - , proportionate
of such dimensions as to bring no greater pressure to,oad
upon the brickwork than that allowed by Section 1 38 of
this Code.
When rolled iron or steel floor beams, not exceeding when no
six inches in depth, are placed not more than thirty temP,ates
r 1 required.
inches on centres, no templates shall be required.
SECTION 121.
Framing and Connecting Structural Work.
All iron or steel trimmer beams, headers, and tail Framed and
beams, shall be suitably framed and connected together, j°g"tehc^d
And the iron or steel girders, columns, beams, trusses strapped,
and all other iron work of all floors and roofs shall be boltedand
anchored.
strapped, bolted, anchored and connected together, and
to the walls.
All beams framed into and supported by other beams Angle iron
or girders, shall be connected thereto by angles or knees knees'
of a proper size and thickness, and have sufficient bolts
or rivets in both legs of each connecting angle to trans
mit the entire weight or load coming on the beam to
the supporting beam or girder.
In no case shall the shearing value of the bolts or Bolts, rivets
rivets or the bearing value of the connection angles, andangles-
provided for in Section 138 of this Code, be exceeded.
1 68
SECTION 122.
Riveting of Structural Steel and Wrought Iron Work.
Distance from The distance from centre of a rivet hole to the edge
rivet holes. of ^ material sha]1 be nQt less than—
I of an inch for inch rivets,

" " " "
| £
ij inches " f "
Wherever possible, however, the distance shall be

equal to two diameters.
Rivets, All rivets, wherever practicable, shall be machine
machine
driven. driven. The rivets in connections shall be proportioned
Pitch of rivets. and placed to suit the stresses. The pitch of rivets
shall never be less than three diameters of the rivet, nor
more than six inches. In the direction of the stress it
shall not exceed sixteen times the least thickness of the
outside member. At right angles to the stress it shall
not exceed thirty-two times the least thickness of the
outside member.
Accurate holes. All holes shall be punched accurately, so that upon
assembling a cold rivet will enter the hole without
straining the material by drifting. Occasional slight
errors shall be corrected by reaming.
Rivets to fill The rivets shall fill the holes completely; the heads
holes. shall be hemispherical and concentric with the axis of
the rivet.
Gussets, Gussets shall be provided wherever required, of suf
ficient thickness and size to accommodate the number
of rivets necessary to make a connection.
i6g
SECTION • 123.
Bolting of Structural Steel and Wrought Iron Work.
Where riveting is not made mandatory connections Bolt

may be effected by bolts. These bolts shall be of connections.
wrought iron or mild steel and they shall have U. S. Bolts and nuts.
Standard threads. The threads shall be full and clean,
the nut shall be truly concentric with the bolt, and the
thread shall be of sufficient length to allow the nut to
be screwed up tightly.
When bolts go through bevel flanges, bevel washers Bevel washers,
to match shall be used so that head and nut of bolt are
parallel.
When bolts are used for suspenders, the working suspender
stresses shall be reduced for wrought iron to 10,000
pounds and for steel to 14,000 pounds per square inch
of net area, and the load shall be transmitted into the
head or nut by strong washers distributing the pressure washers,
evenly over the entire surface of the same.
Turned bolts in reamed holes shall be deemed a sub- Turned bolts,
stitute for field rivets, but the diametrical clearance
shall not exceed one-sixty-fourth of an inch if turned
bolts are used.
SECTION 124.
Steel and Wrought Iron Trusses.
Trusses shall be of such design that the stresses in Design,

each member can be calculated.
All trusses shall be held rigidly in position by effi- Lateral and
cient systems of lateral and sway bracing, struts being swaybracing-
spaced so that the maximum limit of length to least
radius of gyration, established in Section 1 1 1 of this
Code, is not exceeded.
Any member of a truss subjected to transverse stress,
in addition to direct tension or compression shall have
1 70
the stresses causing such strain added to the direct

Total stresses stresses coming on the member, and the total stresses
not to exceed
safe working thus formed shall in no case exceed the working stresses
stresses. stated in Section 138 of this Code.
SECTION 125.
Riveted Steel and Wrought Iron Trusses.
In tension, net For tension members, the actual net area only, after
area nrily to be deducting rivet holes, one-eighth inch larger than the
calculated.
rivets, shall be considered as resisting the stress.
When one If tension members are made of angle irons riveted
flange only of through one flange only, only that flange shall be con
angle iron is
riveted. sidered in proportioning areas. Rivets to be propor
tioned as prescribed in Section 122 of this Code.
Bending If the axes of two adjoining web members do not
strains. intersect within the line of the chords, sufficient area
shall be added to the chord to take up the bending
strains, or the web members shall be connected by
plates so arranged that the axes of the web members
prolonged will intersect on the axis of the chord.
Connections. No bolts shall be used in the connections of riveted
trusses, excepting when riveting is impracticable, and
then the holes shall be drilled or reamed.
SECTION 126.
Steal and Iron Pin-Connected Trusses.
Allowable The bending stresses on pins shall be limited to 20,-

bending 000 pounds for steel and 15,000 pounds for wrought
stresses.
iron.
All compression members in pin-connected trusses
shall be proportioned, using seventy-five per cent. of
the permissible working stress for columns. The heads
of all eye-bars shall be made by upsetting or forging.
Eye-bars.
No weld will be allowed in the body of the bar. Steel
171
eye-bars shall be annealed. Bars shall be straight be

fore boring.
All pin-holes shall be bored true, and at right angles Pin holes,
to the axis of the members, and must fit the pin within
i-32d of an inch. The distances of pin-holes from cen
tre to centre for corresponding members shall be alike,
so that, when piled upon one another, pins will pass
through both ends without forcing.
Eyes and screw ends shall be so proportioned that Eyesand
upon test to destruction, fracture will take place in the screw ends,
body of the member.
All pins shall be accurately turned. pins.
Pin-plates shall be provided wherever necessary to Pin-piates.
reduce the stresses on pins to the working stresses pre
scribed in Section 138 of this Code. These pin-plates
shall be connected to the members by rivets of sufficient
size and number to transmit the stresses without ex
ceeding working stresses.
All rivets in members of pin-connected trusses shall Rivets,
be machine driven. All rivets in pin-plates which are
necessary to transmit stress shall be also machine
driven.
The main connections of members shall be made by Connections,
pins. Other connections may be made by bolts.
If there is a combination of riveted and pin-con- combination of
nected members in one truss, these members shall com- ^J,t^n«dted
ply with the requirements for pin-connected trusses; members,
but the riveting shall comply with the requirements of
SECTION 127.
Iron and Other Metal Fronts To Be Filled In.
All cast iron or metal plates of fronts shall be backed Masonry filling,
up or filled in with masonry of the thicknesses pro
vided for in Sections 31 and 32.
1 72
SECTION 128.
Painting of Structural Metal Work.
Surfaces All structural metal work shall be cleaned of all scale,

cleaned and dirt and rust and be thoroughly coated with one coat of
painted.
suitable paint.
Cast-iron col Cast iron columns shall not be painted until after in
umns inspected spection by the Department of Buildings.
before painting.
Surfaces in Where surfaces in riveted work come in contact, they
contact to be shall be painted before assembling.
painted.
Additional coat After erection all work shall be painted at least one
of paint after additional coat.
erection.
Metal under All iron or steel used under water shall be inclosed
water. with concrete.
PART XXII.
FLOOR LOADS—TEMPORARY SUPPORTS.
SECTION 129.
Floor Loads.
Dead loads The dead loads in all buildings shall consist o'f the
detined. actual weight of walls, floors, roofs, partitions, and all
permanent construction.
Live loads The live or variable loads shall consist of all loads
detined. other than dead loads.
Strength of Every floor shall be of sufficient strength to bear
floors.
safely the weight to be imposed thereon in addition to
the weight of the materials of which the floor is com
posed ;
173
If to be used as a dwelling house, apartment house, For dwellings,

apartment-hotel, tenement house, hotel, or lodging aPartmems>
1 ' J J C5 o tenements,
house, each floor shall be of sufficient strength in all its hotels, lodging
parts to bear safely upon every superficial foot of its
surface not less than sixty pounds ;
If to be used for office purposes not less than seventy- For office
five pounds upon every superficial foot above the first buildings'
floor, and for the latter floor one hundred and fifty
pounds ;
If to be used as a school or place of instruction, not For school
less than seventy-five pounds upon every superficial buildmes-
foot ;
If to be used for stable and carriage house purposes, For stabies and
not less than seventy-five pounds upon every superficial hou"efe
foot ;
If to be used as a place of public assembly, not less For public
than ninety pounds upon every superficial foot ; buu^ngs
If to be used for ordinary stores, light manufacturing For ordinary
and light storage, not less than one hundred and twenty manufactory
pounds upon every superficial foot; light storage
buildings.
If to be used as a store where heavy materials are For heavy
kept or stored, warehouse, factorv or for anv other ™ores' ware"
r ' ' houses,
manufacturing or commercial purpose, not less than factories,
one hundred and fifty pounds upon every superficial
foot.
The strength of factory floors intended to carry run- when running
ning machinery shall be increased above the minimum ™^hiner>"s
given in this Section in proportion to the degree of vi
bratory impulse liable to be transmitted to the floor, as
may be required by the Commissioner of Buildings.
The roofs of all buildings having a pitch of less than Roof loads,
twenty degrees shall be proportioned to bear safely fifty
pounds upon every superficial foot of their surface, in
addition to the weight of materials composing the same.
If the pitch be more than twenty degrees the live load
174
shall be assumed at thirty pounds upon every superficial

foot measured on a horizontal plane.
Sidewalks, For sidewalks between the curb and area lines the
live load for. live ]Qad slial, ^ taken at three hundred pounds upon
every superficial foot.
Vertical Supports.
Bearing Every column, post or other vertical support shall be

vertical" of sufficient strength to bear safely the weight of the
supports. portion of each and every floor depending upon it for
support, in addition to the weight required as before
stated to be supported safely upon said portions of said
floors.
Reduction in Live Loads on Columns.
Permissible For the purpose of determining the carrying capacity

in certain
buildings over of columns in dwellings, office buildings, stores, stables
five stories in and public buildings when over five stories in height, a
height.
reduction of the live loads shall be permissible as fol
lows :
Roof and top For the roof and top floor the full live loads shall be
floor full live used ;
load.
Lower floors For each succeeding lower floor it shall be permis
reduced until sible to reduce the live load by five per cent. until fifty
So per cent, of
live load is per cent. of the live loads fixed by this Section is
reached.
reached, when such reduced loads shall be used for all
remaining floors.
SECTION 130.
Load on Floors To Be Distributed.
The weight placed on any of the floors of any build

ing shall be safely distributed thereon.
i75
The Commissioner of Buildings may require the Re-distributing

owner or occupant of any building, or of any portion °a s'
thereof, to re-distribute the load on any floor, or to
lighten such load, where he deems it to be necessary.
SECTION 131.
Strength of Existing Floors To Be Calculated.
In all warehouses, storehouses, factories, workshops, In warehouses,

and stores where heavy materials are kept or stored, or factories and
heavy stores.
machinery introduced, the weight that each floor will
safely sustain upon each superficial foot thereof, or
upon each varying part of such floor, shall be estimated
by the owner or occupant, or by a competent person
employed by the owner or occupant.
Such estimate shall be reduced to writing, on printed Estimated
forms furnished by the Department of Buildings, stat- stren«th 10 be
J 1 ° sworn to.
ing the material, size, distance apart and span of beams
and girders, posts or columns to support floors, and its
correctness shall be sworn to by the person making the
same,
And it shall thereupon be filed in the office of the De- Xo be filed
partment of Buildings.
But if the Commissioner of Buildings shall have Commissioner
cause to doubt the correctness of said estimate, he ofBuildines
7 may correct
is empowered to revise and correct the same, and for anyfiied
the purpose of such revision the officers and employes strength,
of the Department of Buildings may enter any build
ing and remove so much of any floor or other portion
thereof as may be required to make necessary measure
ments and examinations.
When the correct estimate of the weight that the Approval of
floors in any such buildings will safely sustain has been estimates of
ascertained, as herein provided, the Commissioner of strength.
Buildings shall approve the same,
1 76
Floors and And thereupon the owner or occupant of said build

varying parts ing, or of any portion thereof, shall post a copy of such
of floors.
approved estimate in a conspicuous place on each story,
or varying parts of each story, of the building to which
it relates.
Strength of Before any building hereafter erected is occupied and
floors in new used, in whole or in part, for any of the purposes afore
buildings to be
posted before said, and before any building, erected prior to the pas
occupancy.
sage of this Code, but not at such time occupied for
any of the aforesaid purposes, is occupied or used, in
whole or in part, for any of said purposes, the weight
that each floor will safely sustain upon each superficial
foot thereof, shall be ascertained and posted in a con
spicuous place on each story or varying parts of each
story of the building to which it relates.
Forbidding No person shall place, or cause or permit to be placed
excessive loads on any floor of any building any greater load than the
on floors.
safe load thereof, as correctly estimated and ascertained
as herein provided.
Expense For Examining Into Strength of Floors.
Any expense necessarily incurred in removing any

floor or other portion of any building for the purpose of
making any examination herein provided for shall be
paid by the City Treasurer of the City of
upon the requisition of the Commissioner of Buildings,
out of the fund paid over to said board under the pro
visions of Section 160 of this Code. Such expenses
shall be a charge against the person or persons by whom
or 0n whose behalf said estimate was made, provided
if found of such examination proves the floor of insufficient
Itreifgth"' strength to carry with safety the loads found upon them
when such examination was made; and shall be col
lected in an action to be brought by the City Attorney
i77
against said person or persons, and the sum so collected

shall be paid over to the said Treasurer to be depos
ited in said fund in reimbursement of the amount paid
as aforesaid.
Floor Calculations Filed With Application To Build.
When the owner or the architect of record for any Examination
building has filed with his application to build the data not reiuired-
required to determine the strength of floors, on one of
the blank forms provided for that purpose, such ex
amination shall not be required provided that the pur
poses and uses of the building have not been changed.
SECTION 132.
Strength of Temporary Supports.
Every temporary support placed under any struc During erection
ture, wali, girder or beam, during the erection, finish or alteration of
any building.
ing, alteration, or repairing of any building or struc
ture or any part thereof, shall be of sufficient strength
to safely carry the load to be placed thereon.
During the construction or alteration of any build Forbidding
ing or structure no material entering into such con loads on any
floor in excess
struction or alteration shall be placed on any floor of of safe live load
any greater weight than the live load that each such
floor is intended to safely sustain when the building or
structure is completed.
PART XXIII.
CALCULATIONS—STRENGTH OF MATE
RIALS.
SECTION 133.
Safe Load for Masonry Work.
The safe-bearing load to apply to brickwork shall be Brickwork,
taken at—
12
1 78
Brick laid with Eight tons per superficial foot when lime mortar is
lime mortar. used;
Brick laid with Eleven and one-half half tons per superficial foot
lime and when lime and cement mortar mixed is used ;
cement mortar.
Brick laid with Fifteen tons per superficial foot when cement mortar
cement mortar. is used.
Rubble-Stone Work.
The safe-bearing load to apply to rubble-stone work

shall be taken at—
When Portland Ten tons per superficial foot when Portland cement
cement is used. is used ;
When cement When cement other than Portland is used, eight tons
other than
Portland is per superficial foot ;
used.
When lime and When lime and cement mortar mixed is used, seven
cement mortar tons per superficial foot ;
mixed is used.
When lime And when lime mortar is used, five tons per super
mortar is used. ficial foot.
Concrete.
The safe-bearing load to apply to concrete—

When Portland When Portland cement is used shall be taken at fif
cement is used. teen tons per superficial foot ;
When cement And when cement other than Portland is used, eight
other than tons per superficial foot.
Portland is
used.
SECTION 134.
Weights of Certain Materials.
In computing the weight of walls,

179
A cubic foot of brickwork shall be deemed to weigh Brickwork,

one hundred and fifteen pounds. weight' of.
Sandstone, white marble, granite and other kinds of Stone,
building stone shall be deemed to weigh one hundred weight of.
and seventy pounds per cubic foot.
SECTION 135.
Computations for Strength of Materials.
The dimensions of each piece or combination of To be

materials required shall be ascertained by computation, "le^'code?
according to the rules prescribed by this Code.
SECTION 136.
Factors of Safety.
Where the unit stress for any material is not pre When not
scribed in this Code the relation of allowable unit stress prescribed.
to ultimate strength shall be—
As one to four for metals, subjected to tension or For metals.
transverse stress ;
As one to six for timber, For timber.
And as one to ten for natural or artificial stones and For masonry
brick or stone masonry. work.
But wherever working stresses are prescribed in this Working
Code, varying the factors of safety herein above given, stresses
prescribed
the said working: stresses shall be used. by Code.
i8o
SECTION 137.
Strength of Columns.
In columns or compression members with flat ends of

cast iron, steel, wrought iron or wood, the stress per
square inch shall not exceed that given in the following
tables :
Working stresses per square inch of
When the length divided by least , section ,
radius of gyration equals Wrought
Cast iron. Steel. iron.
I20 8,240 4,400
11o 8,820 5,200
IOO 9,400 6,0OO
90 9,98o 6,800
80 10,560 7,600
70 9,200 11,104 8,400
60 9,500 11,720 9,200
50 9,800 12,300 10,000
40 IO.IOO I2,88o 10,800
30 10,400 13,460 II,600
20 10,700 14,040 12,400
IO 11,000 14,620 13,200
And in like proportion for intermediate ratios.
Working stress per square inch of

When the length divided by , section ,
the least diameter White pine,
equals Long leaf Norway pine, •
yellow pine. spruce. Oak.
30 460 350 390
25 55o 425 475
20 640 500 560
15 730 575 645
12 784 620 696
10 820 650 730
i8i
And in like proportion for intermediate ratios. Five-

eighths the values given for white pine shall also apply
to chestnut and hemlock posts.
For locust posts use one and one-half the value given
for white pine.
EXAMPLES.
What will be the safe load for a yellow-pine post 10" X 10"—
10 feet in length ?
Length in ins.
120
——— = 12, for which the working stress per square inch of
10 section in the above table is 781
least diameter.
The sectional area of a 10" X 10* post is 100 square inches.
Sectional area. Working stress.
Therefore 100 X 784 = 78,400 lbs., or 39.2 tons, safe load.
What will be the safe load for a yellow-pine post 8" X 10"—
10 feet in length ?
Length in ins.
120
————« = 15, for which the working stress per square inch of
8 section in the above table is 730.
least diameter.
The sectional area of an 8" X 10" post is 80 square inches.
Therefore 80 X 730 = 58,400 lbs., or 29.2 tons, safe load.
What will be the safe load for a round yellow-pine column 10"
diameter—10 feet in length ?
Length in ins.
120
= 12, for which the working stress per square inch of
10 section in the above table is 784.
least diameter.
The section area of a 10" round column is 78.54 square inches.
Therefore 78.54 X 784 = 61,575 lbs., or 30.79 tons, safe load.
182
Columns and compression members shall not be used

having an unsupported length of greater ratios than
given in the tables.
Columns Eccentrically Loaded.
Any column eccentrically loaded shall have the

stresses caused by such eccentricity computed, and the
combined stresses resulting from such eccentricity at
any part of the column, added to all other stresses at
that part, shall in no case exceed the working stresses
stated in this Code.
The eccentric load of a column shall be considered to
be distributed equally over the entire area of that col
umn at the next point below at which the column is
securely braced laterally in the direction of the eccen
tricity.
SECTION 138.
Working Stresses.
The safe carrying capacity of the various materials

of construction (except in the case of columns) shall be
determined by the following working stresses in pounds
per square inch of sectional area :
Compression (Direct).
Rolled steel 16,000

Cast steel 16,000
Wrought iron 12,000
Cast iron (in short blocks) 16,000
Steel pins and rivets (bearing) 20,000
Wrought iron pins and rivets (bearing) .... 15,000
1 83
With Across
Grain. Grain.
Oak 900 800
Yellow pine 1,000 600
White pine 800 400
Spruce 800 400
Locust 1,200 1,000
Hemlock 500 500
Chestnut 500 1,000
Concrete (Portland) cement, 1 ; sand, 2 ; stone, 4. 230
Concrete (Portland) cement, 1 ; sand, 2; stone, 5. 208
Concrete, Rosendale, or equal, cement, 1 ;.sand, 2;
stone, 4 125
Concrete, Rosendale, or equal, cement, 1 ; sand, 2 ;
stone, 5 i11
Rubble stonework in Portland cement mortar. ... 140

" " " Rosendale cement mortar . . 1 1 1
" " " lime and cement mortar ... . 97
" " " lime mortar 70
Brickwork in Portland cement mortar; cement,

1 ; sand, 3 250
Brickwork in Rosendale, or equal, cement mor
tar ; cement, 1 ; sand, 3 208
Brickwork in lime and cement mortar; cement,
1 ; lime, 1 ; sand 6 160
Brickwork in lime mortar ; lime, 1 ; sand, 4 111
Granites (according to test) 1,000 to 2,400

Gneiss stone 1,200
Limestones (according to test) 700 to 2,300
Marbles (according to test) 600 to 1,200
Sandstones (according to test) 400 to 1,600
Bluestone 2,000
Brick (hard-burned, flatwise) 300
Slate 1,000
1 84
Tension (Direct).
Rolled Steel 16,000

Cast Steel 16,000
Wrought Iron 12,000
Cast Iron 3,000
Yellow Pine 1,200
White Pine 800
Spruce 800
Oak . . . ! 1,000
Hemlock 600
Shear.
Steel Web Plates 9,000

" Shop Rivets and Pins ; 10,000
" Field Rivets 8,000
" Field Bolts 7,000
Wrought Iron Web Plates 6,000

" " Shop Rivets and Pins 7-500
" Field " 6,000
" Bolts 5,500
Cast Iron 3,000
With Across
Fibre. Fibre.
Yellow pine 70 500
White pine 40 250
Spruce 50 320
Oak 100 600
Locust 100 720
Hemlock 40 275
Chestnut 150
i85
Safe Extreme Fibre Stress (Bending).
Rolled Steel Beams 16,000

Rolled Steel Pins, Rivets and Bolts 20,000
Riveted Steel Beams (Net Flange Section) . . . 14,000
Rolled Wrought Iron Beams 12,000
Rolled Wrought Iron Pins, Rivets and Bolts. . 15,000
Riveted Wrought Iron Beams (Net Flange
Section) 12,000
Cast Iron Compression Side 16,000
Cast Iron Tension Side 3,000
Yellow Pine 1,200
White Pine 800
Spruce 800
Oak 1,000
Locust 1,200
Hemlock 600
Chestnut 800
Granite . 180
Gneiss stone 150
Limestone 150
Slate 400
Marble 120
Sandstone 100
Bluestone 300
Concrete (Portland) Cement, 1; Sand, 2;
Stone, 4 30
Concrete (Portland) Cement, 1; Sand, 2;
Stone, 5 20
Concrete (Rosendale, or equal) Cement, 1;
Sand, 2; Stone, 4 16
Concrete ( Rosendale, or equal ) Cement, 1 ;
Sand, 2 ; Stone, 5 10
Brick (hard-burned) 50
Brickwork (in Cement) 30
1 86
SECTION 139.
Wind Pressure.
Exposed All structures exposed to wind shall be designed to

surfaces. resist a horizontal wind pressure of thirty pounds for
every square foot of surface thus exposed, from the
ground to the top of same, including roof, in any di
rection.
Stability. In no case shall the overturning moment due to wind
pressure exceed seventy-five per centum of the moment
of stability of the structure.
Bracing In all structures exposed to wind, if the resisting mo
introduced ments of the ordinary materials of construction, such as
when
necessary. masonry, partitions, floors and connections, are not suf
ficient to resist the moment of distortion due to wind
pressure, taken in any direction on any part of the
structure, additional bracing shall be introduced suf
ficient to make up the difference in the moments.
Working In calculations for wind bracing, the working
stresses may be stresses set forth in this Code may be increased by fifty
increased.
per centum.
When wind In buildings under one hundred feet in height, pro
pressure may
be disregarded. vided the height does not exceed four times the average
width of the base, the wind pressure may be disre
garded.
PART XXIV.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS, THEATRES AND

PLACES OF ASSEMBLAGE.
SECTION 140.
Public Buildings.
In all public buildings or buildings of a public char

acter—
i87
Such as hotels, churches, theatres, restaurants, rail- specifically

road depots, public halls, and other buildings used or named
buildings.
intended to be used for purposes of public assembly,
amusement or instruction, and including department Including
stores and other business and manufacturing buildings ^^Mtu'ring
where large numbers of people are congregated, the buildings,
halls, doors, stairways, seats, passageways and aisles,
and all lighting and heating appliances and apparatus
shall be arranged as the Commissioner of Buildings
shall direct to facilitate egress in cases of fire or acci- Egress from
dent, and to afford the requisite and proper accommo- ana heating
dation for the public protection in such cases. appliances in.
All aisles and passageways in said buildings shall be Passageways
kept free from camp-stools, chairs, sofas and other ob- "J^ kept free
structions, and no person other than an employe or obstruction,
policeman or fireman shall be allowed to stand in or
occupy any of said aisles or passageways, during any Policemen,
performance, service, exhibition, lecture, concert, ball firemen,etc-
or any public assemblage.
The Commissioner of Buildings may at any time Requirements
serve a written or printed notice upon the owner, lessee ûpr"tyllc
or manager of any of said buildings, directing any act
or thing to be done or provided in or about the said
buildings and the several appliances therewith con
nected, such as halls, doors, stairs, windows, seats,
aisles, fire-walls, fire apparatus and fire-escapes, as he
may deem necessary.
Theatres Existing Prior to the Passage of This

Ordinance.
\
Nothing herein contained shall be construed to au- Limiting
thorize or require any other alterations to theatres ex- reqmrements'
isting prior to the date of this Code than are specified
in this Section.
1 88
SECTION 141.
Theatres and Places of Public Amusement.
To be built in Every theatre or opera house, or other building in

accordance tended to be used for theatrical or operatic purposes,
with this
section. or for public resort or entertainments of any kind, here
after erected, for the accommodation of more than
three hundred persons, shall be built to comply with
the requirements of this Section.
When not in No building, which at the time of the passage of this
conformity Code, is not in actual use for theatrical or operatic
with this
section, not to purposes, and no building hereafter erected not in con
be used.
formity with the requirements of this Section, shall be
used for theatrical or operatic purposes, or for public
entertainments of any kind, until the same shall have
been made to conform to the requirements of this Sec
tion.
Approval to be No building hereinbefore described shall be
obtained before opened to the public for theatrical or operatic purposes,
opening to the
public. or for public entertainments of any kind, until the Com
missioner of Buildings shall have approved the same in
writing as conforming to the requirements of this Sec
tion, nor until the Commissioner of the Fire Depart
ment shall have certified in writing that all the appli
ances for the extinguishing of fire or guarding against
the same conform to this Code and to the special
requirements of this Section and are in a complete
and satisfactory working condition.
Street frontage. Every such building shall have at least one front on
the street, and in such front there shall be suitable
means of entrance and exit for the audience.
Open spaces. In addition to the aforesaid entrances and exits on
the street, there shall be reserved for service in case of
an emergency, an open court or space on the side not
bordering on the street, where said building is located
1 89
on a corner lot; and on both sides of said building,

where there is but one frontage on the street. The
width of such open court or courts shall be not less widlh for °Pen
courts.
than seven feet where the seating capacity does not
exceed one thousand people, exceeding one thousand
and not more than eighteen hundred people, eight feet
in width, and exceeding eighteen hundred people,
ten feet in width. Said open court or courts shall
begin on a line with or near the proscenium wall and
shall extend the length of the auditorium proper, to
or near the wall separating the same from the entrance
lobby or vestibule.
A separate and distinct corridor shall continue to the corridors to
street, from each open court, through such superstruc- street'
ture as may be built on the street side of the audito
rium, with continuous walls of brick or fireproof mate
rials on each side the entire length of said corridor or
corridors, and the ceiling and floors shall be fireproof.
Said corridor or corridors shall not be reduced in width
to more than three feet less than the width of the open
court or courts, and there shall be no projection in the
same; the outer openings to be provided with doors or
gates opening toward the street. During the perform
ance the doors or gates in the corridors shall be kept Doorsand
open by proper fastenings ; at other times they may be gates kept open
closed and fastened by movable bolts or latches. performance?.
The said open courts and corridors shall not be used Courtsand
for storage purposes, or for any purpose whatsoever corridors kept
except for exit and entrance from and to the auditorium obstruction,
and stage, and must be kept free and clear during per
formances.
The level of said corridors shall be graded to the Level of
sidewalk and made flush therewith at all points at sMewai"^0"
the street entrances.
The entrance of the main front of the building shall Level for main
not be on a higher level from the sidewalk than four
190
steps, but this shall not preclude the use of an addi

tional number of steps at the street entrances to the
sides or rear of the building, as may be necessary
to overcome the difference in grades of sidewalks.
Gradients. To overcome any difference of level in and between
courts, corridors, lobbies, passages and aisles on the
ground floor, gradients shall be employed of not over
one foot in twelve feet with no perpendicular rises.
Exits from From the auditorium opening into the said open
auditorium into courts, or on the side street, there shall be not less than
side courts.
two exits on each side in each tier from and including
the parquet and each and every gallery. Each exit shall
Width of exits. be at least five feet in width in the clear and provided
with fire-doors constructed as hereinbefore in this
Doors. Code described for fireproof doors. All of said doors
shall open outwardly, and shall be fastened with
movable bolts, the bolts to be kept drawn during
performances.
Fire escape There shall be balconies not less than four feet in
balconies and
staircases. width in the said open court or courts at each level or
tier above the parquet, on each side of the auditorium,
of sufficient length to embrace the two exits, and from
said balconies there shall be staircases extending to the
ground level, with a rise of not over eight and one-half
inches to a step, and not less than nine inches tread ex
clusive of the nosing. The staircase from the upper bal
cony to the next below shall be not less than thirty
Width of inches in width in the clear, and from the first balcony
staircases in to the ground three feet in width in the clear, where the
open courts.
seating capacity of the auditorium is for one thousand
people or less, three feet and six inches in the clear
where exceeding one thousand and not more than
eighteen hundred people, four feet in the clear where
exceeding eighteen hundred people and not more than
twenty-five hundred people, and four feet six inches
I9I
in the clear where the seating capacity is more than

twenty-five hundred people. All the beforementioned Metal awnings
balconies and staircases shall be constructed of tlfconie'sand
wrought iron or steel throughout, except that staircases,
the treads may be of cast iron, and be of ample
strength to sustain the load to be carried by them,
and they shall be covered with a metal hood or
awning, to be constructed in such manner as shall be
approved by the Commissioner of Buildings.
Where one side of the building borders on a street, Balconies and
there shall be balconies and staircases of like capacity ^.treet."
and kind, as beforementioned, carried to the ground.
When located on a corner lot that portion of the comer buiid-
premises bordering on the side street and not required ing' a p°rtion
* ° A may be used for
for the uses of the theatre may, if such portion be business
of fireproof construction, and not more than twenty- purposes-
five feet average width, be used for offices, stores
or apartments, provided the walls separating this
portion from the theatre proper are carried up solidly
to and through the roof, and that an exit is
provided for the theatre, on each tier, equal to the
combined width of exits opening on opposite sides in
each tier, communicating with balconies and staircases
leading to the street in the manner provided else
where in this Section.
Nothing herein contained shall prevent a roof gar- Permitting
den, art gallery, or rooms for similar purposes being f°°!/°êunsed
placed above a theatre or public building, provided the etc
floor of the same forming the roof over such theatre or
building shall be constructed of iron or steel and fire
proof materials, and that said floor shall have no cover
ing boards or sleepers of wood, but be of tile or cement.
Every roof over said garden or rooms shall have all Roof over
supports and rafters of iron or steel, and be covered earden-
with glass or fireproof materials, or both, but no such
roof garden, art gallery or room for any public purpose
192
shall be placed over or above that portion of any thea

tre or other building which is used as a stage.
Workshops, No workshop, storage or general property room shall
storage and
property rooms, be allowed above the auditorium or stage, or under the
location for. same, or in any of the fly galleries, unless all of such
rooms or shops are located in the rear of or at the
side of the stage, and in such cases they shall be sepa
rated from the stage by a brick wall not less than
twelve inches in thickness, and Che openings leading
into said portions shall have self-closing standard
fire-doors.
Use of theatre No portion of any building hereafter erected or al
building for
other purposes tered, used or intended to be used for theatrical or other
prohibited purposes as in this Section specified, shall be occupied or
used as a hotel, boarding or lodging house, factory,
workshop or manufactory, or for storage purposes, ex
cept as may be hereafter specially provided for. Said
restriction relates not only to that portion of the build
ing which contains the auditorium and the stage, but
applies also to the entire structure in conjunction there
with.
Specially No store or room contained in the building, or the
hazardous busi
ness prohibited. offices, stores or apartments adjoining, as aforesaid,
shall be let or used for carrying on any business dealing
in any article or material dangerous to life, except
under such conditions as may be prescribed by the Fire
Department, under authority of a written permit issued
by said Department, or for manufacturing purposes.
Lodging quar
ters prohibited. No lodging accommodations shall be allowed in any
part of the building communicating with the audito
rium.
Interior walls. Interior walls built of fireproof materials shall sep
arate the auditorium from the entrance vestibule, and
from any room or rooms over the same, also from any
lobbies, corridors, refreshment or other rooms ; and in
193
all such walls the window and door frames and all sash
and doors shall! be fireproof; the window frames and
sash shall be of metal of standard construction, and the
sash made stationary and glazed with wired glass
not less than one-quarter inch in thickness, and each
pane or unit measuring not more than twenty- four
by thirty inches; the doors shall be made to close
automatically and be of standard pattern and make
in every respect.
All staircases for the use of the audience shall be in- Inclosure of
closed with walls of brick, or of fireproof materials ap- staircases,
proved by the Commissioner of Buildings, in the stories
through which they pass, and the openings to said stair
cases from each tier shall be the full width of staircase.
No door shall open immediately upon a flight of stairs,
but a landing at least the width of the door shall be pro
vided between such stairs and such door.
A fire-wall, built of brick, not , less than twelve proscenium
inches in any portion of same shall separate the audi- walK
torium from the stage, and the same shall extend at
least four feet above the stage roof, or the auditorium
roof, if the latter be the higher, and shall be coped.
Above the proscenium opening there shall be an iron iron girder
girder of sufficient strength to safely support the load
above and the same shall be covered with fireproof ma- opening,
terial not less than four inches in thickness.
Should there be constructed an orchestra OVer the Orchestra,
stage, above the proscenium opening, the said orchestra die"3
shall be placed on the auditorium side of the proscenium staee'
fire-wall, and shall be entered only from the auditorium
side of said wall.
The molded frame around the proscenium opening Proscenium
shall be formed entirely of fireproof materials ; if metal frame'
be used, the metal shall be filled in solid with non-com-
13
194
bustible material and securely anchored to the wall with

iron.
Curtain for The proscenium opening shall be provided with a
proscenium fireproof metal curtain, or a curtain of asbestos, or
opening.
other fireproof material approved by the Commissioner
of Buildings, overlapping the brick proscenium wall
at each side not less than twelve inches, and sliding
vertically at each side within iron grooves or chan
nels to a depth of not less than twelve inches, said
grooves or channels to be securely bolted to the brick
wall and extend to a height of not less than
three feet above the top of the curtain when raised
Raising and to its full limit. Said fireproof curtain shall be
lowering of raised at the commencement of each performance, low
curtain.
ered between each act, and lowered at the close of said
performance, and be operated by approved machinery
for that purpose. If the proscenium curtain be of asbes
tos, that material shall be reinforced with wire or wire
spun in the asbestos, and at the bottom of the curtain
shall be placed a rigid metallic rod or bar of proper
weight, securely fastened to the curtain and covered
over with like material as the curtain itself, to carry
Weight for down the curtain by the weight of the said rod or bar
curtain. when released. The excess weight of the curtain is
to be overcome by a check-rope of cotton or hemp,
extending to the floor on both sides of the stage, so
that the cutting or burning of which will release the
curtain and the same will then descend at its normal
rate of speed. The proscenium curtain shall be placed
at the nearest point at least three feet distant from the
footlights.
Doorways in No doorway or opening through the proscenium
proscenium wall, from the auditorium, shall be allowed above the
wall.
level of the first floor, and such first floor openings
shaM have self-closing standard fire-doors at each side
of the wall, and openings, if any, below the stage shall
•95
each have a self-dosing standard fire-door, and all

of the said doors shall be hung so as to be opened
from either side of the wall at all times.
There shall be rprovided over the stagea metal sky-j „, ,. , over
Skylights
lights, of an area or combined area of at least one- stage,
twelfth of the area of said stage, fitted with rolling
sash and glazed with glass not exceeding one-
eighth of an inch thick, and each pane thereof
measuring not less than three hundred square inches.
The rolling sash shall be fitted with brass wheels
not less than two and one-half inches in diameter,
and latter shall roll on brass tracks extending the en
tire length of the sash. The portion of the tracks
extending from the edge of the curb of the skylight
to the end of the incline may be made of iron.
These skylights shall be set on curbs, so that the
lowest portion of the tracks upon which they slide
shall be not less than twelve inches above the roof.
The wttiole of which skylight shall be so constructed
as to open instantly on the cutting or burning of a
hempen cord, which shall be arranged to hold said sky
lights closed, or some other equally simple approved
automatic device for opening them may be provided.
Immediately underneath the glass of said skylights
there shall be wire netting, but wire glass shall not
be used in lieu of this requirement.
The roof over the stage shall be provided with a shaft for
shaft of galvanized iron extending from the ceiling "<^>pe°/smoke
line up through and at least four feet above the roof roof over stage,
and have a raised cover at the top for the escape of
smoke. The least inside diameter, or the least hori
zontal measurement if the Shaft be of other shape
than circular, shall be forty-eight inches. At the bot
tom of this shaft, on a plane with the ceiling, shall be
a galvanized sheet iron door in two parts, each part
separately hinged and kept closed by fusible links, so
196
that in case of fire the doors will instantly open down

wards by their own weight.
Stage floor. All that portion of the stage not comprised in the
working of scenery, traps and other mechanical ap
paratus, for the presentation of a scene, usually equal
to the width of the proscenium opening, shall be built of
iron or steel beams filled in between with fireproof ma
terial, and all girders for the support of said beams
shall be of wrought iron or rolled steel.
Tie- galleries The fly-galleries and the tie-galleries entire, includ
and fly- ing pin-rails, shall be constructed of iron or steel, and
galleries, con
struction of. the floors of said galleries shall be composed of iron
or steel beams, filled in with fireproof materials, and
no wood boards or sleepers shall be used as covering
over beams, but the said floors shall be entirely
fireproof.
Gridiron floor. The gridiron or rigging loft shall have a lattice
iron floor, and be readily accessible by iron stair
ways.
Stage scenery. All stage scenery, curtains and decorations made of
combustible material, and all woodwork on or about
the stage, shall be painted or saturated with some non-
combustible material, or otherwise rendered safe
against fire,
Finishing coats And the finishing coats of paint applied to all wood
of paint, fire- work throughout the entire building shall be of such
resisting kind.
kind as will resist fire to the satisfaction of the Commis
sioner of Buildings.
Roofs, floors The roof over the auditorium and the entire main
and galleries, floor of the auditorium and vestibule, also the entire
fireproof.
superstructure over the entrance, lobby and corri
dors, and all galleries and supports for the same
in the auditorium, shall be constructed of iron or
steel and fireproof materials, not excluding the
use of wood floor boards and necessary sleepers
to fasten the same to, but such sleepers shall not
197
mean timbers of support, and the space between the

sleepers, excepting the portion under the stepping in
the galleries, which shall be properly fire-stopped, shall
be solidly filled with incombustible material up to the
under side of the floor boards.
The fronts of each gallery shall be entirely formed Gallery fronts,
of fireproof materials, except the capping, which may
be made of wood.
The ceiling under each gallery shall be entirely Ceilings under
formed of fireproof materials. galleries.
The ceiling'of the auditorium shall be formed of fire- Ceiiing0f
proof materials. auditorium.
All lathing, whenever used, shall be of wire or other Metal lathing.
metal on metal studding.
The partitions in that portion of the building which partitions and
contains the auditorium, the entrance and vestibule and fumnR5 10 be
fireproof.
every room and passage devoted to the use of the audi
ence, shall be constructed of fireproof materials, includ
ing the furring of outside or other walls.
None of the walls or ceilings shall be covered with wood
wood sheathing, wood wainscoting, canvas, or any ^n"ahs,nft'c
combustible material. prohibited.
But this shall not preclude the construction of a orchestra
wood sounding board over orchestra pit when the board,ne
same extends back of and below the overhang of the
stage, provided the said wood sheathing be properly
fire-stopped by a twelve-inch brick wall back of same,
and also have a proper fireproof construction directly
under the overhang of the stage extending from the
brick wall to the apron of the stage.
Actors' dressing rooms shall not be placed on the Actors-
stage, under the stage, over the stage, on the fly- dressin« rooms-
galleries, nor under the auditorium, but shall be placed
in a separate section provided for that purpose.
The walls separating said section containing the partition. r°°m
1 98
actors' dressing rooms from the stage shall be not

less than twelve inches in thickness, and the openings
therefrom to stage shall be protected with standard
self-closing fire-doors. The partitions dividing the
dressing rooms, together with the partitions of every
passageway from the same to the stage, and all other
partitions on or about the sides of the stage, or fire
proof portion thereof, shall be constructed of fireproof
material not less than four inches in thickness ap
Fireproof proved by the Commissioner of Buildings. All doors
doors.
in any of said partitions shall be standard fire-doors.
Exits for All dressing rooms shall have an independent exit
dressing rooms. leading directly into a court or street, and shall be
ventilated by windows in the external wall.
Cupboards and All shelving and cupboards in each and every dress
shelving. ing room, property room or other storage rooms, shall
be constructed of metal, slate or some fireproof ma
terial.
Windows to All windows where accessible, except as in this
open. Section otherwise specified, shall be arranged to
open.
Fixed sash and None of the windows in outside walls shall have
grills fixed sashes, fixed iron grills or bars; these may be
prohibited.
arranged to hinge and lock, but must be left un
locked during performances.
Seats in All seats in the auditorium excepting those contained
auditorium. in boxes, shall be not less than thirty-two inches from
back to back, measured in a horizontal direction, and
firmly secured to the floor. No seat in the auditorium
shall have more than six seats intervening between it
and an aisle, on either side.
Stools or seats No stool or seat shall be placed in any aisle.
in aisles.
All platforms' in galleries formed to receive the seats
Platforms in
galleries. shall be not more than twenty-four inches in height of
riser, nor less than thirty-two inches in width of plat
form.
i99
All aisles on the respective floors in the auditorium, Aisles in

having seats on both sides of same, shall be not less Audltor,um'
than three feet wide where they begin, and shall be in
creased in width toward the exits in the ratio of one
and one-half inches to five running feet. Aisles having
seats on one side only, shall be not less than two feet
six inches wide at their beginning, and increased in
width the same as aisles having seats on both sides.
The aggregate capacity of the foyers, lobbies, corri- capacity of
dors, passages and rooms for the use of the audience, umo''audience'
not including aisle space between seats, shall on each
floor or gallery, be sufficient to contain the entire num
ber to be accommodated on said floor or gallery, in the
ratio of one hundred and fifty superficial feet of floor
room for every one hundred persons.
Gradients or inclined planes shall be employed in- Gradients in
stead of steps where possible to overcome slight dif- aisles,
ferences of level in or between aisles, corridors and
passages.
Every theatre accommodating three hundred persons Exits, number
shall have at least two exits : when accommodating- five of.ProP°«'one°
° to size of house.
hundred persons, at least three exits shall be provided ;
these exits not referring to or including the exits to the
open court at the side of the theatre.
Doorways of exit or entrance for the use of the pub- Exit doors,
lie shall be not less tJhan five feet in width, not includ- widthfor-
ing the fire exit doorways, and for every additional
one hundred persons or fraction thereof in excess
of five hundred, to be accommodated, an aggregate of
twenty inches additional exit width must be provided.
All doors of exit or entrance shall open outwardly Exitdoorsto
and be hung to swing in such a manner as not to be- °pen
come an obstruction in a passage or corridor, and no outwardly-
such doors shall be dosed and locked when the build
ing is open to the public.
200
Galiery exits Distinct and separate places of exit and entrance

and entrances. shaM be provided for each gallery above the first
gallery.
Main floor and A common place of exit and entrance may serve for
first gallery
may have exits the main floor of the auditorium and the first gallery,
and extrances provided its capacity be equal to the aggregate capacity
in common.
of the outlets from the main floor and the said gallery.
Least width for No passage leading to any stairway communicating
passage to with any entrance or exit, not including fire exits,
stairway.
shall be less than four feet in width in any part thereof.
Stairways to be All stairs within the building shall be constructed of
fireproof. fireproof material throughout, as is elsewhere in this
Code required.
Stairs from Stairs from balconies and galleries shall not com
balconies and
galleries. municate with the basement or cellar.
Treads and All stairs shall have treads of uniform width and
risers of stairs
to be uniform. risers of uniform height throughout in each flight.
No stairways from galleries shall be less than four
Stairways,
number and feet in width. Where accommodation is provided in
width of.
a gallery for more than one hundred people there shall
be at least two stairs extending to the ground arranged
on opposite sides of gallery, and for every additional
fifty people or fraction thereof in excess of the first
one hundred to be accommodated, six inches shall
be added to the width proportionately divided be
tween the two flights.
Measurement The width of all stairs shall be measured in the clear
for width of between hand-rails.
stairs.
In no case shall the risers of any stairs exceed seven
Height for
risers, and and a half inches in height, nor shall the treads, ex
width of tread clusive of nosings, be less than ten and one-half inches
of stairs.
wide in straight stairs.
Circular or
winding stairs No circular or winding stairs for the use of the pub
prohibited. lic shall be permitted.
Gallery Where the seating capacity is for more than one
staircases and
outlets. thousand people, there shall be at least two independent
201
staircases, with direct exterior outlets provided for

each gallery in 'the auditorium; where there are not
more than two galleries, the stairs Shall be located
on opposite sides of said galleries. Where there are
more than two galleries one or more additional stair
cases shall be provided, the outlets from which shall
communicate directly with the principal exit or other
exterior outlets. All said staircases shall be of width width of
proportioned to the erallery accommodation as elsewhere stairca*es
sr l o J proportioned
herein prescribed. Where the seating capacity is for togaiiery
, , , . ,. ,. r accommoda-
one thousand people, or less, two diirect lines of stair- ti0n.
cases only shall be required, located on opposite sides
of the galleries, and in both cases shall extend from
the sidewalk level to the upper gallery, with outlets
from each gallery to each of said staircases.
At least two independent direct exterior outlets Exterior
shall be provided for the service of the stage and °^g"sfor
shall be located on the opposite sides of the same.
All inside stairways leading to the upper "galleries of Inclosing
the auditorium shall be inclosed on both sides with walls stairways,
of fire-proof materials. Stairs leading to the first or
lower gallery may be left open on one side, in which
case they shall be constructed as herein provided for
similar stairs leading from the entrance hall to the main
floor of the auditorium. But in no case shall stairs lead
ing to any gallery be left open on both sides.
When straight stairs return directly on themselves, a stairs, landings
landing of the full width of both flights, without any of-
steps, shall be provided. The outer line of landings shall
be curved to a radius of not less than two feet, to avoid
square angles. Stairs turning at an angle shall have a
proper landing without winders introduced at said turn.
In stairs, when two side flights connect with one main
flight, no winders shall be introduced, and the width of
the main flight shall be at least equal to the aggregate
202
width of the side flights. All stairs shall have proper

landings introduced at convenient distances.
Hand-rails for All inclosed staircases shall have, on both sides,
inclosed stairs. strong hand-rails firmly secured to the wall about three
inches distant therefrom and about three feet above the
stairs, but said hand-rails shall not run on level plat
forms and landings where the same are of greater
length than the width of the stairs.
Centre hand All staircases eight feet and over in width shall be
rail for wide provided with a centre hand-rail of metal, not less than
stairs.
two inches in diameter, placed at a height of about
three feet above the centre of the treads, and supported
on wrought metal or brass standards of sufficient
strength, placed not nearer than four feet nor more
than six feet apart, and securely bolted to the treads or
risers of stairs, or both, and at the head of each flight
of stairs, on each landing, the post or standard shall
be at least six feet in height, to which the rail shall be
secured.
Steam boilers, Every steam boiler which may be required for heat
location for. ing or other purposes shall be located outside of the
building, either under the sidewalk or in an extension,
but in no case under or within any portion of the build
ing used for theatrical purposes, and the space allotted
to the same shall be inclosed by walls of masonry on all
sides, and the ceiling of such space shall be constructed
of fireproof materials. All doorways in said walls con
necting with the building shall have standard auto
matic sliding fire-doors.
Floor registers No floor register for heating, ventilating or other

prohibited. purposes shall be permitted.
Radiators in No coil or radiator shall be placed in any aisle or
passageways passageway used as an exit, and thereby reduce the
forbidden.
same to less than the width required by this Section;
203
but all said coils and radiators shall be placed in

recesses formed in the wall or partition to receive
the same.
All supply, return or exhaust pipes shall be properly steam pipes
incased where passing through floors or near wood near
woodwork.
work.
Standpipes of not less than four inches in diameter standees,
shall he provided with hose connections as follows :
One on each side of the auditorium in each tier, one
on each side of the stage in each tier, one within ten
feet of the door of the property room, one within ten
feet of the door of the carpenter's shop and scenery
storage room.
All of such standpipes and hose connections shall obstructions,
be kept clear of obstructions.
Said standpipes shall receive their supply of water âter suppiies.
from at least one of the following sources :
(a) From a gravity tank located over stage roof Gravity tank,
of not less than five thousand gallons capacity.
(b) Approved steel pressure tank of not less than Pressure tank,
five thousand gallons total capacity, located
on stage roof or not lower than gridiron floor.
(c) Automatic fire pump of not less than five hun- Automatic
dred gallons capacity per minute. PumP-
(d) From city mains where pressure is not less city mains.
than twenty-five pounds per square inch at
level of highest hose outlet.
Pipes shall be fitted with approved straightway com
position gate valves at hose outlets, and the thread valves,
of all connections shall be uniform with that in use
by the local Fire Department.
One spanner to be located at each hose connection, spanners.
Pipes
r shall be kept constantly filled with water under Immediate
, use.
pressure and be ready for immediate use at all times.
204
In addition to the requirements contained in this

Siamese Section, the standpipes shall have a Siamese steamer
connections. connection and conform to all other requirements con
tained in Section 103 of this Code covering stand-
pipe installation.
A sufficient .quantity of approved linen, cotton rubber
Hose. lined, or rubber hose not less than two and one-half
inches in diameter, in fifty-foot lengths, but not less
than fifty feet in total length, shall be kept attached
to each hose connection. Hose shall be fitted with
washers and equipped with couplings and nozzles, the
thread of which shall be uniform with that in use by
tihe local Fire Department.
Separate from The standpipe equipment above described to be in
sprinklei s. stalled independently of and without connection to
the automatic sprinkler system required under this
Section.
Automatic A system of automatic sprinklers approved by the
sprinklers. Commissioner of Buildings and the Commissioner of
tihe Fire Department shall be installed throughout the
entire stage section of the theatre located in the rear
Location. of the proscenium wall; this to include under roof,
under gridiron, under galleries, under the stage, in all
dressing rooms, in all workshops, property and all
other rooms and passageways.
Water supplies. There shall be an independent water supply to the
sprinklers which may consist of any one of the
following :
(a) Gravity tank of not less than ten thousand
gallons capacity, and elevated not less than
twenty-five feet above the highest sprinkler.
(b) Approved steel pressure tank of not less than
seven thousand five hundred gallons capacity,
located not lower than the highest line of
sprinklers.
205
(c) Direct supply from city water mains where the

pressure is sufficient to maintain not less than
twenty-five pounds at highest line of sprink
lers when same are in operation.
In addition to one or more of the above-required
supplies, there shall be a Siamese steamer connection Siamese
placed on the outside of the building at each street front, connection-
installed as described in Section 103, and with suitable
iron plate with raised letters securely attached to
the wall near steamer connection, reading—"Stage
Sprinklers."
The location and spacing of sprinkler heads and the
schedule of pipe sizes shall conform to the standard pjpe Sjzes.
recommended by the National Board of Fire Under
writers, which is 'hereby made a part of the require
ments of this Code.
There shall be kept in readiness for immediate use
one forty-gallon cask filled with water and six fire casks and
pails on each side of the stage, under the stage, on pais'
each fly gallery, and a supply of fire pails in property
and other storerooms and in each workshop; said
casks and buckets shall be painted red and lettered—
"For Fire Purposes Only."
There shall also be provided six three-gallon ap
proved chemical fire extinguishers, at least four axes, Extinguishers,
two twenty feet hooks, two fifteen feet hooks and a"s and hooks-
two ten feet hooks on the stage, and such other
appliances as may be required by the Commissioner
of the Fire Department.
Every portion of the building devoted to the uses or Lightsfor
accommodation of the public, also all outlets leading to rooms-
passageways,
the streets, and including the open courts and corridors, corridors and
shall be well and properly lighted during every per- courts'
formance and the same shall remain lighted until the
entire audience has left the premises.
206
Exit lights. There shall be one light within a red globe or

lantern, placed ' over each exit opening, on the
auditorium side of the wall.
Independent Gas mains and electric light wires supplying the
connection!.
building shall have three independent connections as
follows : One for the stage, one for the auditorium,
excepting the exit lights therein, and the third for
the halls, corridors, lobbies, exit lights, including the
exit 'lights in the auditorium, and such other portions of
the building used by the audience outside of the audi
torium proper.
Control of All gas and electric lights in the halls, corridors,
lights. lobbies and other portion's of the building used by
the audience, with the exception of the auditorium
proper, but including the exit lights therein, shall be
controlled by two separate switches or valves, one to be
located in the lobby and the other to be so located
as to be operated from the outside of the building.
Shutting off Provision shall be made for shutting off all gas
gas. at a point outside of the building.
Appliances When interior gaslights are not lighted by electricity
for lighting gas other suitable appliances, to be approved by the Com
jets.
missioner of Buildings, shall be provided.
Suspended or All suspended or bracket lights surrounded by glass,
bracket in the auditorium, or in any part of the building de
lights.
voted to the public, shall be provided with proper wire-
netting underneath.
Lights when No gas or electric light shall be recessed in the walls,
recessed in woodwork, ceilings, or in any part of the building un
walls or
ceilings. less protected by fireproof materials.
Lights to be All lights in passages and corridors in said buildings,
protected with and wherever else deemed necessary by the Commis
wire.
sioner of Buildings, shall be guarded with proper
wire network.
The footlights when not electric, in addition to
Footlights
the wire network, shall be guarded with a strong wire
20J
guard and chain drawn taut placed not less than two
feet distant from said footlights, and the trough con
taining said footlights shall be formed of and sur
rounded by fireproof materials.
All border lights shall be constructed according to Border lights,
the best-known methods, and subject to the approval of
the Commissioner of Buildings, and shall be suspended
for not fess than ten feet therefrom by wire rope or
iron chain.
All ducts or shafts used for conducting heated air Shaftover
from the main chandelier, or from any other light or
chandelier.
lights, shall be constructed of metal and made double,
with an air space between, or some other approved
fireproof material may be used.
All stage lights shall have strong metal wire guards Stagelights
or screens, not less than eight inches in diameter, so
constructed that any material in contact therewith
shall be out of reach of the flames of said stage lights,
and such guards or fixtures shall in all cases be sol
dered to the fixture.
The bridge calcium lights at sides of proscenium Bridge calcium
shall be inclosed in front and on the side by galvan- lights,
ized iron, so that no drop can come in contact with
the lights. Electric calciums so-called, are included
in the above requirement.
The stand-pipes, gas-pipes, electric wires, hose, foot- Fire Depart-
lights and all apparatus for the extinguishing of fire or ""roTorer* "
guarding against the same, as in this Section specified, e*s. electric
..... , ... r , lighting.andfire
shall be installed to the satisfaction of and be in charge extinguishing
of and under control of the Commissioner of the Fire aPParatus,
Department, and the said Commissioner is hereby di
rected to see that the arrangements in respect thereto
are carried out, enforced and maintained.
A diagram or plan of each tier, gallery or floor, Diagram of
showing distinctly the exits therefrom, each occupying theatre-
208
a space not less than fifteen square inches, shall be

printed in black lines in a legible manner on the pro
gramme of the performance,
signs over Every exit shall have over the same on the inside, the
places of exit. worfj EXIT painted in legible letters not less than eight
inches high.
PART XXV.
PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE.
SECTION 142.
Plumbing, Drainage and Repairs Thereto.
The drainage and plumbing of all buildings, both

To be executed
in accordance public and private, shall be performed in accordance
with with the rules and regulations of the Department of
regulations.
Buildings, and the Department of Health.
Rules to be Said rules and regulations and any change thereof
published. shall be published in one daily newspaper, to be desig
nated by the Mayor, for eight successive Mondays be
fore the same shall become operative.
Repairs or Repairs or alterations of such plumbing or drainage
alterations. may be made without the filing and approval of draw
ings and descriptions in the Department of Buildings,
Meaning of But such repairs or alterations shall not be con
repairs or strued to include cases where new vertical or horizontal
alterations.
lines of soil, waste, vent or leader pipes are proposed to
be used.
Notice to Notice of such repairs or alterations shall be given to
Department of the said Department before the same are commenced in
Buildings.
such cases as shall be prescribed by the rules and regula
tions of the said Department, and the work shall be
done in accordance with the said rules and regulations.
20Q
Plumbers to Register.
Once in each year, every employing or master Register name
plumber carrying on his trade, business or calling in andaddress,
the city of , shall register his name
and address at the office of the Department of Buildings
in said city under such rules and regulations as the
Commissioner of Buildings shall prescribe;
And thereupon he shall be entitled to receive a cer- certificate of
tificate of such registration from said Commissioner. rcs'itr,ll"J"'
The time for making such registration shall be dur- Time for
ing the month of March in each year, but this shall not reg,s
preclude a person from registering and obtaining a cer
tificate of competency at any other time than in the
month of March in any year, but he shall also register
in the month of March in each year as herein provided.
Such registration may be cancelled by the Commis- Registration
sioner of Buildines for a violation of the rules and mayt!f .
& cancelled.
regulations for the plumbing and drainage of said De
partment of Buildings, duly adopted and in force pur
suant to the provisions of this Section, or whenever the
person so registered ceases to be a master or employing
plumber, after a hearing had before said Commissioner,
and upon a prior notice of not less than ten days, stat
ing the grounds of complaint and served upon the per
son charged with the violation of the aforesaid rules
and regulations.
Unlawful to Carry on Plumbing Business Unless

Registered.
After this Code takes effect, no person, corporation Person,
or co-partnership shall engage in or carry on the trade, ccâruiereWp
business or calling of employing or master plumber in
the city of , unless the name
and address of such person and the president, secretary
or treasurer of such corporation and each and every
2 IO
member of such co-partnership shall have been regis

tered as above provided.
Plumbers' Signs.
Forbidden No person or persons shall expose the sign of
unless of "plumber" or "plumbing," or a sign containing words
registered
persons, etc. of similar import and meaning,
, unless such
in the
person,
city cor
of
poration or co-partnership shall have registered and ob

tained a certificate as herein provided.
Term "Master Plumber" Defined.
Meaning of A master or employing plumber within the meaning

term. of this Code is any person who hires or employs a per
son or persons to do plumbing work.
Duties of Inspectors of Plumbing.
To ascertain The inspectors of plumbing in the Department of

whether master Buildings in addition to their other duties shall ascer
plumbers are
registered. tain whether the employing or master plumber having
charge of the construction, repairing or alteration of
any plumbing work isperformed
registered inas the
herein
city pro-
of
vided, and if such person is not so registered, then such

inspectors shall forthwith report to said Department
the name of said plumber.
Restraining Unregistered Plumbers.

The Commissioner of Buildings through the City
Legal .
proceedings. Attorney may present a petition to a justice of the Su
preme Court or to a special term thereof for an order
restraining the person so reported from acting as an em
ploying or master plumber until he registers pursuant
to the provisions of this Code. Said petition shall state
that the said person is engaged in plumbing work as an
2II
employing or master plumber without having so reg

istered, and shall be verified by the inspector making
the said report.
Upon the presentation of the petition, the court shall To show cause,
grant an order requiring such plumber to appear before
a special term of the Supreme Court on a date therein
specified, not less than two, nor more than six days
after the granting thereof, to show cause why he should
not be permanently enjoined until he has obtained a
certificate of registration as herein required. A copy
of such petition and order shall be served upon such Service.
person not less than twenty-four hours before the re
turn thereof. On the day specified in such order the
court before whom the same is returnable, shall hear Hearing
the proofs of the parties and may, if deemed necessary,
take testimony in relation to the allegations of the peti
tion.
If the court is satisfied that such a plumber is prac- Enjoining
tiring without having registered as provided by this ^""gute"""'
Code, an order shall be granted enjoining him from
acting as an employing or master plumber, until he has
so registered, and obtained a certificate of registration
as herein required.
No undertaking shall be required as a condition to undertaking
the granting or issuing of such injunction order or by
reason thereof.
If after the entry of such order in the county clerk's violation of
office in the City of such person shall in order 10 be
r • • punished
violation of such order, practice as an employing or
master plumber, he shall be deemed guilty of a criminal
contempt of court, and be punishable as for a criminal
contempt in the manner provided by the code of civil
procedure.
In no case shall the Department of Buildings, nor the c^
Commissioner of Buildings, be liable for costs in any
212
such proceeding, but costs may be allowed against the

defendant or defendants in the discretion of the court.
PART XXVI.
BUILDINGS RAISED, LOWERED, ALTERED

OR MOVED.
SECTION 143.
Buildings Raised, Lowered, Altered or Moved.
Raising roof Within the fire limits it shall not be lawful for the
from a peak to owner 0r owners of any brick dwelling' house with
a flat roof. J a
eight-inch walls or of any wood building already erect
ed that has a peaked roof, to raise the same for the pur
pose of making a flat roof thereon, unless the same be
raised with the same kind of material as the building,
and unless such new roof be covered with fireproof ma
terial,
Buildings Increased in Height.
Limit of height And provided that such building, when so raised,

when raised. shall not exceed forty feet in height to the highest part
thereof.
Must exceed All such buildings must exceed twenty-five feet in
certain height height to the peak of the main roof before the said
before being . .
raised. alteration and raising.
Entire area of I"- increasing the height of any such building the en-
buiidingmay tire area which such building- covers may be raised to a
be raised. _ 0 J
uniform height.
Buildings Enlarged.
Extension may . . . ..
be increased in If any such building has an extension of less width
he'ig'ht31"3 than tne mam building the same may be increased in
213
width to the full width of the main building, with the

same kind of material and to the same height as the
main building.
Any such building may be extended either on the Main building
front or rear to a depth of not more than twenty feet ™atenbdeed front
and not more than the width of the building, and not andrear-
more than two stories and basement in height, with
the same kind of material as the building.
In a Row of Frame Buildings.
Any frame building situated in a row of frame build- To conform to
ings may be increased in height to conform to the adjoining frame
height of adjoining buildings. buildings.
Where Grade of Street Has Been Altered.

If any building shall have been built before the Raising or
street upon which it is located is graded, or if the grade Icings °f
is altered, such building may be raised or lowered to to meet grade
, . . . of street.
meet the requirement of such grade.
The restrictions contained in this Section shall not Increasing
prohibit one-story and basement frame dwelling houses ^'fy
from being increased one additional story in height. buildings.
Frame Buildings Altered For Business Uses.

Within the fire limits no frame building more than Limitingheight
two stories in height, now used as a dwelling, shall to two stories,
hereafter be raised or altered to be used as a factory,
warehouse or stable.
Moving Frame Buildings.
No wood building 0 within or without the fire limits „Permit must
shall be moved from one lot to another until a state- first be
obtained.
ment setting forth the purpose of said removal and
the uses to which said building is to be applied is filed
in the Department of Buildings, and a permit be first
obtained therefor.
214
wood buildings n0 woocl building shall be moved from without to
not to be moved
from without within the fire limits.
to within fire
limits.
Brick Buildings Enlarged or Raised.
Exterior walls Within the fire limits no brick building shall be en

to be of larged or built upon unless the exterior walls of said
incombustible
materials. addition or enlargement be constructed of incombusti
ble materials ; provided, however, that such brick build
ing may be raised, lowered or altered under the same
circumstances, and in the manner provided for in this
Section.
PART XXVII.
FIRE LIMITS.
SECTION 144.
Prohibiting No frame or wood structure shall be built hereafter

erection of in the City of within the fire limits, as the
frame
buildings. said limits now are or from time to time may hereafter
be established, except as provided for in Section 145 of
Exceptions. this Code, and also excepting grain elevators, coal
elevators and pockets, ice houses and exhibition
buildings, as provided for in Sections 82 and 83 of this
Code.
[Note.—In publishing the Code, after its adoption,

the boundary lines of the fire limits if already estab
lished should be inserted for the information of those
concerned. If newly established as part of this Code,
they will be here inserted.]
215
PART XXVIII.
FRAME BUILDINGS.
SECTION 145.
Frame Structures Within the Fire Limits.
The provisions, in this Section contained, shall apply Appliest0
to buildings and structures, whether temporary or per- temporary
. and permanent
manent, within the fire limits, as the said fire limits structures of
now are or from time to time may hereafter be estab- wood'
lished.
Temporary Frame Buildings.
Temporary one-story frame buildings may be For builders'
erected for the uses of builders, within the limits of lots uses'
whereon buildings are in course of erection, or on ad
joining vacant lots, upon permits issued by the Com
missioner of Buildings.
Temporary structures shall be taken to mean and Meaning of
include platforms, stands, election booths, temporary term-
buildings and circus tents.
Sheds.
Sheds of wood not over fifteen feet high, open on Limited height.
at least one side, with the sides and roof thereof cov
ered with fireproof material, may also be built, but a
fence shall not be used as the back or side thereof.
Such sheds shall not cover an area exceeding 2,500 Area allowed.
square feet, except by permission of the Commissioner
of Buildings in isolated localities, and under such con
ditions as the said Commissioner may prescribe.
Fences.
Fences of wood shall not be erected over ten feet Height for
high, above the surface of the ground, and shall be fences-
properly supported and braced.
216
Signs.
Height for Signs of wood shall not be erected over two feet
signs. high on any building, but no sign of wood shall be
placed above the front wall or cornice or roof of any
building.
Sky signs. Sky signs, or any device in the nature of an adver
tisement, announcement or direction constructed of
sheet metal or wire fastened to wood frames sup
ported upon or above or attached to any building,
stall be deemed to be wood signs.
Material. If such sky signs shall exceed two feet in height they
shall be constructed entirely of metal, including the up
rights, supports and braces for same, and shall be not
Limit of height more than nine feet in height above the front wall or
for sky signs. cornice or roof of the building or structure to which
they are attached or by which they are supported.
Permit re Before any wood or metal sign shall be placed in
quired to erect. position upon, above or attached to the outside of any
building, a permit shall first be obtained from the Com
missioner of Buildings.
Safely con Such sign shall be so constructed, placed and sup
structed and ported as not to be or become dangerous.
placed.
Dangerous All signs which shall be dangerous in any manner
signs. whatever, shall be repaired and made safe or taken
down by the owner, lessee or occupant of the build
ing.
Bill Boards.
Height for. No signs or bill boards of wood or metal erected

upon uprights or other supports extending into the
ground shall be at any point more than ten feet above
the surface of the ground, and the same shall be prop
erly supported and braced.
217
Piazzas and Balconies.

Piazzas or balconies of wood on buildings other than On other than
frame buildings which do not exceed eight feet in £br^ngs
width, and which do not extend more than three feet
above the second-story floor beams, may be erected,
provided a permit from the Commissioner of Buildings
be granted therefor.
In connected houses such piazzas or balconies may For connected
be built, provided the same are open on the front and dwellins
1 houses.
have brick ends not less than eight inches thick, car
ried up above the roof of such piazza or balcony, and
coped with stone.
The roofs of all piazzas shall be covered with some Root covering,
fireproof material.
Frame buildings already erected may have placed on on existing
any story piazzas, balconies or bay windows of wood, buiwtngs.
the roofs of which may be covered with the same ma
terial as the roof of the main building.
Small Outhouses of Wood.

Exterior privies, and wood or coal-houses, not ex- Limited in area
ceeding one hundred and fifty square feet in superficial and he'ght-
area and eight feet high, may be built of wood, but
the roofs thereof shall be covered with metal, gravel
or slate.
SECTION 146.
Frame Buildings Damaged.
Every wood or frame building with a brick or other When damage
front within the fire limits, which may hereafter be is half or less of
value.
damaged to an amount not greater than one-half of the
value thereof, exclusive of the valuation of the founda
tion thereof at the time of such damage, may be re
paired or rebuilt ;
2l8
when damage But if such damage shall amount to more than one-
exThtu half of such value thereof, exclusive of the value of the
one-nan. *
foundation, then such building shall not be repaired or
rebuilt, but shall be taken down, except as provided in
this Code.
To Determine Extent of Damage.
In case the owner of the damaged building shall be

dissatisfied with the decision of the Commissioner of
Buildings that such building is damaged to a greater
extent than one-half of its value, exclusive of the value
of the foundation, then the amount and extent of such
damage shall be determined upon an examination of the
By surveyors building by three competent persons, one of whom
to be shall be appointed by the Commissioner of Buildings,
appointed
another of whom shall be appointed by the owner
or owners of said premises, and another of whom
shall be appointed by the Board
of Fire Underwriters, and a decision of a majority
of these surveyors reduced to writing and sworn to,
shall be conclusive;
And such building shall in no manner be repaired or
rebuilt until after such decision shall have been ren
dered.
SECTION 147.
Frame Buildings Outside of Fire Limits.
where street The provisions of this Section shall apply to frame

system is or other buildings hereafter erected outside of the fire
established.
limits, as the same are now or may hereafter be estab
lished, in portions of the City of
where streets are now and where they may hereafter be
legally established.
219
Height for Frame Buildings.

Three-story frame buildings may be erected to a Limit of
height not exceeding forty feet, said height being taken height-
from the curb-line, where same exists, at the centre
of front or side of building on which main entrance to
upper floors is located.
Where the walls of a building do not adjoin the street when waiis do
or building line then the average level of the ground on "°'J!td3'oin
which the building stands may be taken in place of the
curb-line.
The measurement for height shall be to the highest Measurement
point of roof-beams in case of flat-roof buildings, and for flat roofs"
to the average height of gable or roof in case of pitched Pitched roofs,
roofs.
Towers, turrets and minarets of wood may be erected Towers,
to a height not to exceed ten feet greater than the turretsetc-
foregoing limited height,
Except that the spires of churches may be erected of Spires of
wood to a height not exceeding seventy-five feet from churches,
the ground.
Area for Frame Buildings.
No frame building hereafter erected for any occu- Exceptions,
pancy other than grain elevators, coal elevators and
pockets, ice houses and exhibition buildings, and
being not over forty feet in height, shall cover a
ground area exceeding the following: One-story
building seventy-five hundred square feet, two-story
Maximum
building five thousand square feet and three-story area,
building thirty-five hundred square feet.
Footings for Frame Buildings.
All footings or bottom stones shall be at least six width of
inches wider on each side than bottom width of founda- footines,
tion walls above, except where the outside of the foun
dation wall sets on the property line, in which case six
220
inches wider on the inside shall be sufficient. The

Thickness of thickness of footings shall be not less than eight inches
foounu,. ^ stone, and not less than twelve inches if of con
crete.
Foundations for Frame Buildings.
Depth below- Foundations for frame structures shall be laid not

ground. less than four feet below the finished surface of the
earth, or upon the surface where there is rock bottom,
or upon piles or ranging timbers where found neces
sary.
Foundation Walls for Frame Buildings.
The foundation walls of frame structures exceeding

fifteen feet in height—
Of stone. If of stone, shall be not less than eighteen inches
thick,
Of brick. And if of brick, not less than twelve inches to the
grade and eight inches thick to the under side of the
sill.
When If the foundation and first story walls are constructed
foundation and
first-story walls of brick the foundation walls shall be not less than
are of brick. twelve inches thick to the first tier of beams and eight
inches thick from first tier to second tier of beams;
When of stone. Or if these walls are constructed of stone they shall
be not less than twenty inches for the foundation wall
and eighteen inches for the first story wall ;
When stone And if the walls are faced with stone ashlar the total
ashlar is used. thickness shall be four inches greater than in this
Section specified.
Recesses in In the foundation walls there may be recesses not
foundation
walls. more than eight feet long for stairs, with brick walls
not less than eight inches thick.
22 1
Chimneys and Flues in Frame Buildings.
All chimneys in frame buildings shall be built of Material,

brick or other fireproof material.
The flues shall have walls at least eight inches thick, Thickness of
and be lined with burnt clay pipe, except that the withes bnckwork-
or divisions between such flue pipes may be four inches
in thickness for the brickwork.
All flue linings shall extend to the top of the Height for flue
chimney. linints,
Where chimneys are built of stone the walls of the when chimneys
flues shall be not less than eight inches on all sides, and areofstone-
shall be lined with burnt clay pipe.
All chimneys shall be topped out at least three feet Height for
above a flat roof, and at least two feet above the chimneys,
highest point of a peak roof, and be properly capped. CoPing.
Chimneys in party walls or serving two rooms on Partywall
the same floor may be built in the walls or partitions; chimneys.
Elsewhere, thev shall be built inside of the frame, Independent
except in the case of ornamental or exposed chimneys, chimneys.
Walls of Frame Buildings.

In no case shall a frame building be erected within Whenoutside
three feet of the side or rear line of a lot, unless the studs must be
r 1 • filled-
space between the studs on any such side be filled in
solidly with not less than two and one-half inches of
brickwork or other fireproof material.
When two or more such buildings are built con- ên partv
tinuous the party or division studding shall be not less ^must be
than four inches thick and filled in solidly with brick
work or other fireproof material extending to the under
side of roof boards.
When the division walls are of brick they shall be not When eight.
less than eight inches thick above the foundation wall inch brick walls
are used.
and extending to under side of roof boards, and the
ends of the floor beams shall be so staggered or sepa
222
rated that not less than four inches of brickwork will

be between the beams where they rest on said walls.
Frame Construction.
Sills. The sills of all frame dwellings except where the

first floor is used for store or business purposes, shall
be not less than two feet above the ground to the un
der side of same.
Frame. All frame or wood buildings exceeding a height of
fifteen feet shall be built with sills, posts, girts, plates
and rafters, all of suitable size and properly framed
and braced with suitable studs or planks, set at proper
distance apart.
Minimum The floor beams and rafters shall be not less than
thickness for two inches in thickness.
beams.
Roof covering. The covering of roofs may he of shingle, when any
such building is separated from any other building
by not less than one hundred feet.
Shaft walls. The walls of light, vent and dumb-waiter shafts
whether exterior or interior in frame buildings, may be
constructed of frame.
Posts and Posts of hard wood and wood girders may be used
girders in instead of brick fore-and-aft partitions in cellars of
cellars.
frame buildings,
Cellar ceilings. And it shall not be necessary to use metal or wire lath
for the ceilings of cellars or lowest floors of any frame
building.
Cellar stairs. The cellar stairs in frame buildings may be placed
directly under main stairs,
Brick And no brick wall shall he necessary to inclose the
inclosure same ;
not required.
Nor shall areas be required to be built across the
Areas.
front of frame buildings, except where the cellar or
basement is used for living purposes.
223
Fire Stops.
In all frame buildings which are to be lathed and At ends of
plastered or otherwise sheathed on the inside, the spaces beams- in stud
1 A walls, and in
between such parts of the floor joist or beams that rest partitions
upon the stud walls or upon partition heads shall be etch^T"
filled in solid for the depth of the joist or beams and
between the studs or uprights to the depth of the latter
to a height of six inches above the top of the floor joist
or beams with suitable incombustible materials. The
fire stop shall extend around all the stud walls of the
building, supporting the filling material where neces
sary on strips of wood nailed between studs, and in all
stud partitions that rest directly over each other, and
thus form a horizontal line of incombustible material
to effectually cut off draft openings from story to story Horizontal
through floors, stud walls and partitions. material.
Plumbing, Drainage and Heating of Frame Buildings.
The regulations applying to brick buildings gov- Regulations,
erning plumbing, drainage and heating, also steam
and hot air pipes and registers, where same extend
through or along stud partitions, shall also apply to
frame buildings.
Frame Buildings Altered.
Frame buildings may be altered, extended, raised or New portions
repaired, provided the new portions comply with the to coa^ Wlth
r 7 r 1 r J requirements of
provisions of this Section. this section.
Occupancy by More Than Six Families.
No frame building ° shall hereafter
• be erected ex- Limiting
ceeding three stories in height to be occupied by more height,
than six families ;
Nor shall any frame building already erected, be Limiting
altered to more than three stories in height, to be occuPancy-
occupied by more than six families.
224
Veneered Buildings.
Deemed frame Frame buildings veneered on the or.tside with four

buildings. inches of brick or stone work shall be deemed frame
buildings, but such brick or stone work shall be sup
ported on a continuous foundation of masonry, and
shall be properly anchored to the frame structure. The
Limiting height of any such veneered building shall not exceed
height. two stories and attic above the basement.
Brick Buildings Outside of Fire Limits.
Reasonable Outside of the fire limits, when any brick, stone

modifications or concrete building is to be erected of a class that
of Code require
ments allowed. could, under this Code, be constructed of wood, the
Commissioner of Buildings is hereby authorized and
directed to allow reasonable modifications of this
Code relating to brick buildings, in consideration of
incombustible material being used for walls instead
of wood.
SECTION 148.
Frame Buildings ; Where Streets Are Not Established.
Plans and Within rportions of the City

J of where
statements. streets have not been or are not legally established and
are outside of the prescribed fire limits, no building or
structure, other than small outhouses, shall be erected
without first filing plans and a detailed statement of
the proposed construction and obtaining an approval,
therefor, as provided in Section 4 of this Code.
Frame Hotels, Apartment Houses, Tenement Houses

and Assembly Places.
r0 comply with Within the said portions of the City of
Code in other
respects than hotels, apartment hotels, apartment houses and tene-
bulldings"16 ment houses for occupancy by not more than six fami
225
lies, and places of public assembly, none of said build

ings to exceed three stories or more than forty feet
in height, may be built of wood ; but shall in all other
respects comply with the several provisions of this
Code relating to such structures.
Frame Buildings for Ordinary Uses.
But for all other buildings or structures only so much Discretionary
of the requirements, regulations and restrictions of this p°wer-
Code shall apply as in the opinion of the Commis
sioner of Buildings may be necessary for safety and
health.
Freedom in Construction, Plumbing and Drainage.
The purpose of this Section is to permit greater free- i„ outlying and
dom in construction and in plumbing and drainage ^^^^^
of buildings in the outlying and undeveloped portions
of the City of than in those portions
where a street system has been adopted by the Munici
pality or established by law.
PART XXIX.
COMMISSIONER OF BUILDINGS. — RULES

AND REGULATIONS.—RECORD OF APPLI
CATIONS. — APPEALS AND MODIFICA
TIONS OF ORDINANCES, ETC.
SECTION 149.
The Commissioner of Buildings.
The Commissioner of Buildings 0 shall have rpower -rower to vary

to vary or modify any of the provisions of this Code ormodifyCode.
or any rule or regulation of the Department of Build
ings, relating to the construction, alteration or removal
of any building or structure erected or to be erected
15
226
Application to within the City of upon an application

be made. to him therefor in writing by the owner or lessee of
such building or structure, or his duly authorized agent,
where there are practical difficulties in the way of car
rying out the strict letter of this Code, so that the spirit
of this Code shall be observed and public safety secured
and substantial justice done; but no such variation or
modification shall be granted or allowed unless the par
Record to be ticulars of each application and of the decision of the
kept. said Commissioner thereon shall be entered upon the
records of the Department,
Certificate to And if the application is granted a certificate there
be issued. for shall be issued by the Commissioner of Buildings.
Rules and Regulations.
Power to The Commissioner of Buildings shall have the power

establish. to establish general rules and regulations for the ad
ministration of the Department of Buildings ; also rules
and regulations for the drainage and plumbing of build
ings, as prescribed in Section 142 of this Code; and also
such other rules and regulations as may be by him.
deemed advisable or necessary to make in giving full
force and effect to the carrying out of the provisions of
Amending or this Code ; and he may amend or repeal such rules and
repealing. regulations when in his opinion it shall be necessary or
desirable.
Record of Applications.
In book form. The Commissioner of Buildings shall keep a record

of all applications presented to him concerning, affect
ing or relating to the construction, alteration or removal
What to of buildings or other structures. Such record shall in
contain. clude the date of the filing of each such application ; the
name and address of the owner of the land on which
the building or structure mentioned in such application
is situated ; the names and addresses of the architect and
builder employed thereon; a designation of the prem
ises by street number, or otherwise, sufficient to identify
the same ; a statement of the nature and proposed use
of such structure; and a brief statement of the nature
of the application, together with a memorandum of the
decision of said Commissioner upon such application,
and the date of the rendition of such decision. The
record shall be kept in two classes : one for new build
ings or structures, and one for alterations to existing
buildings or structures. Each application for a new or
altered building or structure shall be respectively and Numbering of
consecutively numbered in the date and order of filing, aPP''«tionS.
and the record numbers and the application numbers
shall correspond.
The books containing such records, and all plans, open to public
statements and other papers relating to any such appli- ,nsPectlon-
cation are hereby declared to be public records, and
shall be open to inspection at all reasonable times, but
such inspection shall not include the right to copy any
plan on file in the Department of Buildings, and the
copying of any filed drawing, tracing or print is hereby copying of
forbidden. ' ?™
forbidden.
SECTION 150.
Appeals and Modifications.
The Commissioner of Buildings shall have power, Power to vary
and it shall be his duty to pass upon any question c"jem°^fy
relative to the mode, manner of construction, or ma
terials to be used in the erection or alteration of
any building or other structure erected or to be
erected within the City of which
is included within the provisions of this Code and other
ordinances, and the regulations of the Department of
Buildings, relating to the construction, alteration or
removal of buildings or other structures, and to re
228
quire that such mode, manner of construction or mate

rials shall conform to the true intent and meaning of
the several provisions of the said Code and other ordi
nances and the rules and regulations of the Department
of Buildings.
on refusaito Whenever the Commissioner of Buildings to whom
application. sucn question has been submitted shall reject or refuse
to approve the mode or manner of construction
proposed to be followed or materials to be used
in the erection or alteration of any such building
or structure, or when it is claimed that the rules
and regulations of the Department of Buildings
or the provisions of this Code or any of the
ordinances and regulations do not apply, or that
an equally good and more desirable form of con
struction can be employed in any specific case, or when
it is claimed that the true intent and meaning of this
Code or any of the ordinances and regulations have
been misconstrued or wrongly interpreted, the permit
applied for having been refused by the Commissioner
of Buildings, then the owner or lessee of such building
taken*' be or structure' or ^s duly authorized agent, may appeal
from the decision of the Commissioner of Buildings to
an Examining Board in any case where the amount of
cost of the total cost of the alteration or new building or struc-
alteration on
new structures, ture shall exceed the sum of one thousand dollars.
Examining Board.
The appeal authorized by this Section may be taken
Time limit for . ...
appeal. withm ten days from the entry of a decision upon the
records of the Department of Buildings by filing with
the Commissioner of Buildings a notice of appeal on
Notice of
appeal. blanks provided for that purpose by the Department of
Buildings, stating specifically the question or questions
which the appellant desires to have passed upon by the
Examining Board and requesting the appointment of
229
an Examining Board, and accompanying the same by

the sum of thirty dollars. And thereupon the Com
missioner of Buildings shall appoint a disinterested App0intmentoi
and competent architect, civil engineer or builder, the aPPeal board-
applicant shall appoint a second, and the two so chosen
shall select a third.
The said examiners shall each take the usual oath Qath o( office
of office before entering upon the performance of their
duties. They shall meet in the office of the Commis- Meeting place,
sioner of Buildings, and the applicant or his representa
tive, or both, may appear before the said board and be
heard. The board shall consider such appeal, and, as
soon as practicable, render a decision thereon. The
said board is hereby authorized and empowered to
grant or reject such appeal, and the decision of a ma- Decision of
jority of the members of the board, reduced to writing, board final,
and addressed to the Commissioner of Buildings, shall
be final and conclusive. If such decision be favorable
to said petitioner, a permit shall be issued by the Com- permit to issue
missioner of Buildings in accordance therewith. Each if decision is
favorable to
of the three examiners shall receive for his services ten applicant,
dollars from the money deposited with the Commis- Payment for
sioner of Buildings for that purpose. services of
examiners.
PART XXX.
VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES—COURTS

HAVING JURISDICTION.
SECTION 151.
Violation and Penalties.
The owner or owners of any building, structure or Persons liable

part thereof, or wall, or any platform, staging or floor
ing to be used for standing or seating purposes, where
any violation of this Code shall be placed, or shall exist,
230
and any architect, civil engineer, builder, plumber, car

penter, mason, contractor, sub-contractor, foreman or
any other person who may be employed or assist in the
commission of any such violation, and any and all per
sons who shall violate any of the provisions of this Code
or fail to comply therewith, or any requirements there
of, or who shall violate, or fail to comply with, any or
der or regulation made thereunder, or who shall build
in violation of any detailed statement of specifications
or plans, submitted and approved thereunder, or of any
certificate or permit issued thereunder, shall severally,
for each and every such violation and non-compliance,
Penalty. respectively, forfeit and pay a penalty in the sum of
twenty-five dollars.
For violating Except that any such persons who shall violate any
reia«ngto 01 tne provisions of this Code as to the construction of
chimneys, chimneys, fire-places, flues, hot-air pipes and furnaces,
furnaces and . .
woodwork near or who shall violate any of the provisions of this Code,
flues' with reference to the framing of timbers, girders,
beams, trim or other woodwork in proximity to
chimney flues or fire-places, shall forfeit and pay a
penalty in the sum of fifty dollars.
Penalty if Any J and all of the. aforementioned
. rpersons who,
violation notice having been served with a notice as hereinafter pre-
is not complied scri|)ed, t0 remove any violation, or comply with any
requirement of this Code, or with any order or regula
tion made thereunder, shall fail to comply with said
notice within ten days after such service in the re
spect named in said notice shall pay an additional
penalty of two hundred and fifty dollars; or after
having paid the above penalty shall fail to comply
with said notice within a reasonable time and shall
continue to violate any requirement of this Code in
the respect named in such notice, shall be guilty of
a misdemeanor, punishable as elsewhere provided in
this Section.
23 1
For the recovery of any said penalty or penalties an collecting

action may be brought in any municipal court, or court Penalties,
of record, in said city in the name of the City of
; and whenever any judgment
shall be rendered therefor, the same shall be collected
and enforced, as prescribed and directed by the Code
of Civil Procedure of the State of
Misdemeanor.
Any and all of the aforementioned persons who How

shall knowingly or wilfully violate, or assist in the punishable,
violation of any of .the provisions of the Building
Code or regulations made thereunder, or any and
all persons who shall continue to violate or assist
in the continued violation of any of the provisions
of the Building Code or regulations made thereunder,
after the penalties hereinbefore imposed have been
paid, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable
by fine or imprisonment, or both, in the discretion
of the Court.
SECTION 152.
Courts Having Jurisdiction.
All courts of civil jurisdiction in the City of Suits and

shall have cognizance of and proceedings.
jurisdiction over any and all suits and proceedings by
this Code authorized to be brought for the recovery of
any penalty and the enforcement of any of the several
provisions of this Code, and shall give preference to
such suits and proceedings over all others, and no court
shall lose jurisdiction of any action by reason of a plea
that title to real estate is involved, provided the object
of the action is to recover a penalty for the violation
of any of the provisions of this Code.
232
City Attorney to Bring Suits.
To institute The City Attorney is authorized to institute any

actions to give and all actions and proceedings, either legal or equit
force and effect
to Code. able, that may be appropriate or necessary for the en
forcement of the provisions of this Code, and all civil
courts in said city are hereby invested with full legal
and equitable jurisdiction to hear, try and determine
all such actions and proceedings, and to make appro
priate orders and render judgment therein according
to law, so as to give force and effect to the provisions
of this Code.
Proceedings at Law.
To restrain, Whenever the Commissioner of Buildings is satis

correct or fied that any building or structure, or any portion there
remove
violations. of, or any drainage or plumbing, the erection, con
struction or alteration, execution or repair of which is
regulated, permitted or forbidden by this Code, is be
ing erected, constructed, altered or repaired, or has been
erected, constructed, altered or repaired, in violation
of, or not in compliance with, any of the provisions or
requirements of this Code, or in violation of any de
tailed statement of specifications or plans submitted and
approved thereunder, or of any certificate or permit is
sued thereunder, or that any provision or requirement
of this Code, or any order or direction made thereun
der, has not been complied with, or that plans and
specifications for plumbing and drainage have not been
submitted or filed as required by this Code, the Com
To restrain or missioner of Buildings may in his discretion through
correct the the City Attorney institute any appropriate action or
erection or
alteration of, proceeding, at law or in equity, to restrain, correct or
or removal of, remove such violation, or the execution of any work
or prevent oc
cupation of thereon, or to restrain or correct the erection or al
unlawful teration of, or to require the removal of, or to prevent
structures.
"7 5 1
the occupation or use of, the building or structure

erected, constructed, or altered, in violation of, or not
in compliance with, any of the provisions of this Code,
or with respect to which the requirements of this Code,
or of any order or direction made pursuant to any pro
visions contained in this Code, shall not have been
complied with.
In any such action or proceeding the City of To restrain by
injunction fur
by the City Attorney may, at the request of ther progress of
the Commissioner of Buildings, and on his affidavit set unlawful work
nn buildings.
ting forth the facts, apply to any court of record in said
city, or to a judge or justice thereof, for an order en
joining and restraining all persons from doing, or
causing or permitting to be done, any work in or upon
such building or structure, or in or upon such part
thereof as may be designated in said affidavit, or from
occupying or using said building or structure or such
portion thereof as may be designated in said affidavit
for any purpose whatever, until the hearing and deter
mination of said action and the entry of final judgment
therein.
The court, or judge or justice thereof, to whom such Courts may
application is made, is hereby authorized forthwith to wttôTîtnout
make any or all of the orders above specified, as may be notice'
required in such application, with or without notice,
and to make such other or further orders or directions
as may be necessary to render the same effectual.
No officer of said Department of Buildings, acting No liability for
in good faith and without malice, shall be liable for damages when
acting in good
damages by reason of anything done in any such ac faith.
tion or proceeding.
No undertaking shall be required as a condition to Undertaking
not required.
the granting or issuing of such injunction order, or
by reason thereof.
234
Judgment Becomes a Lien Upon Premises.

From date of All courts in which any suit or proceeding is insti
filing notice of
lis pendens. tuted under this Code, shall upon the rendition of a
verdict, report of a referee, or decision of a judge or
justice, render judgment in accordance therewith ; and
the said judgment so rendered shall be and be
come a lien upon the premises named in the complaint
in any such action, to date from the time of the filing
in the County Clerk's office in the City of
where the property affected by such action, suit, or pro
ceeding is located, of a notice of lis pendens therein ;
which lien may be enforced against said property, in
every respect, notwithstanding the same may be trans
ferred subsequent to the filing of the said notice.
Lis Pendens.
whatthe notice Said notice of lis pendens shall consist of a copy of
the notice issued by the Commissioner of Buildings
requiring the removal of the violation and a notice of
the suit or proceedings instituted, or to be instituted
thereon, and said notice of lis pendens may be filed at
any time after the service of the notice issued by the
Commissioner of Buildings as aforesaid, provided he
may deem the same to be necessary, or is satisfied that
the owner of the property is about to transfer the same
to avoid responsibility for having violated the pro
visions of this Code or some one of its provisions.
Canceling Lis Pendens.

Any notice of lis pendens filed pursuant to the pro
Method of
vacating or visions of this Code, may be vacated and canceled of
canceling any record, upon an order of a judge or justice of the court
notice of lis
pendens. in which such suit or proceeding was instituted or is
pending, or upon the consent in writing of the City At
torney, and the clerk of the said county where such no-
235
tice is filed, is hereby directed and required to mark

any such notice of lis pendens and any record or docket
thereof as vacated and canceled of record, upon the
presentation and filing of a certified copy of an order
as aforesaid, or of the consent, in writing, of said City
Attorney.
Costs in Suits.
In no case shall the said Department of Buildings Of No costs in suit
any officer thereof, or the corporation of the City of
, or any defendant, be liable for costs in any defendant.
action, suit or proceedings that may have been, or may
hereafter be, instituted or commenced in pursuance of
this Code, unless specially ordered and allowed against
any defendant or defendants, by a court or justice, in
the course of such action, suit or proceeding.
SECTION 153.
Notices of Violations of Code ; Service of Papers.
All notices of the violation of any of the provisions NotiCesof

of this Code, and all notices directing anything to be violation, by
0 whom served.
done, required by this Code, and all other notices that
may be required or authorized to be issued thereunder,
including notice that any building, structure, premises,
or any part thereof, are deemed unsafe or dangerous,
shall be issued by the Commissioner of Buildings, and
shall have his name affixed thereto, and may be served
by any officer or employe of the Department of Build
ings or by any person authorized by the said Depart
ment.
All such notices, and any notice or order issued by How served
any court in any proceeding instituted pursuant to this
Code to restrain or remove any violation, or to en
force compliance with any provision or requirement of
this Code, may be served by delivering to and leaving
236
a copy of the same with any person or persons violat

ing, or who may be liable under any of the several pro
visions of this Code, or to whom the same may be
addressed, and if such person or persons cannot be
found after diligent search shall have been made for
Notice may be him or them, then such notice or order may be served
posted. by posting the same in a conspicuous place upon the
premises where such violation is alleged to have been
placed or to exist, or to which such notice or order may
refer, or which may be deemed unsafe or dangerous,
which shall be equivalent to a personal service of said
notice or order upon all parties for whom such search
shall have been made.
Notice of Such notice or order shall contain a description of
violation to the building, premises or property on which such vio
contain
description of lation shall have been put or may exist, or which may
building or
premises. be deemed unsafe or dangerous, or to which such notice
or order may refer.
Notice by mail If the person or persons or any of them, to whom
to owners said notice or order is addressed, do not reside in the
residing out of
state. State of , and have no known place of busi
ness therein, the same may be served by delivering to,
and leaving with, such person or persons, or either of
them, a copy of said notice or order, or if said person
or persons cannot be found within said State after dili
gent search, then by posting a copy of the same in man
ner as aforesaid and depositing a copy thereof in a post-
office in the City of , inclosed in a sealed
wrapper addressed to said person or persons at his or
their last known place of residence, with the postage
paid thereon ; and said posting and mailing a copy of
said notice or order shall be equivalent to personal serv
ice of said notice or order.
237
PART XXXI.
UNSAFE BUILDINGS — SURVEYS — COURT

PROCEEDINGS.
SECTION 154.
Unsafe Buildings.
Any building or buildings, part or parts of a build- To be removed

, . a1 r or made safe.
mg, staging or other structure in the Lity ot
, that from any cause may now be, or shall
at any time hereafter become dangerous or unsafe, may
be taken down and removed, or made safe and secure,
in the manner following :
Immediately upon such unsafe or dangerous build- Reports of
ing or buildings, or part or parts of a building, staging busings to be
or structure being so reported by any of the officers docketed,
of said Department of Buildings, the same shall be im
mediately entered upon a docket of unsafe buildings to
be kept by the Commissioner of Buildings ;
And the owner, or some one of the owners, execu- Notice of
tors, administrators, agents, lessees, or any other per- „ay be™erved
son or persons who may have a vested or contingent on representa-
, tive of owner.
interest in the same, may be served with a printed or
written notice containing a description of the premises
or structure deemed unsafe or dangerous, requiring the
same to be made safe and secure, or removed, as the
same may be deemed necessary by the Commissioner of
Buildings,
Which said notice shall require the person or per- Assent or
sons thus served to immediately certify to the said Com- ^ve^' " be
missioner his or their assent or refusal to secure or re
move the same.
238
SECTION 155. .
Surveys on Unsafe Buildings.
Time allowed If the person or persons so served with notice shall

to make immediately certify his or their assent to the securing
premises safe.
or removal of said unsafe or dangerous building, prem
ises or structure, he or they shall be allowed until one
o'clock P. M., of the day following the service of such
notice, in which to commence the securing or removal
of the same ; and he or they shall employ sufficient labor
and assistance to secure or remove the same as expe
ditiously as the same can be done.
Upon refusal or But upon his or their refusal or neglect to comply
neglect to with any of the requirements of said notice so served a
comply with
requirements. further notice shall be served upon the person or per
sons heretofore named, and in the manner heretofore
Survey to be prescribed, notifying him or them that a survey of the
held. premises named in the said notice will be made at the
time and place therein named, which time may not be
less than twenty-four hours nor more than three days
from the time of the service of said notice, by three
competent persons—
Surveyors.
An official of One of whom shall be the Commissioner of Build

Building ings, or a Superintendent of Buildings, or an Inspector,
Department.
designated in writing by said Commissioner.
An architect, Another of whom shall be an architect, civil engineer
engineer or or builder of at least ten years' practice in the City of
builder
appointed by , appointed by the Commissioner of
Commissioner Buildings, but no one such architect, civil engineer or
of Buildings.
builder shall be so appointed to serve upon any survey
oftener than once in any calendar month.
239
Another of whom shall be appointed by the person Architect,

or persons thus notified, and who shall be a practical J^,"6" or
builder, architect, or civil engineer, upon whose neglect representing
or refusal to appoint such surveyor, however, the said
other two surveyors may make such survey ;
And in case of a disagreement of the latter, they in case of
shall appoint a third person to take part in such survey, atwrfe»urveyor
who shall also be a practical builder, architect or civil 10 be appointed,
engineer of at least ten years' practice, and the decision
of the said surveyor shall be final ;
And that in case the said premises shall be reported Report of
unsafe or dangerous under such survey, the said report surveyo s'
will be placed before a court therein named having

jurisdiction to the extent of one thousand dollars, and
that a trial upon the allegations and statements con
tained in said report, be the report of the said survey
ors more or less than is contained in the said notice of
survey, will be had before said court, at a time and
place therein named, to determine whether said unsafe
or dangerous building or premises shall be repaired and
secured or taken down and removed ;
And a report of such survey, reduced to writing, issue for trial,
shall constitute the issue to be placed before the court
for trial.
A copy of said report of survey shall be posted Postinsof
J L surveyors
on the building by the persons holding the survey, im- report,
mediately on their signing the same.
Pay of Architect, Civil Engineer or Builder on Survey.
The architect, civil engineer or builder appointed by Amount and

the Commissioner of Buildings, as hereinbefore pro- methodme'hHd of1
payment.
vided, who may act on any survey called in accordance
with the provisions of this Code, shall be entitled to,
and receive the sum of twenty-five dollars, to be paid by
240
the City Treasurer upon the voucher of the Commis

sioner of Buildings.
Cause of Action.
To be brought And a cause of action is hereby created for the bene-

iheckyame0f fit of the City of against the
owner or owners of said building, staging or structure,
and of the lot or parcel of land on which the same is
situated, for the amount so paid with interest,
which shall be prosecuted in the name of the City of
by the City Attorney. The amount so
collected shall be paid over to the City Treasurer in
reimbursement of the amounts paid by him as afore
said.
SECTION 156.
Court Proceedings.
Report of Whenever the report of any such survey, had as

surveyors t'°be aforesaid, shall recite that the building, premises or
submitted
court. structure thus surveyed is unsafe or dangerous, the
City Attorney of the City of
shall at the time in the said notice named, place said
notice and report before the judge or justice holding
a special term of the court, in the said notice named,
which said judge or justice shall immediately proceed
Trial of issue, to obtain and impanel a jury, and to the trial of said
issue before said jury, whose verdict shall be conclu
sive and final, and shall try said issue without adjourn
ment, except as may be necessary from day to day,
giving precedence to the trial of this issue over every
other business,
241
And said judge or justice shall have power to im- jury.

panel a jury for that purpose from any jurors in at
tendance upon said court, or in case sufficient jurors
shall not be in attendance, then from any jurors that
may be summoned for that purpose ; and said judge or
justice shall have power to summon jurors for that
purpose; and any such suit or proceeding commenced
before a judge or justice may be continued before an
other judge or justice of the same court ;
A jury trial may be waived by the default of the jury trial ma
defendant or defendants to appear at the time and place
named in the said notice, or by agreement, and in such
case the trial may be by court, judge, justice, or referee,
whose report or decision in the matter shall be final ;
And upon the rendition of a verdict or decision of verdict,
the -court, judge, justice or referee, if the said verdict
or decision shall find said building, premises or struc
ture to be unsafe or dangerous, the judge or justice
trying said cause, or to whom the report of the referee
trying said cause shall be presented, shall immediately
issue a precept out of said court, directed to the Com- Precept,
missioner of Buildings, reciting said verdict or decision,
and commanding him forthwith to repair and secure
or take down or remove, as the case may be, in accord
ance with said verdict or decision, said unsafe or dan
gerous building, buildings, part or parts thereof, stag
ing, structure or other premises that shall have been
named in the said report;
And said Commissioner of Buildings shall imme- Execution
of precept.
diately thereupon proceed to execute said precept as
therein directed, and may employ such labor and as
sistance and furnish such materials as may be neces
sary for that purpose, and after having done so, said
Commissioner of Buildings shall make return of said
precept. with an indorsement of the action thereunder
16
242
Costs. and the cost and expenses thereby incurred, to the

judge or justice then holding the said special term of
the said court, and thereupon said judge or justice
shall tax and adjust the amount indorsed upon said
precept, and shall adjust and allow disbursements of
said proceeding, together with the preliminary ex
penses of searches and surveys, which shall be inserted
Judgment. in the judgment in said action or proceeding, and shall
render judgment for such amount, and for the sale of
the said premises in the said notice named, together
with all the right, title and interest that the person or
persons, or either of them, named in the said notice
had in the lot, ground or land upon which the said
building or structure was placed, at the time of the
Lis pendens. filing of a notice of lis pendens in the said proceedings,
or at the time of the entry of judgment therein to
satisfy the same, which shall be in the same manner and
Sale of with like effect as sales under judgment in foreclo
premises.
sure of mortgages;
Requisition on And in and about all preliminary proceedings, as
Comptroller to well as the carrying into effect any order of the court
meet expenses
of suits. or any precept issued by any court, said Commissioner
of Buildings may make requisition upon the City Treas
urer of the City of for such
amount or amounts of money as shall be necessary to
meet the expenses thereof; and upon the same being
approved by any judge or justice of the court from
which the said order or precept was issued and pre
sented to said City Treasurer, he shall pay the same,
and for that purpose shall borrow, and raise, upon
revenue bonds to be issued as provided in the Charter
of the City of the several
amounts that may from time to time be required, which
shall be reimbursed by the payment of the amount and
interest at six per cent., out of the judgment or judg
243
ments obtained as aforesaid, if the same shall be col

lected.
In case said issue shall not be tried at the time sped- h issue a not
fied in said notice, or to which the trial may be ad- tr,edi"tiine
J named.
journed, the same may be brought to trial at any time
thereafter by the said Commissioner of Buildings, with
out a new survey, upon not less than three days' notice
of trial to the person or persons upon whom the original
notice was served, or to his or their attorney, which
notice of trial may be served in the same manner as
said original notice.
The notice of lis pendens provided for in this section Notjceoflis
shall consist of a copy of said notice of survey, and pendens,
shall be filed in the office of the County Clerk in the
City of , in the county where
the property affected by such action, suit or proceed
ing is located.
Provided, nevertheless, that immediately upon the Gwner aUowed
issuing of said precept, the owner or owners of said to execute
..... . . precept.
building, staging or structure, or premises, or any
party interested therein, upon application to the Com
missioner of Buildings, shall be allowed to perform the
requirements of said precept at his or their own proper
cost and expense, provided the same shall be done im
mediately and in accordance with the requirement of
said precept, upon the payment of all costs and ex
penses incurred up to that time,
And provided, further, that the Commissioner of Authority to
Buildings shall have authority to modify the require- precept,
ments of said precept upon application to him there
for, in writing, by the owner or owners of said build
ing, staging or structure, or his or their representa
tive, when he shall be satisfied that such change shall
secure equally well the safety of said building, staging
or structure.
244
SECTION 157.
Applications for Order to Remove Violations and to

Vacate Buildings.
Proceedings in In case any notice or direction authorized to be is

case'notice is sued by this Code is not complied with within the time
not complied
with. designated in said notice, the City of by
the City Attorney may, at the request of the Commis
sioner of Buildings, apply to the Supreme Court of
at a special term thereof, for an order
directing said Commissioner to proceed to make the
alterations or remove the violation or violations, as the
same may be specified in said notice or direction.
When notice Whenever any notice or direction so authorized, shall
requiring fire- have been served as directed in this Code, and the same
escapes is not
complied with, shall not have been complied with within the time des
order of court
may be ignated therein, the City Attorney may, at the request
obtained to of the Commissioner of Buildings, in addition to, or in
vacate building.
lieu of the remedy last above provided, apply to the
Supreme Court of , at a special term
thereof, for an order directing the said Commissioner
to vacate such building or premises, or so much thereof
as said Commissioner may deem necessary, and pro
hibiting the same to be used or occupied for any pur
pose specified in said order until such notice shall have
been complied with.
Expenses, etc., The expenses and disbursements incurred in the car
in carrying out rying out of any said orders, shall become a lien upon
order of court
to be a lien said building or premises named in the said notice from
upon premises.
the time of filing of a copy of the said notice, with a
notice of the pendency of the action or proceeding as
provided in this Code, taken thereunder, in the office
of the clerk of the county where the property affected
by such action, suit or proceeding is located; and the
245
said Supreme Court, or a judge or justice thereof, to

whom application shall be made, is hereby authorized
and directed to grant any of the orders above named,
and to take such proceedings as shall be necessary to
make the same effectual, and any said judge or justice
to whom application shall be made is hereby authorized Authority to
and directed to enforce such lien in accordance with enforcel,en-
the mechanics' lien iaws applicable to the City of
And in case any of the notices herein mentioned shall Duty of person
be served upon any lessee or party in possession of the sepr°"c7ofm
building or premises therein described, it shall be the notice may be
duty of the person upon whom such service is made
to give immediate notice to the owner or agent of said
building named in the notice, if the same shall be known
to the said person personally, if such person shall be
within the limits of the City of , and his
residence known to such person, and if not within said
city, then by depositing a copy of said notice, in any Notice by mail
post-office in the City of , properly inclosed
and addressed to such owner or agent, at his then place
of residence, if known, and by paying the postage
thereon ;
And in case any lessee or party in possession shall Liability of a
neglect or refuse to give such notice as herein provided, son Tn posses-
he shall be personally liable to the owner or owners >lon-
of said building or premises for all damages he or they
shall sustain by reason thereof.
246
PART XXXII.
RECOVERY OF BODIES UNDER FALLEN

BUILDINGS.—BUILDINGS IN DANGER OF
FALLING—STOPPAGE OF WORK ON
BUILDINGS.
SECTION 158.
Recovery of Bodies Under Fallen Buildings.
When persons In case of the falling of any building or part thereof

are buried in the City of , where persons are known
under ruins.
or believed to be buried under the ruins thereof, it shall
be the duty of the Commissioner of the Fire Depart
ment to cause an examination of the premises to be
made for the recovery of the bodies of the killed and
injured.
City depart Whenever, in making such examination, it shall be
ments to co necessary to remove from the premises any debris, it
operate.
shall be the duty of the Commissioners of any and all
other of the Departments of the City of ,
when called upon by the Department of Buildings to co
operate, and to provide a suitable and convenient
dumping place for the deposit of such debris.
Buildings in Immediate Danger of Falling.
To be made In case there shall be in the opinion of the Commis

temporarily sioner of Buildings, actual and immediate danger of
safe.
the falling of any building or part thereof so as to en
danger life or property, said Commissioner shall cause
the necessary work to be done to render said building
or part thereof temporarily safe until the proper pro
ceedings can be taken as in the case of an unsafe build
ing as provided for in this Code.
247
The Commissioner of Buildings is hereby authorized Authority to

and empowered in such cases, and also where any J^j"
building or part thereof has fallen, and life is endan
gered by the occupation thereof, to order and require
the inmates and occupants of such building or part
thereof to vacate the same forthwith.
And said Commissioner may, when necessary for the Authority to
temporarily
public safety, temporarily close the sidewalks and close sidewalks
streets adjacent to such building or part thereof, and and streets.
prohibit the same from being used, and the Police De
partment, when called upon by the said Commissioner
of Buildings to co-operate, shall enforce such orders or
requirements.
To Perform the Humane Work.
For the aforesaid purposes

c r the said Commissioner „.
City to pay
of the Fire Department, or the Commissioner of the expenses of
Department of Buildings, as the case may be, shall bodilsand
employ such laborers and materials as may be neces- avoidine
1 J J disaster from
sary to perform said work as speedily as possible. failing
buildings.
SECTION 159.
Stoppage of Work on Buildings.
In case there shall be, in the opinion of the Commis- power

sioner of Buildings, danger to life or property by reason "°mfm^d0°"rt0
of any defective or illegal work, or work in violation of stop work on
r . . buildings
or not in compliance with any of the provisions or re- dangerous to
quirements of this Code, the Commissioner of Build- llfeand
^ ' property.
ings or such person as may be designated by him
shall have the right, and he is hereby authorized and
empowered to order all further work to be stopped in
and about said building, and to require all persons in
and about said building forthwith to vacate the same,
248
and to cause such work to be done in or about the build

ing as in his judgment may be necessary to remove any
danger therefrom. And the Commissioner of Buildings
may, when necessary for the public safety, temporarily
close the sidewalks and streets adjacent to said building,
or part thereof, and the Police Department, when called
upon by the Commissioner of Buildings to co-operate,
shall enforce such orders or requirements.
PART XXXIII.
FUND FOR USE AND BENEFIT OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGS.
SECTION 160.
Fund for Use and Benefit of the Department of

Buildings.
Conducting The City Attorney shall sue for and collect all pen
legal alties and take, charge of and conduct all legal proceed
proceedings
ings imposed or provided for by this Code; and all
suits or proceedings instituted for the enforcement of
any of the several provisions of the preceding sections
of this Code or for the recovery of any penalty there
Suits to be under shall be brought in the name of the City of
brought in the , by the City Attorney, to
name of'the
city. whom all notices of violation shall be returned for
prosecution, and it shall be his duty to take charge of
the prosecution of all such suits or proceedings, col
lect and receive all moneys that may be collected upon
judgments, suits or proceedings so instituted, or which
may be paid by any parties who have violated any of
the provisions of this Code, and upon settlement of
judgment and removal of violations thereunder, exe
cute satisfaction therefor.
249
He shall on the first clay of each and every month Momhiy

render to the Commissioner of Buildings an account accounts-
of such penalties and costs received by him, and shall Monthly
pay over monthly the amount of such penalties and ^"'ea'surer.
costs so collected, less the amount of all necessary dis
bursements incurred or paid in said suits, to the City
Treasurer of the City of as a fund
for the use and benefit of the Department of Buildings
for the purpose of paying any expense incurred by said
Department under Sections 158 and 159 of this Code,
and also for the purpose of carrying into effect any or
der or precept issued by any court, or judge or justice
thereof, in this Code named, to the Commissioner of
Buildings.
And upon the requisition of the Commissioner of Requisition of
Buildings said City Treasurer shall pay such sum or SZaJta^"
sums as may be allowed and adjusted by any court of
record, or a judge or justice thereof, for such purposes,
as far as the same may be in his hands.
PART XXXIV.
SEAL.— BADGES.— UNIFORMS. — OFFICERS
OF DEPARTMENT OF BUILDINGS MAY EN
TER BUILDINGS.—OFFICERS OF FIRE DE
PARTMENT MAY ENTER BUILDINGS.
SECTION 161.
Seal.
The Commissioner of Buildings shall adopt a seal Official seal.
and direct its use in the Department of Buildings.
Badges.
Suitable metal badges of office shall be provided by To be
the Department of Buildings, each badge to be num- conspicuously
displayed.
bered, for all the officials of said Department having
250
the right to enter buildings or premises, and to be worn

conspicuously by them during their hours of public
service. Said badges shall be and remain the property
of the Department of Buildings.
Uniforms.
to be worn The Commissioner of Buildings may prescribe a suit-

during hours of abie uniform to be worn by each and all of the before-
public duty. ,
mentioned officials during their hours of public service.
Officers of Department of Buildings May Enter Build

ings and Premises.
All the officials of the Department of Buildings, so

In the
necessary far as it may be necessary for the performance of their
tPh"ir°businnCess°f respective duties, shall have the right to enter any
building or premises in said city, upon showing their
badge of office.
SECTION 162.
Officers of Fire Department; Right to Enter Buildings,

etc., for Purposes of Examination.
The Commissioner of the Fire Department and his

officers or agents, under the direction of the said Com
missioner, or either of them, are hereby empowered at
any and all times to enter into all existing buildings,
Buildings structures and premises and all buildings and structures
structures and in course of construction or alteration in the City of
'' " for the purpose of ascertaining
all violations of any of the provisions of this Code, or
of any other ordinance of the said city relating to
stoves and pipes thereto, ranges, furnaces and heating
apparatus of any kind whatsoever, including chimneys,
flues and pipes with which the same may be connected,
engine rooms, boiler rooms, ovens, kettles, chemical ap
paratus, and also unlawful quantities of explosives, ex
plosive compounds, petroleum and coal oils, chemicals,
vegetable products, ashes, combustible materials and
refuse matter, or other things which in his or their
opinion may be dangerous in causing or promoting
fire or dangerous to the firemen or occupants in case
of fire, and of ascertaining all other violations of
any of the provisions of this Code or of any other
ordinance of the said city; and upon finding that
any such building or structure is defective or
dangerous to life or property or liable to become so
in the event of panic or fire from any cause, in
cluding the yards and premises connected with any such
building or structure, the Commissioner may thereupon
issue orders or special directions, either printed or writ- orders and
ten, directing the owner, lessee or occupants to alter, direc"ons,
remove or remedy the same in such manner and within
such reasonable time as may be necessary, and in respect
thereto may authorize and direct the use of such ma
terials and appliances as shall be deemed proper and
necessary; and in case of neglect or refusal so to do In case of
within the time prescribed by such orders or directions nee'ect
r J or refusal to
said Commissioner shall cause said alteration, removal, comply,
or other necessary act or work to be done, and the ex
pense thereof shall be charged to the party so offending,
to be sued for and recovered in the manner herein pro
vided for the recovery of fines and penalties under this
Code or other city ordinances.
Any complaint made to the Commissioner of the Fire Complaints to
Department by any citizen that any building, structure be,nvest,eated-
or premises are in a dangerous or unsafe condition shall
be investigated by said Commissioner, and if upon in
vestigation the complaint is well founded the said Com
missioner shall take action as herein provided.
252
PART XXXV.
EXISTING SUITS AND LIABILITIES—IN

VALIDITY OF ONE SECTION NOT TO IN
VALIDATE ANY OTHER.
SECTION 163.
Existing Suits and Liabilities.
Not to afiect Nothing in this Code contained shall be construed to

TbTtghtS a"d aêcf: any su^ or proceeding now pending in any court,
or any rights acquired, or liability incurred, nor any
cause or causes of action accrued or existing, under any
act or ordinance repealed hereby. Nor shall any right
or remedy of any character be lost, impaired or affected
by this Code.
SECTION 164.
Invalidity of One Section Not to Invalidate Any

Other.
In this Code. The invalidity of any section or provision of this

Code shall not invalidate any other section or provision
thereof.
PART XXXVI.
ORDINANCES REPEALED—DATE WHEN

ORDINANCE TAKES EFFECT.
SECTION 165.
Repealing Section.
All former ordinances of the City of

Relating to
buildings. affecting or relating to the Construction, Alteration or
253
Removal of Buildings or other Structures, and all other

ordinances or parts thereof inconsistent herewith, are
hereby repealed.
SECTION 1 66.
Date When Ordinance is to Take Effect.
This ordinance, to be known as the Building Code,

shall take effect sixty days after its approval by the
Mayor.
255
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Section Page
Alcoves 53 72
Alterations to Buildings 3 12
Anchors &o 85
Apartment House, Definition of 9 '7
Apartment and Tenement Houses 53 D3
Appeals 150 227
Arches, Masonry 42 57
Areas, Floor for Brick Buildings 33 47
Areas, Frame Buildings Outside of Fire
Limits 147 219
Areaways 5° 81
Approval of Plans 4 J5
Ashlar 28 39
Areas for Vent Shafts 53 75
Attics in Peaked Roofs 72 99
Auxiliary Fire Appliances 103 T32
B
Basements and Cellars 53 7°
Badges 161 249
Bay Windows 73 100
Beams 116-119 165-166
Boilers 85 uo
Bolting of Structural Work 123 169
Brick, Quality of 15 21
Bulkheads on Roofs and Scuttles 93 119
Base Course 26 33
Bolts and Washers for Timber Work 62 87
Brick and Masonry Work 28 37
Bottoms of Shafts, Courts, Areas and Yards 53 76
Beveling for Wood Beams 59 83
Beams near Flues 59 84
c
Cellar Ceilings 58 82
Cellar Floors 57 81
Cement, Quality of 17 22
Chimneys 65 89
Chimneys of Cupolas 67 93
Chimney Supports 66 92
Coal Pockets 82 108
Cock Lofts 72 99
256
Section Page
Columns, Strength of '37 180
Columns, Cast Iron 112 160
Columns, Double 113 163
Columns, Steel and Wrought m '59
Columns, Wood 61 86
Commissioner of Buildings 149 225
Concrete, Quality of 18 23
Concrete-Steel Construction no 153
Cornices and Gutters 92 118
Cornices Damaged by Fire 92 n9
Courts having Jurisdiction 152 231
Court Proceedings 15° 240
Cement Mortar 16 22
Chases for Pipes 4° 59
Chases, Aggregate Area Allowed 4U b0
Cellar Stairs 53 64
Closets Prohibited Under First Story Stair
cases 53 66
Chimneys and Fireplaces 53 75
Cellars and Basements 53 7°
Cellars, to be Connected with Sewers 54 80
Cross Bridging for Beams 59 84
Chimney Flues to be Lined with Pipe 65 91
I)
Dwtlling, Private, Definition of 8 17
E
Electrical Work 9° I[7
Elevators 96 122
Elevator Machinery, Inclosing of same. .. 07 124
Elevator Inclosures 97 122
Elevators in Hotels 99 ,26
Entrance to Basement 74 100
Engineers' Stationary Ladders 76 ,ot
Excavations 22 25
Exhibition Buildings 83 I09
Examining Board 150 228
Expense for Examining into Strength of
Floors I3t !7°
F
Factors of Safety '3* '79
Fences 145 2I5
Filing Plans and Statements 4 T2
Fireproof Buildings 106 141
Fireproof Floor Filling 107 144
257
Section Page
Fire-Escapes 104 133
" " 53 79
Fire Limits 144 214
Fireplaces 65 89
Floor-Lights 78 l03
Floor Openings 79 io4
Flues 65 89
Foundations, Footings of 24 29
Fire-Doors and Shutters 105 139
Foundations, Piles, Etc 25 30
Foundation Walls 26 33
Frame Buildings, Damaged 146 217
Frame Buildings, Definition of 14 20
Frame Buildings within Fire Limits 145 215
Fund for use of Department of Buildings. . 160 248
Furnaces 85 no
Foundations 25 30
Footings for Columns 25 32
Gr
Gas Brackets 9° n°
Gas Pipes 90 "5
Girders »5 '64
Gutters and Corncts 92 118
Grain Elevators 82 108
Grillage in Foundations 26 35
H
Heating Apparatus 89 115
Heating Apparatus, Notice as to 89 115
Height of Buildings, Definition of 6 16
Height of Buildings, Limiting same 30 40
Height of Stories 35 52
Hot Air Flues 68 93
Hotel, Definition of 12 19
Hot Water Heating 69 96
Height of Buildings, Measurement of 6 16
Headers in Stone Walls 26 35
Heading Courses in Brick Walls 28 3S
Hallway and Staircase Enclosures 53 65
Hallways, Public 5i 72
Hot Air Pipes in Walls 68 95
Hot Air Pipes in Stud Partitions 68 95
Hot Air Pipes in Closets 68 95
Hot Air Pipes, Horizontal 68 95
Hanging Ceilings 72 99
Heating Furnaces and Boilers 85 no
Hoistways 96 122
25*
j Section Page
Ice Houses 82 108
Inspection of Elevators lot 127
Insulation of Iron Work 108 150
Invalidity of One Section not to Invalidate
any Other 164 252
Inverted Arches 26 ,. 34
Inner Courts 53 69
L
Ladders, Engineers' 7° 101
Liabilities, Suits, Etc 163 252
Lintels 117 165
Loads, Floors 129 r72
Loads, Floor, to be Distributed 130 1 74
Loads, Safe, for Masonry Work 133 177
Lodging House, Definition of 11 19
Lowering Buildings H3 212
Limit of Time for Permits 4 T4
Lime Mortar 16 2i
Loads on Foundations 25 32
Lintels Inside 42 57
Lighting and Ventilating of Rooms 53 7'
Lights in Public Hallways 53 74
Leaders from Roofs 95 121
M
Mansard Roofs 91 "7
Masonry Work, Safe Load 133 *77
Metal Fronts i27 '7'
Metal in Foundations 25 32
Mill Construction 63 88
Mortar, Quality of 16 21
Mortar for Walls and Ashlar 29 40
Moving of Buildings 143 2"
N
New Buildings 3 12
New Materials, Tests of 20 24
Notices of Violations 153 235
o
Occupation of Area of Inside Lot Limited. . 13 20
Office Buildings, Definition of 13 20
Officers of Building Department 161 250
Officers of Fire Department 162 250
Oriel Windows 73 ro°
Outer Courts 53 68
259
p Section Page
Painting of Structural Metal Work 128 172
Partitions, Brick and Hollow Tile 49 61
Partitions, Cellar, in Residence Buildings.. 50 62
Partitions, Main Stud 51 63
Party Wall Posts 114 l64
Penalties 151 229
Piers 28 37
Pier Sheds 82 100
Piles 25 30
Pipes, Water and Gas 90 115
Plans, Filing of 4 12
Plumbing I42 208
Plumbing Pipes 69 97
Plumbers to Register 142 200
Private Dwellings, Definition of 8 17
Protection of Persons Employed on
Buildings 81 107
Public Buildings 140 186
Q,
Quality of Materials 15-21 21
R
Raising Buildings M3 212
Ranges and Stoves 88 rI3
Rear Tenement or Apartment Houses. .. . 53 7°
Recovering of Bodies Under Fallt n
Buildings 158 24&
Registers 8° 112
Rejection of Plans 4 '5
Recesses, Aggregate Area Allowed 46 60
Repealing Inconsistent Ordinances 165 252
Retaining Walls 22 27
Riveting Structural Members 122 168
Roofing Leaders 95 120
Roofs, Mansard 91 ll7
Roofs, Openings in 79 ,0-t
Rubble-Stone Work »33 178
S
Sand, Quality of 15 21
Screens Under Elevator Sheaves 100 126
Scuttles 93 "9
Seal of Building Department 161 249
Service of Papers 153 235
Sewers, Cellars to be Connected with 54 80
Size of Rooms 53 72
260
Section Page
Scaffolds Outside 80 105
Shafts, Light and Vent 48 60
Sheathing and Wainscoting 72 9$
Shed Covering for Protection of Pedes
trians 80 104
Shutters 105 '39
Signs '45 216
Sidewalk Elevators 97 I24
Skeleton Construction 109 152
Skylights 78 102
53 75
Slate and Stone Treads 77 102
Smoke Houses 84 109
Soil, Bearing Capacity 23 2!>
Sprinkler Pipes in Basement 103 132
Stairs, Number as to Area 75 100
Standpipes io3 '29
Statements, Filing of 4 12
Steam Heating 69 9°
Stair Hallway Inclosures 102 12S
Stepping up Footings 20 34
Stopping Work on Buildings 159 247
Stoves and Ranges 88 113
Strength of Floors to be Calculated 131 '75
Strength of Material, Calculation of 135 '79
Strength of Temporary Supports 132 '77
Straps for Beams 60 86
Structural Material 21 24
Studded off Spaces 71 98
Structural Work, Framing of 121 i'J7
Stresses. 138 182
Suits and Liabilities, Existing 163 252
Surveys on Unsafe Buildings 1 55 238
Stone Posts Under Interior Columns 28 38
Stories, Height of 35 52
Stories, Meaning of 35 53
Storage of Combustible Materials 53 78
Stirrup Irons 59 83
Smoke Pipe through Roofs 68 94
T
Tanks 94 120
Templates 120 l67
Tenement Houses 53 63
Tenement House, Definition of 10 '8
Test of New Materials 20 24
26l
Section Pate
Theatres 141 188
Timber, Quality of 19 23
Time Limit for Permits 4 '4
Timber in Walls Prohibited 52 63
Trimmer Arches °4 89
Trusses, Steel and Wrought Iron for 124 169
Trusses, Timber for 62 87
TJ
Uniforms for Officers of Building Depart
ment 161 250
Under Treads Supporting Slate or Stone. . . 77 102
Unsafe Buildings. 154 237
Unsafe Cornices 92 118
V
Vaults Under Sidewalks 55 80
Ventilation and Lighting of Rooms 53 71
Vent Ducts in Public Schools °8 9°
Violations and Penalties '51 229
w
Walls, Adjoining 22 26
Walls, Adjoining, Reduced Thickness for.. 36 54
Walls. Curtain 37 54
Walls, Furred 47 60
Walls, Hollow 44 58
Walls, Recesses and Chases in 46 59
Walls, Hollow Brick on the Inside of 45 59
Walls, Increased Thickness for Excess
Depth 34 5i
Walls, Inclosing Skeleton Structures 36 53
Walls, for Dwelling Houses 31 4'
Walls, Lining Existing 39 55
Walls, Parapet 43 58
Walls, Existing Party 38 54
Walls, Material of 27 36
Walls, Tied, Anchored and Braced 41 5°
Walls, of Unfinished Buildings 40 55
Walls, for Warehouses 32 44
Walls, Retaining 22 27
Walls, Foundation 26 33
Walls, Bearing, Defined 28 36
Walls, Partition 31 43
Walls, Clear Span Thickness 31 44
Walls, " " " 32 46
Walls, for Public Buildings 32 46
262
Section Page
Walls, to be Braced 41 5°
Walls, Recesses for Alcoves 4° 59
Wainscoting I2 98
Water Pipes 9o "5
Weights of Materials 134 *78
WindJPressure '39 186
Width of Buildings, Measurement of 7 '7
Windows, Bay, Oriel and Show 73 100
Wood Beams 59 -
Working Stresses 138 182
Windows in Rooms 53 1
Windows in Stair Hallways 53 73
Window Openings Inclosed 80 105
Y
Yards 53 66
263
NATIONAL BOARD STANDARDS.
There have, from time to time, been issued by the National

Board of Fire Underwriters, standard specifications covering vari
ous types of fire-protecting apparatus and appliances, among which
are the following :
National EUctrical Code as recommended by the Under
writers' National Electrical Association, together with a
list of electrical fittings,
Automatic Sprinkler Rules,
Underwriter Fire Pumps,
Specifications for Hydrants,
Specifications for Water Pipes,
Specifications for Hose,
Fire Doors and Shutters,
Wire Glass and Framing of Same,
Watchman's Clocks,
Signalling Systems,
Fire Pails, Waste and Ash Cans,
Chemical Fire Extinguishers, both Hand and Stationary,
Fuel Oil Storage,
Kerosene Oil Systems,
Gasolene Lighting,
Gasolene Stoves,
Ascetylene Gas Generators,
Gasolene Engines.
Where the word "standard" or "approved" is used through
out this Building Code as relating to fire-protection devices of any
character, reference is made to such devices as conform to the
various specifications or standards enumerated above which have
been issued by the National Board of Fire Underwriters.
Any of the standards referred to above can be obtained from the
National Board of Fire Underwriters, No. 32 Nassau Street, New
York City, upon application.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
BERKELEY
Return to desk from which borrowed.
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.
MOV 28
11 1977
NOV 2 8 1984
SEP G£57
MAY ;.s 1935

APR 281969 0 2
RECEIVED
18 '38
APR 23 *69 <. PM
LOAN DEPT
OCT 1 6 1974 }0
LD 21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476
GENERAL LIBRARY " U.C. BERKELEY
ml iiiii mil ■nil
III 111 Mill Ml miin 11
BDQDHSSat

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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

THE NATIONAL BOARD

FIRE UNDERWRI 1 EES

Providing for all matters concerning, affecting or relating

James Kempster Printing Company

For Alphabetical Index see end of book.

THE BUILDING CODE.

The City Council of the city of

This Ordinance to be Known and Cited as the Building

The following provisions shall constitute and be

Building Code a Remedial Ordinance.

This ordinance is hereby declared to be remedial, and

New Buildings and Buildings to be Altered.

New buildings No wall, structure, building, or part thereof, shall

Filing Plans and Statements.

And a full and complete copy of the plans of such pians.

All of which shall be accompanied with a statement Name and

Statements and Said sworn statement, and detailed statement of speci

Time Limit for Permits.

One year, if Any approval which may be issued by the commis

No permit Ordinary repairs of buildings or structures, or of the

any stone or brick wall, or any portion thereof, the re

Code Applies to Municipal and Private Buildings.

The foregoing provisions and all the provisions of with equal

Approval or Rejection of Plans.

It shall be the duty of the commissioner of buildings within a

When plans and detailed statements are filed in the An existing

Notice to be The owner, architect, builder or contractor for any

Measurement of Height for Buildings and Walls.

Points to The height of buildings shall be measured—

Measurement for Width and Depth of Buildings.

For the 'purposes of this Code—

Private Dwelling, Definition Of.

A private dwelling shall be taken to mean and in- Residence of

Apartment House, Definition Of.

An apartment house shall be taken to mean and in- BuUdings

each other, and in which every such family or house

Tenement House, Definition Of.

Buildings A tenement house shall be taken to mean and include

Lodging House, Definition Of.

A lodging house shall be taken to mean and include Buildings in

Hotel, Definition Of.

A hotel shall be taken to mean and include every Buildings

four stories in height, and one and one-half per cent.

Office Building, Definition Of.

Rooms for An office building shall be taken to mean and include

Occupation of Area of Inside Lot Limited.

Percentage of Office buildings when not erected on a corner shall

Frame Building, Definition Of.

Meaning of A frame building shall be taken to mean a building

Buildings sheathed with boards, and partially or en- veneered

The brick used in all buildings shall be good, hard, Quality,

The sand used for mortar in all buildings shall be Quality,

Slaked lime mortar shall be made of one part of lime component

All lime used for mortar shall be thoroughly burnt,

Component Cement and lime mortar mixed shall be made of one

out rupture a tensile strain of at least 60 pounds per Required

Said tests are to be made under the supervision of Record of