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    Chemistry Project

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    Aina shivhare
    The document discusses different types of fibers, including natural fibers from plants and animals, and synthetic fibers. It describes experiments conducted to compare the tensile strength of cotton, silk, and nylon fibers, and to determine the effect of acids and alkalis on the tensile strength of different fibers. The experiments found that alkalis decrease the tensile strength of woolen fibers, acids decrease the strength of cotton but not wool, and nylon is unaffected by acids and alkalis. The document provides information on different fiber sources and properties to understand their appropriate uses.

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    Chemistry Project

    Uploaded by

    Aina shivhare
    108 views15 pages
    The document discusses different types of fibers, including natural fibers from plants and animals, and synthetic fibers. It describes experiments conducted to compare the tensile strength of cotton, silk, and nylon fibers, and to determine the effect of acids and alkalis on the tensile strength of different fibers. The experiments found that alkalis decrease the tensile strength of woolen fibers, acids decrease the strength of cotton but not wool, and nylon is unaffected by acids and alkalis. The document provides information on different fiber sources and properties to understand their appropriate uses.

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    The document discusses different types of fibers, including natural fibers from plants and animals, and synthetic fibers. It describes experiments conducted to compare the tensile strength of cotton, silk, and nylon fibers, and to determine the effect of acids and alkalis on the tensile strength of different fibers. The experiments found that alkalis decrease the tensile strength of woolen fibers, acids decrease the strength of cotton but not wool, and nylon is unaffected by acids and alkalis. The document provides information on different fiber sources and properties to understand their appropriate uses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    108 views15 pages

    Chemistry Project

    Uploaded by

    Aina shivhare
    The document discusses different types of fibers, including natural fibers from plants and animals, and synthetic fibers. It describes experiments conducted to compare the tensile strength of cotton, silk, and nylon fibers, and to determine the effect of acids and alkalis on the tensile strength of different fibers. The experiments found that alkalis decrease the tensile strength of woolen fibers, acids decrease the strength of cotton but not wool, and nylon is unaffected by acids and alkalis. The document provides information on different fiber sources and properties to understand their appropriate uses.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    INTRODUCTION

    Fiber is a class of materials that are continuous filaments


    or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of
    thread. A fiber is an elongated tapering thick-walled
    plant cell that imparts elasticity, flexibility, and tensile
    strength. Tensile strength of fibers can be determined by
    hanging weights tied to it and comparing the weight a
    string can hold. Traditionally, natural fibers have been
    used in all cultures for making utilitarian products.
    Different parts of the plant are used. Fibers can be
    extracted from the bark (banana, jute, hemp, and ramie),
    stem (banana, palm, and bamboo), leaf (palm, screw
    pine, sisal, agave), husk (coir), seeds (cotton), and grass
    (sikki, madhurkati, benakati, munj). Animal fibers are
    obtained from a variety of animal coats, and insect fibers
    from cocoons.
    Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and
    in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for
    clothing natural fibers can give some benefits, such as
    comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
    Types of fibers
    Textile materials are made in three stages:
    1. spinning: fibers are spun into yarns
    2. Weaving or knitting: yarns become fabrics
    3. finishing: fabrics are finished to make them more
    useful There are two types of textile fibres:
     Natural
     Synthetic

    Natural fibers
    Natural fibers come from plants, animals and minerals.
    They usually have short fibers, called staple fibers. The
    exception to this rule is silk, a natural fiber whose
    continuous filaments are up to one kilometer in length.
    Sources of natural fibers
    . Cotton from the cotton plant.
     Linen from the flax plant.
     Wool from sheep.
     Silk from silkworms

    Synthetic fibers
    Synthetic fibers are man-made, usually from chemical
    sources. They are continuous filament fibers, which
    means the fibers are long and do not always have to be
    spun into yarn.
    Sources of synthetic fibers
     Viscose comes from pine trees or petrochemicals.
     Acrylic, nylon and polyester come from oil and coal.

    Natural fibers from plants


    1)Cotton: Used for making jeans, T-shirts and towels
    2)Linen: Used for summer clothing, tea towels and
    tablecloths and has the following qualities

    Natural fibers from animals


    1)Wool Used for jumpers, suits and blankets and has the
    following qualities .
    2)Silk Used for evening wear and ties
    Synthetic fiber.
    1) Acrylic: Used for jumpers, fleece jackets and blankets
    and has the following qualities
    2) Nylon (Tactel): Used for active sportswear, fleece
    jackets, socks and seat belts
    3) Polyester: Used for raincoats, fleece jackets, children's
    nightwear, medical textiles and working clothes

    OBJECTIVE

    The objective of the project is to determine the strength


    of different types of fibers and the effect of alkali and
    acid on the tensile strength of the fiber. This project
    enables us to know which the appropriate one for the
    appropriate use is. One cannot judge the fibre thread by
    just looking but can conclude after performing the
    following experiments.
    SCOPE AND LIMITATION
    As this experiment is carried out to investigate whether
    plant fiber under tension are stronger or weaker than
    concrete, tensile strength has to be calculated.
    Theoretically, tensile strength of plant fiber should be
    more than 2.0 x106 N/m2 which is the tensile strength of
    concrete. However, there are a few limitations in this
    experiment. First, the fiber strands taken from the stem
    have different maturity. If extracted from different part
    or different plant but of the same species, the strengths
    may have big variations. Other than that, in a fiber, the
    diameter may be different at different part along the
    strand. For example, the end of fiber may have thicker
    diameter but thinner in the middle. Besides, when drying
    the fiber, the fibre may become over-dried. This will
    result in more brittleness in the fiber. Thus the fiber may
    snap easily even with the smallest mass of loads and give
    a wrong implication on their real tensile strength. The
    scope of this project is to study the dependence of the
    tensile strength of stone wool fibers on various factors
    and to understand the fracture characteristics.
    These factors are:
    a) Production-related factors:
    i. hyper quenching,
    ii. ii. Melting atmosphere
    iii. . Fiber diameter variations and
    Applied axial tension during forming

    b) Fiber surfaces characteristics:


    i. surface homogeneity,
    ii. Surface roughness and
    iv. Surface reactivity
    These factors are of course highly correlated. The
    mechanical performances of both continuous and
    discontinuous fibers will be studied by measuring their
    tensile strength as functions of the production
    parameters.
    THEORY
    Depending upon the source, various fibers can be
    categorized as:
    1. Animal fiber (e.g., silk and wool)
    2. Vegetable fiber (e.g., cotton and linen)
    3. Synthetic fiber (e.g., nylon and rayon)
    Natural fibers can be classified according to their origin.
    The vegetable, or cellulose-base, class includes such
    important fibers as cotton, flax, and jute;
    the animal, or protein-base, fibers include wool, mohair,
    and silk; an important fiber in the mineral class is
    asbestos. The vegetable fibers can be divided into
    smaller groups, based on their origin within the plant.
    Cotton, kapok, and coir are examples of fibers originating
    as hairs borne on the seeds or inner walls of the fruit,
    where each fiber consists of a single, long, narrow cell.
    Flax, hemp, jute, and ramie are bast fibers, occurring in
    the inner bast tissue of certain plant stems and made up
    of overlapping cells. Abaca, henequen, and sisal are
    fibers occurring as part of the fibro vascular system of
    the leaves. Chemically, all vegetable fibers consist mainly
    of cellulose, although they also contain varying amounts
    of such substances as hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin, and
    waxes that must be removed or reduced by processing.
    The animal fibers consist exclusively of proteins and, with
    the exception of silk, constitute the furor hair that serves
    as the protective epidermal covering of animals. Silk
    filaments are extruded by the larvae of moths and are
    used to spin their cocoons. With the exception of mineral
    fibers, all natural fibers have an affinity for water in both
    liquid and vapor form. This strong affinity produces
    swelling of the fibers connected with the uptake of
    water, which facilitates dyeing in watery solutions. Unlike
    most synthetic fibers, all natural fibers are non
    thermoplastic—that is, they do not soften when heat is
    applied. At temperatures below the point at which they
    will decompose, they show little sensitivity to dry heat,
    and there is no shrinkage or high extensibility upon
    heating, nor do they become brittle if cooled to below
    freezing.

    EXPERIMENT NO:-1
    AIM:- To compare tensile strength of cotton, silk and
    nylon fibers.
    Apparatus Requirements:- Cotton, wool, silk, polyester,
    hook, weight hanger, weights.
    Procedure:- 1. Take equally cut pieces of cotton, silk and
    nylon fibers from given sample of same diameter.
    2. Tie one end of the cotton fibers to hook and the other
    end to weight hanger.
    3. Now start adding weights gradually until breaking
    point is reached. Note the minimum weight required to
    break the fiber.
    4. Repeat this procedure taking silk anf then nylon
    thread. Make observations and record them.
    Observations:
    S. NO. Type of fiber Minimum weight required at breaking of thread
    ! cotton 8.50
    2 silk 3.50
    3 wool 9.20
    4 polyester 7.00

    EXPERIMENT NO:-2
    AIM:-To find the effect of acids and alkalis on the tensile
    strength of cotton, wool and silk fibers.
    Apparatus Requirements:- Cotton, wool, silk, polyester,
    hook, weight hanger, weights. Chemical Requirement:-
    Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
    Procedure:- 1. Cut out equal length of cotton, wool and
    silk threads from given samples. The threads should be
    nearly the same thickness.
    2. Determine the tensile strength of each fiber as
    explained in experiment 1.
    3. Soak a given thread into a dilute solution of sodium
    hydroxide for about 5 minutes.
    4. Take it out of NaOH solution and wash it thoroughly
    with water and dry it in sun or oven at 40°C. 5.
    Determine again the tensile strength of woolen thread as
    explained in experiment 1
    6. Now take another piece of wool thread and soak it in
    hydrochloric acid for about 5 minutes. Take it out and
    wash thoroughly with water. Dry it and again determine
    its tensile strength.
    7. Repeat the above procedure for the sample of cotton
    and nylon fibers.
    S.NO. Type of fiber Tensile strength of fiber
    Before soaking After After
    soaking in soaking
    NaOH in HCl
    1 cotton 8.50 8.50 8.20
    2 wool 9.20 8.90 9.20
    3 silk 3.50 3.00 3.50
    4 polyster 7.00 7.00 7.00
    CONCLUSION
    Conclusions drew from the experiment are:-
    1. Alkali’s decrease the tensile strength of woolen fibers.
    2. Acids practically do not affect this fiber.
    3. Tensile strength of cotton thread is decreased by acids
    and it remains unaffected by alkalis.
    4. Nylon fiber is practically unaffected by both acids and
    alkalis
    BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
     Wikipedia
     Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
     www.textileschool.com
     www.meritnation.com.
     http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/
    Index

    SL.NO Topic
    1 Introduction
    2 Types of fiber
    3 Objective
    4 Scope and
    limitation
    5 Theory
    6 Experiment no. 1
    7 Experiment no.2
    8 Observation
    9 Conclusion
    10 Bibliography

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