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    chemistry project (1)

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    gauravtcbe07

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    chemistry project (1)

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    chemistry project (1)

    Uploaded by

    gauravtcbe07

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL

    COIMBATORE

    CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
    PROJECT

    REPORT
    SUBMITTED BY

    1
    GEDEE PUBLIC SCHOOL

    CERTIFICATE
    This is to certify that this is a bonafide
    record of project work done by GAURAV.T
    of class XI under my supervision during the
    academic year 2024-25.

    Subject In –Charge
    Principal

    2
    Internal examiner

    DECLARATION

    I hereby declare that this project entitles


    “STUDY THE EFFECT OF ACIDS AND
    BASES ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH
    OF A FIBRE” is authentic record of the
    original work done by GAURAV.T
    under the supervision of Miss
    Padmapriya during the academic year
    2024-25.

    3
    PLACE:
    DATE:

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    The successful completion of any task would be


    incomplete without mentioning the names of those
    persons who helped to make it possible. I take this
    opportunity to acknowledge all those who helped
    me in the completion of this project.

    I would like to express my gratitude to our


    Correspondent, Dr. Shantha Jayakumar and
    Principal, Ms. Deepa Menon, for their support and
    4
    constant encouragement that has helped me in
    successfully completing this project. I would also
    like to acknowledge and thank my Chemistry
    Teacher, Mrs. Padma Priya, for rendering her
    invaluable guidance and immense patience
    throughout the proceeding of my work.

    I would also like to express my gratitude to friends


    and family for encouraging me during the course of
    this project. Last but not the least, I would like to
    thank CBSE for giving us the opportunity to
    undertake this project

    5
    Pg
    S.NO NAME REMARK
    No.
    1. BONAFIDE CARTIFICATE.
    2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
    3. INTRODUCTION.
    4. THEORY
    5. AIM
    6. APPARATUS REQUIRED
    7. PROCEDURE.
    8. OBSERVATIONS
    9. CONCLUSION.
    10. PRECAUTIONS
    11. BIBLIOGRAPHY

    INTRODUCTION :

    6
    Fibre is a class of materials that are continuous filaments
    or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of
    thread. A fiber is an elongated tapering thick-walled
    plant cell that imparts elasticity, flexibility, and tensile
    strength. Tensile strength of fibres can be determined
    by hanging weights tied to it and comparing the weight
    a string can hold. Traditionally, natural fibers have been
    used in all cultures for making utilitarian products.
    Different parts of the plant are used. Fibers can be
    extracted from the bark (banana, jute, hemp, and ramie),
    stem (banana, palm, and bamboo), leaf (palm, screw
    pine, sisal, agave), husk (coir), seeds (cotton), and grass
    (sikki, madhurkati, benakati, munj). Animal fibers are
    obtained from a variety of animal coats, and insect fibers
    from cocoons.

    Even before the arrival of man-made fibers,


    manufacturers could create hundreds of different kinds
    of fabrics, differing mainly by fiber content, weight, style
    of weave, or sheen. Here are just a few of these historic
    fabrics, along with the natural fiber from which they
    were originally made (nearly all can be made now with
    other fibers, either natural or synthetic).They are very
    important in the biology of both plants and animals, for
    holding tissues together.

    7
    Human uses for fibers are diverse. They can be spun into
    filaments, string, or rope, used as a component of
    composite

    materials, or matted into sheets to make products such


    as paper or felt. Fibers are often used in the manufacture
    of other materials. The strongest engineering materials
    are generally made as fibers, for example carbon fiber
    and Ultrahighmolecular-weight polyethylene. The
    history of man-made fibers is less than a century old;
    until 1910, there were no synthetic or chemical fibers.
    Today, by mixing different components, manufacturers
    can take the basic fibers listed below and make them
    more waterproof or more absorbent, warmer or cooler,
    thicker or thinner, stiffer or more supple. Some, like
    polyester and spandex, combine well with natural fibers,
    making fabrics that wrinkle less or are more form-fitting.

    Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and


    in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for
    clothing natural fibres can give some benefits ,such as
    comfort ,over their synthetic counterparts.

    8
    THEORY :
    Depending upon the source, various fibres can be categorized
    as:
    1. Animal fibre(e.g., silk and wool)
    2. Vegetable fibre(e.g., cotton and linen)
    3. Synthetic fibre(e.g., nylon and rayon)

    Natural fibres can be classified according to their origin. The


    vegetable, or cellulose-base, class includes such important
    fibres as cotton, flax, and jute; the animal, or protein-base,
    fibres include wool,mohair, and silk; an important fibre in the
    mineral class is asbestos.

    The vegetable fibres can be divided into smaller groups, based


    on their origin within the plant. Cotton, kapok, and coir are
    examples of fibres originating as hairs borne on the seeds or
    inner walls of the fruit, where each fibre consists of a single,
    long, narrow cell. Flax, hemp, jute, and ramie are bast fibres,
    occurring in the inner bast tissue of certain plant stems and
    made up of overlapping cells. Abaca, henequen, and sisal are
    fibres occurring as part of the fibro vascular system of the
    leaves. Chemically, all vegetable fibres consist mainly of
    cellulose, although they also contain varying amounts of such
    substances as hemicellulose, lignin, pectins, and waxes that
    must be removed or reduced by processing. The animal fibres
    consist exclusively of proteins and, with the exception of silk,
    constitute the furor hair that serves as the protective
    epidermal covering of animals..

    9
    With the exception of mineral fibres, all natural fibres have an
    affinity for water in both liquid and vapour form. This strong
    affinity produces swelling of the fibres connected with the
    uptake of water, which facilitates dyeing in watery solutions.

    Unlike most synthetic fibres, all natural fibres are


    nonthermoplastic—that is, they do not soften when heat is
    applied. At temperatures below the point at which they will
    decompose, they show little sensitivity to dry heat, and there
    is no shrinkage or high extensibility upon heating, nor do they
    [15 become brittle if cooled to below freezing. Natural fibres
    tend to yellow upon exposure to sunlight and moisture, and
    extended exposure results in loss of strength.

    All natural fibres are particularly susceptible to microbial


    decomposition, including mildew and rot. Cellulosic fibres are
    decomposed by aerobic bacteria (those that live only in
    oxygen) and fungi. Cellulose mildews and decomposes rapidly
    at high humidity and high temperatures, especially in the
    absence of light. Wool and silk are also subject to microbial
    decomposition by bacteria and molds. Animal fibres are also
    subject to damage by moths and carpet beetles; termites and
    silverfish attack cellulose fibres. Protection against both
    microbial damage and insect attacks can be obtained by
    chemical modification of the fibre substrate; modern
    developments allow treatment of natural fibres to make them
    essentially immune to such damage.

    AIM :
    10
    To find the effect of acids and alkalies on tensile strength
    of cotton, silk and wool fibres.

    Apparatus Requirements:-
    Cotton, wool, silk, polyester, hook, weight hanger,
    weights.

    Chemical Requirement:-
    Hydrochloric acid( M/10) and sodium hydroxide(M/10

    Procedure:-

    11
    1. Cut out equal length of cotton, wool and silk threads from
    given samples. The threads should be nearly the same
    thickness.
    2. Determine the tensile strength of each fibre as explained
    in experiment 1.
    3. Soak a given thread into a dilute solution of sodium
    hydroxide for about 5 minutes.
    4. Take it out of NaOH solution and wash it thoroughly with
    water and dry it in sun or oven at 40°C.
    5. Determine again the tensile strength of woolen thread as
    explained in experiment 1
    6. Now take another piece of wool thread and soak it in
    hydrochloric acid for about 5 minutes. Take it out and wash
    thoroughly with water. Dry it and again determine its tensile
    strength.
    7. Repeat the above procedure for the sample of cotton and
    nylon fibres.

    Observations:-

    12
    SI.NO Type of Tensile strength of fibre(N)
    fibre. Before after soaking after soaking
    Soaking. in NaOH. HCL.

    1. Cotton

    2. Wool

    3. Silk

    4. Nylon

    CONCLUSION :

    Conclusions drew from the experiment are:-

    1. Alkalies decrease the tensile strength of woolen fibers.


    2. Acids practically do not affect this fiber.
    3. Tensile strength of cotton thread is decreased by acids and
    it remains unaffected by alkalis.
    4. Nylon fiber is practically unaffected by both acids and
    alkalies.

    PRECAUTIONS: -
    13
    1. Thread must be of identical diameters.
    2. Always take the same length of threads.
    3. Add the weights in small amount very slowly.

    14

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