TRANSPORTATION

Mode of transport is a term used to distinguish between different ways of

transportation people or goods. The different modes of transport are air, water, and land
transport, includes railways and road. In general, transportation is used for moving of
people, animals, and other goods from one place to another. The means of transport, on
the other hand, refers to the vehicles necessary for transport according to the chosen
mode (airplane, ship, truck and rail).

Indonesia is one of the largest countries in the world without a well-functioning

public transportation system. The average number of public transportation users has
decreased rapidly. Most of the Indonesian people prefer to use their personal vehicle
rather than public transportation. Because of this fact, every morning in a big city such as
Jakarta, Surabaya, or Yogyakarta we can see the road full of motorcycles and cars. In
fact, we can get more advantages if we use public transportation.

The following is the development of public transportation

1. Past Days

a. Rickshaws
Rickshaw originally denoted a two or three-wheeled passenger cart, now
known as a pulled rickshaw, which is generally pulled by one man carrying one
passenger. The first known use of the term was in 1879.

Pulled rickshaws created a popular form of transportation, and a source of

employment for male laborers, within Asian cities in the 19th century. Their
appearance was related to newly acquired knowledge of ball-bearing systems.
Their popularity declined as cars, trains and other forms of transportation
became widely available.

b. Delman
Delman is a traditional transportation equipment in Java, Indonesia. This
traditional tool is used as a transportation by the people in Java, before now
abandoned by modern transportation such as cars and motorcycles.

Delman is a transportation pulled by horses. This four-legged animal has a

powerful energy that can lift more than five people. This horse drawn carriage
which is called delman is still available in Jogja as tourist transportations.

c. Steam Train
Steam Train is a train that use air steam power, produced from Steam Kettle
headted from firewood. In Indonesia, Staem Train has been produced from
1867 in Semarang and used steam locomotive made from Germany, England,
USA and Netherland.
 The first of Steam Train in Indonesia has been build in 1867 in Semarang
with rute Samaerang NIS-Tanggung
distance of 26 km, from command from King Williem I for military purposes in
Semarang. then the Netherlands
was built the network of Steam Train with estuary on the harbor of Tanjung
Priok Jakarta and Tanjung Perak
Surabaya.

2. Present Days

a. Electrical Train
Electrical train is Train that obtain by electric motor. For the technological
advances, some locomotive company have expand a new idea for the train can
be bowl and decrease the nature negative contaminations, that is electrical
train.

The train that use electric power has been introduce to public in 31 mei
1879. The Company from Germany thats name Siemens and Halske have lead
this advances era. it is due from they best engineer. this discovery to be
important for railroad sytem industry.

b. Motorcycle
Motorcycle (or motorbike) is a vehicle used to transport people from one
place to another. It does not have 4 wheels like a car. It has 2 wheels like a
bicycle. But it has a motor like a car. A motorcycle is normally driven by one
person. A passenger can also ride on the back of the motorcycle. Some
motorcycles have a sidecar that can carry another passenger.

In 1901, the first successful motorcycle was made by "Indian motorcycles"

in Springfield, Massachusetts. Since then, many other companies have made
them. Major manufacturers include Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha. A well known
American manufacturer of motorcycles is Harley-Davidson.

Since motorcycles can be lighter than cars, they can accelerate more
quickly. But it also makes them not as safe as cars, because they do not have a
protecting chassis around them like cars. Very often motorcycle riders are
injured heavily in accidents. A motorcycle rider can wear a helmet and clothing
that has armor. This special clothing may reduce the rider's injuries in an
accident. Motorcycles also do not protect riders against wind and rain. That
makes it difficult to drive in winter or during bad weather.

c. Car
A car is a road vehicle used to carry passengers. It is also called an
automobile, which comes from the Greek word "auto" and the French word
"mobile". This name means "self-moving", as cars do not need horses or other
external sources of power to move. Cars usually have four wheels and get their
power from an engine, though many new cars made today do not have
engines. Millions of cars were made during the 20th century.
3. Future Days
a. Shinkansen
Shinkansen or Bullet Train is a future vehicle that can move in a high speed.
Shinkansen is the transportation to travel between citys in Japan, in addition to
airplanes. The bullet train, "Hayabusa", is the latest fastest train in its generation
at this time with a maximum speed of 300 km / hour. This train connects Tokyo
and Shin Aomori, with a travel time of 3 hours 10 minutes, 10 minutes faster than
an ordinary bullet train. Although the Shinkansen is very fast there is no list of
accidents that have been fatal in the operation of the Shinkansen since about 40
years ago. But there were several people injured and one fatality due to the door
that clamped their passengers or belongings. Because of its speed, shinkansen
only 6 seconds behind its schedule. With its technology, Shinkansen influenced
other railways in the world and the importance and advantage of high-speed rail
has consequently been reevaluated. Taiwan,China and UK are the few country
that capable of using this Japanese technology.

Even with its technology, Shinkansen still has challenges. Noice pollution
from concerns mean that increasing speed is becoming more difficult. In Japan,
the population density is high and there have been severe protests against the
Shinkansen's noise pollution, meaning that its noise is now limited to less than
70 dB in residential areas. Heavy snow is also a problem for Shinkansen. Trains
have to reduce speed, which can disrupt the timetable. Delays of 10 to 20
minutes still occur during snowy weather. Additionally, treefalls related to excess
snow have caused service interruptions. Along the route of the Shinkansen,
winter snow can be very heavy, with snow depths of two to three meters, so the
line is equipped with stronger sprinklers and slab track, to mitigate the effects of
deep snow.

b. Electric Car
Electric car is a car that is driven by an electric motor, using electrical energy
stored in batteries or other energy storage. Electric car is a car that is driven by
an electric motor, using electrical energy stored in batteries or other energy
storage. Electric cars were very popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
but then their popularity faded because of the more advanced internal
combustion engine technology and the lower prices of gasoline-powered
vehicles. The energy crisis in the 1970s and 1980s had aroused little interest in
electric cars, but it was only in the 2000s that new vehicle manufacturers paid
serious attention to electric electric vehicles. This is due to the soaring oil prices
in the 2000s and many people of the world who are already aware of the adverse
effects of greenhouse gas emissions.

Electric cars have several potential advantages when compared to ordinary

internal combustion engine cars. The main thing is that electric cars do not
produce motor vehicle emissions. In addition, this type of car also reduces
greenhouse gas emissions because it does not need fossil fuels as its main
driver. Although electric cars are expensive,but the Maintenance costs is
 cheaper than ordinary cars especially with Lithium batteries that are currently
widely used.

Although electric cars have several potential advantages as mentioned

above, but the widespread use of electric cars has many obstacles and
disadvantages. Until 2011, the price of electric cars was still far more expensive
compared to ordinary internal combustion engine cars and hybrid electric
vehicles because of the expensive lithium ion battery. Another factor hampering
the growth of the use of electric cars is the lack of charging stations for electric
cars, plus the fear that the car will run out of battery before they arrive at their
destination.

Electric cars can also get upgrade to became a self-driving cars. Self-driving
cars combine a variety of sensors to perceive their surroundings, such as radar,
lidar, sonar, GPS, odometry and inertial measurement units. Advanced control
systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as
well as obstacles and relevant signage.

There are different systems that help the self-driving car control the car.
Systems that currently need improvement include the car navigation system,
the location system, the electronic map, the map matching, the global path
planning, the environment perception, the laser perception, the radar
perception, the visual perception, the vehicle control, the perception of vehicle
speed and direction, the vehicle control method.

c. Electric motorcycle

The early history of electric motorcycles is somewhat unclear. On 19

September 1895, a patent application for an "electrical bicycle" was filed by
Ogden Bolton Jr. of Canton Ohio. On 8 November of the same year, another
patent application for an "electric bicycle" was filed by Hosea W. Libbey of
Boston.

At the Stanley Cycle Show in 1896 in London, England, bicycle

manufacturer Humber exhibited an electric tandem bicycle. Powered by a bank
of storage batteries, the motor was placed in front of the rear wheel. Speed
control was by a resistance placed across the handlebars. This electric bicycle
was mainly intended for racetrack use.

In conclusion, we should use public transportation to decrease traffic jam and air
pollution, it can also save our money. Besides that, the government should Improve the
quality of public transportation and increase the facilities and infrastructure, so the people
will automatically switch to public transportation and Indonesia will be a comfort country.